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Resea
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I
J
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.
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A
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20
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2
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~
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I
SS
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2
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0
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1
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2742
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Understa
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s
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stu
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lec
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is
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ims
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in
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s
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d
m
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to
1
7
1
st
u
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e
n
ts
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
ARA
(UiTM
),
M
e
lak
a
Ca
m
p
u
s,
wh
o
a
re
e
n
ro
l
led
in
stra
teg
ic
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
c
o
u
rse
.
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e
fin
d
i
n
g
s
re
v
e
a
l
a
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
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o
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rse
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o
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ten
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u
c
to
rs,
a
n
d
u
n
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v
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rsity
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e
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k
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c
c
e
p
tan
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e
.
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we
v
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th
e
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wa
s
n
o
sig
n
ifi
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n
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e
ffe
c
t
o
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se
rv
e
d
fo
r
a
c
c
e
ss
a
b
il
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o
m
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ter
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m
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e
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c
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n
d
in
fra
stru
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tu
re
.
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e
se
in
sig
h
ts
a
re
c
ru
c
ial
fo
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u
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s
to
p
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n
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t
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k
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c
ti
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ly
fo
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th
e
ir
st
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e
n
ts.
A
s
th
e
stu
d
y
is
sp
e
c
ifi
c
to
UiT
M
M
e
lak
a
Ca
m
p
u
s,
it
is
re
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
th
a
t
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t
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re
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n
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:
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Ma
lay
s
ia
Par
tial le
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ar
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R
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ased
v
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Stu
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en
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T
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is i
s
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rticle
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e
CC B
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SA
li
c
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C
o
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r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Ah
m
ad
Fad
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ly
A
r
h
am
Facu
lty
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f
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u
s
in
ess
an
d
Ma
n
a
g
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t,
Un
iv
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r
s
iti T
ek
n
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MA
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A
C
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wan
g
an
Me
lak
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C
ity
C
am
p
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s
,
110
Of
f
,
Han
g
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u
ah
Stre
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lak
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lay
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m
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h
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ad
4
9
0
@
u
itm
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
Ma
lay
s
ia
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
en
h
an
ce
ac
ce
s
s
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
q
u
ality
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
]
.
W
ith
th
e
o
n
s
et
o
f
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic,
m
an
y
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
HE
I
s
)
in
Ma
lay
s
ia
s
h
if
ted
to
o
n
lin
e
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
,
u
tili
zin
g
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
s
u
ch
as
C
is
co
W
eb
ex
,
Go
o
g
le
C
lass
r
o
o
m
,
Z
o
o
m
,
Go
o
g
le
Me
et,
a
n
d
Mi
cr
o
s
o
f
t
T
ea
m
s
[
2
]
.
I
n
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
h
av
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ad
o
p
ted
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
teac
h
in
g
,
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
m
e
d
ia
h
as
m
ad
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
,
v
ital
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
a
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
[
1
]
.
Ma
jo
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies
h
av
e
p
la
y
ed
a
n
ess
en
tial
r
o
le
in
ad
v
an
cin
g
e
-
b
o
o
k
d
ev
ices,
as
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
r
ef
lectin
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
]
.
B
y
ap
p
ly
in
g
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
b
ased
v
iew
(
R
B
V)
th
eo
r
y
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
lev
er
ag
e
th
eir
u
n
iq
u
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t,
to
g
ain
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
i
n
d
eliv
er
i
n
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
]
–
[
6
]
.
Alig
n
in
g
th
e
R
B
V
to
war
d
s
e
-
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
in
v
o
lv
e
s
lev
er
ag
in
g
a
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
’
s
d
is
tin
ctiv
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
g
ain
a
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ed
g
e.
E
s
s
en
tial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
clu
d
e
i
n
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
co
u
r
s
e
d
esig
n
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
an
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
Hig
h
-
q
u
ali
ty
co
u
r
s
e
d
esig
n
is
r
ar
e
an
d
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
r
ep
li
ca
te,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
cin
g
e
-
b
o
o
k
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Un
d
ers
ta
n
d
in
g
e
-
b
o
o
k
a
cc
ep
t
a
n
ce
fr
o
m
a
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
b
a
s
ed
vi
ew
…
(
Zu
lkefli
Mu
h
a
ma
d
Ha
n
a
p
iya
h
)
2743
Stro
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
e
n
co
m
p
ass
in
g
tech
n
ical
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
ass
is
tan
ce
,
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
a
n
d
ali
g
n
m
en
t
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
o
al
s
[
8
]
.
B
y
s
tr
ateg
ically
m
an
a
g
i
n
g
th
ese
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
a
co
n
d
u
civ
e
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
e
-
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
,
s
u
s
tain
in
g
th
eir
c
o
m
p
etitiv
e
p
o
s
itio
n
in
th
e
d
ig
ital le
ar
n
i
n
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
g
o
al,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
will
ad
d
r
ess
s
ix
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
e
-
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
p
tan
c
e
in
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i
MA
R
A
(
UiT
M)
Me
lak
a.
T
h
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
in
clu
d
e
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
,
co
m
p
u
te
r
co
m
p
eten
cy
,
co
u
r
s
e
d
esig
n
an
d
co
n
te
n
t,
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
.
Un
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ese
elem
en
ts
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
o
f
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
as
th
ey
alig
n
with
th
e
R
B
V
th
eo
r
y
’
s
em
p
h
asis
o
n
u
tili
zin
g
v
alu
ab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es
[
9
]
–
[
1
3
]
.
Ov
er
all,
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
ettin
g
s
is
v
ital
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
in
teg
r
atin
g
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
As
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
ad
ap
t
to
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
e
r
a,
th
eir
r
o
le
in
m
o
tiv
atin
g
a
n
d
e
n
g
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
o
th
er
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
es
b
ec
o
m
es
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
t
h
e
ap
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
th
e
R
B
V
th
eo
r
y
to
m
a
x
im
ize
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
tu
d
en
t
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
h
as
ch
an
g
ed
tex
t
b
o
o
k
s
f
r
o
m
h
a
r
d
co
p
y
to
d
ig
it
al
o
r
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
,
m
ak
in
g
it
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
e
p
r
o
f
icien
t
in
u
s
in
g
th
is
p
latf
o
r
m
.
B
asic
co
m
p
u
ter
ab
ilit
ie
s
an
d
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
s
k
ills
ar
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
u
tili
ze
teac
h
i
n
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
o
n
lin
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
Ho
wev
er
,
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
k
ills
ar
e
also
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
u
s
e
th
ese
p
latf
o
r
m
s
in
a
tea
ch
er
’
s
v
ar
io
u
s
teac
h
in
g
r
o
les,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
m
ed
iato
r
,
c
o
u
n
s
elo
r
,
ad
v
is
o
r
,
t
u
to
r
,
p
r
escr
ib
er
o
f
lea
r
n
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
u
r
ce
,
lear
n
in
g
o
r
g
an
izer
,
m
o
d
el
o
f
b
e
h
av
io
r
to
em
u
late,
ap
p
r
en
tice
tr
ain
e
r
,
an
d
m
o
tiv
at
o
r
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
r
a
p
id
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
a
ctin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
7
]
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
en
h
an
cin
g
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
’
d
ig
ital
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
h
av
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
“
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
”
[
1
7
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
e
m
er
g
en
ce
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
d
r
i
v
en
b
y
th
e
wi
d
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
m
o
b
i
le
d
ev
ices
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
i
n
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
h
as
p
o
s
ed
c
h
allen
g
es
to
th
is
co
n
ce
p
t
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
e
v
en
ts
lik
e
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
av
e
c
o
m
p
elled
ch
an
g
es
in
t
h
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
in
d
u
s
tr
y
in
v
o
lv
in
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t,
f
ac
u
lty
,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
an
d
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
ato
r
s
.
All
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t,
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
f
ac
u
lty
,
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
m
u
s
t
p
o
s
s
ess
ad
v
an
ce
d
d
ig
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
cie
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
ate
n
ew
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
in
ac
a
d
em
ic
an
d
o
f
f
icial
liter
atu
r
e
v
ar
ies,
lead
in
g
to
d
iv
er
s
e
m
ea
n
in
g
s
an
d
ter
m
in
o
lo
g
ies
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
s
h
ed
s
o
m
e
lig
h
t
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
e
-
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
UiT
M
Me
lak
a,
C
ity
C
am
p
u
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
q
u
an
titativ
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
u
r
v
ey
was
u
n
d
e
r
tak
en
i
n
v
o
l
v
in
g
1
7
1
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
d
iv
er
s
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
o
f
s
tu
d
y
at
th
e
Facu
lty
o
f
B
u
s
in
ess
an
d
Ma
n
a
g
em
en
t,
UiT
M
C
ity
C
am
p
u
s
,
Me
lak
a
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
p
ec
if
ically
tar
g
eted
s
tu
d
en
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
m
an
ag
em
en
t
co
u
r
s
e
u
tili
zin
g
an
e
-
b
o
o
k
.
No
tab
l
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
an
ticip
ate
d
s
am
p
l
e
s
ize
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
GPo
wer
i
s
1
0
9
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
s
am
p
le
s
izes
b
etwe
en
1
0
0
to
2
0
0
ar
e
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
PLS
an
aly
s
is
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
7
1
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
an
aly
s
is
.
Statis
tica
l
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
s
m
ar
t
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
e
(
Sm
ar
t
-
PLS
)
an
d
th
e
s
tatis
tical
p
ac
k
ag
e
f
o
r
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
s
(
SP
SS
)
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
wa
s
ad
ju
s
ted
to
alig
n
with
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ettin
g
at
UiT
M
C
ity
C
am
p
u
s
Me
lak
a,
em
p
lo
y
in
g
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
s
ch
o
la
r
ly
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
tailo
r
e
d
to
th
e
ca
m
p
u
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
As
Fo
r
n
ell
an
d
L
a
r
ck
er
[
2
1
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
a
lid
ity
was
ev
alu
ated
b
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
wer
e
less
th
an
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
Co
nv
er
g
ent
v
a
lid
it
y
T
ab
le
1
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
lo
ad
i
n
g
o
f
all
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
.
As
in
d
icate
d
,
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
a
n
aly
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
h
ib
ited
s
tan
d
ar
d
iz
ed
lo
ad
in
g
s
ex
ce
ed
in
g
0
.
5
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
lo
ad
in
g
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
t
ab
le
p
r
esen
ts
AVE
v
alu
es
s
u
r
p
ass
in
g
0
.
5
0
f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
,
s
ig
n
if
y
in
g
th
eir
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
e
r
eq
u
is
ite
AVE
cr
iter
ia
[
2
2
]
.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cr
im
ina
nts a
na
ly
s
is
T
ab
le
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
o
f
item
s
o
n
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
d
e
p
icted
.
All
ite
m
s
d
is
p
lay
s
tr
o
n
g
lo
ad
in
g
s
o
n
th
eir
co
n
s
tr
u
cts,
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
in
d
icato
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
s
u
r
p
ass
th
e
cr
o
s
s
-
l
o
ad
in
g
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
’
s
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
AVE
o
n
th
e
d
iag
o
n
al
e
x
ce
e
d
s
th
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
s
wi
th
o
th
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
n
th
e
o
f
f
-
d
iag
o
n
al.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
af
f
ir
m
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
s
s
ati
s
f
y
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
,
im
p
ly
in
g
th
at
b
o
th
e
x
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
an
d
en
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
v
ar
ia
b
les d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
ac
ce
p
tab
le
d
is
cr
im
i
n
an
t v
alid
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
7
4
2
-
2
7
4
8
2744
T
ab
le
1
.
Ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
Lo
a
d
i
n
g
AVE
D
V
:
A
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
0
.
7
6
9
–
0
.
9
1
7
0
.
7
4
I
V
1
:
A
c
c
0
.
6
9
0
–
0
.
8
7
5
0
.
6
3
I
V
2
:
C
o
m
0
.
5
7
1
–
0
.
9
0
4
0
.
6
8
I
V
3
:
C
o
n
t
& D
e
s
0
.
7
3
9
–
0
.
8
8
8
0
.
6
8
I
V
4
:
I
n
f
0
.
6
3
8
–
0
.
9
0
6
0
.
7
1
I
V
5
:
Le
c
t
0
.
5
5
8
–
0
.
8
6
3
0
.
6
3
I
V
6
:
U
n
i
s
u
p
p
0
.
8
2
0
–
0
.
9
1
3
0
.
7
5
T
ab
le
2
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t
a
n
al
y
s
is
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I
V
1
:
A
c
c
0
.
8
0
I
V
2
:
C
o
m
0
.
6
5
0
.
8
3
I
V
3
:
C
o
n
t
& D
e
s
0
.
7
4
0
.
7
4
0
.
8
3
I
V
4
:
I
n
f
0
.
7
9
0
.
5
6
0
.
5
9
0
.
8
4
I
V
5
:
Le
c
t
0
.
5
0
0
.
6
1
0
.
6
9
0
.
3
9
0
.
7
9
I
V
6
:
U
n
i
s
u
p
p
0
.
7
2
0
.
6
8
0
.
7
8
0
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5
4
0
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6
7
0
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8
6
D
:
A
c
c
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p
t
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0
.
6
6
0
.
6
4
0
.
7
5
0
.
5
2
0
.
6
2
0
.
7
1
0
.
8
6
3
.
3
.
Relia
bil
it
y
a
na
l
y
s
is
C
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
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y
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
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tili
z
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r
e
th
e
r
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o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
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y
o
f
all
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
is
o
v
er
0
.
8
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
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en
t
s
ca
le
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in
th
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g
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h
ad
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
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cy
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
Similar
ly
,
C
r
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n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
es su
g
g
est th
at
all
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es h
av
e
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
al
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
[
2
2
]
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
aly
s
is
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
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s
a
l
p
h
a
C
o
m
p
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t
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i
a
b
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l
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c
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1
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5
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V
3
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& D
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9
1
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9
3
6
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V
4
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n
f
0
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8
6
0
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9
1
4
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V
5
:
Le
c
t
0
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9
0
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2
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V
6
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n
i
s
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p
p
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8
9
0
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9
2
4
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t
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8
2
0
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9
0
3
3
.
4
.
Ass
ess
m
ent
o
f
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t
ruct
ura
l m
o
del
I
n
T
a
b
le
4
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
a
n
aly
s
is
in
d
icat
e
th
at
s
ev
e
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al
f
ac
to
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s
h
a
v
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
e
-
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
o
n
ly
th
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
(
t
-
v
alu
e=
3
.
2
9
3
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
/lectu
r
er
(
t
-
v
alu
e=
2
.
1
5
9
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
a
n
d
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
(
t
-
v
alu
e=
2
.
2
1
1
,
p
<0
.
0
5
)
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
to
war
d
s
e
-
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ac
ce
s
s
ab
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
u
ter
co
m
p
eten
cy
,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
o
n
o
t sig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t e
-
b
o
o
k
a
cc
ep
tan
ce
.
T
ab
le
4
.
B
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
i
n
g
a
n
al
y
s
is
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
T
-
v
a
l
u
e
P
-
v
a
l
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e
s
A
c
c
.
A
b
i
.
X
A
c
c
e
p
t
1
.
7
6
5
0
.
0
7
8
C
o
m
X
A
c
c
e
p
t
1
.
1
7
6
0
.
2
4
C
o
n
t
e
n
t
X
A
c
c
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p
t
3
.
2
9
3
*
0
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0
0
1
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n
f
r
X
A
c
c
e
p
t
0
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0
4
6
0
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9
6
4
Le
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t
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c
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p
t
2
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5
9
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0
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0
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1
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p
p
X
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1
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0
2
7
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
a
m
in
es
th
e
f
ac
to
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s
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
UiT
M
C
ity
C
am
p
u
s
Me
lak
a.
Usi
n
g
th
e
R
B
V
th
eo
r
y
as
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
l
o
r
es
th
e
r
e
s
o
u
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ce
s
th
at
im
p
ac
t
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
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p
tan
ce
o
f
e
-
b
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k
s
,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
an
d
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
e,
u
n
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s
ity
s
u
p
p
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t,
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
f
ac
to
r
af
f
ec
tin
g
e
-
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
is
th
e
co
n
ten
t
an
d
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
co
u
r
s
e,
as
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
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s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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2252
-
8
8
2
2
Un
d
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ta
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d
in
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-
b
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k
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cc
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(
Zu
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2745
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
2
3
]
,
th
at
f
o
u
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
wer
e
m
o
r
e
i
n
ter
e
s
ted
in
a
v
is
u
ally
e
n
g
ag
in
g
s
y
llab
u
s
th
an
a
tex
t
-
h
ea
v
y
o
n
e
.
Hen
ce
,
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ali
ty
co
u
r
s
e
d
esig
n
is
r
ar
e
an
d
ch
allen
g
in
g
to
r
ep
licate,
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
en
h
an
cin
g
e
-
b
o
o
k
in
teg
r
atio
n
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
t
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
[
7
]
.
Als
o
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
c
o
n
ten
t
p
u
b
lis
h
er
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
to
e
n
g
ag
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
e
-
b
o
o
k
u
s
ag
e
is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t.
Su
b
s
tan
tial
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
co
m
b
in
ed
with
a
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
l
y
e
-
b
o
o
k
in
te
r
f
ac
e
ca
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
atten
tio
n
an
d
f
o
s
ter
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
.
I
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
,
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
2
4
]
m
en
ti
o
n
ed
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
in
te
n
tio
n
to
co
n
tin
u
e
u
s
in
g
th
is
e
-
b
o
o
k
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
t
h
eir
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
an
d
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
th
is
e
-
b
o
o
k
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
is
id
en
tifie
d
as
a
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
in
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
e
-
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
T
h
e
a
n
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s
is
r
ev
e
als
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
o
r
r
elatio
n
b
e
twee
n
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
a
n
d
e
-
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
n
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
[
2
5
]
th
at
s
u
g
g
est
s
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
r
ain
in
g
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
lectu
r
e
r
s
,
s
taf
f
,
an
d
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
r
ath
er
th
an
s
im
p
ly
m
an
d
atin
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
e
-
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o
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k
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o
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n
lin
e
class
es.
B
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
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s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
er
v
ices,
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ca
n
cr
ea
te
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tes
s
tu
d
en
t
s
u
cc
ess
an
d
well
-
b
ein
g
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ng
af
ee
s
o
n
an
d
Su
n
[
2
6
]
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
s
y
s
tem
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
lay
s
an
ess
en
tial
r
o
le
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
lev
e
l
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
e
-
b
o
o
k
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
ey
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
p
la
y
in
e
-
b
o
o
k
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
em
p
h
asizin
g
t
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
i
n
s
tr
u
cto
r
s
’
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
to
lear
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
s
m
u
s
t
ta
k
e
th
e
lead
in
em
b
r
ac
in
g
an
d
en
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ad
o
p
t
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
s
u
ch
as
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
.
T
h
ese
th
r
ee
elem
en
ts
ar
e
ess
en
tial
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
n
lin
e
teac
h
in
g
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
.
Fro
m
a
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew,
tea
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
k
n
o
w
m
o
r
e
ab
o
u
t
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at
s
tu
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en
ts
n
ee
d
an
d
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etter
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
h
o
w
to
u
s
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
m
ed
ia
to
attr
ac
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ter
est
an
d
m
o
tiv
a
tio
n
s
o
t
h
at
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
a
ctiv
e.
L
ea
r
n
i
n
g
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icac
io
u
s
[
2
9
]
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
lectu
r
e
r
is
es
s
en
tial.
T
h
is
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
will
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
teac
h
er
’
s
ab
ilit
y
to
m
an
ag
e
th
e
class
.
A
teac
h
er
wh
o
h
as
n
o
t
m
aster
ed
th
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
ca
n
n
o
t te
ac
h
well
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
d
id
n
o
t
estab
lis
h
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
u
ter
co
m
p
eten
cy
,
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
o
n
e
-
b
o
o
k
a
cc
ep
tan
ce
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Ok
an
[
3
0
]
th
at
s
u
g
g
ests
co
m
p
u
ter
s
ar
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
u
s
ed
f
o
r
i
n
ter
n
et
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
o
r
g
am
in
g
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
u
it
ab
ilit
y
o
f
co
m
p
u
ter
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
to
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
d
o
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
o
f
twar
e
s
k
ills
,
a
s
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
em
u
s
in
g
co
m
m
o
n
ly
av
ail
ab
le
ap
p
licatio
n
s
lik
e
Go
o
g
le
C
h
r
o
m
e.
B
y
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
d
ig
ital
s
k
ills
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
elev
an
t
s
o
f
twar
e
an
d
h
ar
d
war
e,
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
teac
h
in
g
,
lear
n
in
g
,
an
d
r
esear
ch
in
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
a
g
e.
He
n
ce
,
to
e
n
co
u
r
ag
e
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
’
s
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
in
e
-
lear
n
in
g
,
th
e
p
latf
o
r
m
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
tu
d
en
t
-
an
d
teac
h
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
[
3
1
]
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
to
d
ay
’
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
er
a
,
em
b
r
ac
in
g
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
es
s
en
tial
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
Sin
ce
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
0
,
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ch
an
g
ed
Ma
lay
s
ia
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as
im
p
ac
ted
th
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
,
lectu
r
er
s
,
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
ch
an
g
es
h
av
e
led
to
a
d
o
p
tin
g
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
s
u
ch
as
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
,
Go
o
g
le
Me
et
,
an
d
W
eb
ex
,
f
o
r
teac
h
i
n
g
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
e
m
p
h
asized
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
teac
h
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
L
ec
tu
r
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
em
b
r
ac
e
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
p
r
e
p
ar
e
en
g
ag
in
g
co
n
t
en
t
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
y
llab
u
s
wh
ile
also
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
I
t
is
also
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
lectu
r
er
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
ac
ce
s
s
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
a
r
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
im
p
ac
t
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
p
o
s
itiv
ely
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
till
h
as
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ca
u
tio
u
s
in
te
r
p
r
etatio
n
.
I
n
itially
,
o
n
ly
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
etwe
en
1
8
an
d
2
5
we
r
e
in
clu
d
ed
,
wh
ich
is
a
s
o
m
ewh
at
lim
ited
s
am
p
le.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
h
o
w
n
th
at
g
en
d
er
an
d
ag
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
eo
p
le
’
s
wi
llin
g
n
ess
to
ad
o
p
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
th
eir
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
r
im
ar
ily
u
s
e
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
c
e
o
f
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
at
UiT
M
C
ity
C
am
p
u
s
Me
lak
a.
As
a
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
it
wo
u
ld
b
e
b
en
ef
icial
to
e
x
p
an
d
th
e
s
am
p
le
to
in
clu
d
e
o
th
e
r
ca
m
p
u
s
es
o
r
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
is
wo
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
lev
el
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
e
-
b
o
o
k
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
f
u
n
d
ed
b
y
1
0
0
-
R
MC
5
/3
/SR
P
I
NT
(
0
2
6
/2
0
2
2
)
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
lik
e
t
o
ex
p
r
ess
th
eir
g
r
atitu
d
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
f
in
a
n
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
U
n
iv
er
s
iti T
ek
n
o
lo
g
i M
AR
A,
Ma
lay
s
ia
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
7
4
2
-
2
7
4
8
2746
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Z
u
lk
ef
li M
u
h
am
a
d
Han
ap
i
y
ah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Ah
m
ad
Fad
h
ly
A
r
h
am
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Sy
u
k
r
i A
b
d
u
llah
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Fair
u
z
J
am
il
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
No
r
Sab
r
en
a
No
r
izan
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
W
ei
-
L
o
o
n
Ko
e
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
tu
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
M
:
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
ftwa
re
Va
:
Va
li
d
a
ti
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
rm
a
l
a
n
a
ly
sis
I
:
I
n
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
rc
e
s
D
:
D
a
ta Cu
ra
ti
o
n
O
:
Wr
it
in
g
-
O
ri
g
in
a
l
Dra
ft
E
:
Wr
it
in
g
-
Re
v
iew
&
E
d
it
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
li
z
a
ti
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
rv
isi
o
n
P
:
P
ro
jec
t
a
d
m
in
istrati
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
in
g
a
c
q
u
isi
ti
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
th
e
y
h
av
e
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
ter
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
Der
iv
ed
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
au
t
h
o
r
[
AFA]
o
n
r
eq
u
est.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
F
.
I
b
r
a
h
i
m,
H
.
S
u
sa
n
t
o
,
P
.
K
.
H
a
g
h
i
,
a
n
d
D
.
S
e
t
i
a
n
a
,
“
S
h
i
f
t
i
n
g
P
a
r
a
d
i
g
m
o
f
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
La
n
d
sca
p
e
i
n
Ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
C
O
V
I
D
-
1
9
P
a
n
d
e
m
i
c
:
R
e
v
e
a
l
i
n
g
o
f
a
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
I
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
S
y
st
e
m,
”
Ap
p
l
i
e
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
.
4
9
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
a
s
i
3
0
4
0
0
4
9
.
[
2
]
S
.
E.
P
r
a
m
o
n
o
,
A
.
W
i
j
a
y
a
,
I
.
S
.
M
e
l
a
t
i
,
Z
.
S
a
h
u
d
i
n
,
a
n
d
H
.
A
b
d
u
l
l
a
h
,
“
C
O
V
I
D
-
D
r
i
v
e
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
:
A
n
a
l
y
si
n
g
t
h
e
C
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
L
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
a
n
d
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
Te
c
h
n
o
l
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.
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[
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M
.
K
.
K
a
u
sh
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k
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n
d
D
.
A
g
r
a
w
a
l
,
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rn
a
t
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o
n
a
l
J
o
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f
Ed
u
c
a
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B
I
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G
RAP
H
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E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Zu
lk
e
fli
Mu
h
a
m
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d
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a
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a
h
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u
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d
M
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g
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m
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t
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
ARA
(UiTM
),
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
.
in
B
u
sin
e
ss
M
a
n
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g
e
m
e
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t
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Te
n
a
g
a
Na
sio
n
a
l
(UN
ITE
N)
in
2
0
1
9
.
He
a
c
ti
v
e
ly
e
n
g
a
g
e
s
i
n
re
se
a
rc
h
fo
r
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tern
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l
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n
a
ti
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n
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n
d
i
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tern
a
ti
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l
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se
a
rc
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g
ra
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ts
a
s
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ll
a
s
tea
c
h
i
n
g
a
c
ti
v
it
ies
fo
r
t
h
e
su
b
jec
ts
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
e
n
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rsh
i
p
,
h
u
m
a
n
re
so
u
rc
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
z
u
lk
e
fli
m
h
@u
it
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Ahm
a
d
Fa
d
h
l
y
Ar
h
a
m
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
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t
th
e
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a
c
u
lt
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o
f
Bu
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
ARA
(UiT
M
),
M
e
la
k
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
.
fr
o
m
RM
IT
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
M
e
lb
o
u
r
n
e
,
Au
stra
li
a
,
in
2
0
1
4
.
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re
se
a
rc
h
e
x
p
e
rti
se
is
in
t
h
e
a
re
a
s
o
f
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
,
stra
teg
ic
m
a
n
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g
e
m
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n
t,
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rg
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n
iza
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n
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v
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o
r
,
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u
m
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n
re
so
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rc
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m
a
n
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g
e
m
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t
,
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n
d
e
n
trep
re
n
e
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rsh
i
p
.
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lea
d
s
se
v
e
ra
l
a
c
ti
v
e
in
tern
a
l,
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l,
a
n
d
in
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
re
se
a
rc
h
g
ra
n
ts.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
h
m
a
d
4
9
0
@
u
it
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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8
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t
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g
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2748
Mu
h
a
m
m
a
d
S
y
u
k
r
i
Ab
d
u
ll
a
h
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
Bu
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
fro
m
t
h
e
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
ARA
(UiTM
)
.
He
h
a
s
o
v
e
r
4
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
s
a
n
a
c
a
d
e
m
icia
n
with
th
e
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,
wh
e
re
h
e
is
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u
rre
n
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y
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se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
.
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rio
r
t
o
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in
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n
g
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,
h
e
se
rv
e
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t
h
e
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i
n
istry
o
f
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i
n
a
n
c
e
(M
o
F
)
fo
r
3
y
e
a
rs.
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p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
t
o
p
ics
in
c
lu
d
e
h
u
m
a
n
re
so
u
rc
e
s,
o
rg
a
n
i
z
a
ti
o
n
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
m
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sy
u
k
ria
b
d
u
ll
a
h
@u
it
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Mu
h
a
m
m
a
d
F
a
iruz
J
a
m
il
e
a
rn
e
d
a
m
a
ste
r’s
in
b
u
sin
e
ss
a
d
m
in
istratio
n
fr
o
m
UiTM
.
He
h
a
s
o
v
e
r
1
5
y
e
a
rs
o
f
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
s
a
n
in
d
u
str
y
p
ra
c
t
it
io
n
e
r
a
n
d
a
c
a
d
e
m
icia
n
a
t
se
v
e
ra
l
c
o
ll
e
g
e
s
a
n
d
is
p
re
se
n
tl
y
a
m
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
UiT
M
M
e
lak
a
.
His
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
c
lu
d
e
issu
e
s
su
c
h
a
s
m
a
rk
e
ti
n
g
a
n
d
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
fa
iru
z
jam
il
@u
it
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
No
r
S
a
b
r
e
n
a
N
o
r
iza
n
is
a
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Bu
si
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
(UiTM
),
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
i
n
B
u
sin
e
ss
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
fro
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
ARA
in
2
0
2
3
.
S
h
e
is
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
a
n
d
h
a
s
led
se
v
e
ra
l
in
tern
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
re
s
e
a
rc
h
g
ra
n
ts.
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
h
u
m
a
n
re
so
u
rc
e
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
c
u
sto
m
e
r
se
rv
ice
,
lea
d
e
rsh
ip
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
a
l
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
o
rsa
b
re
n
a
@u
i
tm.e
d
u
.
m
y
.
We
i
-
Lo
o
n
K
o
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
n
a
ss
o
c
iate
p
r
o
fe
ss
o
r
a
t
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
B
u
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
ARA
,
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
(En
trep
re
n
e
u
rsh
i
p
)
fro
m
U
n
iv
e
rsi
ti
Tek
n
ik
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
(U
TeM)
in
2
0
1
5
.
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
e
x
p
e
rti
se
a
re
e
n
tre
p
re
n
e
u
rsh
ip
,
s
m
a
ll
a
n
d
m
e
d
iu
m
e
n
terp
rise
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
He
is
a
c
ti
v
e
in
lea
d
in
g
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
c
o
n
su
lt
i
n
g
p
ro
jec
ts.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
k
o
e
we
i5
1
6
@u
it
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.