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VL
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[
1
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5
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T
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co
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v
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b
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I
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[
6
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,
[
7
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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R
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2875
C
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e
v
en
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
ess
ag
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
wh
ich
s
h
o
r
ten
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
lif
esp
an
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
ed
tr
af
f
ic
-
c
o
n
s
cio
u
s
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e
d
esig
n
e
d
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
W
SNs
em
p
o
wer
ed
b
y
t
h
e
I
o
T
to
tack
le
th
ese
d
if
f
icu
lti
es.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
es
Qo
S
a
n
d
o
p
tim
izes
n
etwo
r
k
en
er
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
b
y
ar
r
an
g
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
to
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
tier
s
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ath
way
s
f
r
ee
o
f
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
p
r
esen
t
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
lti
-
lay
e
r
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
t
h
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
s
tead
y
,
co
n
g
esti
o
n
-
f
r
ee
r
o
u
tin
g
at
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
l
a
y
e
r
,
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
d
m
i
t
ta
n
c
e
an
d
b
r
o
a
d
c
a
s
t
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
a
t
t
h
e
m
e
d
i
a
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
M
A
C
)
l
a
y
e
r
,
a
n
d
l
i
g
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
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t
h
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t
r
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
b
y
t
h
e
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
l
a
y
e
r
t
o
g
u
a
r
a
n
t
e
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r
el
i
a
b
le
a
n
d
e
f
f
ic
ie
n
t
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
ti
o
n
.
A
m
i
d
d
l
ew
a
r
e
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
i
s
a
ls
o
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
f
o
r
b
r
i
d
g
i
n
g
t
h
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g
a
p
b
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t
w
e
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n
w
i
r
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le
s
s
L
A
N
a
p
p
l
i
ca
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
b
a
c
k
b
o
n
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
i
s
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
e
d
a
s
f
o
l
l
o
w
s
:
s
e
c
ti
o
n
2
d
e
l
v
e
s
i
n
t
o
p
r
e
v
i
o
u
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
el
d
,
s
e
ct
i
o
n
3
in
t
r
o
d
u
c
e
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
d
e
s
i
g
n
a
n
d
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
e
l
,
s
e
c
ti
o
n
4
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
c
o
n
g
e
s
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
m
e
c
h
a
n
is
m
a
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
al
l
y
,
s
ec
t
i
o
n
5
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
th
e
o
r
e
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
s
e
c
ti
o
n
6
s
h
o
w
c
as
e
s
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
r
e
s
u
l
ts
,
a
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
7
co
n
cl
u
d
es with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
m
ain
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
I
n
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
co
lle
ct
p
atien
t in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
t
r
an
s
f
er
it to
a
b
ase
s
tatio
n
(
B
S)
to
m
ee
t
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
m
ed
ical
s
taf
f
.
I
n
m
u
l
ti
-
h
o
p
W
SNs
,
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
t
r
o
l
is
a
cr
u
cial
g
o
al.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
u
r
v
e
y
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
W
SN
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l.
Yin
et
a
l.
[
7
]
p
r
esen
ted
t
h
e
f
air
n
ess
-
awa
r
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
(
FAC
C
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
i
ch
u
tili
ze
s
r
ate
-
b
ased
f
air
n
ess
-
awa
r
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
I
t
d
etec
ts
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
p
ac
k
et
f
ailu
r
e
r
ates
at
th
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
b
y
class
if
y
in
g
in
ter
m
ed
iar
y
n
o
d
es a
s
eith
e
r
n
ea
r
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
r
n
ea
r
th
e
s
in
k
.
Kan
g
et
a
l.
[
8
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
awa
r
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
a
d
ap
tatio
n
(
T
AR
A
)
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
in
W
SNs
b
y
d
y
n
am
ically
ac
tiv
atin
g
s
leep
in
g
n
o
d
es
to
c
r
ea
te
n
ew
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
m
an
ag
e
in
cr
e
asin
g
tr
af
f
ic.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
W
SNs
,
th
is
m
eth
o
d
ca
u
s
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
Ser
g
io
u
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
h
ier
ar
c
h
ical
tr
ee
alter
n
ativ
e
p
ath
(
HT
AP
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
allev
iate
co
n
g
esti
o
n
b
y
b
u
ild
in
g
a
s
o
u
r
c
e
-
b
ased
tr
ee
th
at
s
elec
ts
n
o
d
es
with
th
e
lo
west
b
u
f
f
er
in
g
to
s
e
n
d
ex
tr
a
p
ac
k
ets
to
th
e
s
in
k
.
Z
ab
in
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
th
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
t
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
R
E
E
P)
f
o
r
o
n
-
d
em
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
g
in
W
SNs
,
b
u
t
it
led
to
h
ig
h
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
s
ts
an
d
m
ess
ag
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
.
Sh
a
r
m
a
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
r
eliab
le
an
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
(
B
R
C
C
T
P)
,
wh
ich
u
s
es
r
ate
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
f
o
r
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
g
iv
es
eq
u
al
p
r
io
r
ity
to
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
,
th
o
u
g
h
it
ca
n
in
c
r
ea
s
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
elay
wh
e
n
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
is
d
etec
ted
.
Z
h
u
an
g
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
c
o
n
g
e
s
tio
n
-
ad
ap
tiv
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
(
C
ADC)
,
wh
ich
u
s
e
s
ad
ap
tiv
e
lo
s
s
y
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
weig
h
ted
d
ata
p
r
io
r
itizati
o
n
to
h
a
n
d
le
cy
b
er
-
p
h
y
s
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
s
en
s
o
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
W
h
ile
u
s
ef
u
l,
C
ADC
d
o
es
n
o
t
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
s
h
o
r
ten
i
n
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
life
s
p
an
.
C
u
r
r
en
t
co
n
g
esti
o
n
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
u
ilt
o
n
th
e
I
o
T
o
f
ten
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
Qo
S
d
u
e
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e,
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
elay
s
,
an
d
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
ess
ag
e
ex
ch
an
g
es.
T
o
ef
f
icien
tly
ca
teg
o
r
ize
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
an
d
av
o
i
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
th
is
p
ap
er
s
u
g
g
est
s
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
lev
el
-
b
ased
co
n
g
esti
o
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
e,
u
s
in
g
a
lev
el
-
b
ased
d
at
a
r
o
u
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
r
o
u
te
s
elec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
aim
s
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
laten
c
y
in
I
o
T
s
en
s
o
r
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
u
n
li
k
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
t
r
o
l
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
th
at
d
o
n
o
t
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
o
p
tim
izatio
n
in
I
o
T
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
en
h
an
ce
s
Qo
S
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ap
p
lica
tio
n
s
th
at
r
ely
o
n
I
o
T
b
y
e
f
f
e
ctiv
ely
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
q
u
eu
es,
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
es c
au
s
ed
b
y
c
o
n
g
e
s
tio
n
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
eliv
e
r
y
r
ates.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lain
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
1
as
well
as
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
2
elab
o
r
ates
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Sectio
n
3
.
3
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
Sectio
n
3
.
4
ex
p
lai
n
s
th
e
th
eo
r
etic
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l sy
s
tem
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
in
n
o
v
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
7
2876
3
.
1
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
net
wo
rk
mo
del
W
e
ar
e
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
th
e
I
o
T
-
b
ased
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
th
at
s
p
an
s
a
h
o
s
p
ital
s
ettin
g
an
d
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
f
ix
ed
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
R
max
is
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
a
n
g
e
th
at
ea
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atien
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e
v
ar
iab
les [
(
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(
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(
2
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,
…
.
,
(
−
1
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,
(
)
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.
Her
e
we
lay
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t o
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r
g
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als in
m
o
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e
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etail.
−
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o
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r
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e
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es
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a
0
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a
1
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2
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.
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.
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a
p−
1
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a
p
]
.
So
,
d
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r
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g
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er
i
o
d
s
o
f
h
ea
v
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t
r
af
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ic,
we
ca
n
less
en
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
p
ac
k
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s
s
.
3
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3
.
P
ro
po
s
ed
co
ng
estio
n c
o
ntr
o
l m
ec
ha
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m
I
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o
r
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r
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lth
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et
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n
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o
n
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q
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ib
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m
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ce
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en
s
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
th
e
g
a
tewa
y
n
o
d
e
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
v
ital
s
ig
n
s
ev
o
l
v
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
h
ases
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
I
o
T
-
b
ased
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices
h
av
e
d
is
tin
ct
p
r
i
o
r
ities
.
T
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
d
ata
b
ef
o
r
e
s
en
d
in
g
p
ac
k
ets an
d
th
e
in
ter
m
e
d
iar
y
n
o
d
es r
o
u
te
th
em
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
Set
up
ph
a
s
e
Du
r
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
s
tar
tu
p
,
t
h
e
s
etu
p
p
h
ase
ex
ec
u
tes
o
n
ce
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
s
tag
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ar
e
th
e
n
o
d
es
s
p
lit
in
t
o
s
ev
er
al
tier
s
,
b
u
t
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
also
f
in
d
s
its
s
in
g
le
-
h
o
p
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
lev
el
d
etec
tio
n
is
f
o
r
th
e
g
ate
way
to
s
en
d
a
r
eq
u
est
n
o
te
to
all
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
with
in
th
e
s
p
an
o
f
R
max
,
with
th
e
lev
el
v
alu
e
s
et
to
1
.
I
ts
lo
ca
tio
n
,
leve
l
(
L),
an
d
I
D
ar
e
all
in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
m
ess
ag
e.
I
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
th
e
L
E
VE
L
m
ess
ag
e,
th
en
a
lev
el
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
b
y
v
i
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
o
n
e
,
r
en
d
er
in
g
it
eq
u
al
to
L
(
Ga
tew
a
y
)
+1
,
an
d
th
e
p
a
r
en
t
n
o
d
e
(
P
N
)
o
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
n
o
d
e
b
y
v
i
is
s
et
to
b
e
a
g
atew
ay
.
L
ik
e
th
e
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e,
all
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
with
in
2
R
max
o
f
it
r
aise
th
eir
lev
el
to
a
lev
el
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
p
r
escr
ib
ed
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e
th
en
d
esig
n
ate
it
e
q
u
ally
th
ei
r
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e.
No
d
e
v
i
r
ep
ea
te
d
ly
n
o
tifie
s
all
d
e
p
lo
y
e
d
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
with
in
th
e
2
R
max
r
an
g
e
with
a
MO
D_
L
E
VE
L
m
ess
ag
e.
I
n
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
ar
e
its
lo
ca
tio
n
d
e
tails
,
cu
r
r
en
t
e
n
er
g
y
s
tatu
s
(E
current
)
,
an
d
I
D
(
L(v
1
))
.
I
n
ev
er
y
o
th
e
r
ca
s
e,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
a
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e
b
y
u
p
d
atin
g
t
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
lev
el
to
o
n
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
th
an
v
i
'
s
lev
el
r
ate;
in
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
P
N
(
v
j
)
= v
i
.
Du
r
in
g
s
etu
p
,
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ch
ec
k
s
its
en
er
g
y
lev
el
an
d
f
in
d
s
its
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e
s
et,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
h
o
p
.
E
v
er
y
s
in
g
le
-
h
o
p
ch
ild
n
o
d
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
en
e
r
g
y
s
tate
o
f
ev
er
y
d
e
p
lo
y
e
d
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
is
al
s
o
id
en
tifie
d
r
ec
u
r
s
iv
ely
.
E
ac
h
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
u
p
d
ates th
e
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e
with
its
cu
r
r
en
t le
v
el,
I
D,
p
o
s
itio
n
,
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
tatu
s
af
ter
lev
el
d
etec
tio
n
b
y
way
o
f
its
in
ter
m
ed
iate
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
s
u
b
ject
to
c
h
an
g
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
b
ile.
As
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
as
ce
n
d
s
o
r
d
escen
d
s
a
lev
el,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
e,
with
th
e
ass
is
tan
ce
o
f
its
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
s
,
r
ev
is
es it
s
cu
r
r
en
t le
v
el
v
alu
e.
As a
wh
o
le,
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
d
escr
ib
es th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
in
lar
g
e
d
etail.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
Dete
ctin
g
th
e
lev
el
Input
: Implemented sensor nodes
Output
: The Value of level gives assigned to every sensor node
1.Start.
2. L(Gateway) = 1;
3. The Gateway transmit a
LEVEL
message.
4.Range Limit in R
max
.
5.
for
(Every sensor node (v
i
))
6.
if the
D (Gateway, v
i
) equals to 2R
max
then do
7. Increment L(Gateway);
8. Assign the L(Gateway) to L(s).
9. Assign the Gateway to P
n
(v
i
).
10.
end
of if condition
11.
end of for loop
12. Likewise, node i.e. v
i
newscasts the MOD_LEVEL message.
13. if the node v
j
obtains a message. also, L(v
j
) greater than L(v
i
))
14. L(v
j
) = L(v
i
) + 1;
15. P
n
(v
j
) = v
i
16. Cn (v
j
) = v
i
.
17.
else
18. Dispute the message
19.
end of if condition
20.
for
every sensor node is v
i
21. v
i
transmits its present level value, ID, state of energy.
22.
end of for loop
23.Stop
3
.
3
.
2
.
Q
uery
dis
t
ributio
n ph
a
s
e
A
t
t
h
is
p
o
i
n
t
,
t
h
e
m
e
d
i
ca
l
p
e
r
s
o
n
n
e
l
(
d
o
c
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
n
u
r
s
es
)
c
a
n
s
u
b
m
i
t
q
u
e
r
ie
s
t
o
t
h
e
g
a
te
w
a
y
n
o
d
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
i
l
l
t
h
e
n
a
l
l
o
c
at
e
t
h
e
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
o
t
h
e
d
ep
l
o
y
e
d
n
o
d
e
s
t
o
m
e
e
t
t
h
o
s
e
n
e
e
d
s
.
W
h
e
n
c
o
l
l
ec
t
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
f
o
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
ti
o
n
s
li
k
e
h
e
a
l
th
c
a
r
e
,
t
h
e
k
i
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
is
v
e
r
y
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
.
H
e
al
t
h
m
e
t
r
i
c
s
m
ay
s
o
m
e
t
i
m
es
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
v
e
r
y
p
r
i
v
a
t
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
e
t
'
s
l
i
f
es
p
a
n
h
a
s
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
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t
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s
s
e
n
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
o
v
e
r
h
e
a
d
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
a
t
a
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
.
T
h
e
l
i
f
e
s
p
a
n
o
f
a
q
u
e
r
y
p
a
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t
i
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c
o
m
p
u
t
e
d
as
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
s
.
=
∑
(
+
)
∗
(
)
1
(
4
)
wh
e
r
e
as
d
(
le
ve
l
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r
e
p
r
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T
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ti
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T
R
,
w
h
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r
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r
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m
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a
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d
b
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T
T
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
c
ess
i
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d
el
ay
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d
e
n
o
te
d
as
P
t
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
t
e
p
is
f
o
r
th
e
g
ate
way
t
o
s
e
n
d
a
n
R
R
EQ
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
7
2878
m
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p
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al
t
o
t
h
e
c
h
il
d
n
o
d
es
.
Mu
l
ti
p
le
r
e
q
u
ests
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
o
r
o
t
h
e
r
I
o
T
m
ed
ic
al
d
e
v
i
ce
s
m
ay
ar
r
i
v
e
at
t
h
e
g
a
tew
a
y
s
im
u
l
ta
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
i
n
h
e
alt
h
c
ar
e
a
p
p
lic
ati
o
n
s
.
G
ate
way
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
al
l
o
f
th
ese
r
e
q
u
ests
a
t
o
n
c
e
ca
n
c
au
s
e
n
etw
o
r
k
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
t
h
e
s
u
g
g
est
ed
m
et
h
o
d
d
e
te
r
m
in
es
t
h
e
q
u
er
y
'
s
p
r
i
o
r
it
y
b
ase
d
o
n
t
h
e
p
at
i
en
t'
s
p
r
i
o
r
it
y
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
este
d
m
et
h
o
d
ta
k
es
t
h
e
ti
m
e
it
ta
k
es
t
o
m
a
k
e
a
r
eq
u
es
t
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
w
h
e
n
d
e
te
r
m
in
in
g
h
o
w
a
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
n
o
d
e'
s
q
u
er
y
is
e
x
ec
u
te
d
.
Fo
r
i
n
s
ta
n
ce
,
th
is
s
o
r
t
o
f
r
e
q
u
est
is
g
i
v
e
n
t
o
p
p
r
i
o
r
it
y
in
h
e
alt
h
c
ar
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
s
i
n
ce
v
it
al
s
ig
n
als
p
e
r
t
ai
n
i
n
g
to
s
en
s
ib
le
s
tatis
t
ics
s
u
c
h
as
b
r
ea
t
h
i
n
g
s
ta
te,
t
h
e
p
u
ls
e
r
a
te
o
f
h
e
ar
t,
w
it
h
b
lo
o
d
s
u
g
ar
a
r
e
o
f
g
r
ea
t
i
m
p
o
r
t
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
est
ed
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
c
an
als
o
ta
k
e
in
t
o
a
cc
o
u
n
t
l
o
w
er
-
p
r
i
o
r
i
ty
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
ca
ti
o
n
p
e
r
t
ai
n
i
n
g
t
o
n
o
n
-
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
e
d
at
a,
i
n
c
lu
d
i
n
g
t
h
at
f
r
o
m
le
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
est
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
c
alls
f
o
r
t
h
e
g
at
ewa
y
n
o
d
e
to
s
et
t
h
e
q
u
er
y
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
tio
n
ti
m
e
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
e
x
is
ti
n
g
ti
m
e
w
h
e
n
e
v
er
it
g
e
ts
a
q
u
e
r
y
co
m
m
e
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
m
e
d
ic
al
s
t
af
f
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
el
y
,
i
f
a
n
y
o
f
th
e
p
ati
en
t'
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
d
e
tec
ts
a
d
ev
iat
io
n
f
r
o
m
n
o
r
m
a
l
v
i
ta
l
s
i
g
n
s
,
i
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
n
o
ti
f
y
t
h
e
g
at
ew
ay
.
U
n
d
e
r
s
u
ch
c
ir
c
u
m
s
t
a
n
ce
s
,
t
h
e
v
i
tal
s
i
g
n
t
r
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
is
g
i
v
e
n
f
i
r
s
t
p
r
i
o
r
it
y
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
.
Al
g
o
r
i
th
m
2
s
u
m
m
a
r
iz
es
th
e
d
eta
ile
d
e
x
p
la
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
e
r
y
d
is
tr
i
b
u
ti
o
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
.
Alg
o
r
ith
m
2
.
R
eq
u
esti
n
g
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
Input
: Doctor query
Output
: Give response the Query
1.Start
2.
Query receives by the Gateway
3. Give answering procedure corresponding to priority of the request
4. if not available necessary data, then
5. The Gateway discovers level likewise ID of v
j
node
6. Determined L
1
employing EQ 1
7. Set lifetime of every packet of the query
8. Announce R
REQ
message.
9.
for
every node v
i
10.
if
the node ID(v
i
) equals ID(v
j
)
then
11. Transmit the important information to gateway
12.
end if
13.
if
L(v
i
) = L(v
j
)
then
14 RREQ message is transmitted by V
i
node surrounded by the sub nodes
15.
end of if condition
16.
if
L
lp
= 0 and L(v
i
) < L(v
j
) then
17. Discard
18. end of
if condition
19. end of
for loop
20.Stop
Alg
o
r
ith
m
3
.
Allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
ev
en
t
Input
: Sensor node recognizes the Event
Output
: Event
information receives at the Gateway
1.Start
2.
for
every sensor node v
k
3.
for
every sensor v
i
be the appropriate to P
N
(v
k
)
4. sum is add with the E
current
(v
i
)
5.
end for
6. δ(v
k
) = sum is divided by |P
N
(v
k
)|
7. for every node v
i
be appropriate to P
N
(v
k
)
8.
if
(E
current
(v
i
) = δ(v
k
)
9. S = combines (S and v
1
)
10.
end if
11.
end for
12.
for
every node v
l
moves towards S
13.
if
(MAXIMUM > E
current
(v
k
) && min D(v
l
,v
k
) then
14. MAX = E
current
(v
k
)
15. v
l
chooses data routing.
16. end of
if condition
17. end of
for loop
18.stop
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
o
u
tin
g
mec
h
a
n
is
m
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
g
esti
o
n
fr
ee
co
mmu
n
ic
a
tio
n
in
…
(
K
a
s
i V
en
ka
ta
K
ir
a
n
)
2879
3
.
3
.
3
.
Ro
uting
da
t
a
a
nd
re
po
rt
ing
ev
ent
s
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
ap
p
ea
l
p
r
o
p
a
g
a
tio
n
lev
el,
th
e
n
th
e
e
n
d
n
o
d
e
u
p
d
ates
th
e
g
atew
ay
n
o
d
e
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
ec
tu
al
lin
k
b
y
s
en
d
i
n
g
its
u
p
d
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
v
ia
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
ca
p
ac
ity
lin
k
.
I
n
a
s
im
ilar
v
ein
,
a
n
o
d
e
will
n
o
tify
th
e
g
atew
ay
in
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
if
it
d
etec
ts
a
m
ed
ical
u
r
g
en
t
s
it
u
atio
n
wh
ile
d
o
in
g
its
r
o
le.
T
h
e
co
r
r
ec
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
a
m
e
d
ical
u
r
g
en
t
s
itu
atio
n
if
a
n
y
r
e
p
o
r
t
to
th
e
d
o
cto
r
o
r
a
n
u
r
s
e
ca
n
o
n
ly
o
cc
u
r
if
th
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
co
n
tain
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
p
ar
am
eter
v
alu
es.
A
t th
is
p
o
in
t,
t
h
e
g
atew
ay
r
ec
eiv
es
th
e
d
etails
o
f
th
e
m
ed
ical
em
e
r
g
en
cy
t
h
at
h
as
ju
s
t
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
o
th
is
,
th
e
n
o
d
e
will
cr
af
t
a
p
ac
k
et
th
at
in
clu
d
es
all
th
e
r
ele
v
an
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
etec
ted
e
v
e
n
t
an
d
t
r
an
s
m
it
it
to
th
e
p
ar
e
n
t
n
o
d
e
th
at
is
clo
s
est
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
lin
k
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
ca
p
ac
ity
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
p
h
ase
d
eter
m
in
es
if
a
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
h
as
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
es
an
d
wh
ich
r
o
u
tes
lead
to
th
e
g
atew
ay
.
W
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
s
et
P
N
(v
k
)
,
le
t
{
v
1
,
v
2
,
v
3
,
…,
v
p
}
d
en
o
te
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
n
o
d
es
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
v
k
u
s
es
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
a
to
g
et
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
o
f
a
p
ar
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
wh
ich
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
b
o
th
n
o
r
m
al
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets an
d
m
ed
ical
e
m
er
g
en
cy
p
ac
k
ets.
(
)
=
∑
(
)
/
=
1
(
5
)
wh
er
e
E
current
d
en
o
tes
th
e
p
r
es
en
t
en
er
g
y
s
tate
an
d
p
d
e
n
o
te
s
th
e
to
tal
n
o
.
o
f
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
P
N
(
v
k
)
.
T
h
e
p
ar
e
n
t
n
o
d
es
wh
o
s
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
i
s
eq
u
al
to
o
r
lar
g
e
r
th
an
δ
(
v
k
)
a
r
e
d
en
o
ted
as
S
={
s
1
,
s
2,
.
.
.
,
s
p
}.
T
h
en
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e'
s
b
u
f
f
er
c
o
n
d
itio
n
an
d
d
is
tan
ce
,
v
k
tr
an
s
m
its
all
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
to
th
e
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e.
W
h
ile
a
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e'
s
b
u
f
f
er
s
tate
is
o
v
er
f
lo
w,
v
k
ch
o
o
s
es
th
e
n
ex
t
-
to
-
n
ea
r
est
p
ar
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
et
S
.
W
h
at
f
o
llo
ws
i
s
an
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
p
s
eu
d
o
-
co
d
e.
3
.
3
.
4
.
Co
ng
estio
n
co
ntr
o
l
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
s
tan
d
s
to
war
d
s
d
ev
el
o
p
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
co
n
g
esti
o
n
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
in
h
ea
lth
c
ar
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
r
ely
o
n
t
h
e
I
o
T
.
T
o
less
en
th
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
,
th
e
d
ata
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
s
c
h
o
s
en
b
y
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
n
o
d
es
ar
e
o
p
tim
is
ed
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
d
ata
r
o
u
tin
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
s
ed
t
o
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
eth
o
d
s
o
r
ts
o
f
d
ata
in
to
d
is
tin
ct
q
u
eu
es
b
ased
o
n
its
class
if
icatio
n
u
s
in
g
a
class
if
ier
at
f
ir
s
t,
th
er
e
ar
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
e
ts
with
a
m
o
r
e
in
p
r
io
r
ity
,
n
ex
t
p
ac
k
ets
with
a
lo
wer
p
r
io
r
ity
,
af
ter
war
d
s
at
last
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets.
T
h
e
p
ac
k
et
h
ea
d
er
o
f
ev
er
y
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
s
p
ec
if
ies
its
k
in
d
.
T
h
e
d
ata
p
a
ck
ets
th
at
ar
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
class
if
ier
ar
e
s
o
r
ted
in
to
d
is
tin
ct
q
u
eu
es
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
class
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
m
a
k
es
u
s
e
o
f
a
s
ch
ed
u
ler
b
ased
o
n
p
r
io
r
ity
q
u
eu
es.
W
h
en
th
e
s
ch
ed
u
ler
d
etec
ts
cla
s
s
1
d
ata
in
th
e
q
u
eu
e,
it
will
b
eg
in
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
class
1
d
ata
an
d
h
alt
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
s
ec
o
n
d
class
an
d
th
ir
d
-
class
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
ch
ed
u
ler
b
eg
i
n
s
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
f
o
r
class
es
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
th
ir
d
o
n
ce
all
f
ir
s
t
-
class
p
ac
k
ets h
av
e
b
ee
n
tr
an
s
m
itted
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
d
iag
r
am
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
all
s
im
u
latio
n
d
iag
r
a
m
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Simu
latio
n
r
o
u
tin
g
d
iag
r
am
o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
y
s
tem
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
7
2880
I
n
th
e
ev
en
t
th
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
is
lo
wer
th
an
m
ax
im
u
m
d
ata
r
ec
e
p
tio
n
r
ate
∑
=
1
,
th
e
n
o
d
e'
s
b
u
f
f
er
will
ev
en
tu
ally
o
v
e
r
f
lo
w
af
ter
a
ce
r
tai
n
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
tim
e
h
as
p
ass
ed
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
an
d
th
e
n
o
d
e
s
to
p
s
r
ec
eiv
in
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
its
ch
ild
n
o
d
es.
W
h
en
th
e
b
u
f
f
e
r
lev
el
h
its
th
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
v
alu
e
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
ch
em
e
ch
o
o
s
es
an
alter
n
ate
p
ath
(
C
i
id
en
tifie
s
th
is
v
alu
e)
.
Alo
n
g
with
th
e
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
m
en
t
m
e
s
s
ag
e,
a
n
o
d
e
m
ay
i
n
clu
d
e
b
u
f
f
er
s
tatu
s
wh
e
n
it
r
ec
eiv
es
a
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
f
r
o
m
a
ch
ild
n
o
d
e.
No
d
e
v
1
will
n
o
tif
y
all
o
f
its
o
f
f
s
p
r
i
n
g
v
ia
t
h
e
H
_
A
lter
P
a
th
m
ess
ag
e
if
it
d
eter
m
in
es
th
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
-
class
q
u
eu
e
ex
h
ib
its
r
ea
ch
ed
a
ce
r
tain
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
al
u
e,
r
er
o
u
ti
n
g
th
e
d
ata
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
p
r
i
o
r
ity
to
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
t,
m
o
r
e
en
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
ch
a
n
n
el
.
No
d
e
v
k
c
h
o
o
s
es
th
e
n
e
x
t
-
to
-
ad
jace
n
t
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
le
v
el
af
ter
th
e
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
its
th
e
en
tire
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
wh
en
it
g
ets
an
alter
n
ate
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
m
ess
ag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e.
L
i
k
ewise,
if
n
o
d
e
v
k
n
o
tices
th
at
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
class
an
d
th
en
t
h
e
th
ir
d
-
class
q
u
eu
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
v
er
f
lo
ws,
it
will
n
o
t
if
y
all
o
f
its
d
escen
d
an
t
n
o
d
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
L_
A
lter
P
a
th
an
d
C
_
A
lter
P
a
th
m
ess
ag
es.
Data
p
ac
k
ets o
f
class
es 2
an
d
3
ar
e
also
s
en
t v
ia
an
alter
n
ate
way
b
y
ch
ild
n
o
d
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
r
ate
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
th
e
to
tal
o
f
c
h
ild
n
o
d
es
it
h
o
ld
s
t
h
e
alter
n
ate
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
u
s
e
s
a
th
r
esh
o
l
d
v
alu
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
w
h
en
a
p
ar
en
t
n
o
d
e
n
o
tices
th
at
it
h
as
r
ec
eiv
ed
9
5
%
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
in
its
q
u
eu
e,
it will n
o
tify
th
e
ch
ild
n
o
d
es to
ch
o
o
s
e
an
alter
n
ate
p
ath
.
Af
t
er
a
wh
ile,
n
o
d
e
v
k
will sen
d
o
u
t REQ1
,
R
E
Q2
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
t
o
th
e
R
E
Q3
m
ess
ag
e
s
to
all
o
f
its
ch
ild
n
o
d
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
esen
d
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
f
o
r
class
es
1
,
2
,
a
n
d
3
,
as we
ll a
s
to
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
b
u
f
f
er
is
b
elo
w
th
e
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
.
3
.
4
.
T
heo
re
t
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
o
f
s
ug
g
este
d c
o
ng
estio
n c
o
ntr
o
l sy
s
t
em
I
n
th
is
p
ar
t,
we
tak
e
a
th
eo
r
eti
ca
l
lo
o
k
at
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
'
s
co
m
p
lex
ity
to
s
ee
if
it
h
o
ld
s
wate
r
in
th
e
ac
tu
al
wo
r
ld
o
f
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e.
First
T
h
eo
r
em
:
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
g
esti
o
n
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
h
as
a
m
ess
ag
e
co
m
p
l
ex
ity
is
O(
N)
,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
N
is
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
en
ab
led
b
y
th
e
I
o
T
th
at
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
s
talled
.
P
r
o
o
f
:
Me
s
s
ag
e
co
m
p
lex
ity
is
to
tal
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
m
es
s
ag
es
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
etwe
en
b
y
th
e
in
s
talled
I
o
T
-
b
ased
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
o
r
d
er
to
ex
ec
u
te
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
.
On
e
m
ess
ag
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
etu
p
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
g
esti
o
n
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
m
u
s
t
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
a
s
in
g
le
m
ess
ag
e
to
it
s
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
lev
el
v
alu
e
an
d
p
a
r
en
t
n
o
d
e
o
f
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
v
i
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
d
ata
th
at
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
r
eq
u
i
r
e
s
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
O(
N)
m
ess
ag
es sen
t o
v
er
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
Th
eo
r
em
1
:
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
th
eo
r
em
s
tates
th
at
v
i
m
u
s
t
lie
with
in
th
e
n
ar
r
o
w
ar
ea
o
f
A
d
th
at
h
as
a
wid
th
o
f
σ
.
T
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
am
o
n
g
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
d
A
d
is
d
en
o
ted
b
y
d
.
I
f
ev
er
y
n
o
d
e
g
ets
o
n
e
q
u
er
y
p
ac
k
e
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
tag
e,
th
e
ty
p
ical
am
o
u
n
t o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
tted
p
er
s
tag
e
is
d
en
o
te
d
b
y
(
6
)
(
0
)
=
{
(
1
+
1
)
+
1
(
1
+
1
)
2
,
≥
1
2
(
2
+
2
)
2
+
1
2
2
(
1
+
1
)
,
ℎ
(
6
)
wh
er
e
1
=
(
−
)
/
&
2
=
(
−
)
/
.
Ou
r
an
aly
tical
m
o
d
el
y
ield
s
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esu
lt:
s
in
ce
n
o
d
e
v
i
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
a
tin
y
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
A
d
,
its
tr
af
f
i
c
lo
ad
is
eq
u
al
to
th
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
t
r
af
f
ic
weig
h
t
in
A
d
.
Fo
r
th
at
r
e
aso
n
,
we
b
eg
in
b
y
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
A
d
'
s
ty
p
ical
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
.
W
e
co
u
ld
b
e
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
to
tal
am
o
u
n
t o
f
n
o
d
es in
A
d
.
A
s
f
o
r
A
d
,
its
n
o
d
e
c
o
u
n
t is
=
{
,
>
2
,
ℎ
(
7
)
w
ith
th
e
to
tal
q
u
an
tity
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
in
th
e
h
ig
h
er
-
le
v
el
A
d+
ir
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
d
u
e
t
o
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
e
d
an
d
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
lo
wer
-
lev
el
ar
ea
s
,
+
=
{
(
+
)
|
0
<
<
1
,
>
(
2
+
)
|
0
<
<
2
,
ℎ
(
8
)
wh
er
e
1
=
(
−
)
/
&
2
=
(
−
)
/
.
T
h
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
is
wh
o
lly
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
th
e
to
ta
l
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
en
g
a
g
ed
,
as
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
o
n
ly
cr
ea
tes o
n
e
p
ac
k
et
e
v
er
y
r
o
u
n
d
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
a
s
in
g
le
q
u
er
y
.
As a
r
esu
lt,
A
d
'
s
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
co
u
n
t is
=
+
+
+
⋯
+
+
(
9)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
R
o
u
tin
g
mec
h
a
n
is
m
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
g
esti
o
n
fr
ee
co
mmu
n
ic
a
tio
n
in
…
(
K
a
s
i V
en
ka
ta
K
ir
a
n
)
2881
P
r
o
o
f
:
T
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
A
d
tr
af
f
ic
l
o
ad
is
g
i
v
en
b
y
D
Ad
/
N
Ad
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
e
q
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
l
o
ad
i
n
tr
af
f
ic
o
f
ea
c
h
n
o
d
e
v
i
at
S
0
m
u
s
t
b
e
t
h
e
(
0
)
=
as
I
t
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ates
th
e
ty
p
i
ca
l
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
w
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
A
d
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets.
Af
ter
d
o
in
g
s
o
m
e
b
asic
m
ath
s
,
we
g
et
(
0
)
as (
6
)
.
Th
eo
r
em
2
:
I
t
is
ass
u
m
ed
th
e
v
i
r
em
ain
s
f
ash
io
n
ab
le
in
th
e
n
ar
r
o
w
ar
ea
o
f
A
d
u
s
in
g
a
wid
th
d
en
o
ted
b
y
σ
.
T
h
e
s
p
ac
e
f
r
o
m
A
d
to
th
e
b
o
r
d
er
n
o
d
e
is
d
en
o
te
d
as
b
0
.
Giv
e
n
th
at
th
e
s
in
k
n
o
d
e
t
r
an
s
m
its
o
n
ly
o
n
e
q
u
e
r
y
p
ac
k
et
to
ev
er
y
n
o
d
es in
a
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
at
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
q
u
er
y
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
y
v
i
by
S
0
is
(
1
0
)
.
(
0
)
=
{
(
1
+
1
)
+
1
(
1
+
1
)
2
0
0
≥
1
2
(
2
+
2
)
2
+
1
2
2
(
1
+
1
)
ℎ
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e
1
=
(
−
)
/
&
2
=
(
−
)
/
P
r
o
o
f
:
T
h
eo
r
em
1
e
v
id
en
ce
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
av
er
ag
e
tr
af
f
ic
lo
a
d
is
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
d
ata
g
a
th
er
in
g
an
d
q
u
er
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
ea
c
h
s
tag
e'
s
d
ata
r
o
u
n
d
,
is
as f
o
llo
ws:
(
0
)
=
(
(
0
)
+
(
0
)
)
)
Th
eo
r
em
3
: T
h
e
tim
e
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
a
cy
cle
o
f
q
u
er
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es b
o
th
t
r
an
s
m
itti
n
g
th
e
q
u
er
y
an
d
g
ath
er
in
g
d
ata,
is
d
e
n
o
ted
as
μ
r
.
T
h
e
ar
ea
A
d
co
n
tain
s
n
o
d
e
v
i
,
wh
er
e
d
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
A
d
to
s
in
k
n
o
d
e.
Fo
r
a
d
ata
r
o
u
n
d
with
a
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
d
ata
at
a
r
ate
o
f
G
b
its
/s
,
th
e
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
0
o
f
v
i
is
0
=
,
(
0
)
+
,
(
0
)
+
,
(
0
)
+
,
(
0
)
,
wh
er
e
,
(
0
)
=
(
0
)
+
(
(
0
)
−
1
)
(
+
)
(
1
1
)
,
(
0
)
=
(
(
0
)
−
1
)
(
1
2
)
,
(
0
)
=
(
0
)
(
+
)
(
1
3
)
,
(
0
)
=
,
(
0
)
=
(
−
2
(
0
)
+
(
1
4
)
P
r
o
o
f
: N
o
d
e
v
i
'
s
en
er
g
y
u
s
ag
e
in
a
d
ata
r
o
u
n
d
is
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
4
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Qu
er
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
o
r
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
: Wh
ile
th
e
v
i
n
o
d
e
an
d
as th
e
A
d
z
o
n
e,
t
h
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
q
u
er
ies
(
0
)
i
n
a
s
in
g
le
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
th
e
s
en
d
o
u
t q
u
er
ies
(
0
)
−
1
.
T
h
en
,
th
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
h
ar
in
g
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
,
(
0
)
=
(
0
)
+
(
(
0
)
−
1
)
(
+
)
.
−
E
n
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
in
g
:
T
h
en
th
e
v
i
n
o
d
e
i
s
with
in
th
e
A
d
r
eg
io
n
,
t
h
en
t
h
e
o
b
tain
e
d
d
ata
v
o
lu
m
e
in
a
cy
cle
is
−
1
(
0
)
,
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
in
t
h
e
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
T
h
eo
r
em
1
.
Hen
ce
,
th
at
th
e
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
is
,
(
0
)
=
(
(
0
)
−
1
)
.
−
E
n
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
itti
n
g
:
W
h
ile
in
th
e
d
ata
q
u
an
tity
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
y
v
i
in
a
tu
r
n
is
(
0
)
,
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
r
ep
r
esen
ts
ar
e
{
,
(
0
)
=
(
0
)
(
+
2
)
,
≤
0
,
(
0
)
=
(
0
)
(
+
4
)
,
ℎ
E
n
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
id
le
lis
ten
in
g
:
Af
ter
war
d
s
,
a
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
el,
ass
u
m
e
th
at
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cle
r
ep
r
esen
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
at
ac
tiv
e
tim
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
is
=
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
id
le
r
em
ain
s
th
e
p
r
o
life
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
E
idle
lik
ewise
th
e
tim
e
i
n
id
le
ea
v
esd
r
o
p
p
in
g
.
B
ec
au
s
e
th
e
tim
e
in
ter
v
al
o
f
th
e
id
le
lis
ten
in
g
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
,
(
0
)
,
we
in
clu
d
e
tim
e
e
x
p
e
ctin
g
f
o
r
d
ata
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
o
f
b
o
th
en
d
s
,
(
0
)
=
−
(
(
0
)
−
1
)
.
−
(
0
)
/
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
we
o
b
tain
th
e
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
f
o
r
id
le
lis
ten
in
g
b
y
way
o
f
,
(
0
)
=
,
(
0
)
=
(
−
2
(
0
)
+
)
.
T
o
s
y
n
o
p
s
is
e,
in
a
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
(
0
)
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
e
v
i
is
(
0
)
=
,
(
0
)
+
,
(
0
)
+
,
(
0
)
+
,
(
0
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
7
2882
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
in
-
d
ep
th
ex
p
lan
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
s
ec
tio
n
4
.
1
.
I
t
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
a
ly
s
is
o
f
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
h
o
w
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
eh
av
es
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
an
d
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
.
Sectio
n
4
.
2
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
d
etails
an
d
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t a
cr
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
s
e
s
.
T
h
es
e
ca
s
es we
r
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
an
d
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
m
o
d
els to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
test
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
s
im
u
latio
n
s
wi
th
two
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
s
izes
-
o
n
e
with
2
0
n
o
d
es
an
d
a
n
o
th
er
with
1
0
0
n
o
d
es
-
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
h
o
w
th
e
p
ac
k
et
r
ec
e
p
tio
n
r
ate
v
ar
ies
with
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
clu
d
e
d
etailed
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
p
e
r
c
en
tag
es
u
n
d
er
ea
c
h
co
n
d
itio
n
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
th
e
s
tr
e
n
g
th
s
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
ea
c
h
m
o
d
el
i
n
h
an
d
lin
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
lo
ad
s
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
4
.
1
.
Sim
ula
t
io
n
re
s
ults
Usi
n
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
im
u
lato
r
2
(
NS
-
2
)
p
latf
o
r
m
,
we
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
s
er
ies
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
as
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
d
i
n
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
l
atio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
was
ca
r
ef
u
lly
d
esig
n
ed
to
m
i
m
ic
a
r
ea
lis
tic
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
Sp
ec
i
f
ically
,
a
two
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
(
2
D)
ar
ea
was
d
ef
in
ed
with
in
wh
ich
m
e
d
ical
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
wer
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
T
h
is
r
an
d
o
m
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
r
ef
lects
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
s
en
s
o
r
p
lace
m
en
ts
m
a
y
n
o
t
f
o
ll
o
w
a
f
ix
e
d
p
atter
n
,
s
u
c
h
as
in
e
m
er
g
en
cy
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
r
m
o
b
ile
h
ea
lth
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
s
u
g
g
este
d
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
I
o
T
-
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
ex
is
tin
g
s
ch
em
es,
s
u
ch
as
B
R
C
C
T
P
[
1
8
]
,
C
ADC
[
1
9
]
,
HT
AP
[
1
7
]
,
R
E
E
P,
T
AR
A,
we
lo
o
k
ed
at
m
etr
ics
lik
e
av
er
ag
e
h
o
p
-
by
-
h
o
p
d
elay
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t in
ad
d
itio
n
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ef
f
icac
io
u
s
ly
r
ec
ei
v
ed
p
ac
k
ets.
W
ith
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
tar
tin
g
with
a
n
i
n
itial
en
er
g
y
o
f
E
0
=
0
.
5
J
o
u
les,
we
also
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
life
s
p
an
a
n
d
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
ter
m
s
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
wh
ich
u
s
ed
to
th
e
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l w
ith
co
llis
io
n
-
f
r
ee
,
ar
e
lis
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
u
s
ed
in
a
s
im
u
latio
n
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
v
a
l
u
e
N
o
o
f
n
o
d
e
s
30
-
1
0
0
A
r
e
a
f
o
r
d
e
p
l
o
y
me
n
t
1
0
0
X
1
0
0
m
2
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