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l
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
d
e
ci
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
u
n
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
a
b
l
e
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
es
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
a
r
i
s
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
t
o
m
a
n
a
g
e
a
l
a
r
g
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
d
ev
i
c
e
s
i
n
h
i
g
h
l
y
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
r
eso
u
r
c
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
e
s
s
e
n
t
i
a
l
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
t
h
e
s
e
is
s
u
e
s
,
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
s
t
h
e
i
n
te
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
(
R
L
)
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
S
D
N
f
r
a
m
ew
o
r
k
,
e
n
a
b
l
i
n
g
i
n
t
el
l
i
g
e
n
t
a
g
e
n
ts
t
o
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
l
y
o
p
ti
m
i
z
e
n
e
tw
o
r
k
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
s
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
c
r
i
t
i
c
al
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
,
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
,
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
v
e
s
tig
a
t
e
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
i
n
c
o
r
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
R
L
w
i
t
h
S
D
N
c
a
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
ca
n
t
ly
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
g
a
i
n
,
r
e
l
i
a
b
il
i
t
y
,
a
n
d
s
c
al
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
s
at
e
l
li
t
e
I
o
T
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
i
o
n
a
l
l
o
ws
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
r
es
o
u
r
c
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
.
B
y
l
e
v
e
r
a
g
i
n
g
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
R
L
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
e
e
p
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
m
e
n
t
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
-
a
g
e
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
e
n
a
b
l
e
s
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
-
m
a
k
i
n
g
,
u
l
ti
m
a
t
el
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
i
n
c
o
m
p
l
e
x
s
ce
n
a
r
i
o
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
s
atellite
I
o
T
in
cr
itical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
d
is
aster
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
r
ec
is
io
n
ag
r
i
cu
ltu
r
e,
wh
e
r
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
ar
e
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
[
4
]
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
em
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
e
am
less
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
u
n
d
er
e
x
tr
em
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
R
L
with
in
SDN
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
e
n
h
an
ce
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ef
f
icien
cy
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
ath
way
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
s
u
s
ta
in
ab
le
m
o
d
els
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atin
g
ex
p
o
n
e
n
tial I
o
T
g
r
o
wth
[
5
]
.
Desp
ite
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
es
k
e
y
c
h
allen
g
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
R
L
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
,
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
an
d
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
le
g
ac
y
s
y
s
tem
s
with
m
o
d
e
r
n
SDN
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
s
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
ar
is
e
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
h
ig
h
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
R
L
m
o
d
els,
th
e
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
y
o
f
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
t
o
cy
b
er
t
h
r
ea
ts
,
an
d
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
icu
lty
o
f
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
ea
m
less
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
b
etwe
en
tr
ad
itio
n
al
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
ef
i
n
ed
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
m
u
ltid
is
cip
lin
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
n
etw
o
r
k
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
to
d
ev
elo
p
e
f
f
icien
t,
s
ec
u
r
e,
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
i
s
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
a
t
es
t
h
e
in
t
e
r
s
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
s
a
t
e
ll
i
t
e
I
o
T
,
R
L
,
a
n
d
S
DN
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
i
n
g
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
s
o
l
u
ti
o
n
s
t
o
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
t
h
e
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
.
B
y
h
a
r
n
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
t
r
e
n
g
t
h
s
o
f
t
h
es
e
te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
p
a
v
e
s
t
h
e
w
a
y
f
o
r
n
e
x
t
-
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
t
e
ll
i
t
e
I
o
T
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
at
a
r
e
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
,
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
,
a
n
d
r
e
s
i
li
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
h
o
l
d
t
h
e
p
o
t
e
n
ti
a
l
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
c
r
o
s
s
d
o
m
a
i
n
s
,
i
n
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
s
m
a
r
t
c
it
i
es
,
a
u
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
g
l
o
b
al
h
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
,
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
s
u
s
ta
i
n
a
b
i
li
t
y
,
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
n
g
t
o
th
e
v
i
s
i
o
n
o
f
a
t
r
u
l
y
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
e
d
w
o
r
l
d
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
is
wo
r
k
is
as
f
o
llo
ws.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
s
ec
tio
n
1
.
Sectio
n
2
will
an
aly
ze
th
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
o
f
o
u
r
s
atellite
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
.
Sectio
n
3
is
a
r
ev
iew
o
f
p
r
io
r
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
MA
T
L
AB
wil
l
b
e
em
p
h
asized
in
s
e
ctio
n
4
.
Sectio
n
5
elu
cid
ates
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
wh
er
ea
s
s
ec
tio
n
6
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
c
o
n
clu
s
i
o
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
m
ak
es
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
o
in
teg
r
atin
g
em
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
with
in
th
e
S
-
I
o
T
d
o
m
ain
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
an
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
au
g
m
en
t
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f
S
-
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
b
y
lev
e
r
ag
in
g
t
h
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
SS
DN
an
d
R
L
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SDN
-
R
L
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
m
o
d
els
th
e
d
y
n
am
ic
co
m
p
lex
ities
o
f
S
-
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
t
io
n
,
laten
cy
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
s
ea
m
less
d
ev
ice
in
ter
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
en
a
b
les r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
an
d
ce
n
tr
alize
d
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
o
f
s
atellite
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
i
n
m
a
n
ag
in
g
co
m
p
l
ex
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
R
L
f
u
r
t
h
er
e
n
h
an
ce
s
ad
ap
tiv
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
b
y
tr
ain
i
n
g
in
tellig
en
t
ag
en
ts
t
o
r
esp
o
n
d
d
y
n
am
ically
t
o
th
e
ac
tiv
e
n
at
u
r
e
o
f
S
-
I
o
T
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
tal
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
T
h
is
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
allo
ws
th
e
s
y
s
tem
to
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
ad
ju
s
t
n
etwo
r
k
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ev
en
u
n
d
er
f
lu
ctu
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
lim
itatio
n
s
.
A
co
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
th
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
w
laten
cy
an
d
jo
in
t
-
jam
m
in
g
m
itig
atio
n
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
t
r
o
l
(
L
J
J
-
MA
C
)
p
r
o
to
co
l,
a
n
o
v
el
m
e
d
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MA
C
)
p
r
o
to
co
l
d
esig
n
e
d
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t,
lo
w
-
laten
c
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
S
-
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
[
7
]
Un
lik
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
L
J
J
-
MA
C
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
SDN
an
d
R
L
p
r
in
cip
les
to
d
y
n
am
ically
allo
ca
te
s
p
ec
tr
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
r
e
d
u
ce
c
o
llis
io
n
r
ates,
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
ely
p
r
io
r
itize
I
o
T
tr
af
f
ic.
T
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
co
l’
s
d
esig
n
en
s
u
r
es
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
b
an
d
wid
th
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
en
s
e
an
d
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
d
ev
ice
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
ty
p
ical
o
f
S
-
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
L
J
J
-
MA
C
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
m
u
lti
-
tier
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
a
r
ch
itectu
r
es,
en
ab
lin
g
s
ea
m
less
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
etwe
en
s
atellite
r
elay
s
,
ter
r
estrial
g
atew
ay
s
,
an
d
I
o
T
en
d
p
o
i
n
ts
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
v
alid
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
S
DN
-
R
L
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
an
d
th
e
L
J
J
-
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
v
er
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
s
im
u
latio
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
i
n
k
e
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
laten
cy
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
B
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
n
e
two
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
t
h
is
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
th
e
S
-
I
o
T
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
m
ak
in
g
it m
o
r
e
ef
f
i
cien
t a
n
d
ad
a
p
tab
le
to
f
u
tu
r
e
d
em
an
d
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
5
0
6
-
3
5
1
8
3508
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
cr
itical
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
s
ca
lab
le,
i
n
tellig
en
t
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
,
th
is
wo
r
k
lay
s
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
S
-
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
en
a
b
les m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
ed
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
in
clu
d
e
s
m
ar
t
a
g
r
ic
u
ltu
r
e,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
an
d
d
is
aster
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
all
lev
er
ag
in
g
s
atellite
-
en
ab
led
I
o
T
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
ity
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eliab
le,
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
d
ata
in
r
em
o
te
an
d
u
n
d
er
s
er
v
ed
ar
ea
s
.
A
s
ate
llit
e
b
ea
m
an
ten
n
a
f
o
cu
s
es
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
s
ig
n
als
in
to
n
ar
r
o
w
b
ea
m
s
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
ese
b
ea
m
s
en
ab
le
p
r
ec
is
e
co
v
er
ag
e
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ar
ea
s
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
ig
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
—
f
ea
tu
r
es
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
lik
e
S
-
I
o
T
an
d
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
s
er
v
ices,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
T
h
e
s
witch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
s
atellite
s
in
v
o
lv
es r
o
u
tin
g
s
ig
n
als b
etwe
en
b
ea
m
s
o
r
ch
an
n
els,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
ea
m
less
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
with
in
d
y
n
am
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
as illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
a)
s
atellite
b
ea
m
an
ten
n
a
an
d
(
b
)
s
witch
p
r
o
ce
s
s
2.
SYST
E
M
ARCH
I
T
E
CT
U
R
E
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
in
te
g
r
ates
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
I
o
T
d
e
v
ices,
R
L
,
an
d
SDN
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
d
ata
t
r
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t.
T
h
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ev
er
al
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
s
a
tellites
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tatio
n
s
,
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
a
n
d
R
L
a
g
en
t
s
[
9
]
.
I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
v
e
r
v
ast
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
ar
ea
s
,
g
en
er
ate
d
ata
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
r
eliab
ly
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
tly
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices
co
m
m
u
n
icate
with
s
atellites
in
lo
w
ea
r
th
o
r
b
it
(
L
E
O)
to
r
elay
d
ata
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
SD
N
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
m
an
a
g
es
th
e
s
atellite
an
d
ter
r
estrial
n
etwo
r
k
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
e
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
ce
n
tr
alize
s
n
etwo
r
k
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
d
y
n
am
ically
co
n
f
ig
u
r
es
th
e
d
ata
f
lo
w
p
at
h
s
b
etwe
en
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
an
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tatio
n
s
.
I
t
ac
h
iev
es
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
lev
er
ag
i
n
g
R
L
-
b
ased
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
R
L
ag
en
t,
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
th
e
SDN
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
,
l
ea
r
n
s
an
d
ad
a
p
ts
to
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
ch
an
g
in
g
s
atellite
p
o
s
itio
n
s
,
wea
th
er
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
lo
a
d
s
.
T
h
is
ad
ap
ti
v
e
m
ec
h
an
is
m
en
s
u
r
es
r
ed
u
ce
d
laten
cy
,
en
h
an
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
s
p
e
ctr
u
m
u
tili
za
tio
n
[
1
0
]
.
A
cr
u
cial
elem
en
t
in
th
e
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
is
th
e
L
J
J
-
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l,
a
c
u
s
to
m
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
s
atellite
I
o
T
.
L
J
J
-
MA
C
ad
d
r
ess
e
s
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
s
atellite
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
h
ig
h
p
r
o
p
ag
atio
n
d
elay
s
,
i
n
ter
m
itten
t
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
a
n
d
li
m
ited
b
an
d
wid
th
.
I
t
o
p
tim
izes
ch
an
n
el
ac
ce
s
s
b
y
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
u
r
g
en
cy
an
d
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
’
s
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
s
tate.
T
h
e
p
r
o
t
o
co
l
em
p
l
o
y
s
ad
ap
ti
v
e
tim
e
-
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
lex
in
g
an
d
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
-
b
ased
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
to
b
alan
ce
f
air
n
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
A
d
d
it
io
n
a
lly
,
it
in
teg
r
ates
with
th
e
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
d
y
n
a
m
ically
ad
ju
s
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
b
ased
o
n
R
L
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
en
ab
lin
g
s
ea
m
less
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
atellite
an
d
ter
r
estrial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
R
L
an
d
SDN
f
o
s
ter
s
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
s
u
ch
as
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
atellite
h
an
d
o
v
er
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
s
a
tellite in
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
a
n
d
r
ein
fo
r
ce
men
t le
a
r
n
in
g
…
(
A
r
u
n
K
u
ma
r
)
3509
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
b
alan
ci
n
g
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
s
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
p
ath
s
.
T
h
is
ar
ch
it
ec
tu
r
e
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
u
ited
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
lik
e
d
is
aster
r
ec
o
v
er
y
,
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
a
n
d
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
I
o
T
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
,
wh
er
e
d
y
n
am
ic
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
h
ig
h
r
el
iab
ilit
y
ar
e
cr
itical.
B
y
c
o
m
b
in
in
g
L
J
J
-
MA
C
with
SDN
an
d
R
L
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
en
s
u
r
es r
o
b
u
s
t,
s
ca
lab
le,
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t o
p
er
atio
n
s
in
a
co
m
p
lex
s
atellite
-
I
o
T
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
1
]
.
3.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
s
atellite
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
is
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
th
e
s
u
cc
ee
d
i
n
g
test
s
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
S
-
I
o
T
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
n
etwo
r
k
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies h
as g
ain
e
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t a
tten
tio
n
d
u
e
to
its
p
o
ten
tial
in
en
ab
lin
g
wid
esp
r
ea
d
,
r
eliab
le
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
er
v
e
d
r
eg
io
n
s
.
E
x
is
tin
g
r
esear
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
SDN
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
ad
a
p
ta
b
ilit
y
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
s
atellite
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
.
S
DN
d
ec
o
u
p
les
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
d
ata
p
lan
es,
en
ab
lin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
s
atellite
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
ad
d
r
ess
v
ar
y
in
g
I
o
T
tr
af
f
ic
d
e
m
an
d
s
.
Stu
d
ies
s
u
c
h
as
[
1
2
]
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
h
o
w
SDN
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
o
p
tim
ize
b
an
d
wid
th
allo
ca
tio
n
an
d
m
in
i
m
ize
laten
cy
in
s
atellite
-
en
ab
l
ed
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
R
L
h
as
e
m
er
g
ed
as
a
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
i
n
tellig
en
ce
o
f
SDN
-
b
ased
s
atellite
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
.
R
L
tech
n
iq
u
es
en
ab
le
a
u
to
m
ated
ex
ec
u
tiv
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
ap
p
o
r
tio
n
m
en
t,
r
o
u
tin
g
,
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
al
lo
win
g
s
y
s
tem
s
to
f
am
iliar
ize
to
alter
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
u
tili
ze
d
d
ee
p
R
L
m
o
d
els
to
o
p
tim
ize
h
an
d
o
v
er
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
etwe
en
s
atellite
n
o
d
es,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
s
er
v
ic
e
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
Qo
S.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
h
y
b
r
id
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
co
m
b
in
in
g
R
L
with
o
th
er
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
p
ar
ad
i
g
m
s
,
as
ex
p
lo
r
ed
b
y
T
ir
m
izi
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
,
en
h
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
esp
ec
ially
in
d
y
n
am
ic
s
atellite
I
o
T
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
.
T
h
e
L
J
J
-
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
h
as
b
ee
n
s
p
ec
if
ically
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
a
MA
C
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
s
atellite
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
co
llis
io
n
m
in
im
izatio
n
an
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
I
t
in
teg
r
ates
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
with
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t le
ar
n
in
g
to
p
r
io
r
itize
cr
itical
I
o
T
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets,
th
er
eb
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
o
v
er
all
n
et
wo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
L
iu
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
s
h
o
wed
th
at
L
J
J
-
MA
C
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
c
es
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
d
elay
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
laten
cy
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
s
atell
i
te
I
o
T
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
h
av
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
o
f
SDN,
R
L
,
an
d
M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
ls
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
h
o
lis
tic
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
s
atellite
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
[
1
6
]
im
p
lem
en
ted
a
n
R
L
-
d
r
iv
en
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
with
a
d
ap
tiv
e
MA
C
lay
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
to
d
y
n
am
ically
allo
ca
te
s
atellite
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
ca
ter
in
g
to
v
ar
y
in
g
I
o
T
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ici
en
cy
.
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
o
f
SDN,
R
L
,
an
d
s
p
ec
i
alize
d
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
lik
e
L
J
J
-
MA
C
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
p
ath
way
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
atellite
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
cu
s
o
n
i
n
teg
r
atin
g
th
es
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
with
em
er
g
in
g
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
s
u
ch
as 6
G
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
ei
r
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
n
e
x
t
-
g
en
er
atio
n
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
W
e
th
en
u
s
ed
(
1
)
to
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
-
e
n
d
tim
in
g
,
o
r
th
e
tim
e
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
s
tar
t o
r
lead
in
g
p
ar
t
o
f
a
n
ev
en
t
o
r
s
ig
n
al.
f
ro
n
t
=
+
2
2
,
b
a
c
k
=
2
+
−
2
2
.
(
1
)
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
(
2
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
to
tal
tim
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
a
s
e
t
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
s
,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
o
r
e
v
en
ts
to
o
cc
u
r
with
o
u
t
in
ter
r
u
p
tio
n
.
Fro
m
th
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
r
esu
lts
,
C
m
ea
n
s
th
e
R
T
T
o
f
L
o
R
a,
t
h
e
laten
cy
o
f
o
u
r
m
eth
o
d
is
g
iv
en
in
(
3
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
8
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I
n
t J E
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&
C
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m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
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20
25
:
3
5
0
6
-
3
5
1
8
3510
C
o
n
t
ig
uo
us
=
∑
+
(
−
1
+
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2
π
=
1
(
2
)
LS
T
-
M
A
C
=
(
+
)
2
(
3
)
4.
P
RO
B
L
E
M
F
O
R
M
U
L
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
L
J
J
-
MA
C
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
a
n
d
th
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
i
llu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
s
atellite
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
SI
o
T
)
a
n
d
R
L
in
SS
DNs
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
co
m
p
le
x
c
h
allen
g
es
th
at
n
ec
ess
itate
p
r
ec
is
e
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
.
SIo
T
,
as
a
v
ital
en
ab
ler
o
f
g
lo
b
al
co
n
n
e
ctiv
ity
f
o
r
I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
d
em
a
n
d
s
r
o
b
u
s
t,
s
ca
lab
le,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
atellite
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
h
eter
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
R
L
,
with
its
ad
ap
tiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies,
o
f
f
er
s
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
av
en
u
e
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
Qo
S
u
n
d
er
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
n
o
n
-
d
eter
m
in
is
tic
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
laten
cy
,
b
an
d
wid
th
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
an
d
m
o
b
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
licates
th
is
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
SDNs
ad
d
an
o
th
er
l
ay
er
o
f
co
m
p
le
x
ity
b
y
s
ep
ar
atin
g
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
d
ata
p
lan
es,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
in
tellig
en
t
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
an
d
r
eliab
i
lity
[
1
7
]
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
is
d
esig
n
in
g
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
lik
e
t
h
e
L
J
J
-
MA
C
to
ad
d
r
ess
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
is
s
u
es
in
SIo
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
L
J
J
-
MA
C
aim
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
laten
cy
an
d
m
itig
ate
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ch
an
n
el
allo
ca
tio
n
an
d
a
n
ti
-
jam
m
in
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
,
lev
er
ag
in
g
R
L
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
teg
r
ates
s
ea
m
less
ly
with
S
DN
ar
ch
itectu
r
es
to
ad
ap
tiv
ely
co
n
f
ig
u
r
e
s
atellite
l
in
k
s
b
ased
o
n
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
an
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
lev
el
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
h
y
b
r
i
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
ab
les
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
m
ain
tain
ef
f
icien
t
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
ev
en
u
n
d
er
h
o
s
tile
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
ce
n
te
r
s
o
n
b
alan
ci
n
g
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
etwe
en
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
laten
cy
,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
ec
u
r
it
y
ag
ain
s
t a
d
v
er
s
ar
ial
attac
k
s
.
Mo
d
elin
g
th
e
SIo
T
-
RL
-
SDN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
v
o
lv
es d
ef
in
i
n
g
s
tate
s
p
ac
es,
ac
tio
n
s
et
s
,
an
d
r
ewa
r
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
th
at
r
ef
lect
th
e
m
u
lti
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
L
J
J
-
MA
C
en
h
an
ce
s
th
is
m
o
d
el
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
tailo
r
e
d
m
ec
h
an
is
m
f
o
r
co
ll
is
io
n
an
d
jam
m
in
g
m
itig
atio
n
,
th
er
e
b
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
Qo
S
in
SIo
T
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
m
u
lti
-
f
ac
eted
p
r
o
b
lem
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
th
at
a
d
d
r
ess
t
h
e
in
tr
icac
ies
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
SIo
T
,
R
L
,
an
d
SDN
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies with
in
a
c
o
h
esiv
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
im
p
lan
tatio
n
o
f
L
J
J
-
MA
C
J
o
in
ed
B
ea
m
m
eth
o
d
in
in
d
icate
d
i
n
Alg
o
r
it
h
m
1.
T
h
e
s
atellite
g
atew
ay
,
alo
n
g
with
its
lin
k
b
u
d
g
et,
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
we
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
tim
e
awa
r
e
n
ess
b
y
tr
ain
in
g
ea
c
h
s
et
with
tim
e
-
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
o
v
er
a
f
in
ite
tim
e
h
o
r
izo
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at,
e
v
en
with
in
a
lim
ited
tim
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
t,
o
u
r
m
eth
o
d
s
u
r
p
ass
es
to
p
o
g
r
a
p
h
ical
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
-
b
ased
a
n
d
ar
b
itra
r
y
d
i
v
is
io
n
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
ac
h
iev
in
g
l
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
av
er
a
g
e
waitin
g
tim
es
an
d
av
er
a
g
e
s
er
v
ice
wait
tim
es
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Satellite
d
iag
r
am
T
h
e
s
atellite
g
atew
ay
,
alo
n
g
with
its
lin
k
b
u
d
g
et,
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
o
en
h
an
ce
o
u
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
we
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
tim
e
awa
r
en
es
s
b
y
tr
ain
in
g
ea
ch
s
et
with
tim
e
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
o
b
jectiv
es
o
v
er
a
f
in
ite
tim
e
h
o
r
izo
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at,
ev
en
with
in
a
lim
ited
tim
e
h
o
r
izo
n
,
o
u
r
m
eth
o
d
s
u
r
p
ass
es
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
n
eig
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
-
b
ased
an
d
r
a
n
d
o
m
allo
ca
tio
n
s
ch
em
es,
ac
h
iev
in
g
lo
wer
s
y
s
tem
av
er
ag
e
waitin
g
tim
es
an
d
av
er
ag
e
s
er
v
ice
wait
tim
es
[
2
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
s
a
tellite in
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
a
n
d
r
ein
fo
r
ce
men
t le
a
r
n
in
g
…
(
A
r
u
n
K
u
ma
r
)
3511
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Satellite g
atew
ay
s
p
ec
s
Alg
o
r
ith
m
1
.
L
J
J
-
MA
C
jo
in
ed
b
ea
m
alg
o
r
ith
m
1.
Sy
s
tem
in
itializatio
n
:
−
I
n
itialize
all
n
etwo
r
k
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
u
s
er
s
,
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
,
an
d
th
e
wir
eless
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
−
Def
in
e
th
e
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
m
atr
i
ce
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
d
u
s
er
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
(
UE
)
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
2.
C
h
an
n
el
esti
m
atio
n
:
−
Per
f
o
r
m
a
c
h
an
n
el
esti
m
atio
n
p
h
ase
wh
er
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
UE
s
ex
ch
an
g
e
p
il
o
t sig
n
als.
−
E
s
tim
ate
th
e
ch
an
n
el
s
tate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
C
SI)
at
b
o
th
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
e
r
e
n
d
s
f
o
r
ea
c
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lin
k
in
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
.
3.
B
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
v
ec
to
r
ca
lcu
lati
o
n
:
−
B
ased
o
n
th
e
esti
m
ated
C
SI,
c
alcu
late
th
e
o
p
tim
al
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
v
ec
to
r
s
at
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
to
f
o
cu
s
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
to
war
d
s
th
e
UE
s
.
−
Ap
p
ly
tech
n
i
q
u
es
s
u
ch
as
s
i
n
g
u
lar
v
alu
e
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
(
SVD)
o
r
o
th
e
r
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
v
ec
to
r
s
.
4.
User
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
:
−
Use
a
m
ed
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MA
C
)
p
r
o
to
co
l
to
s
ch
ed
u
le
u
s
er
s
f
o
r
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
ch
an
n
el,
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
g
esti
o
n
,
an
d
f
air
n
ess
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
.
−
Prio
r
itize
u
s
er
s
th
at
ar
e
in
g
o
o
d
ch
an
n
el
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
th
o
s
e
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
h
ig
h
er
d
ata
r
ates.
5.
T
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
tim
e
s
lo
t a
llo
ca
tio
n
:
−
Allo
ca
te
tim
e
s
lo
ts
f
o
r
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata
b
etwe
en
th
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
a
n
d
u
s
er
s
.
E
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
av
ailab
le
b
a
n
d
wid
th
w
h
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
in
ter
f
e
r
en
ce
.
−
Ap
p
ly
tim
e
d
iv
is
io
n
m
u
ltip
le
ac
ce
s
s
(
T
DM
A)
o
r
o
th
er
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
s
ch
em
es
to
allo
ca
te
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
.
5.
RL
DE
T
A
I
L
S
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
in
to
th
e
SIo
T
an
d
R
L
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
lex
SDN
m
o
d
elin
g
em
p
h
asizes
ef
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
a
d
ap
tiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
in
s
p
ac
e
-
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
R
L
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
in
teg
r
ated
with
in
SDN
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
,
o
p
tim
ize
SIo
T
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
en
a
b
lin
g
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
c
o
n
ten
tio
n
r
eso
lu
tio
n
,
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
v
a
r
y
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
h
an
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
m
in
im
izes
laten
cy
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
m
ass
iv
e
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
lin
k
ed
v
ia
s
atellites.
T
h
e
L
J
J
-
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l,
p
iv
o
tal
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
ad
d
r
ess
es
m
e
d
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
l
b
y
lev
er
a
g
in
g
R
L
f
o
r
co
llis
io
n
av
o
id
a
n
ce
an
d
ch
an
n
el
s
ch
e
d
u
lin
g
.
B
y
lear
n
in
g
t
h
e
tr
af
f
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
d
y
n
am
ics,
L
J
J
-
MA
C
en
s
u
r
es
ef
f
i
cien
t
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
u
til
izatio
n
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
o
r
I
o
T
n
o
d
es.
T
o
g
et
h
er
,
th
ese
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
s
s
h
o
wca
s
e
h
o
w
R
L
a
n
d
SDN
s
y
n
er
g
ize
to
tack
le
SIo
T
c
h
allen
g
es,
d
eliv
e
r
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t,
a
d
ap
tab
le,
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
tailo
r
ed
to
th
e
in
tr
ic
ate
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
s
atellite
-
b
ased
I
o
T
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
5
0
6
-
3
5
1
8
3512
I
ter
ate
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
ad
ju
s
tin
g
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
an
g
les,
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
o
wer
,
an
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
d
e
cisi
o
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
f
a
ir
n
ess
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Dee
p
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
(
DR
L
)
o
p
tim
izes
s
atellite
I
o
T
s
y
s
te
m
s
b
y
en
a
b
lin
g
ad
a
p
tiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
i
n
co
m
p
lex
S
DNs.
T
h
e
L
J
J
-
MA
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
teg
r
ates
DR
L
to
en
h
an
ce
m
e
d
iu
m
ac
ce
s
s
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
laten
cy
an
d
co
lli
s
io
n
s
.
B
y
m
o
d
elin
g
d
y
n
am
ic
n
etwo
r
k
s
tates,
DR
L
p
r
o
v
id
es
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
f
o
r
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tate
eq
u
atio
n
is
g
iv
en
b
y
[
2
1
]
.
=
1
,
2
,
1
,
2
(
4
)
T
h
e
in
eq
u
ality
α
=0
<
{
L
1
,p
,L
2
,p
,m
1
,p
,m
2
,p
,i
}
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
a
p
ar
am
eter
α
eq
u
als
ze
r
o
an
d
is
s
m
aller
th
an
a
s
et
o
f
v
ar
iab
les,
in
clu
d
in
g
L
1
,p
,L
2
,
p
(
li
k
ely
r
elate
d
to
len
g
th
s
o
r
lev
el
s
)
,
m
1
,p
,m
2
,
p
(
p
o
s
s
ib
ly
m
o
m
en
t
s
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
es),
an
d
i
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
co
u
ld
d
e
f
in
e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
r
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
in
a
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
o
r
p
h
y
s
ical
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
ac
tio
n
eq
u
atio
n
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
as
[
2
2
]
.
α
=
0
<
{
1
,
,
2
,
,
1
,
,
2
,
,
}
(
5
)
T
h
e
ag
e
n
t
d
ete
r
m
in
es
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
ac
tio
n
b
y
s
elec
tin
g
tw
o
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tatio
n
s
(
1
–
3
3
)
b
as
ed
o
n
th
e
s
atellite’
s
in
clin
atio
n
an
d
th
e
m
o
u
n
tin
g
a
n
g
le
o
f
its
b
ea
m
s
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
I
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
e
in
clin
atio
n
,
L
d
en
o
tes
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tatio
n
s
,
p
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
an
d
M
in
d
icate
s
th
e
m
o
u
n
tin
g
an
g
le.
T
h
e
ass
o
ciate
d
r
ewa
r
d
is
d
ef
in
e
d
in
[
2
3
]
.
=
1
+
+
(
1
+
2
)
=
∑
1
=
1
,
2
(
6
)
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
b
its
p
er
s
ec
o
n
d
(
b
p
s
)
,
it
d
eter
m
i
n
es
th
e
q
u
a
lity
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
im
p
ac
tin
g
au
d
io
o
r
v
id
e
o
clar
ity
.
Hig
h
er
b
it r
ates p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
q
u
ality
b
u
t r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
b
a
n
d
wid
th
,
wh
ile
lo
wer
b
itra
tes
s
av
e
b
an
d
wid
th
at
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
r
e
d
u
ce
d
q
u
ality
o
r
r
eso
lu
t
io
n
[
2
4
]
.
SDN
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
ci
al
r
o
le
in
s
atelli
te
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
y
e
n
ab
lin
g
f
l
ex
ib
le,
ce
n
tr
alize
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
v
e
r
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
I
t
allo
ws
d
y
n
am
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
b
an
d
wid
th
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
ity
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
atellite
lin
k
s
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e.
W
ith
SDN,
s
ate
llit
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ca
n
ef
f
icien
tly
h
an
d
le
tr
af
f
ic,
p
r
io
r
itize
cr
itical
d
ata,
an
d
ad
ap
t
to
v
ar
y
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
s
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
o
p
er
atio
n
al
c
o
s
ts
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ad
v
an
ce
d
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
I
o
T
an
d
g
lo
b
al
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
[
2
5
]
.
6.
RE
SUL
T
S
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
l
o
r
es
th
e
in
teg
r
at
io
n
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
SDN
an
d
R
L
in
th
e
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
s
p
ec
if
i
ca
lly
tar
g
etin
g
I
o
T
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
.
T
h
ese
s
atellite
-
b
ased
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
s
u
ch
as
L
E
O
s
atelli
te
co
n
s
tellatio
n
s
,
o
f
f
er
an
e
f
f
icien
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
I
o
T
g
ad
g
ets
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
wh
er
e
ter
r
estrial
s
u
b
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
u
n
f
ea
s
ib
le,
s
u
ch
as
wo
o
d
s
,
o
ce
an
s
,
an
d
r
em
o
te
r
eg
io
n
s
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
all
en
g
e
in
s
u
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
is
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
(
s
u
ch
as
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
h
an
n
els
a
n
d
p
o
wer
)
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
d
iv
er
s
e
Qo
S
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
ar
e
m
et.
Dif
f
er
en
t
I
o
T
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
av
e
v
a
r
y
in
g
n
ee
d
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
p
ec
tr
u
m
,
d
elay
,
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
wh
ich
c
o
m
p
licates
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t
task
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
u
s
e
s
R
L
to
au
t
o
n
o
m
o
u
s
ly
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
allo
ca
tio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
b
y
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
lear
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
is
en
a
b
les
a
m
o
r
e
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
s
ca
lab
le
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
I
o
T
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
ts
wh
er
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
f
a
ll
s
h
o
r
t.
T
h
e
p
a
p
er
f
u
r
th
e
r
d
i
s
cu
s
s
es
th
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
atellite
I
o
T
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
Sin
ce
m
an
y
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
ar
e
b
atter
y
-
p
o
wer
ed
an
d
o
p
er
ate
in
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
,
m
an
ag
in
g
th
e
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
is
cr
itical.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
R
L
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
s
aim
to
o
p
tim
i
ze
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
wh
ile
m
ee
tin
g
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
o
v
er
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
im
u
latio
n
s
in
th
e
p
ap
er
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
R
L
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
wer
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
u
p
to
6
0
.
9
1
%
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
o
th
er
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
ap
er
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
SDN
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
le
x
ib
le,
ce
n
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
an
is
m
,
wh
ich
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
t
h
e
co
m
p
le
x
ities
o
f
s
atellite
I
o
T
s
y
s
tem
s
.
SDN
allo
ws
f
o
r
d
y
n
am
ic
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
re
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
’
s
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
s
u
g
g
est
a
tr
an
s
f
er
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
d
ep
l
o
y
m
en
t
i
n
s
p
ac
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
ca
n
q
u
ick
ly
ad
a
p
t
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
with
m
in
im
al
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
o
p
tim
izin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
in
S
-
I
o
T
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
t,
s
ca
lab
le,
an
d
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
s
atellite
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
s
.
I
n
R
L
,
tr
ain
in
g
2
,
0
0
0
tim
es
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
ag
en
t
iter
ativ
ely
in
t
er
ac
tin
g
with
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
,
ad
ju
s
tin
g
its
s
tr
ateg
ies b
ased
o
n
r
ewa
r
d
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
af
ter
ea
ch
ac
tio
n
.
Ov
er
2
,
0
0
0
tr
ai
n
in
g
cy
cles,
th
e
R
L
m
o
d
el
r
ef
in
es its
d
ec
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io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
to
m
ax
im
ize
its
o
b
jecti
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e,
en
h
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cin
g
p
er
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o
r
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ce
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y
lear
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o
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icies.
T
h
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r
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u
r
e
im
p
r
o
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es th
e
ag
en
t’
s
ad
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c
y
in
co
m
p
lex
task
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g
iv
e
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5.
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ates
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o
T
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s
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o
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ates
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im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
ad
a
p
tin
g
th
e
lea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
to
v
a
r
y
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
r
Qo
S
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
a
R
L
m
o
d
el
5
0
0
ti
m
es
u
s
in
g
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
u
la
lies
in
its
ab
ilit
y
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
g
e
n
er
aliza
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
R
ep
ea
ted
tr
ain
in
g
with
v
ar
ied
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
allo
ws
th
e
R
L
ag
en
t
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ad
ap
tin
g
t
o
d
iv
e
r
s
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
in
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
im
p
r
o
v
es its
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
ab
ilit
ies,
en
s
u
r
in
g
it c
an
h
an
d
le
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
s
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
,
esp
ec
ially
in
co
m
p
lex
s
y
s
tem
s
lik
e
s
ate
llit
e
I
o
T
,
wh
er
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
d
y
n
am
ics ar
e
h
i
g
h
ly
v
ar
iab
le.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
R
L
tr
ain
e
d
5
0
0
tim
e
s
u
s
in
g
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t f
o
r
m
u
la
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
20
25
:
3
5
0
6
-
3
5
1
8
3514
Fig
u
r
e
7
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
R
L
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
r
ew
ar
d
ac
h
iev
ed
af
te
r
test
in
g
th
e
R
L
m
o
d
el
5
0
0
tim
es.
T
h
e
c
u
m
u
lativ
e
r
ewa
r
d
s
er
v
es
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
lear
n
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
ac
r
o
s
s
th
ese
tr
i
als.
B
y
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
th
e
r
ewa
r
d
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
v
er
tim
e,
t
h
is
f
ig
u
r
e
h
elp
s
i
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
h
o
w
well
th
e
R
L
ag
en
t
is
lear
n
in
g
th
e
task
.
A
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
tr
en
d
in
cu
m
u
lativ
e
r
ewa
r
d
in
d
icate
s
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
,
wh
ile
p
lat
ea
u
s
o
r
d
ec
lin
es
m
ig
h
t
s
u
g
g
est
is
s
u
es
s
u
ch
as
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
ex
p
l
o
r
ati
o
n
,
s
u
b
o
p
tim
al
p
o
licy
,
o
r
m
o
d
el
in
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
an
aly
s
is
is
e
s
s
en
ti
al
f
o
r
f
in
e
-
tu
n
i
n
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izin
g
R
L
m
o
d
els.
T
h
e
cu
m
u
lativ
e
r
ewa
r
d
r
ef
lects
th
e
R
L
m
o
d
el’
s
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
SI
o
T
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
with
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
tr
ain
in
g
e
p
is
o
d
es,
th
e
R
L
m
o
d
el
co
n
v
er
g
es
t
o
a
n
o
p
tim
al
p
o
licy
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
er
cu
m
u
lativ
e
r
ewa
r
d
s
.
T
h
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
a
p
t
to
v
ar
y
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
m
ee
t
d
iv
er
s
e
Qo
S r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
ef
f
i
cien
tly
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
L
test
ed
5
0
0
tim
es u
s
in
g
Dif
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
u
la
Fig
u
r
e
8
in
t
h
e
p
a
p
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
a
R
L
m
o
d
el
th
at
was
tr
ain
e
d
5
0
0
tim
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
f
o
r
m
u
la
b
u
t w
ith
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
o
f
1
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
m
ak
es
lar
g
er
u
p
d
ates
to
its
p
ar
am
eter
s
af
ter
ea
ch
tr
ain
i
n
g
iter
atio
n
,
p
o
te
n
tially
s
p
ee
d
in
g
u
p
t
h
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
ile
a
h
ig
h
e
r
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
ca
n
ac
ce
ler
ate
c
o
n
v
er
g
en
ce
,
it
m
ay
also
lead
to
o
v
e
r
s
h
o
o
tin
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
r
ca
u
s
in
g
in
s
tab
ilit
y
in
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
t
h
is
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
to
1
co
u
ld
r
esu
lt
in
f
aster
lear
n
in
g
,
b
u
t
it
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
n
o
t
s
ettlin
g
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
licy
if
th
e
u
p
d
ates
ar
e
to
o
l
ar
g
e.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
lik
ely
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
ev
o
lv
es
o
v
e
r
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
iter
atio
n
s
,
co
m
p
ar
in
g
it
to
a
m
o
d
el
with
a
s
tan
d
a
r
d
le
ar
n
in
g
r
ate.
I
n
p
r
ac
tical
ter
m
s
,
th
is
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
ca
n
b
e
b
en
e
f
icial
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
ty
p
es
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
s
wh
er
e
q
u
ick
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
is
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
a
n
g
r
ad
u
al
f
in
e
-
tu
n
in
g
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ca
r
e
f
u
l
tu
n
i
n
g
is
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
t
o
p
r
e
v
en
t
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
m
is
s
in
g
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
r
en
c
o
u
n
ter
i
n
g
in
s
t
ab
ilit
y
.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t
lik
ely
p
r
o
v
id
es
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
lea
r
n
in
g
r
ate
an
d
s
tab
ilit
y
in
R
L
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
co
m
p
lex
d
o
m
ai
n
s
lik
e
s
atellite
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
R
L
with
an
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
f
o
r
m
u
la
te
s
ted
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
cr
e
ased
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ai
m
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
h
o
w
q
u
ick
l
y
th
e
m
o
d
el
u
p
d
ate
s
its
p
ar
am
eter
s
d
u
r
in
g
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
a
h
ig
h
er
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
ca
n
in
itially
ac
ce
ler
ate
co
n
v
er
g
en
c
e,
en
ab
lin
g
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
to
r
ea
ch
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
aster
th
a
n
with
s
tan
d
ar
d
lear
n
in
g
r
ates
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
r
ate
al
s
o
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
s
o
m
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
,
with
th
e
m
o
d
el
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
s
h
ar
p
er
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ea
r
ly
in
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
d
y
n
am
ically
,
th
e
R
L
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
etter
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
ities
o
f
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
it
is
tr
ain
ed
in
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
o
p
tim
al
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
f th
e
s
a
tellite in
tern
et
o
f th
in
g
s
a
n
d
r
ein
fo
r
ce
men
t le
a
r
n
in
g
…
(
A
r
u
n
K
u
ma
r
)
3515
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
task
an
d
th
e
t
r
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
etwe
en
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
a
n
d
e
x
p
lo
itatio
n
in
t
h
e
R
L
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
I
f
s
et
to
o
h
ig
h
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
m
a
y
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
tin
g
,
w
h
er
e
it m
o
v
es p
ast th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
o
in
t to
o
q
u
ick
ly
,
lead
in
g
to
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
if
th
e
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
is
to
o
l
o
w,
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
m
a
y
tak
e
lo
n
g
er
to
co
n
v
er
g
e,
lim
itin
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
R
L
,
ad
a
p
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
r
ates
ca
n
h
elp
ac
h
iev
e
f
aster
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
,
b
u
t
ca
r
ef
u
l
t
u
n
in
g
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
av
o
id
in
s
tab
i
lity
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
lik
ely
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
is
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
y
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
etr
ics o
v
er
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
tr
ai
n
in
g
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
r
ate.
T
h
u
s
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
is
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
f
in
e
-
tu
n
e
th
e
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
f
o
r
o
p
t
im
al
r
esu
lts
in
R
L
s
ettin
g
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
R
L
tr
ain
e
d
5
0
0
tim
e
s
u
s
in
g
n
o
r
m
al
f
o
r
m
u
la
h
o
we
v
er
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
r
ate
o
f
1
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
R
L
test
ed
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
r
ate
f
o
r
m
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