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2534
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I
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p
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ti
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o
f
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lec
tri
c
v
e
h
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(EV)
c
h
a
rg
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n
g
sy
ste
m
s,
wi
th
re
g
u
lar
c
o
m
p
li
a
n
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e
tes
ti
n
g
a
n
d
b
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n
c
h
m
a
rk
i
n
g
n
e
c
e
ss
a
ry
to
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d
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ti
f
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e
m
e
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t
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re
a
s
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d
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a
in
tain
a
h
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g
h
-
q
u
a
li
ty
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
in
fra
stru
c
tu
re
.
T
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
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l
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s
a
im
to
d
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v
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sta
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a
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rg
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sy
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m
fo
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tri
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ies
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id
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lu
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d
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ti
o
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fo
r
f
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t
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n
d
d
e
v
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lo
p
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in
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d
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s
y
ste
m
s fo
r
EV
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
h
ar
g
in
g
tim
e
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
Har
m
o
n
ic
m
itig
atio
n
Po
wer
q
u
ality
T
o
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
Po
wer
f
ac
to
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
R
ah
im
i Bah
ar
o
m
Po
wer
E
lectr
o
n
ics R
esear
ch
Gr
o
u
p
,
Sch
o
o
l
o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
Un
iv
e
r
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
AR
A
Sh
ah
Alam
4
0
4
5
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Sh
ah
Alam
,
Selan
g
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
r
ah
im
i6
5
7
9
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Po
wer
q
u
ality
is
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
(
E
V)
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
Po
o
r
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
ca
n
lead
to
in
ef
f
icien
cies,
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
,
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial
d
am
ag
e
to
th
e
elec
tr
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
Key
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
in
clu
d
e
to
tal
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
(
T
HD)
,
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
(
PF
)
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tab
ilit
y
.
T
h
ese
p
a
r
am
ete
r
s
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
lo
n
g
e
v
ity
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
4
]
–
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
HD
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
h
a
r
m
o
n
ics.
Hig
h
lev
els o
f
T
HD
in
d
icate
th
e
p
r
e
s
en
ce
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cies,
wh
ich
ca
n
lea
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
l
o
s
s
es in
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
p
o
ten
ti
al
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
wit
h
o
th
er
d
e
v
ices
[1
6
]
.
Sev
e
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
T
HD
o
n
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
L
e
n
k
a
an
d
Pan
d
a
[1
7
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
h
ig
h
T
HD
lev
els
in
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
c
o
u
ld
lead
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
p
r
o
v
id
es
g
u
id
elin
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tin
g
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity iss
u
es in
elec
tr
ic
b
u
g
g
y
b
a
tter
y
…
(
Wa
n
Mu
h
a
ma
d
Ha
kimi
Wa
n
B
u
n
ya
min
)
2535
f
o
r
ac
ce
p
ta
b
le
T
HD
lev
els,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
ain
tain
in
g
lo
w
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
co
n
te
n
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
PF
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
th
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
wer
is
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
.
A
lo
w
PF
in
d
ic
ates
th
at
a
lar
g
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
is
r
ea
ctiv
e,
lead
in
g
to
in
ef
f
icien
ci
es
in
th
e
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
s
y
s
tem
.
R
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
we
r
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
y
u
s
ef
u
l
w
o
r
k
b
u
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tes
t
o
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
o
wer
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
b
u
r
d
e
n
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
s
u
ch
as
Go
v
al
et
a
l.
[1
8
]
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
v
ar
i
o
u
s
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
(
PF
C
)
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
E
V
ch
a
r
g
er
s
,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
ass
iv
e
a
n
d
ac
tiv
e
f
ilter
s
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
t
o
r
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
.
Vo
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
.
Flu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
lead
to
in
ef
f
icien
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
d
am
a
g
e
to
th
e
b
atter
y
an
d
c
h
ar
g
e
r
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
St
u
d
ies
b
y
Kim
et
a
l.
[1
9
]
h
a
v
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
ly
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
life
s
p
an
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
.
T
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
latio
n
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Similar
to
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
s
tab
le
cu
r
r
e
n
t
is
v
ital
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
E
V
ch
a
r
g
in
g
.
Flu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
u
n
ev
e
n
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
lead
in
g
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
atter
y
life
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
s
af
ety
h
a
za
r
d
s
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
Su
r
o
s
o
[
20
]
h
as
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
g
u
latio
n
in
E
V
ch
a
r
g
er
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
m
an
ag
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t stab
ilit
y
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
h
ig
h
T
HD
an
d
lo
w
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
,
v
ar
io
u
s
h
a
r
m
o
n
ic
m
itig
atio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
Pas
s
iv
e
f
ilter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
in
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
,
ca
n
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
f
ilter
o
u
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
f
r
eq
u
en
cies.
Activ
e
p
o
wer
f
ilter
s
d
y
n
am
ically
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
h
ar
m
o
n
ics
b
y
i
n
jectin
g
co
u
n
ter
ac
tin
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
Hy
b
r
id
f
ilter
s
co
m
b
in
e
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
b
o
th
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
f
ilter
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
m
itig
at
io
n
.
Stu
d
ies
b
y
Fu
jita
et
a
l.
[
21
]
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
t
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es in
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
in
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Op
tim
ized
ch
ar
g
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
m
an
a
g
i
n
g
p
o
we
r
d
em
a
n
d
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
d
ju
s
t
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
an
d
m
in
im
ize
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
I
b
r
ah
im
et
a
l.
[
22
]
h
as
s
h
o
wn
th
at
ad
v
an
ce
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es.
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
o
p
t
i
m
al
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
E
V
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
s
.
R
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
l
l
o
ws
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
a
r
l
y
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
is
s
u
es
,
e
n
a
b
l
i
n
g
p
r
o
m
p
t
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
ct
i
o
n
s
.
A
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
a
d
j
u
s
t
t
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
a
l
l
y
b
as
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
e
d
d
a
t
a
,
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
t
an
d
r
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
S
t
u
d
i
es
b
y
M
o
n
a
d
i
e
t
a
l
.
[2
3
]
h
a
v
e
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
e
d
t
h
e
b
e
n
e
f
i
ts
o
f
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
in
g
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
i
n
E
V
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
u
id
elin
es
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lev
els
o
f
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
d
is
to
r
tio
n
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
[2
4
]
.
C
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
t
h
ese
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
C
h
au
d
h
ar
y
et
a
l.
[2
5
]
h
as
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
ad
h
er
in
g
to
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
r
eg
u
lar
test
in
g
a
n
d
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
in
g
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
lian
ce
an
d
id
en
tif
y
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
s
th
e
cr
itical
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
i
n
E
V
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
th
e
v
ar
i
o
u
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
a
d
d
r
ess
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es.
T
HD,
PF
,
v
o
ltag
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tab
ilit
y
ar
e
k
ey
p
ar
am
eter
s
t
h
at
im
p
ac
t
th
e
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
s
.
H
ar
m
o
n
ic
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
o
p
tim
ized
ch
a
r
g
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
.
C
o
m
p
lian
ce
with
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
E
V
c
h
ar
g
er
s
.
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
r
esear
ch
in
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
id
en
tify
in
g
k
ey
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
p
o
te
n
tial so
lu
tio
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
in
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
s
y
s
tem
o
f
an
el
ec
tr
ic
b
u
g
g
y
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
Go
B
u
g
s
(
Mo
d
el:
GT
-
N4
)
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
lith
iu
m
ir
o
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
at
e
(
L
iFePO4
)
b
at
ter
y
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
h
as
a
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
1
0
0
Ah
(
5
1
2
0
W
h
)
an
d
o
p
er
ates
at
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
1
.
2
V
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
etu
p
,
a
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
en
co
m
p
ass
es
th
e
es
s
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
d
etailed
p
o
we
r
q
u
ality
an
al
y
s
is
.
T
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
an
d
ca
p
t
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
a
r
am
eter
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
,
a
FL
UKE
1
7
7
7
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
aly
ze
r
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
-
p
r
ec
is
io
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
T
HD,
PF
,
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
YOKO
GA
W
A
W
T
3
3
3
E
d
ig
ital
p
o
wer
m
eter
is
u
s
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to
v
er
if
y
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e
m
ea
s
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r
em
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ts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
FLUK
E
1
7
7
7
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
r
eliab
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y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
E
-
B
u
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s
b
atter
y
is
m
eticu
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u
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l
y
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
,
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
4
1
V
(
0
% st
ate
o
f
ch
ar
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e)
t
o
5
4
V
(
1
0
0
% st
ate
o
f
ch
ar
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e
)
.
T
h
e
to
tal
ch
ar
g
i
n
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d
u
r
atio
n
is
4
1
0
m
in
u
tes (
6
h
o
u
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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&
C
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p
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g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
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3
,
J
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20
25
:
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5
3
4
-
2
5
4
4
2536
an
d
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4
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i
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wav
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if
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t,
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m
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n
ts
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h
e
p
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f
ac
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r
is
m
o
n
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ed
to
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th
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f
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s
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lo
w
p
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ac
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ests
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ea
ctiv
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we
r
co
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p
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t,
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lo
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th
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elec
tr
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tem
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f
ac
to
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r
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tio
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tech
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es a
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e
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ated
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ased
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th
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ea
s
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r
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m
en
ts
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n
p
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v
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n
d
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r
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en
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r
d
e
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to
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aly
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ilit
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th
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o
u
g
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t
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s
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cial
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f
f
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d
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m
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n
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r
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ata
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th
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FLUK
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1
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p
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q
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YOK
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W
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3
3
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E
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T
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ata
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id
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asis
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is
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h
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a
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ed
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d
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p
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with
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I
E
E
E
5
1
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to
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p
lian
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a
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f
o
r
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en
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T
h
e
m
eth
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tlin
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k
f
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h
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ap
p
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th
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ay
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tr
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m
o
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s
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p
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lly
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th
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d
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FLUK
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Wa
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Wa
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2537
3.
RE
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l
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to
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ef
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th
e
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atter
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ch
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s
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A
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a
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h
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ctiv
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m
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o
n
e
n
t,
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g
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ea
s
ed
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ical
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y
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ce
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ef
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wer
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n
s
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ess
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ical
in
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u
s
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g
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h
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tin
g
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n
d
r
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d
u
cin
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co
m
p
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life
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p
an
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o
r
d
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to
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s
tan
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ar
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s
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h
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tia
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o
r
ef
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s
e
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d
m
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im
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u
ality
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s
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o
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ess
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es,
im
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lem
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g
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o
wer
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ac
to
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r
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tio
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ch
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u
ch
as
u
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g
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it
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r
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r
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n
ch
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n
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en
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er
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im
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th
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m
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en
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atin
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f
o
r
th
e
r
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m
p
o
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e
n
t.
Ad
d
itio
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ally
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h
ar
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o
n
ic
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tech
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q
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es,
s
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ch
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ar
m
o
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ic
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ilter
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n
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HD
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ich
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n
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elp
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r
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v
e
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h
e
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tim
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a
r
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in
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o
r
ith
m
s
to
m
a
n
ag
e
r
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wer
m
o
r
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e
f
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ec
tiv
ely
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d
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n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
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o
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ito
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g
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ad
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s
tin
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
ar
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eter
s
b
ased
o
n
PF
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
s
tep
s
.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
eg
u
lar
test
in
g
an
d
b
en
ch
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ar
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o
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ain
tain
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h
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h
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q
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ality
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d
ef
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icien
t
ch
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g
in
g
i
n
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.
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h
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s
is
em
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r
tan
ce
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teg
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lity
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p
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ts
with
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em
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t stra
teg
ies to
ac
h
iev
e
o
p
tim
al
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er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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I
n
t J E
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&
C
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15
,
No
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J
u
n
e
20
25
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5
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2538
Fig
u
r
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5
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Po
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r
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atter
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atter
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els
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g
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est
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h
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r
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m
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lem
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ar
m
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o
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ar
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r
th
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tim
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o
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ca
n
en
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r
e
b
etter
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m
an
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en
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lian
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with
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tan
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ar
d
s
.
T
h
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aly
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er
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m
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V
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Fig
u
r
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s
h
o
ws
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e
f
r
eq
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en
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g
r
ap
h
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
b
u
g
g
y
d
u
r
in
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its
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o
p
er
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.
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g
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ly
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r
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e
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Desp
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h
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u
g
g
est s
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ican
t p
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wer
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u
ality
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u
es.
T
h
e
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p
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t
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u
r
r
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g
r
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h
o
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th
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s
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Fig
u
r
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8
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r
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o
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u
ll
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.
Fro
m
a
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ilit
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r
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en
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tim
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icato
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ac
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b
ate
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ar
m
o
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to
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tio
n
is
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Pre
v
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HD
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els
in
th
i
s
s
y
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tem
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o
in
t
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ig
n
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ican
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p
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wer
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ly
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ef
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e
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ag
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u
t
also
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e
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h
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g
a
n
d
d
am
ag
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e
to
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
c
u
r
r
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
ve
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tig
a
tin
g
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity iss
u
es in
elec
tr
ic
b
u
g
g
y
b
a
tter
y
…
(
Wa
n
Mu
h
a
ma
d
Ha
kimi
Wa
n
B
u
n
ya
min
)
2539
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
g
r
ap
h
o
f
th
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elec
tr
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Fig
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r
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o
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elec
tr
o
n
ics
in
th
e
b
att
er
y
ch
ar
g
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s
y
s
tem
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I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
p
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wer
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u
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tain
in
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a
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tab
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in
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l
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en
s
u
r
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th
e
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p
er
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o
r
m
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ce
o
f
th
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ch
ar
g
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d
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en
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s
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es
s
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ch
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v
o
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ag
s
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s
w
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o
r
tr
an
s
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,
wh
ich
ca
n
n
eg
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
t
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
life
s
p
an
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
E
n
er
g
y
g
r
a
p
h
wav
e
f
o
r
m
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s
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FLUK
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1
7
7
7
p
o
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q
u
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aly
ze
r
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-
ax
is
: tim
e
in
h
o
u
r
,
y
-
ax
is
: e
n
er
g
y
i
n
W
h
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fre
q
u
en
cy
g
r
a
p
h
wa
v
ef
o
r
m
ca
p
tu
r
e
d
u
s
in
g
FLUK
E
1
7
7
7
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
a
n
aly
ze
r
(x
-
ax
is
: tim
e
in
h
o
u
r
,
y
-
ax
is
:
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
in
Hz)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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8
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No
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3
,
J
u
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20
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4
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2540
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u
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u
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r
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y
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o
ltag
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T
h
e
p
o
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g
r
a
p
h
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
i
c
b
u
g
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
its
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
,
in
d
icate
s
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
le
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
f
r
o
m
8
0
9
.
0
to
9
6
0
.
0
W
,
with
a
d
elt
a
o
f
1
5
1
.
0
W
o
v
e
r
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
h
o
u
r
s
an
d
5
4
m
in
u
tes.
T
h
is
g
r
a
d
u
al
r
is
e
in
p
o
wer
r
ef
lects
th
e
t
y
p
ical
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
an
E
V
b
atter
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ch
ar
g
er
,
wh
er
e
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
in
cr
ea
s
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as
th
e
b
atter
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
a
h
ig
h
er
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e.
T
h
is
s
tab
ilit
y
i
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
o
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p
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I
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N:
2088
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8
7
0
8
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tin
g
p
o
w
er q
u
a
lity iss
u
es in
elec
tr
ic
b
u
g
g
y
b
a
tter
y
…
(
Wa
n
Mu
h
a
ma
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Ha
kimi
Wa
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B
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min
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2541
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
a
p
o
s
iti
v
e
in
d
icato
r
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
er
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
;
h
o
wev
er
,
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
T
HD
an
d
PF
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Hig
h
T
HD
lev
els,
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
id
en
tifie
d
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
,
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
is
n
o
t
b
ein
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
tili
z
ed
d
u
e
to
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
is
ca
n
lead
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
h
ea
tin
g
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial
d
am
a
g
e
to
th
e
ch
ar
g
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
u
ltima
tely
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
life
s
p
an
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
lo
w
T
HD
lev
els
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
in
im
izin
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
PF
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
.
L
o
w
P
F v
alu
es,
as p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
in
d
icate
th
at
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tial p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
is
r
ea
ctiv
e
r
ath
er
th
an
ac
tiv
e,
lead
in
g
to
in
e
f
f
icien
cies
in
th
e
p
o
wer
d
eliv
e
r
y
s
y
s
tem
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
is
s
u
es
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
im
p
lem
en
t
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
m
itig
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
u
ch
a
s
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
f
ilter
s
,
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
l
g
o
r
ith
m
,
an
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
will
h
elp
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
,
e
n
h
an
ce
s
y
s
tem
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
lo
n
g
ev
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
b
u
g
g
y
'
s
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
s
y
s
tem
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Po
wer
g
r
a
p
h
wav
e
f
o
r
m
ca
p
tu
r
ed
u
s
in
g
FLUK
E
1
7
7
7
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
aly
ze
r
(x
-
ax
is
: tim
e
in
h
o
u
r
,
y
-
ax
is
:
p
o
wer
)
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
s
u
es
in
th
e
b
atte
r
y
ch
ar
g
er
s
y
s
tem
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
b
u
g
g
y
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
Go
B
u
g
s
(
Mo
d
el:
GT
-
N4
)
with
a
L
iFePO4
b
atter
y
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
FLUK
E
1
7
7
7
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
an
aly
ze
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
YOKO
GAW
A
W
T
3
3
3
E
d
ig
ital p
o
wer
m
et
er
,
k
e
y
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
p
ar
am
et
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
T
HD,
PF
,
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
en
t,
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
an
d
a
n
aly
ze
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
wer
q
u
a
lity
is
s
u
es,
w
ith
T
HD
lev
e
ls
ex
ce
ed
in
g
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
in
ef
f
icien
cie
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
r
is
k
s
s
u
ch
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
h
ea
tin
g
a
n
d
s
tr
ess
o
n
ch
ar
g
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
f
ac
to
r
r
ea
d
in
g
s
r
e
v
ea
l
a
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t,
f
u
r
th
er
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
o
in
ef
f
icien
cy
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
p
r
o
f
iles
ar
e
r
elativ
ely
s
tab
l
e,
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
p
o
wer
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
i
s
n
ee
d
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
u
s
e.
T
o
m
itig
a
te
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
s
ev
er
al
s
tr
ateg
ies:
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
h
ar
m
o
n
ic
m
itig
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
as
p
ass
iv
e
an
d
ac
tiv
e
f
ilter
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
T
HD
lev
els,
u
s
in
g
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
co
n
d
e
n
s
er
s
,
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
ch
ar
g
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
m
an
ag
e
p
o
wer
d
em
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
a
n
d
r
e
al
-
tim
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
o
f
c
h
ar
g
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
o
p
ti
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ad
h
er
i
n
g
to
I
E
E
E
5
1
9
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
o
p
e
r
a
tio
n
o
f
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
R
eg
u
lar
co
m
p
lian
ce
test
in
g
an
d
b
e
n
ch
m
ar
k
in
g
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
id
en
tify
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
ar
ea
s
an
d
m
ai
n
tain
a
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ality
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
in
f
r
astru
c
tu
r
e.
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
with
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
s
tr
at
eg
ies,
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
a
n
d
ef
f
ici
en
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
b
u
g
g
ies
ca
n
b
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
,
th
is
p
a
p
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
5
3
4
-
2
5
4
4
2542
is
s
u
es
in
an
elec
tr
ic
b
u
g
g
y
b
at
ter
y
ch
ar
g
er
s
y
s
tem
an
d
o
f
f
er
s
p
r
ac
tical
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
en
h
an
c
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
an
d
r
e
co
m
m
en
d
atio
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I
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N:
2088
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(
Wa
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Mu
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ma
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Ha
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Wa
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B
u
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ya
min
)
2543
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
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