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s
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I
J
R
E
S)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
ly
20
25
,
p
p
.
301
~
3
1
0
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
,
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:
1
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1
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5
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v
14
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pp
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310
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se
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s
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e
c
a
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se
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ti
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d
a
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y
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a
n
d
sim
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y
in
in
teg
ra
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n
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it
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m
icro
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e
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re
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s
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s a
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d
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,
a
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d
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ra
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s
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re
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t
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riatio
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tern
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d
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c
to
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a
n
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
to
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v
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e
s.
T
h
is stu
d
y
p
ro
v
id
e
s a
d
e
e
p
a
n
a
ly
sis
o
f
th
e
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sa
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re
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o
n
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ig
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ra
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le
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ten
n
a
s
a
n
d
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o
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re
n
t
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icro
strip
re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le an
ten
n
a
stru
c
t
u
re
s.
K
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w
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d
s
:
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Dip
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Slo
t
Stu
b
S
w
itc
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T
r
ian
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lar
T
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rticle
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d
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CC B
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C
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
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R
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Valsala
m
Dep
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m
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m
u
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g
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s
tit
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te
o
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ce
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n
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lo
g
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R
a
m
ap
u
r
a
m
,
C
h
e
n
n
ai,
T
am
il
Nad
u
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
r
ej
iv
@
s
r
m
is
t.e
d
u
.
i
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
r
in
ted
an
ten
n
a
s
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
en
t
l
y
u
til
ized
in
m
o
d
er
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
an
d
ce
llu
lar
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
be
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
eir
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
,
s
m
a
ll
s
ize,
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
,
an
d
lig
h
t
w
ei
g
h
t
n
atu
r
e.
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
in
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
s
o
n
p
r
in
ted
an
te
n
n
a
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
s
i
n
c
e
th
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
w
as
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
th
e
1
9
5
0
s
.
T
h
e
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
tr
ate
g
ie
s
an
d
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
t
y
p
es
w
ill
b
e
co
v
e
r
ed
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
class
i
f
icatio
n
s
o
f
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
b
le
an
ten
n
a
s
.
T
h
e
an
te
n
n
a
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
r
a
d
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
an
d
p
o
lar
izatio
n
.
Hy
b
r
id
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
i
s
th
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
a
n
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2
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
s
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
T
h
e
an
ten
n
a
p
r
o
p
er
ties
ca
n
b
e
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
ac
t
iv
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
s
w
i
tch
e
s
[
5
]
-
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
ele
m
e
n
t
s
ar
e
P
-
ty
p
e,
i
n
tr
in
s
ic,
N
-
t
y
p
e
(
P
I
N)
d
i
o
d
e,
p
h
o
to
co
n
d
u
cto
r
,
v
ar
ac
to
r
d
io
d
e,
an
d
m
icr
o
-
elec
tr
o
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
ME
M
S
)
s
w
itc
h
e
s
.
T
h
e
d
io
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e
s
w
itc
h
es
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
a
n
d
r
eliab
le,
w
h
er
ea
s
r
ad
io
f
r
eq
u
en
c
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(
RF
)
ME
MS
s
w
itch
e
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
ex
p
en
s
i
v
e.
B
o
t
h
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
allo
w
f
o
r
f
ast
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
an
ten
n
a
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
,
m
a
k
i
n
g
th
e
m
id
ea
l
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
f
r
eq
u
en
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
b
a
n
d
ch
an
g
es
[
8
]
.
Op
tical
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
is
an
o
t
h
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
u
s
es
p
h
o
to
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
[
9
]
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
to
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
th
e
an
te
n
n
a
'
s
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
a
s
t
h
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
b
ein
g
f
aster
t
h
a
n
elec
tr
ical
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
a
n
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
les
s
p
o
w
er
to
o
p
er
ate.
B
ec
au
s
e
b
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
en
ab
le
r
ap
id
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
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8
9
-
4864
I
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t J
R
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o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
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&
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m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
l
y
20
25
:
301
-
3
1
0
302
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
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f
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n
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1
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ec
t
f
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r
ap
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s
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f
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ter
f
le
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n
ter
m
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eq
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p
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w
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to
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lta
g
e
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
es
f
o
r
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
as
w
ell
as a
n
E
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
atc
h
a
n
ten
n
a
th
a
t o
p
er
ates a
t 2
.
4
GHz
a
n
d
5
.
8
GHz
w
it
h
r
e
f
lectio
n
co
-
ef
f
icie
n
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
-
12
d
B
an
d
-
40
d
B
[
1
1]
,
[
12
].
A
lo
w
-
p
o
w
er
o
p
tical
sw
itc
h
-
eq
u
ip
p
ed
an
ten
n
a
h
as
also
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
X
-
b
a
n
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
13
]
.
T
w
o
P
I
N
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
es
w
er
e
u
s
ed
t
o
s
h
o
w
a
p
lan
ar
(
5
0
×
2
0
0
)
mm
2
Yag
i
-
Ud
a
a
n
te
n
n
a
e
n
ab
li
n
g
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
w
it
h
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
g
ai
n
o
f
6
.
3
d
B
i
[
14
]
.
A
co
m
m
er
ciall
y
av
ai
lab
le
p
h
o
to
d
io
d
e
an
d
p
h
o
to
tr
an
s
is
to
r
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
th
e
ex
a
m
p
le
o
f
an
o
p
tically
co
n
tr
o
lled
an
ten
n
a
f
o
r
an
te
n
n
a
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
[
1
5
]
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
,
wav
elen
g
t
h
s
in
th
e
850
–
1
,
5
5
0
n
m
r
a
n
g
e
w
er
e
ch
o
s
en
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
v
ar
io
u
s
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
g
eth
er
w
it
h
th
ei
r
s
w
itc
h
in
g
s
tr
ate
g
ie
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
th
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
es
o
f
P
I
N
d
io
d
e
s
w
itc
h
es
o
v
er
o
th
er
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
io
d
e
s
w
itc
h
es
a
n
d
h
o
w
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
P
I
N
d
io
d
e
s
w
i
tch
e
s
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
f
o
r
th
e
s
m
all
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
an
te
n
n
a
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
co
n
tain
s
t
h
e
an
ten
n
a
r
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
i
th
v
ar
io
u
s
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
an
d
th
e
t
h
ir
d
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
ap
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
P
I
N
d
io
d
e
s
w
itc
h
es.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
lass
if
ica
tio
n
s
o
f
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
an
ten
n
a
2.
ANT
E
NNA
S
WI
T
CH
E
S
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
an
te
n
n
a
s
w
it
ch
es
ar
e
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
in
m
o
d
er
n
w
ir
eles
s
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
en
ab
li
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
an
ten
n
a
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
ese
s
w
i
tch
e
s
ar
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
m
o
d
if
y
an
te
n
n
a
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
s
u
c
h
as
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
p
o
lar
izatio
n
,
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
o
r
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
.
T
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
t
h
es
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
i
s
es
s
en
t
ial
in
m
u
lti
-
b
a
n
d
,
m
u
lti
-
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
co
m
m
u
n
ica
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
w
h
er
e
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
a
n
d
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
ar
e
k
e
y
.
A
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
an
ten
n
a
s
w
itc
h
alter
s
th
e
s
i
g
n
al
p
ath
o
r
elec
tr
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
an
an
ten
n
a
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
B
y
s
elec
ti
v
el
y
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
o
r
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
a
n
ten
n
a,
th
ese
s
w
itc
h
es
ca
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
its
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
is
t
y
p
ical
l
y
ac
h
ie
v
ed
u
s
i
n
g
v
a
r
io
u
s
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
ME
MS,
P
I
N
d
io
d
es,
v
ar
a
cto
r
s
,
o
r
f
ield
-
ef
f
ec
t tr
a
n
s
is
to
r
s
(
FET
s
)
.
2
.
1
.
Ra
dio
f
re
qu
ency
m
icro
-
elec
t
ro
m
ec
ha
nica
l
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
s
w
it
ches
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
a
n
ten
n
a
r
esea
r
ch
is
n
o
w
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
ME
MS
s
w
i
tch
e
s
.
W
h
e
n
d
esi
g
n
i
n
g
ME
MS
s
w
itc
h
es,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ta
k
e
s
e
v
er
al
v
ar
iab
le
s
,
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
co
n
tact
t
y
p
e,
ac
t
u
atio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
,
s
i
g
n
al
p
ath
,
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
t
y
p
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
e
v
er
al
w
a
y
s
to
g
en
er
ate
t
h
e
f
o
r
ce
n
ee
d
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
m
ec
h
an
ica
l
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t,
s
u
c
h
as
elec
tr
o
s
tatic
an
d
m
a
g
n
eto
s
tat
i
c
ac
tu
atio
n
.
Ki
n
g
s
le
y
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
p
r
esen
ted
an
an
ten
n
a
u
s
i
n
g
R
F
ME
MS
s
w
itc
h
es
w
it
h
E
-
s
h
ap
ed
p
atch
s
lo
ts
.
Si
m
ilar
to
a
s
h
u
n
t
ME
MS
s
w
i
t
ch
,
th
is
R
F
ME
MS
s
w
itch
h
a
s
t
w
o
m
o
v
ab
le
th
in
me
tal
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
s
th
at
ar
e
s
itu
a
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
ce
n
ter
c
o
n
d
u
cto
r
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
J
aa
f
ar
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
w
itc
h
ca
n
m
an
a
g
e
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
f
2
0
W
,
an
d
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
s
atellit
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
r
ad
a
r
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
s
,
a
n
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
al
y
ze
r
s
.
A
m
u
ltil
a
y
er
ME
MS
s
w
itc
h
d
esig
n
w
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
en
ab
le
R
F
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
is
f
ed
in
to
a
n
E
-
s
h
ap
ed
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atch
b
y
a
co
ax
ial
p
r
o
b
e.
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
an
te
n
n
as
Fre
q
u
en
c
y
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
P
o
lar
izatio
n
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
P
atter
n
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
H
y
b
r
id
R
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
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r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
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Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
Differ
en
t m
eth
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s
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f a
n
ten
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fig
u
r
a
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b
y
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w
itch
es
:
a
r
ev
iew
(
R
eji
V
a
ls
a
la
m
)
303
Ko
v
itz
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
ex
a
m
in
ed
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
a
r
ig
h
t
-
h
a
n
d
cir
cu
lar
p
o
lar
izatio
n
/
lef
t
-
h
a
n
d
cir
cu
lar
p
o
lar
izatio
n
(
R
HC
P
/
L
H
C
P
)
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
an
ten
n
a
w
it
h
R
F
ME
MS
s
w
i
tch
e
s
.
Nad
h
et
a
l.
[1
9
]
c
r
ea
ted
a
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
cir
cu
lar
r
i
n
g
-
s
h
ap
ed
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
an
ten
n
a.
T
h
e
cir
cu
lar
r
in
g
-
s
h
ap
ed
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
w
a
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
co
p
lan
ar
w
av
e
g
u
id
e
f
ee
d
in
g
(
C
P
W
)
,
an
d
th
e
r
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
as
m
ad
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
b
y
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
ME
MS
s
w
itc
h
es.
A
n
o
t
h
er
d
u
al
-
b
a
n
d
an
ten
n
a
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
ith
R
F
ME
MS
s
w
itc
h
es
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ad
j
u
s
tin
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
f
r
o
m
2
.
5
GHz
to
5
.
4
GHz
.
Sra
v
an
i
et
a
l.
[
2
0
]
cr
ea
ted
th
e
R
F
ME
MS
ca
p
ac
itiv
e
s
w
i
tch
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
p
atch
es
o
n
th
i
s
a
n
te
n
n
a
m
o
d
i
f
y
th
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
at
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
p
ag
ates.
T
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
s
w
i
tch
h
ad
a
q
u
alit
y
f
ac
to
r
o
f
0
.
3
an
d
an
o
p
er
atin
g
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
2
V.
T
h
e
ME
MS
s
w
itc
h
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
r
atio
an
d
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
ti
m
e
at
a
3
4
.
6
KHz
r
eso
n
an
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
er
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
1
2
.
7
2
an
d
1
2
.
0
6
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
A
co
m
p
ar
at
iv
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
r
ev
ea
l
s
th
a
t th
e
R
F s
w
i
tch
e
s
an
d
ME
MS
s
w
i
tch
e
s
h
a
v
e
a
lo
w
s
w
itc
h
in
g
s
p
ee
d
,
a
s
h
o
r
t
lif
esp
a
n
,
a
n
d
a
h
i
g
h
co
n
tr
o
l
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t.
Ne
v
er
t
h
eless
,
ME
M
S
s
w
i
tch
e
s
co
n
t
in
u
e
to
o
f
f
er
b
en
e
f
it
s
lik
e
lo
w
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
co
m
p
ac
t
s
ize,
an
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
p
o
ten
tial.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
ar
e
lo
o
k
in
g
in
to
o
th
er
de
s
ig
n
s
,
s
u
ch
a
s
m
a
g
n
etic
ME
MS
s
w
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t
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C
o
s
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l.
[
2
1
]
u
s
ed
ch
ip
-
s
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v
ar
ac
to
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io
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e
s
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ite
m
a
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l.
[
2
2
]
r
ev
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led
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alter
n
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tiv
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d
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t
h
at
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eq
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ian
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[
2
3
]
d
esig
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a
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ci
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2
4
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A
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eq
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5
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d
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[
2
5
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.
2
.
3
.
M
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T
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k
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[
2
6
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an
d
Ma
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l
.
[
2
7
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h
av
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m
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tr
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f
f
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[
2
8
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.
A
v
asc
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lar
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w
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co
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liq
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F
u
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th
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ter
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p
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ab
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w
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s
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g
l
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id
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[
2
8
]
.
2
.
4
.
Rec
o
nfi
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ble
a
nte
nn
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by
s
m
a
rt
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a
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tech
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T
ee
s
lin
k
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
.
A
f
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w
s
m
ar
t
m
ater
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w
er
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in
clu
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W
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g
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[
3
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d
ev
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