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20
25
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.
365
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I
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2089
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4864
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I
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cir
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u
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ev
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d
p
o
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o
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co
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p
o
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t
s
,
VL
SI
tech
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o
lo
g
y
h
as
p
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cr
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i
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c
h
an
g
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
s
ec
to
r
[
1
]
.
Mo
d
e
r
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
b
e
n
ef
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g
r
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t
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at
V
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cir
c
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its
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a
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m
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o
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s
L
a
w
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co
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s
tan
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ad
v
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m
en
t
o
f
V
L
SI
tech
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o
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,
w
h
ich
h
as
r
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in
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s
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t
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li
f
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[
2
]
.
T
h
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d
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is
io
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f
cir
cu
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ts
i
n
to
s
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m
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ler
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m
aller
co
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p
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en
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s
is
a
n
es
s
en
tial
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n
d
cr
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s
ta
g
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in
V
L
SI
ar
ch
itect
u
r
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o
ac
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iev
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o
p
tim
al
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f
f
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s
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v
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ar
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tr
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
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8
9
-
4864
I
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R
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f
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&
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m
b
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Sy
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t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
l
y
20
25
:
365
-
3
7
4
366
r
eq
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ir
e
m
en
ts
o
f
co
n
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m
p
o
r
ar
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elec
tr
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d
ev
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[
3
]
.
A
n
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n
o
v
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s
h
if
t
in
th
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p
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w
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“
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t
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e
g
r
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w
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h
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f
V
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cu
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ce
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n
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t
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t
s
et
o
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th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
h
a
s
e,
s
u
c
h
as
ar
ch
itect
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r
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clar
it
y
,
ev
alu
a
tio
n
,
in
cr
ea
s
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p
r
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d
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ti
m
al
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tili
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f
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ter
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ts
[
4
]
.
T
o
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
ese
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if
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ic
u
ltie
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m
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ical
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n
e
ce
s
s
ar
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.
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o
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h
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m
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s
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g
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f
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t
s
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co
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o
f
cir
cu
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s
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ased
o
n
VL
SI
is
th
e
d
iv
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s
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o
f
th
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a
n
d
test
i
n
g
ea
s
ier
,
an
elec
tr
o
n
i
c
d
ev
ice
is
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
m
al
ler
u
n
it
s
ca
lled
s
u
b
cir
cu
its
[
5
]
.
A
r
c
h
itect
u
r
e
d
esig
n
,
lo
g
ic
d
esi
g
n
,
p
r
ac
tical
la
y
o
u
t,
p
h
y
s
ica
l d
e
s
ig
n
,
cir
cu
it d
esi
g
n
,
p
ac
k
a
g
i
n
g
,
an
d
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ea
r
e
th
e
8
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
ta
g
es
o
f
th
e
V
L
SI
d
e
s
ig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
A
s
u
m
m
ar
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
er
v
e
s
a
s
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
p
o
in
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
c
ess
,
a
n
d
a
co
m
p
le
x
la
y
o
u
t
t
h
at
co
u
ld
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
test
ed
,
e
v
al
u
ated
,
an
d
p
u
t
i
n
to
p
r
ac
tic
e
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
f
i
n
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct.
T
h
is
s
ta
g
e
in
v
o
lv
es
e
v
alu
ati
n
g
a
n
d
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
t
h
e
d
esig
n
'
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
ab
o
u
t
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
,
m
a
n
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
s
ize
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
lev
el
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
r
eg
is
t
er
tr
an
s
f
er
le
v
el
(
R
T
L
)
d
escr
ip
tio
n
th
at
is
s
p
ec
if
ied
i
n
a
h
a
r
d
w
ar
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(
HD
L
)
.
T
h
e
e
m
p
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
,
lo
g
i
c
g
ates,
w
ir
e,
an
d
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
is
ad
d
r
ess
ed
at
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
ta
g
e
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
d
esi
g
n
,
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esi
g
n
lev
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
cir
cu
it
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
co
n
v
er
ts
it
i
n
to
an
ar
ch
ite
c
tu
r
al
s
p
ec
if
ica
tio
n
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
p
ar
t
g
o
es
in
to
d
etail
ab
o
u
t
th
i
s
lev
el.
T
h
e
d
esi
g
n
i
s
th
e
n
s
e
n
t
f
o
r
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
e,
p
ac
k
ag
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
test
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
I
C
as
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
tag
e
o
f
d
esi
g
n
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
's
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
f
u
l
f
ille
d
[
7
]
.
R
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ex
ter
io
r
w
ir
es
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
ea
ch
p
ar
t
itio
n
is
an
ess
e
n
tial
g
o
al
o
f
th
e
p
ar
titi
o
n
ed
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
p
h
ase
af
ter
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
is
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
f
lo
o
r
s
a
n
d
p
lace
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
ex
ac
t
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ea
ch
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
-
cir
cu
it
ele
m
e
n
t
s
w
it
h
i
n
e
v
er
y
p
ar
titi
o
n
i
s
ev
a
lu
ated
at
th
i
s
v
a
n
ta
g
e
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
o
f
f
lo
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
an
d
in
s
tallatio
n
ar
e
to
ar
r
an
g
e
th
e
ele
m
en
ts
i
n
a
m
an
n
er
t
h
a
t
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
ar
ea
b
y
p
r
o
p
er
l
y
o
r
g
an
izin
g
t
h
eir
p
lace
m
en
t
an
d
to
s
at
is
f
y
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
r
eg
io
n
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
i
s
s
e
n
t
to
r
o
u
tin
g
,
w
h
er
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
ar
ts
lo
ca
ted
in
s
id
e
p
ar
titi
o
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
ca
n
b
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
as
o
n
e
t
h
at
ch
o
o
s
es
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
icien
t
p
ath
s
w
it
h
in
a
g
i
v
e
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
r
eg
io
n
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
ele
m
e
n
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
o
r
b
et
w
ee
n
p
a
r
titi
o
n
s
[
8
]
.
Oliv
eir
a
et
a
l.
[
9
]
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
p
ar
ti
tio
n
in
g
to
o
ls
,
d
ig
g
i
n
g
in
to
h
o
w
t
h
e
y
f
ar
e
o
n
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
s
.
Var
io
u
s
h
y
p
er
g
r
ap
h
an
d
ed
g
e
-
w
e
ig
h
ti
n
g
d
iag
r
a
m
la
y
o
u
t
s
tr
ate
g
ies
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
y
ex
p
lo
r
e
g
r
ap
h
an
d
h
y
p
er
g
r
ap
h
p
ar
titi
o
n
i
n
g
.
Mo
s
t
VL
SI
co
m
p
u
ter
-
aid
ed
d
esig
n
(
C
A
D
)
m
et
h
o
d
s
d
ea
l
w
ith
NP
-
h
ar
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
h
a
v
e
tr
o
u
b
le
s
ca
lin
g
w
it
h
lar
g
er
an
d
lar
g
er
cir
cu
its
.
R
aj
es
w
ar
i
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
d
etailed
h
o
w
t
h
e
g
en
et
ic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
f
e
w
e
s
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
ep
etitio
n
s
b
y
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
u
s
e
o
f
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
at
v
ar
io
u
s
p
h
ase
s
an
d
to
d
o
it
in
a
w
a
y
t
h
at
h
as
t
h
e
lea
s
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
u
tco
m
e
w
h
ile
m
ai
n
tai
n
i
n
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
.
S
in
ce
th
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
VL
SI
d
esig
n
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
tan
d
e
m
w
it
h
its
r
ap
id
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
th
e
y
n
e
ed
n
e
w
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
f
m
i
n
iat
u
r
ized
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
in
i
m
al
h
u
m
a
n
i
n
p
u
t.
T
h
ak
u
r
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
s
i
m
u
latio
n
to
o
l
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
q
u
ic
k
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
V
L
SI
-
b
ased
m
eta
l
–
o
x
id
e
–
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
f
ie
ld
-
ef
f
ec
t
tr
an
s
is
to
r
cir
cu
its
.
A
V
L
SI
-
b
ased
cir
cu
i
t
'
s
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
ev
al
u
atio
n
is
ca
l
cu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
is
cr
ete
co
n
s
tan
t
p
u
ls
e
esti
m
at
io
n
.
L
u
o
et
a
l.
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
n
et
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
-
b
ased
co
ar
s
e
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
k
-
w
a
y
h
y
p
er
g
r
ap
h
d
iv
is
io
n
w
h
e
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
e
g
m
en
tatio
n
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
co
llec
tio
n
o
f
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
v
er
te
x
w
it
h
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
tr
in
s
ic
s
i
m
ilar
i
t
ies.
VL
SI
cir
cu
it
d
esig
n
in
g
as
w
ell
as
o
t
h
er
o
p
er
atio
n
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
e
m
p
lo
y
h
y
p
er
g
r
ap
h
p
ar
titi
o
n
i
n
g
to
le
s
s
e
n
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
i
n
li
g
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
e
v
er
-
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
s
ize
o
f
s
e
m
ic
o
n
d
u
cto
r
cir
cu
it
s
.
L
i
n
et
a
l.
[
1
3
]
p
r
esen
ted
an
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
w
h
ic
h
th
e
ai
m
v
ar
iab
le
is
n
o
lo
n
g
er
th
e
b
ig
g
e
s
t
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
b
o
x
es
b
u
t
r
at
h
er
th
e
ir
g
r
ea
test
d
ia
m
eter
.
T
h
e
d
eg
e
n
e
r
ate
co
n
d
itio
n
w
h
e
n
ce
r
tai
n
r
e
ctan
g
les
'
r
e
g
io
n
s
v
an
is
h
co
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
b
lem
atic
f
o
r
th
is
ar
ea
-
b
ased
p
ar
ad
ig
m
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
t
ex
t
o
f
V
L
SI
p
h
y
s
ical
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e,
t
h
i
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
ir
r
elev
a
n
t.
R
o
d
r
ig
u
ez
e
t
a
l.
[
1
4
]
f
o
cu
s
e
d
o
n
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
at
h
d
ela
y
to
it
s
ab
s
o
lu
te
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
.
C
ir
c
u
it
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
f
o
r
V
L
S
I
d
esi
g
n
is
j
u
s
t
o
n
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
h
y
p
er
g
r
ap
h
p
ar
titi
o
n
.
Su
c
h
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
y
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
a
m
i
n
-
c
u
t
fu
n
ctio
n
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
y
p
er
ed
g
es th
a
t
m
u
s
t b
e
cu
t is
m
i
n
i
m
ized
.
Seb
ak
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
s
u
g
g
ested
a
h
eu
r
i
s
tic
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
lo
ca
tin
g
a
n
ea
r
-
o
p
ti
m
al
V
L
SI
cir
cu
it
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
eg
i
n
s
w
it
h
a
g
r
ee
d
y
s
tar
ti
n
g
p
o
s
itio
n
b
ef
o
r
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
iter
ativ
e
s
i
m
u
la
ted
an
n
ea
li
n
g
(
S
A
)
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t.
R
aj
es
w
ar
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
6
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
p
h
y
s
ical
d
esig
n
t
h
at
i
s
a
cr
u
cial
p
ar
t
o
f
VL
SI
c
ir
cu
it
d
e
s
ig
n
s
in
ce
it
d
eter
m
i
n
es
h
o
w
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
w
ill
b
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
ted
o
n
th
e
ch
ip
.
W
h
en
d
esi
g
n
i
n
g
an
I
C
,
th
e
f
lo
o
r
p
lan
is
u
s
ed
as
a
g
u
id
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
w
h
er
e
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
w
i
ll
g
o
o
n
t
h
e
c
h
ip
.
Srin
iv
a
s
an
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
an
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ar
c
h
it
ec
tu
r
al
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
les
s
en
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
c
ir
cu
it
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
if
u
tili
ze
d
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
cir
cu
its
e
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
.
L
a
k
s
h
m
a
n
n
a
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
g
en
er
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
tr
a
n
s
lat
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
o
f
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
in
to
an
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
r
ei
n
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
i
n
g
.
Mo
d
er
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
esig
n
au
to
m
atio
n
to
o
ls
an
d
VL
SI
p
h
y
s
ical
la
y
o
u
t
co
u
ld
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
th
e
au
to
m
at
io
n
o
f
s
u
c
h
v
ar
iab
le
s
ettin
g
s
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
-
ar
ea
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
A
n
o
p
timiz
ed
s
imu
la
ted
a
n
n
ea
lin
g
mem
etic
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
fo
r
p
o
w
er a
n
d
w
ir
elen
g
th
…
(
P
.
R
a
jesw
a
r
i
)
367
Ag
n
esi
n
a
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
s
u
g
g
este
d
a
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
i
m
a
g
e
-
b
ased
g
en
er
ati
v
e
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
an
al
y
s
is
f
o
r
esti
m
ati
n
g
V
L
SI
d
ielec
tr
ic
ag
in
g
.
V
L
SI
d
ep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
alo
n
g
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
d
esig
n
o
f
cir
cu
its
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
an
a
l
y
s
is
t
h
at
d
eter
m
i
n
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
a
n
d
elec
tr
ical
f
ield
.
L
a
m
ic
h
h
a
n
e
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
in
ten
d
ed
to
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
th
a
t
ad
d
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
alig
n
in
g
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
,
s
u
ch
a
s
g
r
ea
t
p
o
s
itio
n
,
id
ea
l
lo
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
q
u
ick
r
u
n
ti
m
e.
Uti
li
zin
g
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
es,
a
s
t
u
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
ac
t
u
al
d
esi
g
n
o
f
V
L
SI
d
esi
g
n
is
co
n
d
u
c
ted
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
V
L
SI
ch
ip
s
.
Hu
s
s
ai
n
an
d
Ki
s
h
o
r
e
[
2
1
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
p
o
ten
tial
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
an
d
b
r
ief
l
y
e
x
p
lai
n
s
r
elev
a
n
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
an
d
m
o
d
els
th
at
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
u
t
ilize
d
in
V
L
SI
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t.
I
n
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ica
l
d
esig
n
o
f
V
L
SI,
lo
ca
tio
n
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t step
s
t
h
at
af
f
ec
t
s
h
o
w
w
ell
la
ter
s
tag
es
w
o
r
k
.
R
aj
es
w
ar
i
a
n
d
C
h
an
d
r
a
[
2
2
]
s
u
g
g
es
ted
a
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
lo
s
s
le
s
s
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
(
E
C
)
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
r
ed
u
ce
m
e
m
o
r
y
b
an
d
w
id
th
w
h
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
v
i
s
u
a
l
q
u
al
it
y
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
d
is
p
la
y
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
p
ix
el
s
tag
e
s
,
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
f
o
r
q
u
alit
y
o
f
v
is
io
n
h
a
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
i
n
a
v
id
eo
co
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e,
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
p
r
o
b
lem
s
h
av
e
g
r
ea
tl
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
o
f
m
e
m
o
r
y
.
L
ee
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
th
e
g
r
o
w
in
g
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
o
f
VL
SI
ch
ip
s
.
A
lar
g
e
w
o
r
ld
w
id
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
i
s
s
u
e
s
till
ex
i
s
ts
w
it
h
a
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
et
w
ee
n
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
d
elay
a
s
a
s
id
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
p
r
o
g
r
ess
i
n
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
o
f
c
ir
cu
its
u
s
in
g
V
L
SI,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
s
h
r
i
n
k
i
n
g
c
h
i
p
s
ize
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
icr
o
m
etr
e
t
o
th
e
n
a
n
o
s
ca
le
lev
el
an
d
f
ab
r
icatin
g
b
illi
o
n
s
o
f
d
ev
ices
o
n
o
n
e
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ie.
Nath
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
p
r
ese
n
ted
an
ag
g
r
ess
i
v
e
s
tr
ate
g
y
f
o
r
d
eter
m
in
i
n
g
th
e
s
tar
tin
g
d
esi
g
n
th
at
m
a
y
b
e
ap
p
lied
b
y
co
m
p
u
ter
ized
an
n
ea
lin
g
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
t
h
at
u
s
es
a
B
*
tr
ee
as
t
h
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
d
esi
g
n
.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tag
e
o
f
V
L
SI
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
io
n
is
d
esig
n
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
VL
SI
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
is
to
d
iv
id
e
th
e
cir
cu
it
i
n
to
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
m
aller
cir
cu
it
s
w
it
h
f
e
w
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
i
n
b
et
w
ee
n
;
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
ar
ti
tio
n
s
t
h
e
V
L
SI
cir
cu
it
d
e
s
ig
n
u
s
i
n
g
an
o
p
ti
m
i
s
ed
s
i
m
u
lated
a
n
n
ea
li
n
g
m
e
m
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
O
S
A
M
A
)
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
;
t
h
e
OS
AM
A
al
g
o
r
ith
m
's
g
o
al
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
d
ela
y
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
f
l
o
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
ar
ea
,
an
d
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
f
lo
o
r
p
lan
n
i
n
g
d
ela
y
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
illu
s
tr
ates
cir
c
u
it
p
ar
titi
o
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
tate
m
en
t
i
n
V
L
SI
cir
cu
it
s
.
Sectio
n
3
p
o
r
tr
ay
s
t
h
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
ata
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
es
ted
cir
cu
it
p
ar
titi
o
n
s
an
d
f
lo
o
r
d
esig
n
i
n
V
L
SI
cir
cu
its
u
til
izin
g
t
h
e
OS
A
M
A
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
il
lu
s
tr
at
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Sectio
n
4
co
n
c
lu
d
es t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Circ
uit
pa
rt
it
io
nin
g
is
s
ue
s
o
lutio
n
Gr
ap
h
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
is
s
u
e
s
ar
e
a
ty
p
ical
n
o
tatio
n
f
o
r
ca
s
es
o
f
cir
cu
it
p
ar
titi
o
n
i
n
g
.
C
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
a
l
m
at
h
e
m
a
tical
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
s
o
f
cir
cu
its
ar
e
g
r
ap
h
s
,
w
h
er
e
n
o
d
es
s
tan
d
f
o
r
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
cir
cu
it
ele
m
en
t
s
an
d
ed
g
es r
ef
lect
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
et
w
ee
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
lo
g
ic
cir
c
u
it
[
1
6
]
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
is
a
s
tate
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
ar
titi
o
n
in
g
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
r
ap
h
co
n
ce
p
t:
f
i
n
d
=
(
,
)
f
o
r
th
e
v
er
tices
to
∈
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
i
m
en
s
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n
s
(
)
r
elate
d
b
y
b
o
r
d
er
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
∈
w
it
h
m
as
s
es
(
)
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
s
u
b
s
ets
1
,
2
,
…
,
w
it
h
⋃
=
=
1
∩
=
0
≠
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
cu
t
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
elati
o
n
s
to
d
iv
id
e
th
e
cir
cu
it
d
ep
ict
ed
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
in
to
k
s
u
b
s
ets.
T
h
e
co
s
t o
f
th
e
t
w
o
p
ar
titi
o
n
s
is
t
h
e
r
elev
a
n
t
m
etr
i
c,
an
d
it
m
a
y
b
e
w
r
itte
n
as
(
1
)
:
=
∑
∑
=
1
=
1
,
w
h
er
e
≠
(
1
)
Div
id
i
n
g
a
co
llectio
n
in
to
ex
ac
tl
y
t
w
o
s
ep
ar
ate
p
ar
ts
is
th
e
s
i
m
p
lest
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
ar
titi
o
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
o
f
th
i
s
ex
a
m
p
le
is
alr
ea
d
y
ex
ce
s
s
i
v
e
d
esp
ite
id
en
tical
n
o
d
es
an
d
u
n
i
t
b
o
r
d
er
m
as
s
es.
I
n
d
ee
d
,
g
iv
e
n
a
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
2
m
n
o
d
es,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eu
tr
al
b
ip
ar
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2
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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8
9
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I
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20
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8
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d
ef
in
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b
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2089
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4864
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,
ℛ
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(
2
1
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
OS
AM
A
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
ex
is
t
in
g
m
o
d
el
s
,
lik
e
“
p
ar
allel
p
ar
ti
cle
s
w
ar
m
o
p
t
i
m
izatio
n
w
it
h
s
eq
u
e
n
ce
p
air
(P
-
P
SO
-
OP
FP
)
[
2
6
]
,
n
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r
e
-
i
n
s
p
ir
ed
h
y
b
r
id
o
p
tim
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
B
I
O
A
-
OP
FP
)
[
2
7
]
,
f
ix
ed
-
o
u
tli
n
e
f
lo
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
(
L
O
A
-
OP
FP
)
[
2
8
]
,
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
bi
o
-
in
s
p
ir
ed
w
h
ale
o
p
ti
m
izat
i
o
n
an
d
ad
ap
tiv
e
b
ir
d
s
w
ar
m
o
p
ti
m
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n
o
p
ti
m
al
p
ar
titi
o
n
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g
a
n
d
f
lo
o
r
p
lan
n
in
g
(
H
y
b
-
BI
-
WO
-
A
B
SO
-
OP
FP
)
[
2
9
]
”
tech
n
iq
u
es,
all
ca
lc
u
lated
w
it
h
th
e
b
en
c
h
m
ar
k
.
T
h
e
S1
1
9
6
an
d
S1
2
3
8
an
d
th
e
S3
3
5
0
an
d
th
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3
7
8
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
cir
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its
(
B
C
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ar
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u
s
ed
i
n
th
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tu
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y
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T
h
e
d
esig
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p
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am
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ar
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t
h
en
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
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v
al
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m
etr
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s
u
ch
as
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ea
,
w
ir
e
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t
h
(
W
L
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,
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ela
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s
p
ee
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T
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le
1
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p
la
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s
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h
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Min
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g
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in
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V
L
SI
cir
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it
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sim
u
latio
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p
ar
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m
eter
s
[
1
6
]
P
a
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me
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e
r
V
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l
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M
a
x
i
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M
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m
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R
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d
o
m
n
u
m
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r
(
0
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1
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.
1
.
P
o
w
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g
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VL
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p
o
w
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s
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is
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q
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a
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t
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f
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ts
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ip
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2
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Fig
u
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3
.
P
o
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1
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