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u
n
p
r
e
d
ictab
ly
.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iab
il
ities
m
ak
e
it
d
if
f
icu
lt
f
o
r
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
s
y
s
tem
s
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
en
e
r
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
.
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
c
h
allen
g
es,
HR
E
S
h
as
b
ee
n
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
as
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
.
B
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
m
u
ltip
le
r
en
ewa
b
le
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
co
m
p
en
s
ate
f
o
r
th
e
wea
k
n
ess
es
o
f
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
win
d
en
e
r
g
y
ca
n
c
o
m
p
lem
en
t
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
p
er
i
o
d
s
o
f
lo
w
ir
r
a
d
ian
c
e
an
d
v
ice
v
er
s
a,
en
h
an
cin
g
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
o
p
tim
ize
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
s
e,
r
ed
u
ce
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
y
o
n
b
ac
k
u
p
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
an
d
m
in
im
ize
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
ts
.
T
h
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
t
o
a
clea
n
er
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
tab
le
an
d
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
en
e
r
g
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
en
t
g
o
als
[
5
]
.
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
is
a
cr
u
cial
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
r
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
as
it
m
itig
ates
th
e
in
ter
m
itten
cy
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
li
k
e
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
.
Sto
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
s
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
r
eten
tio
n
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ated
d
u
r
in
g
tim
es
o
f
a
b
u
n
d
a
n
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
av
ailab
i
lity
d
u
r
in
g
p
e
r
io
d
s
o
f
lo
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
d
em
an
d
.
B
atter
ies
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
am
o
n
g
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
q
u
ick
r
ea
ctio
n
tim
es,
wh
ic
h
m
a
k
e
th
em
p
e
r
f
ec
t f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
te
r
m
s
to
r
ag
e.
Pro
p
er
s
izin
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
ar
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
to
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
HR
E
S.
Sizin
g
in
v
o
lv
es
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
PV
p
a
n
els,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
an
d
b
atter
ies,
to
m
ee
t
e
n
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
s
.
Un
d
er
s
ized
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
lead
to
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
s
h
o
r
tag
es,
wh
ile
o
v
er
s
ized
s
y
s
tem
s
r
esu
lt
in
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
ca
p
ital
co
s
ts
an
d
in
ef
f
icien
cies
[
6
]
.
Op
tim
izatio
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
f
i
n
e
-
tu
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
to
b
alan
ce
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
a
n
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
es
m
in
im
izin
g
c
o
s
ts
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
im
p
ac
ts
,
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
G
A
an
d
PS
O,
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
an
aly
ze
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s
,
en
ab
lin
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
esig
n
o
f
HR
E
S.
Mic
r
o
g
r
id
s
ar
e
lo
ca
lly
co
n
tr
o
lled
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
b
o
th
s
ep
ar
ately
an
d
in
tan
d
e
m
with
th
e
n
atio
n
al
elec
tr
ical
g
r
id
[
7
]
.
T
h
ey
in
teg
r
ate
a
v
ar
ie
ty
o
f
R
E
S,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
wer
,
W
T
,
an
d
PV
p
an
els,
alo
n
g
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
g
en
er
ato
r
s
an
d
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Mic
r
o
g
r
i
d
s
ca
ter
to
d
iv
e
r
s
e
en
er
g
y
d
em
an
d
s
ac
r
o
s
s
r
esid
en
tial,
co
m
m
er
cial,
an
d
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
s
ec
to
r
s
.
Ad
v
an
ce
d
co
n
tr
o
l
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
e
n
s
u
r
es
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
d
ep
en
d
en
c
e
o
n
ex
ter
n
al
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
p
r
ac
tices
[
8
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
s
izin
g
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
(
MG
)
,
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
in
g
th
e
in
h
er
en
t
co
m
p
lex
ity
in
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
th
at
b
alan
ce
s
tech
n
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
id
ea
l
s
ize
f
o
r
a
m
ic
r
o
g
r
i
d
ca
n
b
e
b
r
o
ad
ly
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
th
r
ee
m
ain
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
:
s
o
f
twar
e
to
o
ls
,
d
eter
m
in
i
s
tic
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
E
ac
h
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as its
o
wn
s
et
o
f
ad
v
an
tag
es a
n
d
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
va
lu
a
tin
g
th
e
fe
a
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f a
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
-
w
in
d
-
d
iesel
-
b
a
tt
ery
h
yb
r
id
…
(
S
a
r
a
F
e
n
n
a
n
e
)
2657
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
co
m
p
r
is
es
s
o
f
twar
e
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
HOM
E
R
Pro
,
PVSY
ST,
HOGA
,
R
A
PS
I
M,
an
d
I
HOGA
.
T
h
ese
to
o
ls
ar
e
wid
ely
u
s
ed
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
u
s
er
-
f
r
i
en
d
ly
in
ter
f
ac
es
an
d
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
m
o
d
el
an
d
s
im
u
late
v
ar
io
u
s
m
icr
o
g
r
id
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
d
esp
ite
th
eir
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e,
th
ey
h
av
e
n
o
tab
le
lim
itatio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
a
lack
o
f
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
lim
ited
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
c
y
in
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
.
User
s
o
f
ten
s
tr
u
g
g
le
t
o
f
u
lly
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
m
ak
e
c
u
s
to
m
ized
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
,
as
th
ese
to
o
ls
ty
p
ically
d
o
n
o
t
allo
w
d
ir
ec
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
r
th
e
d
etailed
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
s
d
r
iv
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
in
v
o
lv
es
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
iter
ativ
e
,
a
n
aly
tical,
n
u
m
er
ical,
an
d
g
r
ap
h
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
.
W
h
ile
th
es
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es o
f
f
e
r
m
o
r
e
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
v
er
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
ey
ar
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
ally
d
em
an
d
in
g
.
T
h
ese
m
eth
o
d
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e
e
x
h
au
s
tiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
all
s
y
s
tem
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
m
ak
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tim
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
,
th
ey
ar
e
lim
ited
in
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
icien
tly
h
an
d
le
th
e
co
m
p
lex
d
y
n
am
ics o
f
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
o
f
ten
r
esu
ltin
g
in
h
ig
h
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
o
r
b
io
in
s
p
ir
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
h
av
e
em
e
r
g
ed
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
icr
o
g
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
ese
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
esp
ec
ially
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
r
eso
lv
in
g
non
-
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
tim
e
-
h
ar
d
(
NP
-
h
ar
d
)
p
r
o
b
lem
s
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
p
r
ec
is
e
m
ath
em
atica
l
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
y
d
r
aw
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
f
r
o
m
n
at
u
r
al
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a
s
u
ch
as
s
war
m
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
ev
o
lu
tio
n
.
Me
tah
eu
r
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
GA
[
1
5
]
,
PS
O,
an
d
g
r
ass
h
o
p
p
er
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
(
GOA)
,
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
g
lo
b
al
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
b
y
s
im
u
latin
g
n
atu
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
s
e,
th
e
GA
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
to
o
p
tim
ize
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
d
esig
n
s
,
b
u
t
its
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
is
ch
al
len
g
in
g
d
u
e
to
its
co
m
p
lex
ity
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
PS
O
h
as
g
ain
ed
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
d
u
e
to
its
f
aster
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
to
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
esp
ec
ially
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
m
u
ltip
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
s
u
ch
as
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
W
T
,
B
a
tt,
an
d
DG
[
1
7
]
.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
PS
O’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
PV,
W
T
,
an
d
B
att
[
1
8
]
.
Ut
ilized
GOA
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
a
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
in
Yo
b
e
State,
Nig
er
ia,
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
PV,
W
T
,
B
atter
y
,
an
d
DG,
with
th
e
C
OE
as
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
[
1
9
]
.
Similar
to
th
is
,
[
2
0
]
u
s
ed
t
h
e
FA
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
id
ea
l
d
im
en
s
io
n
f
o
r
an
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
tak
in
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
L
DR
an
d
C
OE
as
cr
u
cial
m
etr
ics
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
co
s
t a
n
d
d
e
p
en
d
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
m
et
ah
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
th
e
d
esig
n
,
s
izin
g
,
an
d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
B
y
lev
er
ag
in
g
th
ese
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
th
em
as
a
m
o
r
e
v
ia
b
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
a
b
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
s
u
m
m
ar
izin
g
an
d
a
n
al
y
zin
g
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies o
n
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es a
n
d
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
HR
E
S
Ref
.
Lo
c
a
t
i
o
n
y
e
a
r
H
ES
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
/
t
o
o
l
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
W
e
a
k
n
e
ss
[
2
1
]
O
u
e
n
sk
a
,
M
o
r
o
c
c
o
2
0
2
4
P
V
/
W
T/
B
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s
H
O
M
ER
C
O
E,
N
P
C
Th
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
h
a
s
n
o
t
f
u
l
l
y
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
e
d
f
o
r
mo
r
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
w
i
n
d
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
r
h
i
g
h
e
r
w
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
s
.
[
2
2
]
D
a
k
h
l
a
,
M
o
r
o
c
o
o
2
0
2
3
WT
/
F
C
/
D
G
TR
N
S
Y
S
C
O
E
Th
e
l
i
mi
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
mo
d
e
l
u
s
i
n
g
TR
N
S
Y
S
a
r
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
,
a
s t
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
mes
a
r
e
n
o
t
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
o
se
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
.
[
2
3
]
Tu
n
i
s
i
a
2
0
2
3
P
V
/
W
T/
B
ESU
/
H
u
d
r
a
u
l
i
c
N
S
G
A
-
II
LPS
P
,
C
O
S
T
Th
e
l
i
mi
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
si
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
mo
d
e
l
u
s
i
n
g
N
S
G
A
-
I
I
a
r
e
e
v
i
d
e
n
t
,
a
s
t
h
e
o
u
t
c
o
mes
a
r
e
n
o
t
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
o
se
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms.
[
2
4
]
2
0
2
3
S
u
d
a
n
P
V
/
W
T/
D
G
/
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
M
I
LP
LPS
P
,
N
P
C
Th
e
o
u
t
c
o
mes
a
r
e
n
o
t
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
o
se
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
ms
.
[
2
5
]
2
0
2
3
S
o
n
d
e
r
b
o
r
g
,
D
e
n
mar
k
P
V
/
W
T/
D
G
/
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
M
O
M
F
O
,
N
S
G
A
-
I
I
,
M
O
P
S
O
,
a
n
d
M
O
S
EO
LPS
P
,
LC
O
E
Th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
sce
n
a
r
i
o
s rec
o
mm
e
n
d
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
s
w
i
t
h
d
i
v
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r
se
t
o
p
o
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r
a
p
h
y
t
o
i
mp
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
-
m
a
k
e
r
's a
n
a
l
y
si
s
,
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
i
n
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
l
o
w
so
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
.
[
2
6
]
2
0
2
2
Tu
r
k
e
y
P
V
/
W
T/
D
G
/
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
H
S
/
JA
Y
A
/
A
C
O
/
H
O
M
ER
A
C
S
Th
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
se
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
h
a
s
n
o
t
b
e
e
n
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
d
.
[
2
7
]
2
0
2
1
Tu
n
i
s
i
a
P
V
/
W
T/
D
G
/
B
a
t
t
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r
y
RG
TN
P
C
/
E
C
Th
e
o
u
t
c
o
mes
a
r
e
n
o
t
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
o
se
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
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ms
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
es
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
r
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n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
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s
tem
s
(
HR
E
S)
to
a
s
s
es
s
th
eir
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
g
en
er
atio
n
in
Da
k
h
la,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
E
m
p
lo
y
in
g
HO
ME
R
Pro
s
o
f
twar
e
alo
n
g
s
id
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
GA,
SA
,
an
d
PS
O,
th
e
r
esear
ch
ev
alu
ates
an
d
co
m
p
ar
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
6
5
5
-
2
6
6
8
2658
f
o
u
r
HR
E
S
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
b
a
s
ed
m
ain
ly
o
n
s
o
lar
a
n
d
win
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
HOM
E
R
will
b
e
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
o
s
e
o
b
tain
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
an
aly
ze
s
k
ey
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
in
d
icato
r
s
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
NPC
an
d
C
OE
,
wh
il
e
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
in
g
Mo
r
o
cc
o
’
s
C
OE
ag
ain
s
t
o
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
e
r
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
co
s
ts
as
s
o
ciate
d
with
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
in
th
e
ar
ea
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
:
i)
Mi
n
im
ize
elec
tr
icity
co
s
ts
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ca
p
ac
ities
.
An
d
ii)
C
o
m
p
ar
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
i
q
u
es to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
icien
t a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
llo
ws th
ese
k
ey
s
tep
s
:
a.
Data
co
llectio
n
:
Gath
er
d
ata
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
Dak
h
la’
s
lo
ca
l
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
o
lar
i
r
r
ad
ian
ce
,
win
d
p
o
ten
tial,
an
d
en
er
g
y
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
iles
.
b.
Simu
latio
n
: U
s
e
to
o
ls
s
u
ch
as HO
ME
R
to
m
o
d
el
an
d
e
v
alu
at
e
p
o
ten
tial sy
s
tem
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
s
.
c.
Op
tim
izatio
n
:
Ap
p
ly
m
eta
-
h
eu
r
is
tic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
r
ef
i
n
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
ilit
y
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
d.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
:
T
o
id
en
tify
th
e
id
ea
l
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
ass
ess
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
v
ar
i
o
u
s
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
e.
Valid
atio
n
an
d
r
esu
lt illu
s
tr
atio
n
: D
is
cu
s
s
an
d
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
e
s
u
lts
.
B
y
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
co
m
b
in
es
a
d
v
an
c
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
to
o
ls
with
p
r
o
v
en
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
ee
k
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
tailo
r
ed
an
d
f
ea
s
ib
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
alig
n
s
with
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
Dak
h
la
r
e
g
io
n
.
2
.
1
.
Study
lo
ca
t
io
n
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
Dak
h
la,
a
city
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
,
lo
ca
ted
at
a
latitu
d
e
o
f
2
3
.
7
°
N
a
n
d
a
lo
n
g
itu
d
e
o
f
1
5
.
9
°
W
.
Dak
h
la
is
k
n
o
w
n
f
o
r
its
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
s
o
lar
a
n
d
wi
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
an
id
ea
l
ar
ea
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
jects.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
esen
ts
m
o
n
t
h
ly
d
ata
o
n
win
d
s
p
ee
d
,
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
,
an
d
clea
r
n
ess
in
d
ex
f
o
r
Dak
h
la
city
,
s
o
u
r
c
ed
f
r
o
m
NASA
v
ia
HOM
E
R
s
o
f
twar
e.
So
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
ar
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
y
ea
r
,
p
ea
k
i
n
g
at
7
.
1
2
k
W
h
/m
²/d
ay
in
Ap
r
il
an
d
d
r
o
p
p
in
g
to
4
.
0
2
k
W
h
/m
²/d
ay
in
Dec
em
b
er
,
with
an
an
n
u
al
av
er
ag
e
o
f
5
.
7
6
k
W
h
/m
²/d
ay
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
ea
s
o
n
al
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
,
with
h
ig
h
er
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
in
th
e
s
p
r
in
g
an
d
s
u
m
m
er
,
an
d
lo
wer
v
alu
es
in
t
h
e
f
all
an
d
win
ter
.
T
h
e
clea
r
n
ess
in
d
ex
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
7
2
in
J
u
l
y
to
0
.
6
8
in
Ap
r
il,
r
ef
lects
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
s
u
n
lig
h
t
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
with
clea
r
er
s
k
ies
in
th
e
s
p
r
in
g
.
W
in
d
s
p
ee
d
f
o
llo
ws
a
s
im
ilar
s
ea
s
o
n
al
p
atter
n
,
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
7
.
1
3
m
/s
in
J
u
ly
an
d
th
e
lo
west
o
f
5
.
5
9
m
/s
in
No
v
e
m
b
er
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
n
an
n
u
al
a
v
er
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
o
f
6
.
4
8
m
/s
.
T
h
ese
p
atter
n
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
b
o
th
s
o
lar
an
d
win
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
v
ar
iab
le
b
u
t
g
e
n
er
ally
f
a
v
o
r
a
b
le,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
a
HE
S a
t th
is
lo
ca
tio
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Mo
n
th
ly
a
v
er
ag
e
s
o
la
r
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
clea
r
n
ess
in
d
ex
a
n
d
win
d
s
p
ee
d
M
o
n
t
h
s
S
o
l
a
r
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
n
c
e
(
k
w
h
/
m²
/
d
a
y
)
C
l
e
a
r
n
e
ss
i
n
d
e
x
W
i
n
d
s
p
e
e
d
(
m/
s)
1
4
.
4
6
0
.
6
4
4
6
.
6
1
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2
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2
6
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6
5
5
6
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3
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7
5
6
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7
6
4
7
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1
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6
8
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5
7
.
1
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6
4
4
6
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7
3
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6
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8
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o
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d pro
f
ile
T
h
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h
y
b
r
id
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el
co
n
f
ig
u
r
at
io
n
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
e
d
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
th
at
in
cl
u
d
es
2
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L
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ee
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h
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8
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m
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s
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o
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h
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ab
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h
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ici
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h
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ee
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h
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co
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ely
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n
s
u
m
e
2
4
k
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h
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ay
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wh
il
e
th
e
s
m
all
co
m
m
er
cial
s
h
o
p
a
n
d
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
ea
c
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I
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I
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2088
-
8
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h
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a
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v
ar
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m
m
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ate
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a
d
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em
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t t
h
e
y
ea
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
i
llu
s
tr
ates th
e
av
er
ag
e
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
ity
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ab
le
3
.
Qu
a
n
tity
an
d
r
atin
g
o
f
p
o
wer
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c
o
n
s
u
m
in
g
ap
p
lia
n
ce
s
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
S
e
c
t
o
r
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u
a
n
t
i
t
y
A
p
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
R
a
t
i
n
g
(
W
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t
i
l
i
z
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
(
h
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i
l
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l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
(
k
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h
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y
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R
e
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d
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n
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i
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Fig
u
r
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1
.
Ho
u
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ly
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d
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d
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2
.
3
.
H
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brid ener
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P
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Wind
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ated
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(
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1h
2h
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6h
7h
8h
9h
10h
11h
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14h
15h
16h
17h
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20h
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22h
23h
24h
0
20
40
60
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100
120
140
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T
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)
Esti
m
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ted
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o
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o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
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I
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t J E
lec
&
C
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m
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E
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g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
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20
25
:
2
6
5
5
-
2
6
6
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2660
2
.
3
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3
.
Diesel g
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ticip
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u
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ates
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m
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ity
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h
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t
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.
Fin
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t
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e
d
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en
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r
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r
(
in
d
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d
b
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th
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s
m
all
b
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s
eg
m
e
n
ts
at
th
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b
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tto
m
o
f
th
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b
a
r
s
)
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