I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Rec
o
nfig
ura
ble a
nd
E
m
be
dd
e
d Sy
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
R
E
S)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
ly
20
25
,
p
p
.
388
~
3
9
7
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/i
j
r
es
.
v
1
4
.
i
2
.
p
p
3
8
8
-
397
388
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
r
es.ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Ex
plo
ring
t
he lan
dsca
pe of appro
x
i
m
a
te
subtrac
tion
m
e
thods
in
ASIC pla
t
for
m
M
.
P
riy
a
dh
a
rsh
ni
1
,
Ra
j
er
m
a
ni T
hi
na
k
a
ra
n
2
,
G
ra
nd
e
Na
g
a
J
y
o
t
hi
3
,
Vij
a
y
a
k
u
m
a
r
Va
r
a
da
ra
j
a
n
4
,
5
,
6
,
C.
Srini
v
a
s
a
M
urt
hy
7
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
P
a
n
i
m
a
l
a
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
C
h
e
n
n
a
i
,
I
n
d
i
a
2
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
D
a
t
a
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
I
N
TI
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
N
i
l
a
i
,
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
3
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
M
a
d
a
n
a
p
a
l
l
e
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
e
o
f
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
M
a
d
a
n
a
p
a
l
l
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
4
G
l
o
b
a
l
S
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
N
e
st
,
P
u
n
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
5
A
j
e
e
n
k
y
a
D
Y
P
a
t
i
l
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
(
A
D
Y
P
U
)
,
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
P
u
n
e
,
I
n
d
i
a
6
S
w
i
ss Sch
o
o
l
o
f
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
(
S
S
B
M
)
,
G
e
n
e
v
a
,
S
w
i
t
z
e
r
l
a
n
d
7
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
C
h
i
n
t
h
a
l
a
p
u
d
i
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
,
P
o
n
n
u
r
,
I
n
d
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Oct
9
,
2
0
2
3
R
ev
i
s
ed
A
p
r
1
0
,
2
0
2
5
A
cc
ep
ted
J
u
n
1
0
,
2
0
2
5
A
p
p
ro
x
ima
te
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
h
a
s
e
m
e
rg
e
d
a
s
a
c
ru
c
ial
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
in
m
o
d
e
rn
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
o
f
fe
rin
g
sig
n
if
i
c
a
n
t
b
e
n
e
f
it
s
f
o
r
e
rro
r
-
re
sili
e
n
t
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s.
Err
o
r
re
sili
e
n
t
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
c
l
u
d
e
sig
n
a
l,
ima
g
e
,
a
u
d
io
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
m
u
lt
i
m
e
d
ia.
T
h
e
se
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
w
il
l
a
c
c
e
p
t
th
e
e
rro
re
d
re
su
lt
s
w
it
h
so
m
e
d
e
g
re
e
o
f
to
lera
n
c
e
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
a
ll
o
w
s
th
e
se
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
to
p
ro
c
e
ss
a
n
d
e
m
b
ra
c
e
d
a
ta
th
a
t
m
a
y
d
e
v
iate
sl
ig
h
tl
y
f
ro
m
p
e
rf
e
c
t
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
.
T
h
e
u
ti
l
it
y
o
f
a
p
p
ro
x
im
a
te
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
e
x
ten
d
s
t
o
b
o
t
h
h
a
rd
w
a
re
a
n
d
so
f
tw
a
r
e
d
o
m
a
in
s.
In
h
a
rd
w
a
re
,
a
rit
h
m
e
ti
c
u
n
it
s
a
re
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
i
m
p
o
rtan
t,
a
m
o
n
g
th
a
t
a
p
p
ro
x
im
a
te
su
b
trac
to
rs
h
a
v
e
g
a
in
e
d
a
tt
e
n
ti
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
ir
ro
le
in
t
h
e
se
u
n
i
ts.
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
wa
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d
o
n
v
a
rio
u
s
a
p
p
ro
x
im
a
te
su
b
trac
to
rs
f
ro
m
e
x
isti
n
g
li
tera
tu
re
,
c
o
n
sid
e
ri
n
g
stru
c
tu
ra
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
in
a
ll
sc
e
n
a
rio
s.
T
h
e
se
a
p
p
ro
x
im
a
te
su
b
trac
t
o
rs
a
re
c
o
d
e
d
i
n
V
e
ril
o
g
h
a
r
d
w
a
re
d
e
sc
rip
ti
o
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
(HD
L
)
a
n
d
sy
n
th
e
siz
e
d
in
S
y
n
o
p
sy
s
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
e
sig
n
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
o
n
(EDA
)
T
o
o
l
u
sin
g
T
a
iw
a
n
S
e
m
ico
n
d
u
c
to
r
M
a
n
u
f
a
c
tu
rin
g
Co
m
p
a
n
y
(T
S
M
C)
65
n
m
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
Ou
t
o
f
th
e
a
v
a
il
a
b
le
c
h
o
ice
s,
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
a
te
su
b
trac
to
r
3
is
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
w
e
ll
-
su
it
e
d
f
o
r
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
h
ig
h
e
r
b
it
d
a
ta
d
u
e
to
i
t
s
re
d
u
c
e
d
h
a
rd
w
a
re
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
a
n
d
m
in
ima
l
e
rro
r.
No
tab
ly
,
it
o
u
t
p
e
rf
o
rm
s
e
x
a
c
t
su
b
trac
to
rs
b
y
a
c
h
iev
in
g
a
n
o
ta
b
le
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
2
0
%
i
n
t
h
e
a
re
a
d
e
la
y
p
ro
d
u
c
t
(A
DP
)
a
n
d
1
5
%
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
la
y
p
ro
d
u
c
t
(
P
D
P
)
a
s
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
.
T
h
e
se
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts
h
ig
h
l
ig
h
t
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
o
f
a
p
p
ro
x
im
a
te
su
b
trac
to
r
3
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
a
c
o
m
p
e
ll
in
g
o
p
ti
o
n
f
o
r
v
a
rio
u
s
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s w
h
ich
a
c
c
e
p
t
th
e
i
n
a
c
c
u
ra
te res
u
lt
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
i
m
p
r
ec
is
io
n
ASI
C
p
latf
o
r
m
Desig
n
m
etr
ics
E
r
r
o
r
-
to
ler
an
t a
p
p
licatio
n
s
I
n
ex
ac
t c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Gr
an
d
e
Nag
a
J
y
o
th
i
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
o
n
ics a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
,
Ma
d
an
ap
all
e
I
n
s
tit
u
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Scien
ce
An
g
allu
,
An
d
h
r
a
p
r
ad
esh
,
I
n
d
i
a
E
m
ail:
n
ag
aj
y
o
t
h
is
ai2
2
1
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
u
ter
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
t
h
at
f
o
llo
w
ar
it
h
m
etic
s
e
q
u
en
ce
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
w
it
h
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
n
ic
cir
cu
it
s
th
at
d
o
u
s
e
d
ata
an
d
s
o
r
ts
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
at
ar
e
en
co
d
ed
in
a
b
in
ar
y
f
o
r
m
[
1
]
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
lo
g
ic
c
ir
cu
its
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
m
o
r
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
]
th
at
d
o
esn
’
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
u
c
h
a
h
i
g
h
lev
el
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
th
a
t
in
cl
u
d
es
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
an
d
also
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
p
latf
o
r
m
s
s
u
c
h
as
v
id
eo
,
au
d
io
,
an
d
co
m
p
u
ter
g
a
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
e
n
ti
o
n
ed
ap
p
licatio
n
h
as
a
h
i
g
h
to
ler
an
ce
o
f
er
r
o
r
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
th
e
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f a
p
p
r
o
xima
te
s
u
b
tr
a
ctio
n
meth
o
d
s
in
A
S
I
C
p
la
tfo
r
m
(
M.
P
r
iya
d
h
a
r
s
h
n
i
)
389
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
le
r
es
u
l
ts
p
r
o
v
id
ed
th
at
th
e
s
e
v
er
itie
s
ar
e
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
s
.
W
h
e
n
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
d
o
n
e
i
n
a
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
to
co
n
s
er
v
e
t
h
e
b
u
d
g
e
t
f
r
o
m
b
ei
n
g
ex
p
lo
ited
,
th
e
f
le
x
i
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
c
ir
cu
it
s
in
m
a
in
ta
in
i
n
g
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
a
n
d
Sp
ec
if
icit
y
ca
n
b
e
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
[
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
r
ea
l
m
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
s
cie
n
ce
,
th
er
e
ex
i
s
ts
a
p
ar
ad
ig
m
k
n
o
w
n
as
i
n
ex
ac
t
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
Un
li
k
e
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
o
f
ex
ac
t
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
w
h
ic
h
p
r
io
r
itizes
u
t
m
o
s
t
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
it
s
r
esu
lts
,
in
ex
ac
t
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
[
4
]
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
f
ascin
ati
n
g
co
n
ce
p
t:
it
allo
w
s
f
o
r
a
ce
r
tai
n
lev
el
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
i
m
p
r
ec
is
io
n
in
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
w
h
ile
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ati
o
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
is
p
ar
ad
ig
m
f
i
n
d
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
r
elev
a
n
ce
an
d
b
en
ef
it
s
in
th
e
d
o
m
a
i
n
o
f
b
asic
ar
ith
m
etic
cir
cu
its
,
w
h
ich
en
co
m
p
a
s
s
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
o
p
er
atio
n
s
li
k
e
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
in
ex
ac
t
co
m
p
u
tin
g
b
r
in
g
s
f
o
r
t
h
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
ad
v
an
tag
e
s
.
B
y
ac
ce
p
ti
n
g
a
to
ler
ab
le
m
ar
g
i
n
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
,
it
en
ab
les
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
u
ti
lizatio
n
o
f
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ca
n
p
o
ten
tiall
y
e
n
h
a
n
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
ar
ith
m
et
ic
cir
cu
it
s
[
5
]
–
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
ese
cir
cu
its
,
b
ei
n
g
i
n
teg
r
al
to
v
ar
io
u
s
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
tas
k
s
,
ca
n
le
v
er
ag
e
t
h
e
i
n
h
er
en
t
i
m
p
r
ec
i
s
io
n
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
ir
o
p
er
atio
n
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
i
n
ex
ac
t
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
ch
a
llen
g
es
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
b
elie
f
th
a
t
ab
s
o
lu
te
ac
cu
r
ac
y
i
s
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t,
h
ig
h
li
g
h
ti
n
g
i
n
s
te
ad
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
g
ai
n
s
i
n
ef
f
ici
en
c
y
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
t
io
n
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
e
m
b
r
ac
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
ec
is
io
n
.
Sev
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ar
ith
m
etic
cir
cu
its
,
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
t
h
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
a
n
d
h
u
r
d
les
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
f
u
l
l
ad
d
er
cir
cu
its
u
s
i
n
g
f
i
n
-
s
h
ap
ed
f
ield
-
e
f
f
ec
t
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
(
Fin
FET
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
er
eb
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
a
lu
ab
le
in
s
i
g
h
ts
to
en
h
a
n
ce
ef
f
ic
ien
c
y
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
ar
it
h
m
eti
c
cir
cu
its
[
1
2
]
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
v
ar
y
i
n
g
d
esi
g
n
s
o
f
f
u
ll a
d
d
er
s
ar
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
i
n
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
[
6
]
,
in
ex
ac
t
co
m
p
u
t
in
g
o
f
f
er
s
a
f
r
esh
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
etw
ee
n
p
r
ec
is
io
n
an
d
ef
f
i
cien
c
y
i
n
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
.
B
y
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
in
g
th
e
in
h
er
e
n
t
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
et
w
e
e
n
a
cc
u
r
ac
y
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
til
izatio
n
,
t
h
is
p
ar
ad
ig
m
p
av
es
th
e
w
a
y
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
izi
n
g
th
e
f
ie
ld
an
d
o
p
en
in
g
u
p
n
e
w
a
v
e
n
u
es
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
an
d
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
t
[
2
0
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
ev
alu
atio
n
m
etr
ic
s
an
d
tr
ad
e
o
f
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
r
elate
d
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
te
ar
it
h
m
e
tic
cir
cu
its
ar
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
i
n
[
2
3
]
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
e
ar
it
h
m
e
tic
cir
cu
its
Mu
ltip
l
y
an
d
ac
cu
m
u
late
u
n
it c
an
b
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
an
d
r
em
ai
n
s
u
itab
l
e
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
R
ec
en
t
w
o
r
k
s
o
n
in
e
x
ac
t
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
a
s
p
ec
ial
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
teals
t
h
e
li
m
eli
g
h
t,
it
is
ter
m
ed
as
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
id
eo
lo
g
y
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
(
A
P
SC
)
is
th
e
e
x
a
ct
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
w
it
h
to
ler
ab
le
er
r
o
r
s
in
r
esu
lts
a
n
d
th
e
f
i
n
al
o
u
tp
u
t
w
ill
n
o
t
h
av
e
n
o
ticea
b
le
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
-
m
en
t
io
n
ed
d
esig
n
s
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
i
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
i
n
lo
g
ic
lev
e
l
an
d
k
-
m
ap
is
u
s
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
its
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
.
T
o
estab
lis
h
a
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
t
h
at
m
a
in
tai
n
s
b
alan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
t
h
e
th
r
ee
A
P
SC
[
1
0
]
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
its
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
d
ela
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
P
DP)
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
r
iv
e
b
e
h
in
d
th
i
s
en
d
ea
v
o
r
is
to
p
in
p
o
in
t
th
e
m
o
s
t s
u
itab
le
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
,
cr
u
cial
i
n
cr
af
tin
g
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
d
iv
is
io
n
lo
g
ic.
Gi
v
en
t
h
e
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
o
f
ar
ith
m
etic
u
n
it
s
in
d
ig
i
ta
l
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
d
esig
n
,
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
lies
o
n
s
elec
tin
g
an
o
p
ti
m
al
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
to
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
ef
f
i
cien
c
y
o
f
d
iv
i
s
io
n
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
u
r
s
u
i
t
alig
n
s
w
it
h
th
e
i
m
p
er
ati
v
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
tr
ea
m
l
in
ed
ar
ith
m
etic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
w
it
h
i
n
d
ig
ital
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
eir
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
h
as
b
ee
n
th
o
u
g
h
tf
u
ll
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
h
e
s
iv
e
a
n
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
to
p
ic.
I
t
b
eg
i
n
s
w
i
th
s
ec
tio
n
2
w
it
h
a
clea
r
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
'
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
,
u
n
d
er
l
y
i
n
g
p
r
in
cip
les,
an
d
r
elev
a
n
t
co
n
te
x
t
u
a
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Sectio
n
3
s
h
i
f
ts
th
e
f
o
c
u
s
to
r
es
u
lt
an
al
y
s
is
,
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
e
n
co
m
p
ass
es
a
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
e
v
alu
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
's
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e,
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
an
y
p
o
ten
tial
l
i
m
itatio
n
s
o
r
ch
allen
g
es
.
C
o
n
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
p
ap
e
r
,
s
ec
tio
n
4
e
n
ca
p
s
u
la
tes
t
h
e
k
e
y
ta
k
ea
w
a
y
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
d
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
i
v
e
s
u
m
m
ar
y
.
2.
E
XI
ST
I
N
G
AP
P
RO
XIM
AT
E
SUB
T
R
ACTOR
S
I
n
th
is
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
av
a
ilab
le
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
ted
at
b
o
th
th
e
tr
a
n
s
i
s
to
r
an
d
g
ate
lev
els.
W
ith
in
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
liter
atu
r
e,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
tw
o
p
r
i
m
ar
y
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
s
in
t
h
e
"
d
if
f
er
en
ce
"
(
D)
p
ar
t
w
h
ile
m
ain
ta
in
i
n
g
ex
ac
tn
e
s
s
in
th
e
"
b
o
r
r
o
w
o
u
t
"
(
B
o
u
t)
p
ar
t.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tio
n
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
in
B
o
u
t
w
h
ile
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
e
x
ac
tn
e
s
s
i
n
D.
2
.
1
.
Appro
x
i
m
a
t
e
s
ub
t
ra
ct
o
r
1
(
ASUB
_
1
)
T
h
e
A
SUB
_
1
[
9
]
is
ex
ec
u
ted
b
y
p
r
eser
v
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
ec
is
e
B
o
u
t
an
d
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ated
D,
w
i
th
B
o
u
t
b
ein
g
o
f
h
i
g
h
er
o
r
d
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
D.
T
h
e
ac
co
m
p
an
y
i
n
g
lo
g
ic
al
d
iag
r
a
m
i
s
d
is
p
la
y
ed
b
elo
w
.
T
h
e
g
ate
le
v
e
l
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
1
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
S
UB
_
1
is
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
1
XO
R
,
2
A
ND,
2
OR
,
2
NOT
g
ates.
(
1
XOR=5
b
asic g
ates)
.
T
o
tally
,
A
SUB
_
1
u
tili
ze
s
1
1
b
asic g
ates.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
l
y
20
25
:
388
-
3
9
7
390
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
1
(
A
SUB
_
1
)
2
.
2
.
Appro
x
i
m
a
t
e
s
ub
t
ra
ct
o
r
2
(
ASUB
_
2
)
T
h
e
im
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
ASUB
_
2
[
9
]
in
v
o
lv
e
s
p
r
eser
v
in
g
th
e
ex
ac
t
v
alu
e
o
f
D
w
h
ile
s
etti
n
g
B
o
u
t
to
b
e
eq
u
al
to
D.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tio
n
lead
s
to
t
w
o
er
r
o
r
s
in
B
o
u
t
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
e
x
ac
t
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
lo
g
ical
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
2
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
g
ic
g
ate
s
u
s
ed
in
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
te
s
u
b
t
r
ac
to
r
2
is
2
XOR g
a
tes.
1
0
b
asic g
ates a
r
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
ASUB
_
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
2
(
A
SUB
_
2
)
2
.
3
.
Appro
x
i
m
a
t
e
s
ub
t
ra
ct
o
r
3
(
ASUB
_
3
)
I
n
ASUB
_
3
[
9
]
,
th
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
m
ai
n
tai
n
s
B
o
u
t
as
an
ex
ac
t
v
al
u
e,
eq
u
al
to
D.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tio
n
r
es
u
lts
i
n
t
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
w
o
er
r
o
r
s
in
th
e
D
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
lo
g
ical
d
iag
r
am
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
t
o
th
is
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
elo
w
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
A
SUB
_
3
.
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
lo
g
ic
g
ate
s
u
s
ed
in
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
3
is
1
XOR
g
ates,
2
A
N
D,
1
OR
,
2
NO
T
g
ates.
A
SUB
_
3
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
u
s
i
n
g
1
0
b
asic g
ates.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
3
(
A
SUB
_
3
)
A
d
d
itio
n
al
l
y
,
t
h
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
i
n
clu
d
e
s
f
o
u
r
o
th
er
A
P
SC
d
es
ig
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
k
n
o
w
n
to
ex
h
ib
it
lo
w
er
er
r
o
r
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
m
o
d
els.
T
h
ese
d
esig
n
s
,
n
a
m
el
y
A
P
SC
4
,
AP
SC
5
,
A
P
SC
6
,
an
d
A
P
SC
7
,
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
u
s
in
g
k
m
ap
s
f
o
r
s
i
m
p
li
f
icatio
n
.
I
t
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
A
P
SC
s
,
o
n
l
y
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atio
n
o
f
d
i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
I
n
T
ab
le
1
,
th
e
in
p
u
ts
a
n
d
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
s
o
f
ASUB
_
1
,
A
SUB
_
2
,
an
d
A
S
U
B
_
3
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
ex
ac
t su
b
tr
ac
to
r
(
E
XSC
)
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
th
e
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f a
p
p
r
o
xima
te
s
u
b
tr
a
ctio
n
meth
o
d
s
in
A
S
I
C
p
la
tfo
r
m
(
M.
P
r
iya
d
h
a
r
s
h
n
i
)
391
T
ab
le
1
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
A
SUB
_
1
,
A
SUB
_
2
,
an
d
A
SUB
_
3
I
n
p
u
t
s
EX
S
C
A
S
U
B
_
1
[
9
]
A
S
U
B
_
2
[
9
]
A
S
U
B
_
3
[
9
]
X
Y
B
i
n
B
o
u
t
D
B
o
u
t
D
Bo
ut
D
B
o
u
t
D
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1×
0×
0
1
1×
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1×
1
0
0×
1
0
1
0
0
0
1×
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
.
4
.
Appro
x
i
m
a
t
e
s
ub
t
ra
ct
o
r
4
(
ASUB
_
4
)
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
A
P
SC
4
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
d
,
w
h
i
le
m
a
in
ta
in
i
n
g
B
o
u
t
as
an
ex
ac
t
v
alu
e.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
io
n
lea
d
s
to
in
co
r
r
ec
t
r
esu
lts
in
o
n
e
o
u
t
o
f
th
e
eig
h
t
ca
s
es,
w
h
ile
co
r
r
ec
t
b
y
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
th
e
r
e
m
a
in
i
n
g
ca
s
e
s
.
Sp
ec
if
ica
ll
y
,
t
h
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
ca
s
e
ar
i
s
e
s
w
h
e
n
X=
0
,
Y=
1
,
an
d
B
in
=1
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
n
i
s
lo
g
ical
d
iag
r
a
m
A
SUB
_
4
.
3
NOT
g
ate,
5
A
ND
g
ate,
4
O
R
g
ate,
1
XNO
R
g
ate
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
e
ASUB
_
4
d
esig
n
in
g
.
T
o
tally
,
1
8
b
asic g
a
ts
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
d
esig
n
i
n
g
A
S
UB
_
4
d
esig
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
4
(
A
SUB
_
4
)
2
.
5
.
Appro
x
i
m
a
t
e
s
ub
t
ra
ct
o
r
5
(
ASUB
_
5
)
I
n
A
P
S
C
5
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ated
w
h
ile
m
ain
tai
n
i
n
g
B
o
u
t
as
a
n
ex
ac
t
v
alu
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
o
r
eig
h
t c
ases
,
o
u
t
o
f
w
h
ich
s
e
v
en
ca
s
es
y
ield
co
r
r
ec
t o
u
tp
u
ts
.
T
h
e
o
n
l
y
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
X=
1
,
Y=
0
,
an
d
B
in
=
1
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
r
es
u
lt
is
in
co
r
r
ec
t
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
f
o
r
all
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
ca
s
es,
A
P
SC
5
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
A
SUB
_
5
.
3
NOT
g
ate,
6
A
ND
g
ate,
4
OR
g
a
te,
1
XNOR
g
ate
ar
e
u
ti
lized
f
o
r
th
e
A
S
UB
_
5
d
esig
n
i
n
g
.
T
o
tall
y
,
1
9
b
asic g
ats ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
d
esi
g
n
i
n
g
ASUB
_
4
d
esig
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
5
(
A
SUB
_
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
l
y
20
25
:
388
-
3
9
7
392
2
.
6
.
Appro
x
i
m
a
t
e
s
ub
t
ra
ct
o
r
6
(
ASUB
_
6
)
Fo
r
th
e
A
P
S
C
6
[
1
0
]
m
o
d
el
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
,
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
is
co
r
r
ec
t
f
o
r
s
ev
en
o
u
t
o
f
eig
h
t
c
ases
.
T
h
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
ca
s
e
o
cc
u
r
s
w
h
e
n
X=
1
,
Y=
0
,
an
d
B
in
=0
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
w
o
r
t
h
n
o
ti
n
g
t
h
a
t
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
B
o
u
t
r
e
m
ain
s
co
r
r
ec
t
f
o
r
all
e
ig
h
t
ca
s
es.
a
n
d
th
e
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
g
ate
le
v
el
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
ASUB
_
6
u
s
i
n
g
b
asic
g
ate
s
.
A
SUB
_
6
is
d
esig
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
3
NOT
g
ate,
5
A
ND
g
ate,
3
OR
g
ate,
1
X
NOR
g
a
te.
1
7
b
asic
g
ates a
r
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
A
SUB
_
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
6
(
A
SUB
_
6
)
2
.
7
.
Appro
x
i
m
a
t
e
s
ub
t
ra
ct
o
r
7
(
ASUB
_
7
)
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
,
A
P
SC
7
[
1
0
]
,
ex
h
ib
its
co
r
r
ec
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
v
al
u
es
i
n
s
ev
e
n
o
u
t
o
f
ei
g
h
t
ca
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
ca
s
e
ar
is
e
s
w
h
en
X=
0
,
Y=
1
,
an
d
B
in
=0
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
B
o
u
t
r
e
m
ai
n
s
co
r
r
ec
t
f
o
r
all
eig
h
t
ca
s
es.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ac
cu
r
atel
y
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
th
e
tr
u
t
h
tab
le.
A
S
UB
_
7
is
d
es
ig
n
ed
u
s
in
g
3
N
OT
g
ate,
8
AND
g
ate,
3
OR
g
ate,
1
XNO
R
g
ate.
2
0
b
asic
g
ate
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
im
p
le
m
e
n
t t
h
e
ASUB
_
7
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
in
g
A
SUB
_
1
to
A
SUB
_
3
w
it
h
ASUB
_
4
to
A
SUB
_
7
,
it
b
ec
o
m
es
ev
id
e
n
t
th
at
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
er
g
r
o
u
p
(
ASUB
_
1
to
ASUB
_
3
)
h
as
a
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
o
b
ab
i
lit
y
o
f
er
r
o
r
s
.
Un
li
k
e
ASUB
_
2
,
w
h
ich
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
io
n
o
n
l
y
in
D,
ASUB
_
1
an
d
A
S
UB
_
3
f
o
llo
w
a
s
i
m
ilar
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
d
iag
r
a
m
m
atic
r
ep
r
esen
tati
o
n
o
f
A
SUB
_
7
.
X
Y
B
in
D
B
ou
t
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
te
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
7
(
A
SUB
_
7
)
T
ab
le
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
s
an
d
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
A
SUB
_
4
,
A
S
UB
_
5
,
A
SU
B
_
6
,
an
d
ASUB
_
7
w
it
h
E
X
SC
.
E
ac
h
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
er
r
o
r
in
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
a
n
d
m
ain
tain
s
t
h
e
B
o
u
t
as
t
h
e
s
a
m
e.
Am
o
n
g
7
i
n
p
u
t
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
,
o
n
e
p
air
o
f
in
p
u
t
g
o
t
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
ed
r
esu
lt,
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
m
in
in
g
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
s
th
e
r
esu
lt
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
to
b
e
ex
ac
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
th
e
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f a
p
p
r
o
xima
te
s
u
b
tr
a
ctio
n
meth
o
d
s
in
A
S
I
C
p
la
tfo
r
m
(
M.
P
r
iya
d
h
a
r
s
h
n
i
)
393
T
ab
le
2
.
Ob
s
er
v
atio
n
o
f
o
u
tco
m
es o
f
A
SUB
_
4
,
A
SUB
_
5,
ASUB
_
6,
an
d
A
SUB
_
7
I
n
p
u
t
s
EX
S
C
A
S
U
B
_
4
[
1
0
]
A
S
U
B
_
5
[
1
0
]
A
S
U
B
_
6
[
1
0
]
A
S
U
B
_
7
[
1
0
]
X
Y
B
i
n
B
o
u
t
D
B
o
u
t
4
D4
B
o
u
t
5
D5
B
o
u
t
6
D6
B
o
u
t
7
D7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0×
0
1
1
1
0
1
1×
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0×
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1×
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S E
X
AM
I
NATI
O
N
T
h
e
g
ate
-
le
v
el
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
d
iv
id
u
al
Ve
r
ilo
g
co
d
e
co
m
p
o
s
i
tio
n
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
esi
g
n
.
T
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
v
er
i
f
ic
atio
n
w
a
s
ex
ec
u
ted
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
S
y
n
o
p
s
is
Ver
ilo
g
co
m
p
iler
an
d
s
i
m
u
lato
r
.
S
y
n
th
e
s
i
s
r
ep
o
r
ts
w
er
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
v
ia
d
esig
n
co
m
p
iler
,
em
p
lo
y
i
n
g
T
ai
w
a
n
Se
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
Ma
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
C
o
m
p
an
y
(
T
SMC
)
65
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
co
v
er
ed
all
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
r
n
er
s
s
p
ec
if
ied
w
it
h
i
n
th
e
lib
r
ar
y
f
iles
.
T
h
e
tab
u
lated
o
u
tco
m
e
s
ar
e
d
etailed
b
elo
w
.
T
ab
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
t
y
p
ical
co
r
n
e
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
ted
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
.
I
t
s
h
o
w
ca
s
e
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
f
e
atu
r
es
s
u
c
h
a
s
p
o
w
er
,
ar
ea
,
an
d
d
elay
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
in
s
i
g
h
ts
i
n
t
o
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
ea
ch
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
tab
le
allo
w
s
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
b
est
an
d
w
o
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
d
esig
n
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
d
ela
y
,
an
d
ar
ea
.
T
ab
le
3
.
T
a
b
u
latio
n
o
f
t
y
p
ical
co
r
n
er
D
e
si
g
n
s
A
r
e
a
D
e
l
a
y
P
o
w
e
r
EX
A
C
T
4
7
.
2
0
.
1
2
0
.
1
1
9
8
A
S
U
B
_
1
[
9
]
3
2
.
8
0
.
1
2
0
.
0
8
5
2
A
S
U
B
_
2
[
9
]
3
2
.
8
0
.
1
2
0
.
0
8
5
2
A
S
U
B
_
3
[
9
]
1
0
.
8
0
.
1
1
0
.
0
2
0
1
A
S
U
B
_
4
[
1
0
]
2
5
.
2
0
.
1
2
0
.
0
5
9
6
A
S
U
B
_
5
[
1
0
]
3
2
.
4
0
.
1
2
0
.
0
7
1
1
A
S
U
B
_
6
[
1
0
]
34
0
.
1
2
0
.
0
7
6
8
A
S
U
B
_
7
[
1
0
]
2
3
.
2
0
.
1
1
0
.
0
3
3
6
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
m
o
d
els
an
d
th
e
E
XACT
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
r
ev
ea
ls
in
ter
esti
n
g
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
.
Firstl
y
,
b
o
th
ASUB
_
1
an
d
ASUB
_
2
m
o
d
els
co
n
s
u
m
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
2
8
.
8
8
% less
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
E
X
A
C
T
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
.
T
h
is
p
o
w
er
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
A
SUB
_
2
is
eq
u
iv
a
len
t to
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
A
SUB
_
1
.
Mo
v
in
g
o
n
,
ASUB
_
3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
a
s
u
b
s
t
an
tial
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
w
it
h
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
l
y
8
3
.
1
0
% less
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
ed
t
h
an
t
h
e
E
X
AC
T
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
.
ASUB
_
4
also
ex
h
ib
its
n
o
tab
le
p
o
w
er
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
,
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
ar
o
u
n
d
5
0
.
1
4
4
%
less
p
o
w
er
t
h
a
n
th
e
e
x
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
m
o
d
els.
A
d
d
itio
n
a
ll
y
,
ASUB
_
5
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
p
o
w
er
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
b
ein
g
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
4
0
.
6
6
%
less
th
an
t
h
e
E
X
A
C
T
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
A
SUB
_
6
an
d
A
SUB
_
7
m
o
d
els
s
h
o
w
ca
s
e
co
m
m
e
n
d
ab
le
p
o
w
er
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
el
y
3
6
.
0
0
2
4
%
an
d
7
1
.
9
5
%
less
p
o
w
er
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ex
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
li
g
h
t
th
e
p
o
w
er
-
s
a
v
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
d
esig
n
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
b
elo
w
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
ar
ea
d
ela
y
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
A
DP
)
,
P
D
P
,
an
d
p
o
w
er
ar
ea
p
r
o
d
u
ct
(
P
A
P
)
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
at
b
est
co
r
n
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
is
th
e
p
lo
ttin
g
o
f
th
e
t
y
p
ical
co
r
n
er
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
e
d
ela
y
i
n
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
is
al
s
o
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
.
W
h
en
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
d
elay
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
els
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
m
o
d
els.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
m
o
d
els
ASUB
_
1
,
A
SUB
_
2
,
A
SU
B
_
4
,
A
SUB
_
5
,
an
d
ASUB
_
6
ex
h
ib
it
eq
u
al
d
ela
y
v
alu
e
s
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
A
S
UB
_
3
an
d
A
SUB
_
7
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
0
.
8
3
3
3
%
less
d
ela
y
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
e
x
i
s
tin
g
m
o
d
el
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
w
h
e
n
e
v
al
u
ati
n
g
th
e
ar
ea
a
s
a
d
esi
g
n
m
etr
ic,
t
h
e
v
alu
e
s
o
f
th
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
an
d
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
m
o
d
els
ar
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
ex
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
t
h
at
ASUB
_
1
an
d
ASUB
_
2
h
av
e
an
ar
ea
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
3
0
.
5
0
8
%
less
th
a
n
t
h
e
E
XSC
m
o
d
el.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
A
P
SC
3
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
ar
ea
b
y
7
7
.
1
2
%.
Si
m
ilar
l
y
,
A
SUB
_
4
,
A
SUB
_
5
,
A
SUB
_
6
,
an
d
ASUB
_
7
h
av
e
ar
ea
v
alu
e
s
lo
w
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
m
o
d
e
l
b
y
4
6
.
6
1
%,
3
1
.
3
%,
2
7
.
9
6
6
1
%,
an
d
5
0
.
8
4
7
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
b
est co
r
n
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
l
y
20
25
:
388
-
3
9
7
394
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Gr
ap
h
o
f
t
y
p
ical
co
r
n
er
T
ab
le
4
.
T
a
b
u
latio
n
o
f
b
est
-
ca
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
D
e
si
g
n
s
A
r
e
a
D
e
l
a
y
P
o
w
e
r
EX
A
C
T
44
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
9
2
9
A
S
U
B
_
1
[
9
]
44
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
9
2
9
A
S
U
B
_
2
[
9
]
4
2
.
2
0
.
0
9
0
.
1
0
7
2
A
S
U
B
_
3
[
9
]
1
0
.
8
0
.
0
7
0
.
0
6
6
1
A
S
U
B
_
4
[
1
0
]
2
4
.
8
0
.
0
9
0
.
1
8
0
3
A
S
U
B
_
5
[
1
0
]
3
2
.
8
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
5
5
4
A
S
U
B
_
6
[
1
0
]
34
0
.
0
9
0
.
0
8
0
8
A
S
U
B
_
7
[
1
0
]
2
2
.
8
0
.
0
9
0
.
1
4
3
9
Fro
m
th
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
,
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
ASUB
_
2
is
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
1
5
.
3
3
6
%
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
,
w
h
i
le
A
SU
B
_
1
c
o
n
s
u
m
es
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
p
o
w
er
as
th
e
ex
ac
t
m
o
d
el.
A
SU
B
_
3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
p
o
w
er
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
2
8
.
9
6
%,
w
h
ile
ASU
B
_
4
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
(
9
3
%
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ex
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
.
A
SUB
_
5
an
d
A
SUB
_
6
ex
h
ib
it
p
o
w
er
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
4
0
.
4
%
an
d
1
3
.
1
0
6
2
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
ASUB
_
7
co
n
s
u
m
es a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
tel
y
5
4
.
7
5
%
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
ar
ea
f
ac
to
r
,
A
S
UB
_
2
h
as
an
ar
ea
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
l
y
4
.
0
9
%
less
t
h
a
n
th
e
ex
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
,
w
h
ile
A
S
UB
_
1
h
as
th
e
s
a
m
e
ar
ea
.
A
SUB
_
3
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
u
b
s
tan
t
ial
ar
ea
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
7
5
.
4
5
%.
A
SUB
_
4
,
A
SUB
_
5
,
ASUB
_
6
,
an
d
ASUB
_
7
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ar
ea
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
s
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
4
3
.
6
%,
2
5
.
4
5
%,
2
2
.
7
3
%,
an
d
4
8
.
1
8
%,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
F
ig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
lo
ttin
g
o
f
t
h
e
b
est co
r
n
er
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Gr
ap
h
o
f
b
est
-
ca
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
th
e
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f a
p
p
r
o
xima
te
s
u
b
tr
a
ctio
n
meth
o
d
s
in
A
S
I
C
p
la
tfo
r
m
(
M.
P
r
iya
d
h
a
r
s
h
n
i
)
395
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
d
ela
y
,
all
th
e
m
o
d
els,
e
x
ce
p
t
A
S
UB
_
3
,
ex
h
ib
it
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
d
ela
y
a
s
th
e
e
x
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
.
A
SUB
_
3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
d
elay
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tel
y
2
2
.
2
2
%.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
is
th
e
g
r
ap
h
illu
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
A
DP
,
P
DP
,
an
d
P
A
P
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
at
th
e
w
o
r
s
t
co
r
n
er
.
T
ab
le
5
p
r
o
v
id
ed
s
h
o
w
ca
s
es
t
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
f
o
r
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
t
r
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
S
y
n
o
p
s
is
d
esi
g
n
co
m
p
iler
a
n
d
th
ese
r
esu
lts
co
m
p
ar
ts
t
h
e
ar
e
a,
p
o
w
er
,
an
d
d
ela
y
v
alu
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
t
r
ac
to
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
g
r
ap
h
o
f
w
o
r
s
t
-
ca
s
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
T
ab
le
5
.
T
a
b
u
latio
n
o
f
w
o
r
s
t
-
c
ase
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
D
e
si
g
n
s
A
r
e
a
D
e
l
a
y
P
o
w
e
r
EX
A
C
T
6
6
.
8
0
.
1
7
0
.
0
5
4
9
A
S
U
B
_
1
[
9
]
5
1
.
6
0
.
1
7
0
.
0
5
4
9
A
S
U
B
_
2
[
9
]
4
8
.
8
0
.
1
7
0
.
0
6
3
4
A
S
U
B
_
3
[
9
]
1
0
.
8
0
.
1
6
0
.
0
2
9
AS
U
B
_
4
[
1
0
]
2
1
.
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
0
6
1
2
A
S
U
B
_
5
[
1
0
]
2
8
.
4
0
.
1
8
0
.
0
7
7
4
A
S
U
B
_
6
[
1
0
]
3
7
.
6
0
.
1
8
0
.
1
3
6
9
A
S
U
B
_
7
[
1
0
]
2
2
.
8
0
.
1
7
0
.
0
5
4
9
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
to
th
e
ex
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
,
th
e
f
o
r
m
er
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
o
f
2
2
.
7
9
%,
2
6
.
9
5
%,
8
3
.
8
3
%,
6
7
.
7
%,
5
7
.
5
%,
4
3
.
6
%,
an
d
6
5
.
8
7
%.
Am
o
n
g
th
at
ASUB
_
3
ac
h
iev
e
s
les
s
r
ed
u
cti
o
n
in
ar
ea
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
all
o
th
er
d
esig
n
s
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
th
e
b
as
i
c
g
ates
ASUB
_
3
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
u
s
i
n
g
o
n
l
y
1
0
b
asic g
ate
s
w
h
ic
h
i
s
v
er
y
le
s
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
d
esig
n
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
w
e
a
n
al
y
s
e
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
m
etr
ics
w
i
th
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
ela
y
as
th
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
f
ac
to
r
.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
ela
y
v
alu
e
s
o
f
m
o
d
el
s
ASUB
_
1
,
ASUB
_
2
,
A
SUB
_
3
,
A
SUB
_
4
,
ASUB
_
5
,
A
S
UB
_
6
,
an
d
ASUB
_
7
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
E
XACT
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
m
o
d
els.
I
t
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
ASU
B
_
1
,
A
SUB
_
2
,
an
d
ASUB
_
7
h
av
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
ela
y
v
alu
e
s
as
t
h
e
E
X
AC
T
m
o
d
el.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
A
P
SC
3
s
h
o
w
s
a
d
ela
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
tel
y
5
.
8
8
%,
w
h
ile
ASUB
_
4
,
A
SUB
_
5
,
an
d
A
SU
B
_
6
ex
h
ib
it
d
elay
s
th
at
ar
e
5
.
8
8
%
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
ex
ac
t s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
an
al
y
s
is
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
m
a
in
f
ac
to
r
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
ed
b
y
m
o
d
el
s
A
SUB
_
1
an
d
A
SUB
_
7
is
th
e
s
a
m
e
as
th
e
ex
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
o
th
er
m
o
d
els
d
if
f
er
in
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
ASUB
_
2
co
n
s
u
m
es
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
1
5
.
4
7
%
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
,
w
h
ile
A
SU
B
_
3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
p
o
w
er
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
4
7
.
2
0
%.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
ASUB
_
4
an
d
A
S
UB
_
5
co
n
s
u
m
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
1
1
.
2
8
% a
n
d
4
0
.
7
0
%
m
o
r
e
p
o
w
er
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
0
a
n
al
y
s
es t
h
e
w
o
r
s
t c
ase
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
o
f
d
esig
n
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
ev
alu
ated
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
er
r
o
r
m
etr
ics
s
u
c
h
er
r
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
(
E
D)
,
m
ea
n
r
e
lativ
e
er
r
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
(
M
R
E
D
)
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
an
d
i
m
a
g
e
q
u
ali
t
y
m
etr
ics
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
al
s
i
m
ilar
it
y
i
n
d
ex
an
d
p
ea
k
s
ig
n
al
to
n
o
i
s
e
r
atio
(
P
S
NR
)
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
ed
v
al
u
ab
le
i
n
s
i
g
h
ts
in
to
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
e
x
ac
t
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
ese
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
h
av
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
9
-
4864
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
2
,
J
u
l
y
20
25
:
388
-
3
9
7
396
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
g
ate
-
le
v
el
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
th
eir
f
u
n
ct
io
n
al
v
er
if
icatio
n
,
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
,
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
S
y
n
o
p
s
is
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
e
m
p
h
as
ize
t
h
e
p
o
te
n
tial
b
e
n
e
f
its
o
f
u
s
in
g
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
s
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
ar
ea
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
ela
y
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
A
S
UB
_
3
w
ill
o
cc
u
p
y
les
s
ar
ea
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
u
b
tr
a
cto
r
w
h
ic
h
m
a
k
es
it
as
a
s
ta
n
d
o
u
t
m
o
d
el,
th
at
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
b
e
t
w
ee
n
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
ar
ea
,
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
ed
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
ela
y
.
Ulti
m
atel
y
,
s
elec
ti
n
g
t
h
e
b
est
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
p
ec
if
i
c
d
esig
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
an
d
p
r
io
r
ities
,
tak
i
n
g
i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
et
w
ee
n
p
o
w
er
,
ar
ea
,
an
d
d
elay
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
id
e
n
ti
f
ied
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
a
te
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
p
o
ten
tia
l
to
s
ig
n
i
f
i
ca
n
tl
y
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
d
iv
is
io
n
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
u
til
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
is
id
e
n
tif
ied
s
u
b
tr
ac
to
r
p
r
o
m
i
s
es
to
e
x
p
ed
ite
th
e
d
i
v
is
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
av
in
g
t
h
e
w
a
y
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
J.
H
a
n
a
n
d
M
.
O
r
sh
a
n
s
k
y
,
“
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
mat
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
:
A
n
e
me
r
g
i
n
g
p
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
f
o
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
-
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
d
e
si
g
n
,
”
i
n
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
0
1
3
I
EE
E
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
T
e
st
S
y
m
p
o
si
u
m
(
ETS
’
1
3
)
,
M
a
y
.
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
ET
S
.
2
0
1
3
.
6
5
6
9
3
7
0
.
[
2
]
R
.
E
.
B
l
a
h
u
t
,
F
a
st
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
s
f
o
r
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
si
g
n
a
l
p
ro
c
e
ss
i
n
g
.
U
S
A
:
A
d
d
i
so
n
-
W
e
sl
e
y
,
1
9
8
5
.
[
3
]
R
.
H
e
g
d
e
a
n
d
N
.
R
.
S
h
a
n
b
h
a
g
,
“
S
o
f
t
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
si
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
,
”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Ve
r
y
L
a
r
g
e
S
c
a
l
e
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
o
n
(
VL
S
I
)
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
1
3
–
8
2
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
0
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
9
2
.
9
7
4
8
9
5
.
[
4
]
W
.
W
o
l
f
,
H
i
g
h
-
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
c
o
m
p
u
t
i
n
g
:
Arc
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
res
,
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
a
n
d
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
2
n
d
e
d
.
U
S
A
:
M
o
r
g
a
n
K
a
u
f
man
n
,
2
0
1
4
.
[
5
]
M
.
P
r
i
y
a
d
h
a
r
s
h
n
i
a
n
d
S
.
K
u
mar
a
v
e
l
,
“
A
c
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
e
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
b
o
u
t
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
mat
e
f
u
l
l
a
d
d
e
r
s
f
o
r
e
r
r
o
r
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
i
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
s
i
u
m
o
n
VLS
I
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
T
e
st
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
6
1
–
74
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
9
8
1
-
13
-
5
9
5
0
-
7.
[
6
]
D
.
S
h
i
n
a
n
d
S
.
K
.
G
u
p
t
a
,
“
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
mat
e
l
o
g
i
c
sy
n
t
h
e
si
s
f
o
r
e
r
r
o
r
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
i
n
2
0
1
0
D
e
si
g
n
,
Au
t
o
m
a
t
i
o
n
&
T
e
st
i
n
Eu
r
o
p
e
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
&
Ex
h
i
b
i
t
i
o
n
(
D
A
T
E
2
0
1
0
)
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
9
5
7
–
9
6
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
D
A
T
E.
2
0
1
0
.
5
4
5
6
9
1
3
.
[
7
]
G
.
N
.
Jy
o
t
h
i
a
n
d
S
.
S
r
i
D
e
v
i
,
“
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
a
r
i
t
h
me
t
i
c
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
s
f
o
r
F
I
R
f
i
l
t
e
r
s
-
A
c
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
7
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
Wi
r
e
l
e
ss
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
i
n
g
a
n
d
N
e
t
w
o
rki
n
g
(
W
i
S
PN
ET)
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
6
8
4
–
2
6
9
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
W
i
S
P
N
ET
.
2
0
1
7
.
8
3
0
0
2
5
0
.
[
8
]
K
.
V
.
P
a
l
e
m,
“
En
e
r
g
y
a
w
a
r
e
c
o
mp
u
t
i
n
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
s
t
i
c
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
:
a
st
u
d
y
o
f
l
i
mi
t
s,”
I
EE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
5
4
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
3
–
1
1
3
7
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
T
C
.
2
0
0
5
.
1
4
5
.
[
9
]
G
.
N.
Jy
o
t
h
i
a
n
d
S
.
S
r
i
d
e
v
i
,
“
H
i
g
h
s
p
e
e
d
a
n
d
l
o
w
a
r
e
a
d
e
c
i
si
o
n
f
e
e
d
-
b
a
c
k
e
q
u
a
l
i
z
e
r
w
i
t
h
n
o
v
e
l
me
mo
r
y
l
e
ss
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
a
r
i
t
h
me
t
i
c
f
i
l
t
e
r
,
”
M
u
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
T
o
o
l
s
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
8
,
n
o
.
2
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
6
7
9
–
3
2
6
9
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
1
0
4
2
-
018
-
7
0
3
8
-
6.
[
1
0
]
A
.
G
o
r
a
n
t
l
a
a
n
d
P
.
D
e
e
p
a
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
f
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
s
u
b
t
r
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
d
i
v
i
d
e
r
s
f
o
r
e
r
r
o
r
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
T
e
s
t
i
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
9
0
1
–
9
0
7
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
8
3
6
-
0
1
9
-
0
5
8
3
7
-
5.
[
1
1
]
M
.
P
r
i
y
a
d
h
a
r
s
h
n
i
,
A
.
R
.
G
u
p
t
a
,
V
.
N
.
K
u
mar,
a
n
d
S
.
K
u
m
a
r
a
v
e
l
,
“
A
n
e
r
r
o
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
n
d
l
o
w
c
o
mp
l
e
x
i
t
y
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
mat
e
mu
l
t
i
‐
b
i
t
a
d
d
e
r
f
o
r
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
i
rc
u
i
t
T
h
e
o
ry
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
9
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
2
3
7
3
–
2
3
8
1
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
c
t
a
.
3
0
7
4.
[
1
2
]
A
.
S
.
R
o
y
a
n
d
A
.
S
.
D
h
a
r
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
f
o
r
f
a
st
a
n
d
a
c
c
u
r
a
t
e
me
a
n
e
r
r
o
r
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
mat
e
a
d
d
e
r
s,”
i
n
2
0
1
8
I
EE
E
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
S
y
m
p
o
si
u
m
o
n
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
(
I
S
C
AS
)
,
2
0
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
S
C
A
S
.
2
0
1
8
.
8
3
5
1
1
7
1
.
[
1
3
]
Y
.
W
u
,
Y
.
L
i
,
X
.
G
e
,
Y
.
G
a
o
,
a
n
d
W
.
Q
i
a
n
,
“
A
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
me
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
r
r
o
r
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
b
l
o
c
k
-
b
a
se
d
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
ma
t
e
a
d
d
e
r
s,”
I
EE
E
T
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
6
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
1
–
3
8
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
T
C
.
2
0
1
8
.
2
8
5
9
9
6
0
.
[
1
4
]
G
.
P
a
l
u
b
i
n
s
k
a
s,
“
M
y
st
e
r
y
b
e
h
i
n
d
s
i
mi
l
a
r
i
t
y
me
a
su
r
e
s
mse
a
n
d
S
S
I
M
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
4
I
EEE
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
ren
c
e
o
n
I
m
a
g
e
Pro
c
e
ssi
n
g
(
I
C
I
P)
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
5
7
5
–
579
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
I
P
.
2
0
1
4
.
7
0
2
5
1
1
5
.
[
1
5
]
R
.
H
a
j
a
r
e
a
n
d
C
.
L
a
k
sh
m
i
n
a
r
a
y
a
n
a
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
so
f
t
w
a
r
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
f
i
n
F
E
T
b
a
se
d
f
u
l
l
a
d
d
e
r
s,”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ra
b
l
e
a
n
d
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
st
e
m
s (I
J
RES
)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
1
–
6
0
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
r
e
s.v
8
.
i
1
.
p
p
5
1
-
6
0
.
[
1
6
]
M
.
Z
.
H
u
ss
a
i
n
a
n
d
K
.
N
.
P
a
r
v
i
n
,
“
L
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
p
e
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
F
F
T
w
i
t
h
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
a
d
i
c
e
s,”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ra
b
l
e
a
n
d
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
st
e
m
s (I
J
RES
)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
9
–
1
0
6
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
r
e
s.v
8
.
i
2
.
p
p
9
9
-
1
0
6
.
[
1
7
]
C.
-
J.
S
o
o
n
g
,
R
.
A
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
R
.
R
a
ml
i
,
M
.
S
.
A
.
M
a
n
a
f
,
a
n
d
C
.
-
C
.
T
i
n
g
,
“
A
n
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
a
r
y
a
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m:
a
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
o
f
b
i
n
a
r
y
t
o
u
r
n
a
me
n
t
se
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
f
i
s
h
f
e
e
d
f
o
r
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
C
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
2
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
J
a
n
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
5
/
2
0
2
2
/
7
7
9
6
6
3
3
.
[
1
8
]
P
.
P
r
i
t
t
y
,
M
.
K
u
mar,
a
n
d
M
.
Z
u
n
a
i
r
a
h
,
“
A
b
o
d
y
b
i
a
s
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
l
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
f
u
l
l
a
d
d
e
r
u
si
n
g
X
O
R
g
a
t
e
a
n
d
p
se
u
d
o
N
M
O
S
t
r
a
n
s
i
st
o
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ra
b
l
e
a
n
d
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
(
I
J
RE
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
–
1
6
8
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
r
e
s.v
8
.
i
3
.
p
p
1
6
2
-
1
6
8
.
[
1
9
]
A
.
S
a
n
d
h
u
a
n
d
S
.
G
u
p
t
a
,
“
P
e
r
f
o
r
ma
n
c
e
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
n
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
f
i
v
e
-
i
n
p
u
t
ma
j
o
r
i
t
y
g
a
t
e
d
e
si
g
n
i
n
Q
C
A
n
a
n
o
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
”
I
ra
n
i
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
-
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
4
0
9
9
8
-
0
1
9
-
0
0
2
9
6
-
2.
[
2
0
]
N
.
S
a
r
a
v
a
n
a
k
u
mar
,
K
.
S
.
S
u
d
h
a
n
,
K
.
N
.
V
i
j
e
y
a
k
u
m
a
r
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
a
r
a
n
y
a
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
i
m
p
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
b
i
n
a
r
y
c
o
d
e
d
d
e
c
i
mal
a
d
d
e
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
R
ES
)
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
8
5
–
1
9
3
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
r
e
s.v
8
.
i
3
.
p
p
1
8
5
-
1
9
3
.
[
2
1
]
C
.
M
.
R
.
P
r
a
b
h
u
,
T
.
W
.
X
.
W
i
l
so
n
,
a
n
d
T
.
B
h
u
v
a
n
e
sw
a
r
i
,
“
L
o
w
p
o
w
e
r
1
1
T
a
d
d
e
r
c
o
mp
a
r
a
t
o
r
d
e
si
g
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ra
b
l
e
a
n
d
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
(
I
J
RES
)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
8
–
3
3
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
r
e
s.v
9
.
i
1
.
p
p
2
8
-
3
3
.
[
2
2
]
N
.
D
.
K
u
mar,
S
.
R
.
P
r
a
s
a
d
,
C
.
R
.
K
u
mari,
a
n
d
C
.
D
.
N
a
i
d
u
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
f
u
l
l
a
d
d
e
r
c
e
l
l
s
u
si
n
g
n
e
w
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s,”
L
e
c
t
u
re
N
o
t
e
s
i
n
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
6
6
1
,
p
p
.
5
8
5
–
5
9
7
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
981
-
15
-
4
6
9
2
-
1
_
4
5
.
[
2
3
]
H
.
Ji
a
n
g
,
L
.
L
i
u
,
F
.
L
o
mb
a
r
d
i
,
a
n
d
J.
H
a
n
,
“
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
mat
e
a
r
i
t
h
me
t
i
c
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
s:
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
Ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
C
i
rc
u
i
t
s
,
p
p
.
67
–
9
8
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
9
7
8
-
3
-
3
1
9
-
9
9
3
2
2
-
5
_
4
.
[
2
4
]
C
.
G
.
N
.
a
n
d
S
.
K
u
l
k
a
r
n
i
,
“
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
M
A
C
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
a
r
c
h
i
t
e
c
t
u
r
e
f
o
r
2
D
p
r
o
c
e
ssi
n
g
b
a
se
d
o
n
F
P
G
A
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
a
b
l
e
r
e
so
u
r
c
e
a
l
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
ra
b
l
e
a
n
d
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
(
I
J
RE
S
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
1
2
–
2
2
0
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
r
e
s.v
1
0
.
i
3
.
p
p
2
1
2
-
2
2
0
.
[
2
5
]
D
.
R
.
I
.
M
.
S
e
t
i
a
d
i
,
“
P
S
N
R
v
s
S
S
I
M
:
i
m
p
e
r
c
e
p
t
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
sse
ssm
e
n
t
f
o
r
i
mag
e
st
e
g
a
n
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
”
Mu
l
t
i
m
e
d
i
a
T
o
o
l
s
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
8
4
2
3
–
8
4
4
4
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
1
0
4
2
-
0
2
0
-
1
0
0
3
5
-
z.
[
2
6
]
A
.
H
o
r
e
a
n
d
D
.
Z
i
o
u
,
“
I
mag
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
me
t
r
i
c
s:
P
S
N
R
v
s.
S
S
I
M
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
0
2
0
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
P
a
t
t
e
rn
Re
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
3
6
6
–
2
3
6
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
P
R
.
2
0
1
0
.
5
7
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
R
ec
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
ab
le
&
E
m
b
ed
d
ed
Sy
s
t
I
SS
N:
2089
-
4864
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
th
e
la
n
d
s
ca
p
e
o
f a
p
p
r
o
xima
te
s
u
b
tr
a
ctio
n
meth
o
d
s
in
A
S
I
C
p
la
tfo
r
m
(
M.
P
r
iya
d
h
a
r
s
h
n
i
)
397
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Dr
M.
Pri
y
a
d
h
a
r
s
h
n
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
T
e
c
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
A
n
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i,
In
d
i
a
in
2
0
1
0
,
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
V
L
S
I
De
sig
n
f
ro
m
V
e
lt
e
c
h
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i,
I
n
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
V
L
S
I
f
ro
m
V
e
ll
o
re
i
n
stit
u
te
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
V
e
ll
o
re
,
I
n
d
ia,
i
n
2
0
2
1
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
t
P
a
n
im
a
l
a
r
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Co
ll
e
g
e
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
i
l:
p
riy
a
d
h
a
rsh
n
i.
p
a
n
im
a
lar@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Ra
je
r
m
a
n
i
Th
i
n
a
k
a
r
a
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
d
e
g
re
e
in
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
(UT
M
),
M
a
la
y
sia
,
in
1
9
9
5
,
th
e
M
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
IT
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
-
siti
K
e
b
a
n
g
sa
a
n
M
a
la
y
sia
(UK
M
),
in
2
0
1
2
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
UT
M
,
in
2
0
1
9
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
A
s
so
c
iate
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
w
it
h
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Da
ta
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
IN
T
I
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Ne
g
e
ri
S
e
m
b
il
a
n
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
su
p
e
rv
ise
s
b
o
th
Ba
c
h
e
lo
r’s
a
n
d
M
a
ste
r’s
stu
d
e
n
ts
(
M
a
ste
r’s
a
n
d
P
h
.
D.
lev
e
ls).
S
h
e
h
a
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
3
0
p
a
p
e
rs
in
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
lo
c
a
l
jo
u
rn
a
ls,
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
a
n
d
lec
tu
re
n
o
tes
.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
a
rti
f
icia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
a
ss
isti
v
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
e
m
p
o
w
e
rin
g
d
isa
b
led
stu
d
e
n
ts,
e
lea
rn
in
g
,
a
n
d
g
a
m
in
g
ra
n
g
in
g
f
ro
m
th
e
o
r
y
to
d
e
sig
n
to
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
.
S
h
e
a
lso
se
rv
e
s
a
s
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
Ed
it
o
rial
Bo
a
rd
a
n
d
a
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Re
v
iew
e
r
f
o
r
lo
c
a
l
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
ra
jerm
a
n
i.
th
in
a
@n
e
w
in
ti
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Dr
.
G
r
a
n
d
e
Na
g
a
J
y
o
th
i
w
o
r
k
in
g
a
s
A
ss
t.
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
M
a
d
a
n
a
p
a
ll
e
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
B.
T
e
c
h
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
o
f
2
0
0
6
in
JN
T
UA
.
S
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
f
ro
m
V
IT
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
th
e
y
e
a
r
o
f
2
0
0
8
.
S
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
e
r
f
u
l
l
ti
m
e
P
h
.
D
.
i
n
V
IT
Un
iv
e
rsity
in
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
o
f
2
0
2
0
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
ro
u
n
d
2
0
sc
o
p
u
s
i
n
d
e
x
e
d
jo
u
rn
a
l
s
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
S
h
e
h
a
s
a
ro
u
n
d
1
5
y
e
a
rs
o
f
te
a
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
a
g
a
j
y
o
th
isa
i2
2
1
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Dr
.
V
ija
y
a
k
u
m
a
r
Va
r
a
d
a
r
a
j
a
n
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
w
o
rk
in
g
a
s
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
a
n
d
p
ro
g
ra
m
lea
d
e
r
in
t
h
e
A
jee
n
k
y
a
D
Y
P
a
ti
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
In
d
ia.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is P
h
.
D
.
i
n
A
n
n
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
t
h
e
y
e
a
r
o
f
2
0
1
2
.
He
h
a
d
a
r
o
u
n
d
2
0
5
jo
u
rn
a
l
p
a
p
e
rs
a
n
d
2
0
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
p
a
p
e
rs.
He
i
s
e
d
it
o
rial
m
e
m
b
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
jo
u
rn
a
ls,
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s.
He
h
a
d
se
v
e
ra
l
f
u
n
d
in
g
p
ro
jec
ts
a
n
d
p
a
ten
ts.
He
d
e
v
o
ted
c
o
m
p
u
ter
sc
ien
ti
st
a
n
d
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
w
it
h
a
d
o
c
to
ra
te,
2
0
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
in
d
u
stry
a
n
d
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
c
re
a
ti
v
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
rial
b
a
c
k
g
ro
u
n
d
a
t
b
o
t
h
d
o
m
e
stic
a
n
d
f
o
re
ig
n
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
v
ij
a
y
a
k
u
m
a
r.
v
a
ra
d
a
ra
jan
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
C.
S
r
in
iv
a
s
a
M
u
r
th
y
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
B.
E
.
f
ro
m
B.
A
.
M
.
Un
iv
e
rs
it
y
A
u
ra
n
g
a
b
a
d
i
n
2
0
0
0
.
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
V
L
S
I
De
sig
n
f
ro
m
Bh
a
ra
th
Un
iv
e
rsity
Ch
e
n
n
a
i
i
n
2
0
0
5
.
He
c
o
m
p
lete
d
M
.
T
e
c
h
.
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
f
ro
m
Ac
h
a
r
y
a
Na
g
a
rju
n
a
Un
i
v
e
rsit
y
G
u
n
tu
r
2
0
1
0
.
He
h
a
s
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
.
He
h
a
s
a
p
a
ten
t
in
th
e
Bio
M
e
d
ic
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
d
o
m
a
in
.
His
f
ield
o
f
in
tere
st
is
V
L
S
I,
A
I
b
a
se
d
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
a
n
d
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
s
y
ste
m
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
srin
iv
a
sa
m
c
h
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.