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au
s
e
th
ese
tech
n
iq
u
es
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
th
ese
is
s
u
es,
m
an
y
d
ev
ices
ar
e
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
in
I
o
T
th
at
ca
n
cr
ea
te
a
n
ew
p
r
o
b
lem
ca
ll
ed
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
in
I
o
T
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
a
r
eliab
le
alg
o
r
ith
m
o
r
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
ef
f
icien
tly
a
d
d
r
es
s
th
ese
is
s
u
es
an
d
d
etec
t
an
d
m
itig
ate
in
ter
n
al
an
d
e
x
ter
n
a
l
r
o
u
tin
g
attac
k
s
in
lo
w
-
p
o
wer
an
d
lo
s
s
y
n
etwo
r
k
(
L
L
N)
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
[
6
]
.
Ou
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e,
n
am
e
ly
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
(
n
etwo
r
k
a
n
d
p
ac
k
et
le
d
g
er
t
o
ascer
tain
m
alicio
u
s
d
ev
ices
u
s
in
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
f
o
r
L
L
N
)
,
is
a
led
g
e
r
-
b
ased
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
s
to
r
es
th
e
n
o
d
e
’
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
r
ec
eiv
e
r
I
D,
A
p
p
I
D,
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
Pack
et
R
ec
eiv
ed
attr
ib
u
tes
wh
en
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
ar
e
in
tr
an
s
it)
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
in
tr
icate
s
ets
wh
en
ev
er
th
e
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
is
cr
ea
ted
an
d
in
itialized
.
T
o
d
etec
t
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
o
r
attac
k
e
r
s
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
all
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
a
r
e
tr
ac
k
ed
,
a
n
d
th
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
e
ac
h
n
o
d
e
is
ca
lcu
lated
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
it
ca
lcu
late
s
th
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
r
at
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
e
-
s
et
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e.
I
f
th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
r
ate
o
f
a
n
o
d
e/d
ev
ice
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e,
it
m
ar
k
s
it
a
s
a
m
alicio
u
s
o
r
in
tr
u
d
er
n
o
d
e.
L
astl
y
,
it
r
em
o
v
es
th
e
in
tr
u
d
er
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
ac
tiv
el
y
p
r
o
jects
th
e
wo
r
s
t
r
an
k
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t th
e
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
en
ter
i
n
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ag
ain
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
r
elate
d
to
in
s
id
er
an
d
o
u
ts
id
er
r
o
u
tin
g
attac
k
s
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
t
h
eir
d
etec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
e
x
p
lain
ed
i
n
T
ab
l
e
1
(
in
Ap
p
en
d
i
x
)
[
6
]
–
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
–
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
d
escr
ib
e
a
led
g
er
-
b
ased
s
ec
u
r
ed
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
(
NAPL
AM
)
th
at
p
r
o
tects
R
PL
-
b
ased
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
ag
ain
s
t M
u
lti
-
No
d
e
Sin
k
h
o
le
attac
k
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
ar
e:
a.
L
ed
g
er
-
b
ased
Hash
Ma
p
is
jo
i
n
ed
with
th
e
R
PL
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
d
ata
ex
c
h
an
g
e
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ac
k
ets
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es.
b.
T
h
e
NAPL
AM
is
em
b
ed
d
ed
i
n
th
e
R
PL
p
r
o
to
c
o
l so
u
r
ce
c
o
d
e
u
s
in
g
C
++
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
Netsim
Simu
lato
r
.
c.
T
h
is
s
ch
em
e
ca
n
d
etec
t
an
d
m
itig
ate
s
in
k
h
o
le
attac
k
s
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
in
R
PL
I
o
T
u
s
in
g
p
ar
am
eter
s
lik
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
at
e
(
PDR
)
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
,
en
d
-
to
-
e
n
d
(
E
2
E
)
d
ela
y
,
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
d
(
E
C
)
,
an
d
d
ete
ctio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
d.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
NA
PLAM
-
R
PL
ef
f
icien
cy
is
ev
alu
ated
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
its
r
esu
lts
with
ex
is
tin
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
ch
em
es.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
AL
G
O
R
I
T
H
M
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
g
iv
es
an
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
al
g
o
r
ith
m
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL,
wh
ich
we
h
a
v
e
d
esig
n
e
d
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
e
le
d
g
e
r
d
ata
s
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e.
T
h
is
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
d
et
ec
ts
a
n
d
m
it
ig
ates
Si
n
k
h
o
l
e
att
ac
k
s
in
R
PL
-
I
o
T
n
et
wo
r
k
s
u
s
in
g
Hash
Ma
p
[
2
4
]
an
d
Hash
Set
[
2
5
]
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
co
d
es
to
s
af
ely
s
to
r
e
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
etec
t
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es o
n
ce
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
is
cr
ea
ted
.
T
h
e
s
tep
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
d
escr
i
b
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
a.
Step
1
: L
ed
g
er
cr
ea
tio
n
,
i
n
itializatio
n
I
n
Sin
k
h
o
le
attac
k
s
,
th
e
in
tr
u
d
er
n
o
d
e
ac
ts
as
th
e
g
en
u
in
e
n
o
d
e
an
d
ad
v
er
tis
es
f
alse
r
a
n
k
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
u
s
in
g
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ess
a
g
es.
W
h
en
ev
er
a
n
ew
I
o
T
n
et
wo
r
k
is
in
itialized
an
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
,
a
n
ev
e
n
t
will
o
cc
u
r
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
So
,
as
s
o
o
n
as
an
ev
en
t
h
ap
p
e
n
s
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
a
led
g
er
is
cr
ea
te
d
an
d
in
itialized
t
o
s
to
r
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t a
ll th
e
lo
s
t p
ac
k
ets u
s
in
g
th
e
T
r
ac
k
Pack
etsIn
it()
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
T
r
ac
k
_
Pack
et.
c
f
ile.
b.
Step
2
: Str
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
led
g
er
I
n
th
is
s
tep
,
a
led
g
e
r
is
cr
ea
ted
to
s
to
r
e
th
e
n
o
d
e’
s
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
(
R
ec
eiv
er
I
D,
Ap
p
I
D,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
Pack
et
R
ec
eiv
ed
attr
ib
u
tes
wh
en
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
ar
e
in
tr
an
s
it)
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
n
ested
Has
h
Ma
p
an
d
Hash
Set,
n
am
ely
Pack
etT
r
ac
k
e
r
Ma
p
an
d
Ma
licio
u
s
No
d
es.
Pack
etT
r
ac
k
er
Ma
p
:
I
t
is
a
n
e
s
ted
Hash
Ma
p
th
at
s
to
r
es
th
e
R
ec
eiv
er
I
d
o
f
th
e
p
ac
k
et
as
its
k
ey
an
d
s
to
r
es
o
th
er
r
elate
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
lay
er
s
o
f
o
b
j
ec
ts
.
T
h
e
d
etailed
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
is
m
ap
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
Hash
Ma
p
,
n
am
ely
“Pac
k
etT
r
ac
k
er
Ma
p
,
”
was
f
ir
s
t
cr
ea
ted
.
E
ac
h
o
b
ject/en
tity
/en
tr
y
to
th
is
Hash
Ma
p
is
ca
lled
a
“Pac
k
et
T
r
ac
k
er
”
o
b
ject.
T
h
is
Hash
Ma
p
h
as
two
f
ield
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
is
th
e
R
ec
eiv
er
I
d
,
wh
ich
s
to
r
es
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
n
o
d
e
n
u
m
b
er
as
a
Key
Valu
e.
T
h
i
s
Hash
Ma
p
’
s
s
ec
o
n
d
f
ield
is
a
p
o
in
ter
p
o
i
n
tin
g
t
o
th
e
n
e
x
t
Hash
Ma
p
,
“Receiv
ed
Pack
etM
ap
,
”
o
n
ly
wh
e
n
it
h
as
th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
k
ey
v
alu
e.
Similar
ly
,
R
ec
eiv
ed
Pack
etM
ap
h
as
two
f
ield
s
,
n
am
ely
Ap
p
I
D
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
k
ey
-
v
alu
e
an
d
Pac
k
et
R
ec
o
r
d
p
o
in
ter
,
wh
ich
p
o
in
ts
to
a
p
air
o
b
ject.
E
ac
h
en
tity
s
to
r
ed
in
R
ec
eiv
e
d
Pack
etM
ap
is
ca
lled
a
“Rece
iv
ed
Pack
et”
o
b
ject.
T
h
e
p
air
o
b
ject
Pack
et
R
ec
o
r
d
co
n
tain
s
o
n
ly
two
f
ield
s
,
i.e
.
,
n
o
.
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
r
ec
eiv
ed
an
d
p
a
ck
et
s
et.
T
h
e
f
ield
p
ac
k
et
s
et
p
o
in
ts
to
a
h
ash
s
et
th
at
s
to
r
es
th
e
p
ac
k
etI
D
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
u
t
n
o
t
y
e
t
r
etr
an
s
m
itted
b
y
th
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
n
o
d
e.
B
y
h
av
in
g
th
is
h
ash
s
et
r
ec
o
r
d
,
we
ca
n
tr
ac
k
p
ac
k
ets b
etwe
en
h
o
p
s
.
Ma
licio
u
s
No
d
es:
I
t
is
a
k
in
d
o
f
b
lack
lis
t
f
o
r
s
u
s
p
icio
u
s
n
o
d
es.
T
h
is
Hash
Set
s
to
r
es
th
e
I
D
o
f
th
e
alr
ea
d
y
id
en
tifie
d
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
b
y
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
th
at
s
in
k
h
o
le
attac
k
s
ca
n
b
e
m
itig
ated
b
y
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
p
r
io
r
ity
o
f
t
h
ese
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
o
r
ien
ted
d
ir
ec
ted
ac
y
clic
g
r
a
p
h
(
DODA
G)
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
is
Hash
Set
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
led
g
er
u
s
es
Hash
Ma
p
s
an
d
Hash
Sets
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
tim
e
an
d
en
e
r
g
y
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
to
r
e,
u
p
d
ate,
an
d
a
cc
ess
led
g
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
2
5
8
6
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
248
-
2
59
250
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
lo
wch
ar
t
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
Pack
etT
r
ac
k
er
Ma
p
in
NAPL
AM
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
N
A
P
LAM:
a
n
o
ve
l le
d
g
er
-
b
a
s
ed
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
mitig
a
tio
n
…
(
A
ksh
a
y
a
Dh
in
g
r
a
)
251
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Stru
ctu
r
e
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
et
c.
Step
3
: Cre
atio
n
o
f
DODAG
I
n
itially
,
th
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
allo
ws
all
th
e
n
o
d
es
to
ex
ch
an
g
e
DAO
an
d
DI
O
m
ess
ag
e
s
f
r
ee
ly
to
f
o
r
m
a
DODA
G
to
s
en
d
ap
p
licatio
n
d
ata.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
tim
e,
m
alici
o
u
s
n
o
d
es
ac
t
th
e
s
am
e
way
a
s
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
i
n
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
an
d
p
r
o
ject
an
e
x
ce
llen
t
r
an
k
to
lu
r
e
th
eir
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
s
o
th
at
o
th
er
n
o
d
es
ch
o
o
s
e
i
t
as
th
eir
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
p
ar
en
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
k
n
o
w
if
th
e
n
o
d
e
r
ea
lly
h
as
a
g
o
o
d
r
an
k
(
d
u
e
to
its
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
tr
en
g
th
)
o
r
is
f
alsely
p
r
o
jectin
g
a
g
o
o
d
r
a
n
k
(
d
u
e
to
its
m
alicio
u
s
n
atu
r
e)
.
d.
Step
4
: T
r
ac
k
in
g
o
f
a
p
p
licatio
n
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
As
s
o
o
n
as
an
y
ev
en
t
in
v
o
lv
i
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
an
d
r
ec
ep
tio
n
o
f
a
p
ac
k
et
o
cc
u
r
s
,
th
e
led
g
er
s
to
r
es
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
tr
an
s
m
itted
p
ac
k
ets
a
n
d
r
em
o
v
es
th
e
r
ec
o
r
d
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
lly
r
ec
eiv
ed
.
Ho
wev
er
,
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
it st
ill r
ec
o
r
d
s
th
e
to
tal
p
ac
k
ets a
n
o
d
e
g
ets to
ca
lcu
late
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
e.
Step
5
: Calcu
latio
n
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
r
ate
Af
ter
ev
er
y
ev
en
t,
th
e
led
g
er
i
s
u
p
d
ated
,
a
n
d
a
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
r
ate
is
also
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
led
g
er
d
ata.
f.
Step
6
: D
etec
tin
g
a
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
T
h
at
n
o
d
e
is
id
en
tifie
d
as
m
alicio
u
s
if
th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
r
o
p
r
ate
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
a
ce
r
tai
n
th
r
esh
o
ld
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
(
s
ay
8
0
%),
alo
n
g
with
o
th
er
cr
iter
ia.
Sp
ec
if
ic
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
if
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
en
t
till
n
o
w
is
tin
y
an
d
f
o
r
p
ac
k
ets
th
at
m
ig
h
t
b
e
i
n
tr
a
n
s
it
to
m
in
im
ize
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
e
d
et
ec
tio
n
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es.
g.
Step
7
: M
ar
k
in
g
a
n
o
d
e
as m
al
icio
u
s
On
ce
d
etec
ted
,
we
ad
d
s
u
ch
a
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
Hash
Set (
wh
ich
is
a
b
lack
lis
t)
to
m
ar
k
it a
s
a
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e.
h.
Step
8
: Rem
o
v
in
g
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es f
r
o
m
th
e
DODA
G
As
s
o
o
n
as
m
alic
io
u
s
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
etec
ted
,
NAPL
AM
I
DS
ch
an
g
es
th
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
p
ar
e
n
t
o
f
all
th
e
ch
ild
n
o
d
es o
f
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
to
s
o
m
e
o
th
er
p
ar
en
t a
n
d
r
em
o
v
es th
e
m
alicio
u
s
o
n
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
i.
Step
9
: Pr
ev
en
tin
g
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es f
r
o
m
r
e
-
en
te
r
in
g
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
No
w,
u
s
in
g
o
u
r
Ma
licio
u
s
No
d
es
h
ash
s
et,
NA
PLAM
I
DS
ac
tiv
ely
p
r
o
jects
th
e
wo
r
s
t
r
an
k
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
th
e
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
ag
ain
s
t
th
eir
tr
y
to
p
r
o
ject
a
f
ak
e
g
o
o
d
r
a
n
k
to
en
ter
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
.
T
h
is
p
r
ev
e
n
ts
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es f
r
o
m
en
ter
i
n
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
ag
ain
.
j.
Step
1
0
: Pr
in
tin
g
o
f
d
etec
ted
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
All
th
e
n
o
d
es
th
at
ar
e
d
etec
te
d
as
m
alicio
u
s
o
n
es
(
o
r
b
lac
k
lis
ted
)
b
y
NAPL
AM
ar
e
p
r
in
te
d
with
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets th
at
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
ea
ch
th
e
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
k.
Step
1
1
: Fr
ee
in
g
o
f
Me
m
o
r
y
Me
m
o
r
y
is
f
r
ee
d
at
th
e
I
o
T
n
et
wo
r
k
'
s
clo
s
in
g
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
en
d
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
esti
m
ates
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
N
APLA
M
-
I
DS
u
s
in
g
th
e
NetSim
v
1
3
.
3
s
im
u
lato
r
an
d
v
is
u
al
s
tu
d
io
.
A
s
im
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
0
0
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
a
6
L
o
W
PAN,
a
r
o
u
ter
,
a
n
d
a
wir
ed
n
o
d
e
(
ac
tin
g
as
r
ec
eiv
e
r
)
is
cr
ea
ted
in
th
e
Net
S
im
s
i
m
u
lato
r
to
ev
alu
ate
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
in
k
h
o
le
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
1
0
to
5
0
in
ea
ch
r
o
u
n
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
.
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
s
ch
em
e
is
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
at
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
s
ch
em
es
RF
-
T
r
u
s
t
[
6
]
,
So
S
-
R
PL
[
7
]
,
I
NT
I
[
2
0
]
,
C
-
T
R
UST
[
1
7
]
an
d
Hea
r
tb
ea
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
9
]
ag
ain
s
t
m
u
lti
-
n
o
d
e
s
in
k
h
o
le
attac
k
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
a
r
e
ev
alu
ated
b
ased
o
n
f
iv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
ex
p
lain
ed
b
elo
w
.
PDR
i
s
an
ess
en
tial
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
a
n
etwo
r
k
.
I
t
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
atio
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
eliv
er
e
d
to
th
eir
in
ten
d
ed
d
esti
n
atio
n
v
er
s
u
s
th
e
t
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
tr
an
s
m
itted
an
d
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
2
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8
6
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to
m
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l
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14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
248
-
2
59
252
(
)
=
(
1
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T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
m
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u
r
es
th
e
d
at
a
o
r
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
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ce
s
s
ed
an
d
tr
an
s
m
itted
b
y
an
ap
p
licatio
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with
in
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
tim
e
f
r
am
e.
I
t
in
d
icat
es
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
an
ap
p
licatio
n
to
h
an
d
le
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
n
o
.
o
f
tr
an
s
ac
tio
n
s
o
r
r
eq
u
ests
p
er
u
n
it
o
f
tim
e
.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t c
a
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
2
)
.
ℎ
ℎ
(
)
=
(
)
×
8
×
1000
(
)
(
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Simu
latio
n
s
etu
p
T
ab
le
2
.
Simu
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
S
i
mu
l
a
t
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o
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p
a
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a
m
e
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V
a
l
u
e
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i
mu
l
a
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r
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e
t
si
m
v
1
3
.
3
N
e
t
w
o
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k
c
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e
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r
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5
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5
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t
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o
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k
p
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Av
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itted
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o
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a
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elay
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r
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way
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ased
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im
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m
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lated
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ce
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2
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4
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.
9
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e
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m
p
ar
is
o
n
t
o
R
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-
T
r
u
s
t,
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R
PL,
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T
r
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s
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NT
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ith
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Fig
u
r
e
5
.
PDR
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n
u
m
b
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alicio
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o
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es
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
ep
icts
th
e
th
r
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g
h
p
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t
(
in
Kb
p
s
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w.
r
.
t.
n
u
m
b
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r
o
f
m
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s
n
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d
es
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
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e,
R
F
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T
r
u
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C
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d
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at
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f
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r
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ad
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n
u
m
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er
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f
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o
d
es.
As
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ased
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d
esti
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co
m
p
a
r
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to
o
th
er
s
ch
em
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
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AE
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I
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t
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b
&
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to
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14
,
No
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2
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248
-
2
59
254
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s
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Fig
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r
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th
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e
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in
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m
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f
o
r
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(
2
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8
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2
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1
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o
r
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(
2
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f
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,
(
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f
o
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C
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d
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0
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3
5
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f
o
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r
tb
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t
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
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h
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o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
tak
es less
tim
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to
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k
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
r
o
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g
h
p
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t v
/s
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m
b
er
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f
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s
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u
r
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7
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d
b
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r
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d
th
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f
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s
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u
r
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8
.
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h
e
f
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r
e
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ed
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R
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
N
A
P
LAM:
a
n
o
ve
l le
d
g
er
-
b
a
s
ed
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
mitig
a
tio
n
…
(
A
ksh
a
y
a
Dh
in
g
r
a
)
255
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
a
s
it
u
s
e
s
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er
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th
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f
4
4
.
2
to
5
3
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5
m
J
,
in
co
m
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ar
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s
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n
with
R
F
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NT
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,
C
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.
8
8
m
J
)
an
d
Hea
r
tb
ea
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
(
1
5
4
.
6
3
6
m
J
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
it
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
co
n
s
u
m
es
3
0
%,
3
4
.
8
5
%,
6
1
.
2
%,
6
6
.
8
% a
n
d
6
8
.
6
9
% less
en
er
g
y
th
an
R
F
-
T
r
u
s
t,
So
S
-
R
PL,
I
NT
I
,
C
-
T
r
u
s
t a
n
d
Hea
r
t
b
ea
t a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
(
%)
o
f
all
th
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
,
i.e
.
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL,
R
F
-
T
r
u
s
t,
So
S
-
R
PL,
I
NT
I
,
C
-
T
r
u
s
t,
an
d
Hea
r
tb
ea
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
w.
r
.
t.
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
ws
th
at
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
ally
with
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
in
k
h
o
le
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
is
9
8
.
5
%
in
a
n
etwo
r
k
with
ten
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
o
th
er
s
ch
em
es,
i.e
.
,
R
F
-
T
r
u
s
t,
So
S
-
R
PL,
I
NT
I
,
C
-
T
r
u
s
t,
an
d
Hea
r
tb
e
at
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
wer
e
9
7
.
2
%,
9
6
.
5
%,
9
5
.
3
5
%,
9
2
.
9
%,
an
d
8
6
.
3
2
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
d
etec
t
io
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ch
em
e
is
h
ig
h
e
r
th
a
n
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
s
ch
em
es.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
v
/s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
e
s
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Dete
ctio
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
v
/s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
7
2
2
-
2
5
8
6
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
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u
to
m
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
n
e
20
2
5
:
248
-
2
59
256
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
u
tp
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
o
th
e
r
s
ch
em
es,
i.e
.
,
R
F
-
T
r
u
s
t,
So
S
-
R
PL,
I
NT
I
,
C
-
T
r
u
s
t,
an
d
Hea
r
tb
ea
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
PDR
wh
en
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
is
v
ar
ied
b
etwe
en
1
0
an
d
5
0
.
T
h
e
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
m
ax
im
u
m
PDR
o
f
9
6
.
6
9
%,
w
h
ich
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
th
e
PDR
s
o
f
R
F
-
T
r
u
s
t
(
9
3
.
2
%),
So
S
-
R
PL
(
8
6
.
1
8
%),
C
-
T
r
u
s
t
(
8
7
.
7
%),
I
NT
I
(
8
3
.
1
9
%)
an
d
Hea
r
tb
ea
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
7
9
.
8
%)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
also
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
er
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
lo
wer
en
d
-
to
-
en
d
d
elay
,
an
d
lo
wer
en
e
r
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
th
e
o
th
er
s
ch
em
es.
T
h
e
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
was
also
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
o
th
er
s
ch
em
es,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
id
en
tify
in
g
a
n
d
b
lack
lis
tin
g
m
alicio
u
s
s
in
k
h
o
le
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
R
PL
-
DODA
G
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
th
e
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
in
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
d
etec
tin
g
an
d
m
itig
atin
g
m
u
lti
-
n
o
d
e
s
in
k
h
o
le
attac
k
s
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ed
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
is
b
ased
o
n
led
g
e
r
cr
ea
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
tr
u
s
t
-
b
ased
m
ec
h
an
is
m
to
id
en
tify
an
d
b
la
ck
lis
t
m
alicio
u
s
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
R
PL
-
DODA
G
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
NAPL
AM
-
R
PL
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
d
etec
tio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
(
9
8
.
5
%),
PDR
(
9
5
.
8
3
%),
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
3
0
3
2
K
b
p
s
)
in
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
with
th
e
e
x
is
tin
g
s
ch
em
es,
i.e
.
,
RF
-
T
r
u
s
t,
So
S
-
R
PL,
I
NT
I
,
C
-
T
r
u
s
t
an
d
h
ea
r
tb
ea
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tate
-
of
-
th
e
-
a
r
t
s
in
k
h
o
le
attac
k
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
m
itig
atio
n
in
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
ad
v
an
cin
g
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
N
APLA
M
-
R
PL
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
r
elia
b
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
i
n
I
o
T
n
e
two
r
k
s
v
u
l
n
er
ab
le
to
s
in
k
h
o
le
attac
k
s
.
As
a
f
u
t
u
r
e
ex
ten
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
,
we
will
f
u
r
th
er
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
NAPL
AM
-
R
P
L
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
d
iv
er
s
e
I
o
T
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
u
ltima
tely
lead
in
g
to
b
etter
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
a
b
r
o
ad
er
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
th
r
ea
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
I
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
ex
p
r
ess
m
y
d
ee
p
est
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
all
th
o
s
e
wh
o
h
av
e
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
t
o
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
is
r
esear
c
h
.
I
e
x
p
r
ess
m
y
h
ea
r
tf
elt
g
r
atitu
d
e
to
Dr
.
An
il
San
g
wan
,
f
o
r
h
is
in
v
al
u
ab
le
g
u
id
an
ce
,
in
wr
itin
g
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
s
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
a
p
er
.
I
w
o
u
ld
also
lik
e
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
ed
ito
r
ial
team
’
s
an
d
r
ev
iewe
r
’
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
wh
ich
s
tr
en
g
th
en
e
d
th
e
clar
ity
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
ap
er
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
No
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
e
d
to
as
s
is
t w
i
th
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
th
is
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
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Vi
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P
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s
h
ay
a
Dh
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a
✓
✓
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✓
Vik
as Sin
d
h
u
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L
ak
s
h
ay
Dh
in
g
r
a
✓
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✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
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y
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:
So
f
t
w
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e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
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s
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I
:
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n
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e
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t
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:
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e
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r
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Au
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s
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tate
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
AE
S
I
n
t
J
R
o
b
&
A
u
to
m
I
SS
N:
2722
-
2
5
8
6
N
A
P
LAM:
a
n
o
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l le
d
g
er
-
b
a
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a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
d
etec
tio
n
a
n
d
mitig
a
tio
n
…
(
A
ksh
a
y
a
Dh
in
g
r
a
)
257
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
a
v
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
au
t
h
o
r
,
Ak
s
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