I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
,
p
p
.
3279
~
3
2
9
0
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
15
i
3
.
pp
3
2
7
9
-
3
2
9
0
3279
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Deep
lea
rni
ng
f
o
r
t
he i
denti
ficatio
n
of autism
traits i
n childre
n
throug
h f
a
cia
l e
x
press
io
ns: a sy
ste
ma
tic
revi
ew
Da
niella
Ro
m
a
ni P
a
lo
m
ino
,
Chris
t
ia
n O
v
a
lle,
H
eli
Co
rdo
v
a
-
B
er
o
na
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
d
a
d
Te
c
n
o
l
ó
g
i
c
a
d
e
l
P
e
r
ú
,
Li
m
a
,
P
e
r
ú
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l 2
4
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
2
4
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
J
an
1
6
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
stu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
s
a
b
ib
l
io
m
e
tri
c
a
n
a
ly
sis
t
o
e
x
a
m
in
e
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
t
h
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
sp
e
c
ifi
c
a
ll
y
d
e
e
p
lea
rn
i
n
g
,
i
n
t
h
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
a
u
ti
sm
traits
th
ro
u
g
h
fa
c
ial
e
x
p
re
ss
io
n
s.
Us
in
g
q
u
a
n
ti
tati
v
e
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
.
Th
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
re
v
e
a
led
a
n
o
tab
le
g
ro
wt
h
i
n
sc
ien
ti
fic
o
u
tp
u
t
fro
m
2
0
1
9
,
with
a
n
e
m
p
h
a
sis
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
c
o
n
v
o
l
u
ti
o
n
a
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
two
rk
s
a
n
d
sy
ste
m
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
th
e
fa
c
ial
a
c
ti
o
n
c
o
d
in
g
sy
ste
m
(F
ACS
-
CNN
).
Th
e
re
su
lt
s
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
t
imp
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
in
d
iag
n
o
stic
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
th
a
n
k
s
t
o
th
e
u
se
o
f
d
e
e
p
lea
rn
in
g
,
a
lt
h
o
u
g
h
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
re
late
d
to
d
a
ta
q
u
a
li
ty
a
n
d
a
v
a
il
a
b
il
it
y
re
m
a
in
.
Th
is
stu
d
y
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
s
th
e
imp
o
rtan
c
e
o
f
i
n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
ica
l
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
to
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
th
e
d
iag
n
o
sis
a
n
d
trea
tme
n
t
o
f
a
u
ti
sm
,
o
ffe
rin
g
a
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
o
n
c
u
rre
n
t
a
n
d
fu
tu
re
tre
n
d
s i
n
t
h
is i
n
terd
isc
ip
l
in
a
ry
field
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Au
tis
m
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
is
o
r
d
er
Dee
p
lear
n
in
g
Dete
ctio
n
Facial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
Neu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
Sy
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
C
h
r
is
tian
Ov
alle
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
Dep
ar
tm
e
n
t
,
Un
i
v
er
s
id
ad
T
ec
n
o
ló
g
ica
d
el
Per
ú
L
im
a,
Per
ú
E
m
ail: d
o
v
alle@
u
tp
.
ed
u
.
p
e
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Au
tis
m
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
is
o
r
d
er
(
ASD)
is
a
n
eu
r
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
th
at
af
f
ec
ts
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
,
in
te
r
ac
t,
an
d
b
e
h
av
e
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
a
n
eu
r
o
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
th
at
af
f
ec
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
ex
ce
ed
i
n
g
1
%.
I
t
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
d
b
y
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
r
e
p
etitiv
e
an
d
r
estricte
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
[
2
]
–
[
4
]
.
ASD
s
y
m
p
t
o
m
s
last
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
en
tire
life
an
d
af
f
ec
t
p
er
s
o
n
al,
f
am
ily
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al,
an
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
5
]
.
Peo
p
l
e
with
ASD
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
icate
,
in
ter
ac
t,
b
eh
av
e
,
an
d
lear
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
tly
t
h
an
m
o
s
t
p
eo
p
le
[
6
]
.
ASD
u
s
u
ally
m
an
if
ests
its
elf
f
r
o
m
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
,
alth
o
u
g
h
its
d
iag
n
o
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
p
ec
ialized
s
k
ills
.
R
ec
en
t
r
esear
ch
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
at
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
an
d
m
o
to
r
in
teg
r
atio
n
co
u
ld
b
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
in
th
is
d
is
o
r
d
er
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
p
o
s
s
ib
le
way
to
id
en
tify
it
ea
r
ly
[
7
]
.
A
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
is
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
au
tis
m
,
allo
win
g
alar
m
in
g
s
ig
n
s
to
b
e
i
d
en
tifie
d
i
n
p
r
ev
er
b
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
u
s
in
g
to
o
ls
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
to
n
o
n
-
ex
p
e
r
t
o
b
s
er
v
er
s
[
8
]
.
E
x
ten
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els,
s
u
ch
as
a
n
au
to
m
ated
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
in
f
an
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
to
id
en
tify
ASD
in
h
ig
h
-
r
is
k
in
f
a
n
ts
[
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
an
al
y
ze
d
v
is
u
al
an
d
v
o
ca
l
f
ea
tu
r
es
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
cial
s
tr
ess
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
m
o
t
h
e
r
-
in
f
an
t
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
an
aly
zin
g
o
f
th
is
d
ata
[
1
0
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
L
ik
ewise,
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
,
a
b
r
a
n
ch
o
f
ar
t
if
icial
in
tellig
en
ce
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
r
ain
,
h
as
r
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ized
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
f
ield
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ea
lth
an
d
n
eu
r
o
s
cien
ce
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
lear
n
co
m
p
lex
r
ep
r
e
s
en
tatio
n
s
o
f
d
ata,
esp
ec
ially
im
ag
es
an
d
s
ig
n
als,
h
as
g
en
er
ated
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
in
t
er
est
in
th
eir
ap
p
licatio
n
t
o
ad
d
r
ess
ch
allen
g
es
in
d
ia
g
n
o
s
in
g
an
d
tr
ea
tin
g
n
eu
r
o
p
s
y
ch
iatr
ic
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
[
1
4
]
–
[
1
8
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
ts
tan
d
i
n
g
u
s
es
was
d
ee
p
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
wh
ich
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
to
d
etec
t
ASD
f
r
o
m
tex
tu
al
s
tatem
en
ts
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
r
o
m
n
a
r
r
ativ
es
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
als
with
ASD
[
1
9
]
.
B
ased
o
n
s
tatis
t
i
ca
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
th
ese
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
ar
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
tack
lin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
2
7
9
-
3
2
9
0
3280
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
m
an
y
o
p
tio
n
s
o
r
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
o
v
er
c
o
m
in
g
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
m
p
u
ter
m
o
d
el
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
q
u
ality
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
ac
cu
r
a
cy
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
au
tis
m
i
n
ch
ild
r
en
p
o
s
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
h
allen
g
e
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
Face
im
ag
e
d
etec
tio
n
,
in
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
is
ch
allen
g
i
n
g
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
im
ag
es
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
d
el
tr
ain
in
g
,
wh
ich
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ly
im
p
ac
ts
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
f
er
s
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l f
o
r
ea
r
ly
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
an
d
h
ar
m
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
i
n
au
tis
tic
ch
ild
r
en
d
u
r
in
g
c
r
is
is
ep
is
o
d
es
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
em
o
tio
n
s
,
wh
ic
h
is
co
m
p
licated
d
u
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
f
ac
ial
im
ag
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
in
d
icatin
g
em
o
tio
n
s
o
th
er
th
an
th
e
r
ea
l
o
n
es.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
s
ad
em
o
tio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
f
u
s
ed
with
em
o
tio
n
s
o
f
an
g
e
r
,
an
d
th
e
s
a
m
e
is
v
alid
f
o
r
jo
y
an
d
s
u
r
p
r
i
s
e
[
1
9
]
.
Face
d
with
th
is
p
r
o
b
l
em
,
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
e
f
f
icien
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
th
at
allo
ws
an
ea
r
ly
an
d
r
eliab
le
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
au
tis
m
i
n
ch
ild
r
en
.
Ho
w
d
o
es
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
i
n
g
allo
w
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ch
i
ld
r
en
with
au
tis
m
q
u
ick
ly
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
in
g
f
ac
ial
f
ea
tu
r
es,
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
?
T
h
e
m
an
u
al
d
iag
n
o
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
an
y
n
eu
r
o
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
is
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
ex
ten
s
iv
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
l
ev
alu
atio
n
s
an
d
an
aly
s
es
[
2
2
]
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
au
tis
m
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ch
e
d
u
le
(
ADOS)
an
d
c
h
ild
h
o
o
d
a
u
t
is
m
r
atin
g
s
ca
le,
s
ec
o
n
d
ed
iti
o
n
(
C
AR
S
-
2
)
,
r
ely
o
n
m
an
u
al
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ch
ild
'
s
b
eh
av
io
r
b
y
a
d
o
ct
o
r
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
ca
n
b
e
s
u
b
jectiv
e,
an
d
th
eir
r
elian
ce
o
n
h
u
m
an
ju
d
g
m
en
t
ca
n
lead
to
er
r
o
r
s
,
p
o
ten
tial
ly
d
elay
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
tr
ea
tm
en
t
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
th
at
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
ea
r
l
y
an
d
r
eliab
le
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
au
tis
m
in
ch
ild
r
en
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
d
ee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
'
s
ab
ilit
y
t
o
an
al
y
ze
c
o
m
p
lex
d
ata
p
att
er
n
s
h
o
l
d
s
p
r
o
m
is
e
f
o
r
a
u
to
m
atin
g
t
h
e
d
i
ag
n
o
s
tic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
F
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
b
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
n
eu
r
o
im
a
g
in
g
d
ata,
it
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
id
en
tify
n
eu
r
o
lo
g
ical
v
ar
iatio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
au
tis
m
.
W
h
ile
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
o
f
ASD,
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
ca
n
b
e
co
s
tly
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
ex
p
er
tis
e
o
f
s
p
ec
ialized
m
ed
ical
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als.
I
n
co
n
tr
a
s
t,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
ac
ial
im
ag
in
g
f
o
r
ASD
d
iag
n
o
s
is
o
f
f
er
s
a
s
im
p
le
a
n
d
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
elim
in
atin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ex
p
er
t
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
r
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
test
in
g
[
2
6
]
.
Facial
im
ag
e
d
atasets
ar
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
,
as
th
ey
o
f
f
er
c
o
m
p
ellin
g
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
an
d
ar
e
r
ea
d
ily
av
ailab
l
e
f
o
r
d
ee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
[
2
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
f
ac
ial
im
ag
in
g
is
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
ASD
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
m
o
d
els
d
u
e
t
o
its
in
h
er
en
t
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
u
ch
as
f
ac
ial
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
an
d
e
m
o
tio
n
a
n
aly
s
is
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Ap
p
ly
in
g
d
ee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
to
a
n
aly
ze
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
a
n
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
an
d
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
to
o
l
f
o
r
th
e
ea
r
ly
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
au
tis
m
tr
aits
in
ch
ild
r
en
.
Sin
c
e
th
e
m
an
if
estatio
n
s
o
f
a
u
tis
m
ca
n
b
e
s
u
b
tle
an
d
v
ar
ied
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
ee
p
-
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
m
ar
k
et
p
atter
n
s
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
th
at
m
ig
h
t
g
o
u
n
n
o
ticed
b
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
t
em
atic
r
ev
iew
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
e
f
f
icac
y
o
f
th
ese
m
o
d
els
in
ac
c
u
r
ately
id
e
n
tify
in
g
au
tis
m
tr
aits
b
y
an
aly
zin
g
lar
g
e
f
ac
ial
d
atasets
.
C
o
m
b
in
in
g
f
ac
ial
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
with
d
ee
p
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
p
r
o
v
es
d
iag
n
o
s
ti
c
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
n
e
w
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
ea
r
ly
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
a
n
d
ch
ild
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
qu
estio
n
I
n
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew,
we
in
v
esti
g
ate
h
o
w
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
e
ep
lear
n
i
n
g
allo
ws
th
e
r
ap
id
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
with
au
tis
m
f
r
o
m
f
a
cial
f
ea
tu
r
es,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
,
o
u
tco
m
e
(
PIC
O
)
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
lo
g
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
to
d
iv
id
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
i
n
ter
est
(
P)
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
to
b
e
ch
ild
r
en
w
h
o
a
r
e
at
p
o
ten
ti
al
r
is
k
f
o
r
au
tis
m
o
r
t
h
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
alr
ea
d
y
b
ee
n
d
i
ag
n
o
s
ed
with
th
is
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
(
I
)
t
h
at
is
ex
a
m
in
ed
in
v
o
lv
es
a
p
p
ly
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
to
an
aly
ze
an
d
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
c
o
m
p
lex
p
atter
n
s
p
r
esen
t
i
n
th
e
f
ac
ial
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
o
f
th
ese
c
h
ild
r
en
.
As
a
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
(
C
)
,
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
au
tis
m
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
a
r
e
s
tu
d
ied
,
in
clu
d
in
g
,
b
u
t
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
,
clin
ical
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
b
y
h
ea
l
th
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
an
d
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
h
av
e
h
is
to
r
ically
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
as f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
to
o
ls
in
th
e
au
tis
m
d
iag
n
o
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
r
esu
lt
(
O)
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elativ
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
d
ee
p
le
ar
n
in
g
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
a
u
tis
m
d
etec
tio
n
.
A
tab
le
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
v
iew
o
f
t
h
e
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
,
it
r
e
p
r
esen
t
s
a
v
is
u
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
in
ten
d
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
q
u
ick
an
d
clea
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
in
clu
d
es
cr
itical
elem
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
,
t
h
e
d
i
v
is
io
n
o
f
PICO,
an
d
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
o
r
ess
en
tial
s
o
u
r
ce
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
e
v
iew.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
T
a
b
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
f
PICO
f
o
r
a
b
ette
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
PICO m
o
d
el
i
n
th
e
r
ese
ar
ch
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Dee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
fo
r
th
e
id
en
tifi
ca
tio
n
o
f
a
u
tis
m
tr
a
its
in
ch
ild
r
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
…
(
Da
n
iella
R
o
ma
n
i P
a
lo
min
o
)
3281
T
ab
le
1
.
Sear
ch
s
y
n
th
esis
R
e
se
a
r
c
h
q
u
e
st
i
o
n
H
o
w
d
o
e
s
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
l
l
o
w
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
t
h
a
u
t
i
sm
q
u
i
c
k
l
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
f
r
o
m
f
a
c
i
a
l
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
,
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
me
t
h
o
d
s?
P
i
c
o
d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
Q
:
T
h
i
s
r
e
v
i
e
w
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
o
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
t
h
a
u
t
i
sm.
I
:
Th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
s
y
st
e
m
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
h
a
t
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
t
h
a
u
t
i
sm
i
s
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
.
Th
e
C
:
C
o
mp
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
s
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
u
s
e
d
.
La
O
:
Th
e
g
o
a
l
i
s
t
o
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
a
n
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
r
a
p
i
d
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
o
f
t
h
e
a
u
t
i
sm
sp
e
c
t
r
u
m
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
b
a
se
d
o
n
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
.
K
e
y
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
-
R
a
y
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
]
:
A
S
D
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
ma
t
e
l
y
1
i
n
1
6
0
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
s
i
x
mo
n
t
h
s
,
b
e
i
n
g
mo
st
c
o
mm
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
w
o
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
a
g
e
.
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
A
S
D
st
u
d
i
e
s
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
d
e
f
i
c
i
t
s
i
n
s
o
c
i
a
l
sk
i
l
l
s,
t
h
e
si
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
r
e
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
m
o
t
o
r
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
o
n
e
v
e
r
y
d
a
y
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
a
l
l
i
f
e
i
s
o
f
t
e
n
o
v
e
r
l
o
o
k
e
d
.
-
H
a
sso
u
n
e
h
e
t
a
l
.
[
2
7
]
:
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
h
a
s
g
r
e
a
t
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
r
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
i
z
e
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
A
S
D
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
.
I
t
s
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
a
n
a
l
y
z
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
r
e
p
r
e
sen
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
f
e
r
s g
r
e
a
t
p
r
o
m
i
se
f
o
r
a
u
t
o
ma
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
p
r
o
c
e
ss
.
-
Li
b
e
r
a
t
i
[
2
9
]
:
Tr
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
r
e
l
i
e
s
o
n
ma
n
u
a
l
r
u
l
e
s
a
n
d
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s,
w
h
i
c
h
c
a
n
l
i
mi
t
t
h
e
c
a
p
t
u
r
e
o
f
f
a
c
i
a
l
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
d
u
e
t
o
s
u
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
d
e
f
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
se
r
u
l
e
s
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
u
se
o
f
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
o
n
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
(
C
N
N
s)
,
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
mac
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
f
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
o
f
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
s
,
a
c
h
i
e
v
i
n
g
g
r
e
a
t
e
r
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
,
g
e
n
e
r
a
l
i
z
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
s
c
a
l
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
b
y
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
n
g
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s m
o
r
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
l
y
.
-
W
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
7
]
:
D
i
a
g
n
o
si
n
g
A
S
D
u
si
n
g
f
a
c
i
a
l
i
ma
g
i
n
g
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
a
q
u
i
c
k
a
n
d
a
c
c
e
ss
i
b
l
e
w
a
y
t
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
a
ssessm
e
n
t
,
a
v
o
i
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
e
x
p
e
r
t
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
r
e
x
p
e
n
s
i
v
e
t
e
s
t
s.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
f
a
c
i
a
l
i
m
a
g
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
se
t
s
s
h
o
w
g
r
e
a
t
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
s a
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
s
i
n
A
S
D
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
PICO
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
C
O
M
P
O
N
EN
TS
R
Q
1
:
W
h
a
t
a
r
e
t
h
e
mo
s
t
c
o
mm
o
n
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
o
b
ser
v
e
d
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
t
h
a
u
t
i
s
m?
R
Q
2
:
W
h
a
t
a
r
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
a
n
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
e
a
r
l
y
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
u
t
i
sm
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
?
R
Q
3
:
W
h
a
t
i
s
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
t
h
a
t
c
o
mb
i
n
e
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
l
a
ssessm
e
n
t
s
i
n
t
h
e
e
a
r
l
y
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
u
t
i
sm
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
?
R
Q
4
:
H
o
w
c
a
n
e
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
a
u
t
i
sm
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
s
p
r
o
c
e
ss?
2
.
2
.
Sea
rc
h str
a
t
eg
y
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
is
to
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
co
llect
ev
id
en
ce
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
r
ee
cr
itical
d
atab
ases
:
Sco
p
u
s
,
Pu
b
Me
d
,
an
d
E
B
SC
O.
T
h
e
PICO
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
will
b
e
u
s
ed
to
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
an
d
a
n
s
wer
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
.
T
a
b
le
3
d
etails
th
e
PICO
elem
en
ts
an
d
th
eir
ass
o
ciate
d
k
ey
ter
m
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
t
h
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
ess
en
tial
co
n
ce
p
ts
d
ef
in
in
g
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
d
atab
as
es.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
it
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ch
ild
r
en
d
iag
n
o
s
ed
with
ASD
at
an
ea
r
ly
ag
e
an
d
in
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
ea
r
ly
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
a
u
tis
m
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
,
tr
ad
iti
o
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
clin
ical
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
,
wh
ile
th
e
r
esu
lt
is
d
ir
ec
ted
to
war
d
th
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
tim
ely
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
o
f
ASD.
T
ab
le
3
.
PICO
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
P
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
a
u
t
i
s
m,
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
p
r
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
e
r
s,
mi
n
o
r
s,
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
a
u
t
i
sm,
e
a
r
l
y
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
s
o
f
a
u
t
i
sm
I
D
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
a
u
t
i
sm
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
ma
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
a
u
t
i
sm
a
ssessm
e
n
t
u
si
n
g
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
s,
a
u
t
i
sm
t
r
a
i
t
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
A
u
t
i
sm
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
b
y
v
o
i
c
e
,
b
o
d
y
mo
v
e
me
n
t
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s,
p
s
y
c
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
s,
a
u
t
i
sm c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
o
b
serv
a
t
i
o
n
O
F
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
s
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
s,
g
e
st
u
r
e
s
,
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss,
f
a
st
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
,
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms,
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
T
ab
le
4
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
PICO
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
th
e
Pu
b
Me
d
,
S
co
p
u
s
,
an
d
E
B
SC
O
d
atab
ases
.
T
h
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
wer
e
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
lo
g
ical
o
p
er
ato
r
s
an
d
r
elate
d
ter
m
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
all
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
s
a
n
d
r
elate
d
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
,
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
eq
u
ati
o
n
s
ai
m
to
ca
p
t
u
r
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
elev
an
t
s
tu
d
ies an
d
ar
ticles.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
s
to
m
i
n
im
ize
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
m
is
s
in
g
cr
itical
liter
atu
r
e
an
d
en
s
u
r
es th
at
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
r
esu
lts
ar
e
as in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
T
h
is
s
tr
ateg
y
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
ely
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
o
f
ap
p
l
y
in
g
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
to
id
e
n
tify
au
tis
m
tr
a
its
in
ch
ild
r
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
ac
ial
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew.
I
n
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
PICO
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
g
u
ar
an
tee
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
h
r
ee
cr
itical
h
ea
lth
an
d
s
cien
ce
d
atab
ases
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
in
clu
d
e
r
elev
a
n
t
an
d
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
s
tu
d
ies:
Sco
p
u
s
,
Pu
b
Me
d
,
a
n
d
E
B
SC
O.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
t
h
e
s
ea
r
ch
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
item
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
e
s
(
PR
I
SMA)
g
u
id
elin
es,
wh
ich
allo
wed
f
o
r
an
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
2
7
9
-
3
2
9
0
3282
o
r
g
an
ized
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
clu
s
io
n
a
n
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
estab
lis
h
ed
to
s
elec
t
h
i
g
h
-
q
u
ality
,
r
ele
v
an
t
s
tu
d
ies.
I
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
t
h
ese
to
o
ls
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ical
s
tr
ateg
ies
s
o
u
g
h
t
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
lete
an
d
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
an
aly
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
ee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
in
d
etec
tin
g
a
u
tis
m
tr
aits
b
y
s
tu
d
y
in
g
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
I
n
T
a
b
les 5
an
d
6
,
th
is
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
m
o
r
e
d
y
n
am
ically
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Sear
ch
eq
u
atio
n
s
b
y
PICO c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t in
Sco
p
u
s
,
P
u
b
Me
d
,
a
n
d
E
B
SC
O
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
S
e
a
r
c
h
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
c
o
mp
o
n
e
n
t
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
r
e
su
l
t
s
S
c
o
p
u
s
(
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
a
u
t
i
sm)
O
R
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
a
u
t
i
sm
A
N
D
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
A
N
D
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
)
O
R
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
a
s
d
)
A
N
D
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
f
a
c
i
a
l
A
N
D
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
s)
O
R
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
e
mo
t
i
o
n
a
l
A
N
D
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
s)
A
N
D
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
)
O
R
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
)
O
R
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
s)
A
N
D
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
d
e
e
p
A
N
D
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
)
O
R
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
E
Y
(
d
e
e
p
A
N
D
n
e
u
r
a
l
A
N
D
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s)
O
R
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
n
e
u
r
a
l
A
N
D
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s)
A
N
D
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
)
O
R
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
E
Y
(
i
n
f
a
n
t
s)
O
R
TI
TLE
-
A
B
S
-
K
EY
(
m
i
n
o
r
s)
)
60
EB
S
C
O
(
“
a
u
t
i
sm
sp
e
c
t
r
u
m
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
”
O
R
A
S
D
)
A
N
D
(
“
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
”
O
R
“
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
”
)
A
N
D
“
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
”
49
P
u
b
M
e
d
((
“
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
”
O
R
“
a
u
t
i
sm
”
O
R
“
sc
h
o
o
l
-
a
g
e
d
”
O
R
“
p
r
e
sc
h
o
o
l
e
r
s
”
O
R
“
m
i
n
o
r
s
”
)
A
N
D
(
“
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
”
O
R
“
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
”
O
R
“
a
u
t
i
s
m
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
”
O
R
“
mac
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
”
)
A
N
D
(
“
v
o
i
c
e
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
s
”
O
R
“
b
o
d
y
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
”
O
R
“
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
s
”
)
A
N
D
(
“
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
”
O
R
“
g
e
st
u
r
e
s
”
O
R
“
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
ss
”
O
R
“
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
”
O
R
“
r
a
p
i
d
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
”
))
1
0
3
T
ab
le
5
.
I
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
Ju
st
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
p
u
b
l
i
sh
e
d
i
n
a
c
a
d
e
mi
c
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
g
u
a
r
a
n
t
e
e
t
h
e
r
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
met
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
r
i
g
o
r
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
c
r
e
d
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
.
R
e
l
e
v
a
n
c
e
i
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
d
e
r
i
v
a
t
i
v
e
s
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
m
u
st
a
d
d
r
e
ss
t
o
p
i
c
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
i
t
s
r
a
mi
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
ma
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
a
m
o
n
g
o
t
h
e
r
s.
S
t
u
d
i
e
s wi
t
h
a
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
e
u
r
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
I
t
e
n
su
r
e
s t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
f
o
c
u
ses
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
e
st
.
T
ab
le
6
.
E
x
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
Ex
c
l
u
si
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
Ju
st
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
r
N
e
e
d
t
o
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
a
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
o
f
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
i
g
o
r
i
n
sy
s
t
e
m
a
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
.
S
t
u
d
i
e
s
u
n
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
n
e
u
r
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
l
p
r
o
b
l
e
ms
Th
o
se
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
n
o
t
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
t
o
p
i
c
o
f
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
o
se
t
h
a
t
a
d
d
r
e
ss
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
l
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
t
o
p
i
c
s.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
was
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
b
y
th
is
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
ed
co
h
e
r
en
ce
an
d
b
r
ea
d
t
h
in
s
elec
tin
g
r
elev
an
t
ar
ticles
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
ev
iew.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
PR
I
SMA
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
an
d
th
e
c
ar
ef
u
l
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
in
clu
s
io
n
an
d
ex
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia,
wh
ich
f
ac
ili
tated
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
r
elev
an
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
th
at
wo
u
ld
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
is
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
ed
m
i
n
im
ize
b
i
as
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
ep
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
an
d
well
-
f
o
u
n
d
ed
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
s
tu
d
y
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
t
o
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e,
th
e
PR
I
SMA
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
clea
r
ly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
f
o
r
its
ca
p
ac
ity
to
s
tan
d
ar
d
ize
d
ata
p
r
esen
tatio
n
,
en
h
an
ce
th
e
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
o
f
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
en
ab
le
r
ea
d
er
s
to
cr
itically
as
s
es
s
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iews
an
d
m
eta
-
an
aly
s
es
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
d
at
ab
ases
s
u
ch
as
Sco
p
u
s
,
Pu
b
Me
d
,
an
d
E
B
SC
O
wer
e
s
elec
te
d
,
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
ed
a
wid
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
ar
tific
ial
i
n
tellig
en
ce
a
n
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Du
p
licate
r
ec
o
r
d
s
wer
e
also
elim
in
ated
to
p
r
e
v
en
t
th
e
e
n
tr
y
o
f
r
e
d
u
n
d
an
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
p
r
ed
e
f
in
ed
in
clu
s
io
n
a
n
d
e
x
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia.
An
in
itial
ev
alu
atio
n
wa
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
titl
es
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
ts
,
d
is
ca
r
d
in
g
th
o
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
iter
ia.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
co
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
in
itially
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
all
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
n
th
is
f
in
al
s
tag
e,
it
was
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
id
en
tify
a
n
d
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
r
elev
an
t
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
o
r
s
tu
d
ies th
at
m
et
th
e
cr
iter
ia
estab
lis
h
ed
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
.
T
h
e
PR
I
SMA
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
f
ig
u
r
e
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
e
n
h
an
ce
s
th
e
cl
ar
ity
an
d
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
cy
o
f
r
esear
ch
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
cl
ea
r
an
d
co
m
p
lete
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
ea
ch
p
h
ase
o
f
t
h
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
f
r
o
m
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
r
elev
an
t stu
d
ies
to
th
e
s
y
n
th
esis
o
f
r
esu
lts
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
ly
p
r
o
m
o
tes
clar
ity
in
r
esear
ch
b
u
t
also
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
r
ep
r
o
d
u
cib
ilit
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
m
eticu
lo
u
s
l
y
d
o
c
u
m
en
tin
g
ea
ch
s
tep
o
f
th
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
etec
tin
g
au
t
is
m
in
ch
ild
r
en
,
PR
I
SMA
p
la
y
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ati
c
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Dee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
fo
r
th
e
id
en
tifi
ca
tio
n
o
f
a
u
tis
m
tr
a
its
in
ch
ild
r
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
…
(
Da
n
iella
R
o
ma
n
i P
a
lo
min
o
)
3283
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
a
r
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
s
p
e
cif
ic
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
ee
p
le
ar
n
in
g
,
wh
ich
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
t
o
en
h
a
n
ce
d
ia
g
n
o
s
tic
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
d
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
r
ese
ar
ch
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
PR
I
SMA
d
atab
ase
an
d
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
r
ec
o
r
d
s
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
a
d
etail
ed
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
r
esear
ch
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
in
ter
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
au
tis
tic
tr
aits
in
ch
ild
r
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
,
ac
co
m
p
an
ie
d
b
y
a
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
en
s
ity
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
ex
am
in
es
t
h
e
s
cien
tific
g
ap
s
id
en
tifie
d
in
t
h
e
r
ev
iewe
d
ar
ticles,
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
d
ee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
o
p
tim
ize
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
etec
tin
g
a
u
tis
m
tr
aits
.
3
.
1
.
B
ibl
io
m
et
ric
a
na
l
y
s
is
B
i
b
li
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
a
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
t
h
a
t
e
m
p
l
o
y
s
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
a
ti
v
e
a
n
d
s
t
at
is
t
i
ca
l
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
p
l
a
y
s
a
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
r
o
le
i
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
.
I
t
h
e
l
p
s
t
o
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
t
r
e
n
d
s
a
n
d
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
u
b
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
r
t
i
cl
es
,
s
u
c
h
as
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
i
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
o
c
u
s
o
v
e
r
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
a
ls
o
a
n
a
ly
z
e
s
c
o
ll
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
v
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
b
et
w
e
e
n
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
it
u
t
i
o
n
s
,
r
e
v
e
a
l
i
n
g
c
o
n
n
e
ct
io
n
s
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
n
e
r
s
h
i
p
s
t
h
a
t d
r
i
v
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
A
d
d
it
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
,
b
i
b
l
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
m
a
p
s
t
h
e
i
n
t
el
l
e
c
t
u
al
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
a
f
i
el
d
,
s
h
o
wi
n
g
h
o
w
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
a
r
ea
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
a
r
e
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
i
t
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
es
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
a
n
d
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
,
a
n
d
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
ti
o
n
s
b
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
i
n
g
c
i
t
a
ti
o
n
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
a
n
d
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
r
e
a
c
h
,
t
h
u
s
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
k
e
y
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
el
d
[
3
2
]
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
m
a
p
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
,
w
h
i
c
h
s
h
o
w
s
f
o
u
r
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
g
r
o
u
p
s
t
h
a
t
s
u
m
m
a
r
i
z
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
r
e
l
a
ti
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
k
e
y
t
e
r
m
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
g
r
o
u
p
,
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
a
u
t
i
s
m
,
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
ee
n
“
a
u
t
i
s
m
,
”
“
C
N
N
,
”
“
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
al
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
,
”
a
n
d
“
f
a
ci
a
l
ex
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
”
s
t
a
n
d
o
u
t
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
s
a
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
e
r
r
e
l
a
ti
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
tw
e
e
n
a
u
t
is
m
,
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
i
n
g
C
N
N
.
T
h
e
s
e
c
o
n
d
g
r
o
u
p
,
f
o
c
u
s
e
d
o
n
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
r
e
v
e
a
l
s
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
tw
e
e
n
“
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
“
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
ti
o
n
,
”
a
n
d
“
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
s
,
”
i
n
d
i
c
at
i
n
g
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
f
a
c
i
al
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
t
h
i
r
d
g
r
o
u
p
,
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
A
S
D
,
is
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
t
o
“
co
n
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
”
u
n
d
e
r
s
c
o
r
i
n
g
C
N
N'
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
ll
y
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
A
S
D
.
F
i
n
al
l
y
,
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
g
r
o
u
p
f
o
c
u
s
e
s
on
“
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
te
l
l
i
g
e
n
ce
,
”
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
w
i
t
h
“
m
a
ch
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
r
ti
f
i
c
ia
l
i
n
t
e
l
li
g
e
n
c
e
i
n
d
e
t
e
ct
i
n
g
a
u
t
is
m
t
r
ai
ts
.
E
a
c
h
g
r
o
u
p
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
es
m
e
an
i
n
g
f
u
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
i
ll
u
s
t
r
at
e
h
o
w
t
h
es
e
c
o
n
c
ep
t
s
a
r
e
i
n
te
r
r
e
l
a
te
d
i
n
t
h
e
i
r
r
es
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
i
el
d
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
2
7
9
-
3
2
9
0
3284
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
etwe
e
n
k
ey
ter
m
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
ib
lio
m
et
r
ic
m
ap
p
in
g
3
.
2
.
M
a
nu
s
cr
ipt
a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
th
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
o
f
th
e
s
ea
r
c
h
,
th
r
ee
(
3
)
d
atab
ases
co
n
tain
i
n
g
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
wer
e
u
s
ed
,
wh
ich
led
to
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
two
h
u
n
d
r
ed
a
n
d
twelv
e
(
2
1
2
)
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
s
el
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
e
PR
I
SMA
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
clu
d
ed
elim
in
atin
g
d
u
p
lic
ate
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
an
d
ex
clu
d
in
g
d
o
c
u
m
en
ts
th
at
w
er
e
n
o
t
r
elev
an
t
t
o
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
to
p
ic.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
is
m
eticu
lo
u
s
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
,
f
o
r
ty
-
eig
h
t (
4
8
)
ar
ticles we
r
e
f
in
ally
s
elec
ted
,
as p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
7
.
Ph
ase
1
was
d
ed
icate
d
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
c
o
llectio
n
o
f
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
r
elev
an
t
t
o
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
to
p
ic.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
in
v
o
lv
ed
m
eth
o
d
ically
q
u
er
y
in
g
d
atab
a
s
es
an
d
g
ath
er
in
g
a
b
r
o
a
d
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
a
r
ticles
an
d
s
tu
d
ies.
I
n
p
h
ase
2
,
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
in
v
o
lv
e
r
em
o
v
in
g
d
u
p
licates
an
d
e
x
clu
d
in
g
ar
ticles
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
p
er
tain
t
o
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
p
ic
o
f
in
ter
est.
T
h
is
s
tep
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
d
ataset
is
r
ef
in
ed
an
d
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es.
Fin
ally
,
i
n
p
h
ase
3
,
th
e
r
ev
iew
will
cu
lm
i
n
a
te
in
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
4
8
ar
ticles
th
at
a
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
r
elev
a
n
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
ese
ar
ticles
will
b
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
r
elev
an
ce
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
f
o
cu
s
ed
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
tab
le
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
an
d
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
ar
ticles
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
d
atab
ases
.
I
n
itially
,
th
r
ee
d
ata
b
ases
wer
e
u
s
ed
:
Sco
p
u
s
,
E
B
SC
O,
an
d
P
u
b
Me
d
,
id
en
tify
i
n
g
2
1
2
a
r
ticles.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
6
0
,
4
9
,
a
n
d
1
0
3
ar
ticles
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
Sco
p
u
s
,
E
B
SC
O,
an
d
1
0
3
in
Pu
b
Me
d
.
Af
ter
a
p
p
ly
in
g
a
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
f
ilter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ich
i
n
clu
d
ed
eli
m
in
atin
g
d
u
p
licates
an
d
ex
cl
u
d
in
g
ir
r
elev
an
t
ar
ticles,
4
8
ar
ticles
co
n
s
id
er
ed
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
wer
e
f
in
ally
s
elec
ted
.
Of
th
e
ar
t
icles
in
itially
id
en
tifie
d
,
1
7
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
Sco
p
u
s
,
1
3
f
r
o
m
E
B
SC
O,
an
d
1
8
f
r
o
m
Pu
b
Me
d
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
wh
ich
co
u
n
tr
y
h
as
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ar
ticles,
id
en
tify
i
n
g
c
o
i
n
cid
en
ce
s
with
t
h
e
k
e
y
wo
r
d
s
in
th
is
r
ev
iew.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
au
tis
m
r
esear
ch
an
d
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
t
o
f
ac
ial
f
ea
tu
r
e
d
etec
tio
n
.
I
n
d
ia
led
t
h
e
way
with
1
2
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
is
f
ie
ld
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
C
h
in
a
with
1
0
an
d
th
e
Un
i
ted
States
with
6
.
I
taly
s
to
o
d
o
u
t
with
4
r
elev
an
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
wh
ile
Sp
ain
,
E
g
y
p
t,
a
n
d
Fra
n
ce
co
n
tr
i
b
u
t
ed
2
s
tu
d
ies
ea
ch
.
C
o
u
n
tr
ie
s
s
u
ch
as
T
u
n
is
ia,
Ma
lay
s
ia,
Ko
r
ea
,
Au
s
tr
alia,
Om
an
,
Pak
is
tan
,
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
i
a,
Ger
m
an
y
,
an
d
B
r
az
il
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
1
ar
ticle
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
ef
lectin
g
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ical
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
ev
iewe
d
.
B
etwe
en
1
9
7
9
an
d
2
0
2
4
,
t
h
e
ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
i
n
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
s
cien
tific
a
r
ticles
r
elate
d
t
o
ap
p
ly
in
g
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
to
id
e
n
tify
a
u
tis
m
tr
aits
in
ch
ild
r
e
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
s
h
o
wed
a
n
o
tab
le
in
c
r
ea
s
e
i
n
in
ter
est an
d
r
esear
ch
in
th
is
f
ield
.
I
n
1
9
7
9
an
d
2
0
0
9
,
o
n
ly
o
n
e
p
ap
er
was p
u
b
lis
h
ed
p
er
y
ea
r
,
an
d
f
r
o
m
2
0
1
4
to
2
0
1
6
,
th
e
tr
e
n
d
co
n
tin
u
ed
with
o
n
e
a
n
n
u
al
p
u
b
licatio
n
.
2
0
1
8
f
ea
tu
r
e
d
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
ar
ticle.
H
o
wev
er
,
as
o
f
2
0
1
9
,
with
5
ar
ticles,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
was
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
a
p
ea
k
i
n
2
0
2
1
with
1
4
a
r
ticles.
T
h
is
s
u
s
tain
ed
g
r
o
wth
in
clu
d
es
8
item
s
in
2
0
2
0
,
4
i
n
2
0
2
2
,
7
in
2
0
2
3
an
d
4
in
2
0
2
4
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
r
e
f
lects
a
g
r
o
win
g
i
n
ter
est
in
an
d
a
d
v
an
ce
s
i
n
r
esear
c
h
r
elat
ed
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
au
tis
m
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
to
p
ic
i
n
th
e
s
cien
tific
co
m
m
u
n
ity
an
d
cr
itical
p
er
io
d
s
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
tu
d
ies,
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
etails,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Dee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
fo
r
th
e
id
en
tifi
ca
tio
n
o
f
a
u
tis
m
tr
a
its
in
ch
ild
r
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
…
(
Da
n
iella
R
o
ma
n
i P
a
lo
min
o
)
3285
T
ab
le
7
.
Sear
ch
r
esu
lts
D
a
t
a
b
a
s
e
t
y
p
e
N
a
me
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
s
e
a
r
c
h
F
i
n
a
l
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
M
a
i
n
S
c
o
p
u
s
60
17
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
EB
S
C
O
49
13
P
u
b
M
e
d
1
0
3
18
To
t
a
l
2
1
2
48
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
aly
s
is
b
y
ar
ticle
o
r
i
g
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
An
al
y
s
is
o
f
ar
ticles ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
y
ea
r
o
f
p
u
b
licatio
n
3
.
3
.
Dee
p lea
rning
in t
he
det
ec
t
io
n o
f
a
utism
Au
tis
m
o
r
au
tis
m
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
is
o
r
d
er
(
ASD)
is
a
n
eu
r
o
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
er
ch
a
r
ac
t
er
ized
b
y
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
as
w
ell
as
r
ep
etitiv
e
an
d
r
estricte
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
[
3
3
]
.
C
h
ild
r
en
with
au
tis
m
o
f
ten
ex
h
ib
it
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
f
r
o
m
an
e
ar
ly
ag
e,
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
ag
e
o
f
2
-
3
,
an
d
s
h
o
w
an
in
d
if
f
er
en
ce
to
th
eir
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
[
3
4
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
is
n
o
cu
r
e
f
o
r
au
tis
m
,
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
b
eh
av
io
r
al
th
er
ap
y
an
d
r
eh
ab
ilit
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
o
cial
f
u
n
cti
o
n
in
g
a
n
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
o
f
th
o
s
e
af
f
ec
ted
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
ASD
p
r
im
ar
ily
r
el
y
o
n
ex
p
e
r
ts
'
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
clin
ical
ev
alu
atio
n
with
o
u
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
ad
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
to
o
ls
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
in
cl
u
d
e
as
s
ess
m
en
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
an
d
s
tatis
tical
m
an
u
al
o
f
m
en
tal
d
is
o
r
d
e
r
s
,
f
o
u
r
th
ed
itio
n
,
tex
t
r
ev
is
io
n
(
DSM
-
IV
-
T
R
)
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
d
is
ea
s
es
,
1
0
th
r
ev
is
io
n
(
I
C
D
-
1
0
)
cr
iter
ia,
v
ar
io
u
s
au
tis
m
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
ca
les,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ch
ild
h
o
o
d
au
tis
m
r
ati
n
g
s
ca
le
(
C
AR
S)
an
d
th
e
ch
ild
with
au
tis
m
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
ca
le
,
as
well
as
in
ter
v
iews
an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es a
im
ed
at
p
ar
en
ts
o
r
ca
r
e
g
iv
er
s
[
3
5
]
.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1979
2014
2016
2009
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2018
2015
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
art
i
c
l
e
s
Y
e
ar o
f
p
u
b
l
i
c
ati
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
2
7
9
-
3
2
9
0
3286
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ese
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lim
itatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
s
u
b
jec
tiv
ity
an
d
b
iases
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
o
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
g
en
er
ally
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
ev
er
al
h
o
u
r
s
p
er
p
ati
en
t,
wh
ich
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
co
n
s
i
d
er
ab
le
b
u
r
d
e
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als.
Stu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
d
ee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
o
f
f
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
a
n
d
d
iag
n
o
s
in
g
au
tis
m
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
d
is
o
r
d
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
r
ely
o
n
clin
ical
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
en
ab
le
p
r
o
ce
s
s
au
to
m
atio
n
,
th
er
e
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
u
s
er
b
u
r
d
en
a
n
d
ass
o
ciate
d
co
s
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
ey
ca
n
in
teg
r
ate
d
ata
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
alities
to
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
3
5
]
–
[
3
8
]
.
T
ab
le
8
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
b
ases
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
,
ca
t
eg
o
r
izin
g
th
em
in
t
o
th
r
ee
m
ain
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ca
teg
o
r
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
r
ec
o
g
n
izi
n
g
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
an
d
em
o
tio
n
s
;
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
teg
o
r
y
ex
am
in
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es,
a
n
d
th
e
f
in
al
ca
teg
o
r
y
ass
ess
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
i
n
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
o
u
r
ce
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
in
th
e
ea
r
ly
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
em
o
tio
n
s
a
n
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
ten
tial in
th
is
f
i
eld
.
T
ab
le
8
.
B
asis
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
S
TU
D
Y
R
EFE
R
EN
C
E
R
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
mo
t
i
o
n
s
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
9
]
–
[
4
7
]
[
4
8
]
–
[
5
2
]
D
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
u
s
e
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
3
]
–
[
6
0
]
[
6
1
]
–
[
7
0
]
D
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
n
d
e
a
r
l
y
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
[
4
2
]
,
[
4
8
]
,
[
7
1
]
,
[
7
2
]
3.4. D
ee
p
l
ear
n
i
ng
m
ode
l
s
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
f
ac
ia
l
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
em
o
tio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
b
u
t
lim
it
atio
n
s
ex
is
t.
Fo
r
o
n
e
,
u
n
iv
er
s
al
f
a
cial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
ca
n
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
b
etwe
en
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
ab
o
u
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
em
o
tio
n
s
.
Als
o
,
s
o
m
e
p
eo
p
le
m
ay
h
id
e
th
eir
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
d
etaile
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t o
f
f
ac
ial
ac
tiv
ity
m
ay
b
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
r
ev
ea
l
r
eliab
le
clu
es
[
5
3
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esear
ch
r
e
v
iewe
d
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
co
n
tin
u
e
e
n
co
u
n
ter
i
n
g
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ch
alle
n
g
es
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
b
etwe
en
n
o
r
m
al
an
d
au
tis
tic
f
ac
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
h
av
e
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
ad
v
an
ce
in
th
e
ea
r
l
y
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
ASD
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
[
3
5
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
is
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
n
e
u
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
co
m
b
i
n
e
c
o
n
v
o
lu
tio
n
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
(
C
NNs).
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
lev
er
a
g
e
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
b
o
t
h
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
co
m
p
lex
au
tis
m
d
etec
tio
n
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
y
s
tem
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
ac
ial
ac
ti
o
n
c
o
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
(
FAC
S
-
C
NN)
to
ex
tr
ac
t
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
f
ac
ial
f
ea
tu
r
es
b
etwe
en
ch
ild
r
en
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
ASD
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
d
etec
tio
n
r
ates
o
f
a
r
o
u
n
d
9
0
%
in
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
d
atasets
[
3
8
]
.
Oth
e
r
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
d
ee
p
l
ea
r
n
in
g
a
r
ch
itectu
r
es,
s
u
c
h
as
VGG1
6
,
R
esNet1
0
1
,
a
n
d
M
o
b
ileNet,
f
o
r
f
ac
ial
f
ea
tu
r
e
a
n
aly
s
is
,
g
az
e
t
r
ac
k
in
g
,
an
d
f
ea
tu
r
e
m
a
p
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
[
5
]
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
p
r
ac
tical
f
o
r
class
if
y
in
g
im
ag
es
o
f
p
eo
p
le
with
au
tis
m
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
n
o
te
t
h
at
ch
allen
g
es
ar
e
s
till
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
av
aila
b
ilit
y
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
f
ac
ial
im
ag
e
d
at
asets
o
f
au
tis
tic
ch
ild
r
en
[
3
5
]
.
T
ab
le
9
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
ilati
o
n
o
f
d
ee
p
-
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
f
ac
ia
l
tr
aits
ass
o
ciate
d
with
au
tis
m
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese,
R
esNet
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
in
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
d
u
e
to
its
ab
ilit
y
to
en
h
an
ce
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
i
n
im
ag
es,
in
s
till
in
g
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
its
p
o
ten
tial.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
Xce
p
tio
n
m
o
d
el
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
f
o
r
its
ef
f
icien
t
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
in
f
ea
tu
r
e
e
x
tr
ac
tio
n
,
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
e
f
f
icien
t
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
.
Fin
ally
,
C
NNs
h
av
e
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
b
e
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
to
o
l
f
o
r
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
es
s
io
n
an
aly
s
is
,
y
ield
in
g
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
im
ag
es o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
als with
ASD,
f
u
r
th
er
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
t
h
ese
m
o
d
els.
T
ab
le
9
.
Dee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
s
M
o
d
e
l
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
R
e
sN
e
t
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
5
4
]
–
[
5
6
]
,
[
6
8
]
X
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
6
9
]
,
[
7
0
]
C
N
N
[
5
9
]
–
[
6
8
]
[
6
9
]
,
[
7
1
]
,
[
7
2
]
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
o
th
PICO
an
d
PR
I
SMA
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
to
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
ely
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
in
d
etec
tin
g
au
tis
m
tr
aits
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
ac
ial
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
.
I
n
itially
,
2
1
2
ar
ticles
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
atab
ases
,
f
r
o
m
wh
ich
4
8
wer
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
in
clu
s
io
n
c
r
iter
ia.
T
h
is
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
e
d
a
h
i
g
h
s
tan
d
a
r
d
o
f
r
ele
v
an
c
e
an
d
q
u
ality
in
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
iewe
d
.
A
b
i
b
lio
m
et
r
ic
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
ar
t
icles
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
a
g
r
o
win
g
g
lo
b
al
in
ter
est
in
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
,
with
I
n
d
ia,
C
h
in
a,
an
d
th
e
Un
ited
States
em
er
g
in
g
as
p
r
o
m
i
n
en
t
lead
er
s
.
Dee
p
lear
n
in
g
h
as
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
ac
cu
r
ac
y
b
y
a
n
aly
zin
g
f
ac
ial
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
co
u
ld
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Dee
p
lea
r
n
in
g
fo
r
th
e
id
en
tifi
ca
tio
n
o
f
a
u
tis
m
tr
a
its
in
ch
ild
r
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
…
(
Da
n
iella
R
o
ma
n
i P
a
lo
min
o
)
3287
lead
to
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
tim
ely
d
iag
n
o
s
es.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
ed
r
esear
ch
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
o
ls
an
d
a
d
v
an
ce
ea
r
ly
tr
ea
tm
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
au
tis
m
,
u
ltima
tel
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
b
etter
o
u
tco
m
e
s
f
o
r
in
d
iv
i
d
u
als af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
.
AC
K
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
o
u
r
d
ee
p
est
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
th
e
Un
iv
e
r
s
id
ad
T
ec
n
o
ló
g
ica
d
el
Per
ú
f
o
r
b
ein
g
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
p
illar
in
th
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
s
in
c
e
its
ass
is
tan
ce
,
b
o
th
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
y
an
d
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
ilit
ies,
h
as
b
ee
n
cr
u
cial
to
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
b
jectiv
es,
an
d
its
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
as
m
ad
e
th
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
W
e
also
th
an
k
th
e
teac
h
er
s
f
o
r
th
eir
wo
r
k
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
g
u
id
e
in
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
d
id
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
e
an
y
in
te
r
n
al
o
r
e
x
ter
n
al
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was in
v
o
lv
ed
in
t
h
e
co
n
d
u
ct
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Dan
iella
R
o
m
an
i Palo
m
in
o
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
h
r
is
tian
Ov
alle
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Heli
C
o
r
d
o
v
a
-
B
er
o
n
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
y
h
av
e
n
o
co
n
f
lict
o
f
in
ter
es
t.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
n
o
t
r
ec
eiv
ed
a
n
y
ty
p
e
o
f
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
en
titi
es th
at
co
u
l
d
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
r
c
o
n
c
lu
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
.
I
NF
O
RM
E
D
CO
NS
E
N
T
As
th
is
is
a
s
y
s
tem
at
ic
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
n
o
h
u
m
a
n
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
d
ir
ec
tly
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
ll
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
r
ev
iew
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
b
tain
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
as st
ated
in
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
r
ig
in
al
ar
ticles.
E
T
H
I
CAL AP
P
RO
V
AL
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies an
d
d
id
n
o
t in
v
o
l
v
e
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ata
f
r
o
m
h
u
m
an
o
r
an
im
al
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
te
d
th
at
all
s
tu
d
ies
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
r
ev
iew
co
m
p
lied
with
r
elev
an
t
eth
ical
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
an
d
o
b
tain
ed
eth
ical
a
p
p
r
o
v
al
f
r
o
m
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
ev
iew
b
o
ar
d
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
d
at
a
an
d
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
tr
u
e
an
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
in
a
n
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
t m
an
n
er
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Data
av
ailab
ilit
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
ap
p
ly
to
th
is
ar
ticle,
as
n
o
o
r
ig
i
n
al
d
ata
wer
e
cr
ea
ted
o
r
a
n
aly
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
th
is
r
esear
c
h
is
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
s
tu
d
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
is
r
ev
iew
ar
e
co
n
tain
e
d
in
th
e
i
n
clu
d
ed
s
tu
d
ies,
wh
ich
a
r
e
p
u
b
licly
av
ailab
le
an
d
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
cited
in
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
ed
in
th
is
an
aly
s
is
co
n
tain
all
r
elev
an
t
d
ata,
in
clu
d
in
g
DOI
an
d
o
th
e
r
lin
k
s
,
wh
ich
r
ea
d
er
s
ca
n
co
n
s
u
lt
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
etails
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
2
7
9
-
3
2
9
0
3288
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
G
.
P
a
t
t
e
r
so
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
y
d
i
s
t
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
sa
l
i
e
n
c
e
p
r
i
m
i
n
g
o
n
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
u
t
i
sm
:
a
n
f
M
R
I
st
u
d
y
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
N
e
u
r
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
D
i
so
r
d
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
4
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
1
6
8
9
-
021
-
0
9
3
9
1
-
0.
[
2
]
G
.
W
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
e
y
e
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
a
u
t
i
sm
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
u
t
i
sm
a
n
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
D
i
so
r
d
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
9
–
2
1
5
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
8
0
3
-
0
1
8
-
3
6
9
0
-
y.
[
3
]
A
.
V
a
b
a
l
a
s,
E.
G
o
w
e
n
,
E.
P
o
l
i
a
k
o
f
f
,
a
n
d
A
.
J.
C
a
sso
n
,
“
K
i
n
e
ma
t
i
c
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s o
f
a
s
i
m
p
l
e
a
n
d
s
h
o
r
t
m
o
v
e
me
n
t
t
a
sk
t
o
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
a
u
t
i
sm
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
s,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
A
n
n
u
a
l
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
I
EEE
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
i
n
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
a
n
d
Bi
o
l
o
g
y
S
o
c
i
e
t
y
,
EM
B
S
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
1
–
1
4
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
E
M
B
C
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
8
5
7
3
0
7
.
[
4
]
M
.
A
.
R
a
y
a
,
J
.
M
a
r
í
n
-
M
o
r
a
l
e
s
,
M
.
E
.
M
i
n
i
ssi
,
G
.
T
.
G
a
r
c
i
a
,
L.
A
b
a
d
,
a
n
d
I
.
A
.
C
.
G
i
g
l
i
o
l
i
,
“
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
r
e
a
l
i
t
y
o
n
b
o
d
y
mo
v
e
m
e
n
t
s’
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
s
t
o
c
l
a
ssi
f
y
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
t
h
a
u
t
i
sm
sp
e
c
t
r
u
m
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
.
1
2
6
0
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
j
c
m
9
0
5
1
2
6
0
.
[
5
]
N
.
M
.
R
a
d
,
T.
v
a
n
La
a
r
h
o
v
e
n
,
C
.
F
u
r
l
a
n
e
l
l
o
,
a
n
d
E
.
M
a
r
c
h
i
o
r
i
,
“
N
o
v
e
l
t
y
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
u
si
n
g
d
e
e
p
n
o
r
mat
i
v
e
m
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
f
o
r
i
mu
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
b
n
o
r
m
a
l
mo
v
e
me
n
t
mo
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
i
n
p
a
r
k
i
n
s
o
n
’
s
d
i
se
a
se
a
n
d
a
u
t
i
sm
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s,”
S
e
n
so
rs
(
S
w
i
t
zer
l
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
.
3
5
3
3
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s1
8
1
0
3
5
3
3
.
[
6
]
M
.
N
.
A
h
ma
d
i
,
T.
G
.
P
a
v
e
y
,
a
n
d
S
.
G
.
Tr
o
st
,
“
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
l
s
f
o
r
c
l
a
ssi
f
y
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
f
r
e
e
-
l
i
v
i
n
g
p
r
e
sc
h
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
(
S
w
i
t
zerl
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
4
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
2
0
1
6
4
3
6
4
.
[
7
]
A
.
A
n
z
u
l
e
w
i
c
z
,
K
.
S
o
b
o
t
a
,
a
n
d
J.
T.
D
e
l
a
f
i
e
l
d
-
B
u
t
t
,
“
To
w
a
r
d
t
h
e
a
u
t
i
sm
mo
t
o
r
si
g
n
a
t
u
r
e
:
g
e
s
t
u
r
e
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
smar
t
t
a
b
l
e
t
g
a
m
e
p
l
a
y
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
t
h
a
u
t
i
s
m,”
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
Re
p
o
rt
s
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
sr
e
p
3
1
1
0
7
.
[
8
]
C
.
P
a
o
l
u
c
c
i
,
F
.
G
i
o
r
g
i
n
i
,
R
.
S
c
h
e
d
a
,
F
.
V
.
A
l
e
ssi
,
a
n
d
S
.
D
i
c
i
o
t
t
i
,
“
E
a
r
l
y
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
u
t
i
sm
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
d
i
so
r
d
e
r
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
i
n
h
o
me
v
i
d
e
o
s
a
n
d
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
,
”
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
i
n
H
u
m
a
n
B
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
8
,
p
.
1
0
7
8
7
7
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
h
b
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
7
8
7
7
.
[
9
]
P
.
K
a
ssr
a
i
a
n
-
F
a
r
d
,
C
.
M
a
t
t
h
i
s,
J
.
H
.
B
a
l
s
t
e
r
s
,
M
.
H
.
M
a
a
t
h
u
i
s,
a
n
d
N
.
W
e
n
d
e
r
o
t
h
,
“
P
r
o
m
i
ses,
p
i
t
f
a
l
l
s
,
a
n
d
b
a
s
i
c
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s
f
o
r
a
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
ma
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
c
l
a
ss
i
f
i
e
r
s
t
o
p
s
y
c
h
i
a
t
r
i
c
i
ma
g
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
,
w
i
t
h
a
u
t
i
sm
a
s
a
n
e
x
a
mp
l
e
,
”
F
ro
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
Ps
y
c
h
i
a
t
r
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
D
E
C
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
s
y
t
.
2
0
1
6
.
0
0
1
7
7
.
[
1
0
]
C
.
Ta
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
u
t
o
m
a
t
i
c
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
i
g
h
-
r
i
s
k
a
u
t
i
sm
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
:
a
f
e
a
si
b
i
l
i
t
y
st
u
d
y
u
si
n
g
v
i
d
e
o
a
n
d
a
u
d
i
o
d
a
t
a
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
st
i
l
l
-
f
a
c
e
p
a
r
a
d
i
g
m,
”
I
E
EE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
N
e
u
r
a
l
S
y
st
e
m
s
a
n
d
R
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
2
8
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
0
1
–
2
4
1
0
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TN
S
R
E.
2
0
2
0
.
3
0
2
7
7
5
6
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
D
e
d
g
a
o
n
k
a
r
,
R
.
S
a
c
h
d
e
o
,
a
n
d
S
.
G
o
d
b
o
l
e
,
“
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
c
r
e
e
n
i
n
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
s
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
a
n
d
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
3
5
–
4
4
3
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
2
7
8
5
/
i
j
c
d
s/
1
4
0
1
3
4
.
[
1
2
]
S
.
F
a
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
w
e
a
r
a
b
l
e
g
a
i
t
se
n
so
r
s
a
n
d
mac
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
i
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
r
a
i
l
t
y
,
”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
p
u
b
h
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
1
6
9
0
8
3
.
[
1
3
]
L.
X
u
,
J
.
C
h
e
n
,
F
.
W
a
n
g
,
Y
.
C
h
e
n
,
W
.
Y
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
C
.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
-
b
a
se
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
’
s
p
a
t
h
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
g
a
i
t
c
l
a
ss
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
l
o
w
-
c
o
st
g
a
i
t
-
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
m,”
Bi
o
M
e
d
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
O
n
l
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s1
2
9
3
8
-
021
-
0
0
8
9
8
-
0.
[
1
4
]
P
.
A
r
t
o
n
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
o
f
s
p
o
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
a
r
o
u
sa
l
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
d
e
t
e
c
t
s
e
a
r
l
y
c
h
o
l
i
n
e
r
g
i
c
d
e
f
e
c
t
s
a
c
r
o
ss
n
e
u
r
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
l
mo
u
se
mo
d
e
l
s
a
n
d
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
s
,
”
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Ac
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
U
n
i
t
e
d
S
t
a
t
e
s
o
f
Am
e
ri
c
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
7
,
n
o
.
3
8
,
p
p
.
2
3
2
9
8
–
2
3
3
0
3
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
7
3
/
p
n
a
s
.
1
8
2
0
8
4
7
1
1
6
.
[
1
5
]
M
.
W
e
d
y
a
n
,
A
.
C
r
i
p
p
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
l
-
Ju
ma
i
l
y
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
sam
p
l
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
me
t
h
o
d
t
o
o
v
e
r
c
o
m
e
t
h
e
s
mal
l
s
a
m
p
l
e
s
i
z
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
i
n
c
o
mp
u
t
e
r
a
i
d
e
d
m
e
d
i
c
a
l
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
i
n
g
,
”
Al
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
.
1
6
0
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
a
1
2
0
8
0
1
6
0
.
[
1
6
]
D
.
G
r
o
o
s
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
t
o
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
c
e
r
e
b
r
a
l
p
a
l
s
y
f
r
o
m
s
p
o
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
s i
n
i
n
f
a
n
t
s a
t
h
i
g
h
r
i
s
k
,
”
J
AM
A
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
O
p
e
n
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
.
E
2
2
2
1
3
2
5
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
1
/
j
a
ma
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
o
p
e
n
.
2
0
2
2
.
2
1
3
2
5
.
[
1
7
]
C
.
W
a
n
,
Y
.
S
h
a
o
,
C
.
W
a
n
g
,
J.
Ji
n
g
,
a
n
d
W
.
Y
a
n
g
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
mea
s
u
r
i
n
g
p
t
e
r
y
g
i
u
m’
s
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
u
s
i
n
g
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
Fro
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
m
e
d
.
2
0
2
2
.
8
1
9
9
7
1
.
[
1
8
]
C
.
P
a
r
k
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
-
b
a
se
d
a
g
g
r
e
ssi
o
n
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
w
i
t
h
A
D
H
D
u
s
i
n
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
-
b
a
se
d
p
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
mo
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
,
”
S
e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
.
4
9
4
9
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s2
3
1
0
4
9
4
9
.
[
1
9
]
V
.
G
.
P
r
a
k
a
s
h
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
v
i
si
o
n
-
b
a
s
e
d
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
a
u
t
i
s
t
i
c
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
:
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s,
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
s,
h
u
m
a
n
p
o
s
e
,
a
n
d
l
i
f
e
sk
i
l
l
s,”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
4
7
9
0
7
–
4
7
9
2
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
3
.
3
2
6
9
0
2
7
.
[
2
0
]
S
.
K
.
Jarr
a
y
a
,
M
.
M
a
s
mo
u
d
i
,
a
n
d
M
.
H
a
mm
a
mi
,
“
C
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
u
t
i
s
t
i
c
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
mel
t
d
o
w
n
c
r
i
s
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
d
e
e
p
sp
a
t
i
o
-
t
e
m
p
o
r
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
f
a
c
i
a
l
g
e
o
me
t
r
i
c
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s,
”
I
EEE
Ac
c
e
ss
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
p
p
.
6
9
3
1
1
–
6
9
3
2
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
A
C
C
ESS
.
2
0
2
0
.
2
9
8
6
6
5
4
.
[
2
1
]
C
.
K
ü
p
p
e
r
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
v
e
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
o
f
a
u
t
i
sm
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s
i
n
a
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
s
a
mp
l
e
o
f
a
d
o
l
e
sc
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
a
d
u
l
t
s
u
s
i
n
g
mac
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
S
c
i
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
Re
p
o
r
t
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
s
4
1
5
9
8
-
0
2
0
-
6
1
6
0
7
-
w.
[
2
2
]
K
.
I
w
a
u
c
h
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ey
e
-
mo
v
e
me
n
t
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
n
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ssi
o
n
f
o
r
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
a
d
u
l
t
s
w
i
t
h
n
e
u
r
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
l
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s,”
Fr
o
n
t
i
e
rs
i
n
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
8
9
/
f
d
g
t
h
.
2
0
2
3
.
9
5
2
4
3
3
.
[
2
3
]
J.
H
.
Le
e
,
G
.
W
.
Le
e
,
G
.
B
o
n
g
,
H
.
J.
Y
o
o
,
a
n
d
H
.
K
.
K
i
m,
“
D
e
e
p
-
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
-
b
a
se
d
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
n
f
a
n
t
s
w
i
t
h
a
u
t
i
sm
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
u
si
n
g
a
u
t
o
-
e
n
c
o
d
e
r
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
(
S
w
i
t
zerl
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
2
0
2
3
6
7
6
2
.
[
2
4
]
G
.
A
l
v
a
r
i
,
L.
C
o
v
i
e
l
l
o
,
a
n
d
C
.
F
u
r
l
a
n
e
l
l
o
,
“
EY
E
-
C
:
e
y
e
-
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
r
o
b
u
st
d
e
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
u
n
c
o
n
st
r
a
i
n
e
d
c
h
i
l
d
-
t
h
e
r
a
p
i
s
t
i
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
t
h
e
c
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
se
t
t
i
n
g
o
f
a
u
t
i
s
m
s
p
e
c
t
r
u
m
d
i
s
o
r
d
e
r
s,”
Br
a
i
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
.
1
5
5
5
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
B
R
A
I
N
S
C
I
1
1
1
2
1
5
5
5
.
[
2
5
]
S
.
P
.
A
b
i
r
a
m
i
,
G
.
K
o
u
sal
y
a
,
a
n
d
R
.
K
a
r
t
h
i
c
k
,
“
E
mo
t
i
o
n
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
u
t
i
st
i
c
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
s
a
n
e
a
r
l
y
b
i
o
m
a
r
k
e
r
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
R
-
C
N
N
,
”
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
Au
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
S
o
f
t
C
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
9
5
–
6
0
7
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
2
6
0
4
/
i
a
s
c
.
2
0
2
3
.
0
2
7
5
6
2
.
[
2
6
]
M
.
S
.
A
l
a
m
,
E
.
A
.
A
.
El
s
h
e
i
k
h
,
F
.
M
.
S
u
l
i
m
a
n
,
M
.
M
.
R
a
s
h
i
d
,
a
n
d
A
.
R
.
F
a
i
z
a
b
a
d
i
,
“
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
e
a
r
l
y
a
u
t
i
sm
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
:
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
o
mai
n
a
d
a
p
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
p
t
i
mi
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
D
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
6
2
9
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
d
i
a
g
n
o
s
t
i
c
s1
4
0
6
0
6
2
9
.
[
2
7
]
A
.
H
a
ss
o
u
n
e
h
,
A
.
M
.
M
u
t
a
w
a
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
u
r
u
g
a
p
p
a
n
,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
me
e
m
o
t
i
o
n
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
s
y
st
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
f
a
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
EEG
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
e
e
p
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
met
h
o
d
s,
”
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
c
s
i
n
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
U
n
l
o
c
k
e
d
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
i
m
u
.
2
0
2
0
.
1
0
0
3
7
2
.
[
2
8
]
A
.
S
h
a
r
m
a
,
“
R
e
a
l
t
i
me
f
a
c
i
a
l
g
e
st
u
r
e
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
d
e
e
p
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
f
o
r R
e
se
a
r
c
h
i
n
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
V
I
,
p
p
.
4
1
–
4
9
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
2
2
2
1
4
/
i
j
r
a
se
t
.
2
0
2
1
.
3
4
9
0
0
.
[
2
9
]
A
.
Li
b
e
r
a
t
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
T
h
e
P
R
I
S
M
A
st
a
t
e
me
n
t
f
o
r
r
e
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
s
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
r
e
v
i
e
w
s
a
n
d
me
t
a
-
a
n
a
l
y
s
e
s
o
f
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
t
h
a
t
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s:
e
x
p
l
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
e
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
,
”
BM
J
(
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
res
e
a
r
c
h
e
d
.
)
,
v
o
l
.
3
3
9
,
n
o
.
j
u
l
2
1
1
,
p
p
.
b
2
7
0
0
–
b
2
7
0
0
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
0
9
,
d
o
i
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.