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1
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.
Ma
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tech
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[
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a
n
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
m
o
tio
n
o
f
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l,
e
n
jo
y
ab
le,
an
d
d
u
r
ab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
teac
h
e
r
’
s
b
asic
ab
ilit
ie
s
i
s
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ex
p
ec
ted
to
b
e
ea
r
n
estl
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
e
d
to
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
s
ev
er
al
ch
allen
g
es
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
at
th
e
a
d
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
an
d
s
ch
o
o
l
le
v
els.
T
h
is
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
ten
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
teac
h
er
s
to
n
ew
cu
r
r
icu
la
an
d
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
o
r
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
“
I
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
C
u
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
”
r
e
q
u
ir
es
th
e
ex
h
i
b
itio
n
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
ity
with
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
in
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
teac
h
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
Var
io
u
s
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
ep
o
r
ts
also
ex
ten
s
iv
ely
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
c
h
allen
g
es
a
n
d
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
n
ess
o
f
teac
h
er
s
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
th
e
n
ew
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
T
h
ese
an
aly
s
es
em
p
h
asized
th
e
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
t
o
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
t
h
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
y
llab
u
s
,
s
p
ec
i
f
ically
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
p
ed
ag
o
g
ic
al
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
asp
ec
ts
with
in
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
f
ield
s
[
8
]
–
[1
0
]
.
I
n
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
s
ev
er
al
wea
k
n
ess
e
s
ar
e
s
till
v
er
y
p
r
ev
alen
t
a
m
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
c
h
allen
g
es
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
id
ea
s
an
d
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
p
o
ten
tial
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
ac
ad
em
ic
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
A
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
teac
h
er
s
also
lack
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
cu
r
r
i
cu
lu
m
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
its
p
r
ac
ti
ca
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
lem
c
o
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
eo
cc
u
r
s
wh
en
n
ew
c
u
r
r
icu
la
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
ar
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
[1
1
]
–
[1
3
]
.
I
n
lear
n
i
n
g
,
th
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
k
ill
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
en
ab
lin
g
t
h
e
u
p
d
ate
o
f
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
ese
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
r
elate
d
to
m
en
tali
ty
,
n
am
ely
co
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
(
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
)
.
Fro
m
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
co
m
m
itm
en
t
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
a
b
eh
av
io
r
al
c
o
n
d
itio
n
em
p
h
asizin
g
a
p
er
s
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
d
u
e
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
b
elief
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
is
also
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
n
th
e
teac
h
er
s
d
ev
o
tio
n
to
w
o
r
k
,
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
th
eir
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
y
to
war
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
in
d
icat
es th
at
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als h
ig
h
ly
c
o
m
m
itted
to
lear
n
in
g
ar
e
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
tiv
atin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
[1
4
]
.
A
c
o
n
d
u
ci
v
e
s
ch
o
o
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
also
h
elp
s
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
r
ee
ty
p
es
o
f
teac
h
e
r
co
m
m
itm
en
ts
,
n
am
el
y
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
al,
as
well
as
g
r
ea
ter
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
d
icatio
n
.
C
o
n
f
i
d
en
ce
a
n
d
b
etter
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
cio
-
em
o
tio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
ar
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
ty
p
es
o
f
co
m
m
itm
e
n
t,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
d
ed
icatio
n
[1
5
]
–
[1
7
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
h
a
n
d
l
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
ed
i
d
ea
s
th
an
e
v
en
t
s
,
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
p
er
s
o
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
n
in
tellectu
al
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
o
n
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
co
g
n
itiv
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
th
e
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
a
b
ilit
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
a
s
itu
atio
n
,
task
,
p
r
o
b
lem
,
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
,
o
r
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
ese
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
r
ef
lecte
d
in
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
m
atu
r
ity
wh
en
in
ter
ac
tin
g
with
o
th
er
p
e
o
p
le
an
d
c
ar
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
th
eir
task
s
.
T
h
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
also
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
d
e
ter
m
in
in
g
th
eir
lev
el
o
f
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
is
a
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
an
d
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
teac
h
er
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
[
18
]
,
[
19
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
er
s
to
ad
o
p
t
s
cien
tific
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
d
em
an
d
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
wh
ich
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
e
n
h
an
cin
g
th
e
b
asic
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
.
As
s
u
b
jects
ex
p
ec
ted
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
teac
h
e
r
s
also
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
p
eo
p
le
h
a
v
in
g
two
b
asic
co
m
p
eten
cies
r
elate
d
to
co
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
t
th
in
k
i
n
g
ab
ili
ty
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
i
n
ter
p
r
eted
as
th
e
ess
en
tial
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
teac
h
e
r
s
n
ee
d
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
an
d
o
v
er
co
m
e
v
a
r
io
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
tar
g
et
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
ices e
m
p
h
asizes th
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
teac
h
e
r
s
’
m
o
r
al
ac
tio
n
s
,
ca
u
s
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
g
r
o
wth
e
f
f
o
r
ts
an
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
war
d
teac
h
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
co
m
m
itm
en
t a
n
d
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
is
also
h
ig
h
ly
ad
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
-
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
.
W
h
en
th
ese
two
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
th
e
teac
h
e
r
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
te
d
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
al
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
18
]
,
[
19
]
.
Su
p
er
v
is
io
n
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
e
s
an
d
th
e
teac
h
er
s
-
p
r
in
cip
als
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
q
u
ality
ar
e
also
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
th
e
s
er
v
ices
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
p
h
ase,
clea
r
g
u
id
elin
es
an
d
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
an
d
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
ar
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
r
eso
lv
e
an
y
d
if
f
icu
lties
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
d
b
y
teac
h
er
s
.
B
ased
o
n
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
e
p
o
r
t,
lear
n
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
,
co
m
m
itm
en
t
lev
el,
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
wer
e
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
s
d
eter
m
in
in
g
teac
h
er
s
en
g
ag
e
m
en
t
in
s
ch
o
o
l
ac
tiv
iti
es
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t w
h
ile
im
p
lem
en
t
in
g
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es to
t
h
eir
task
[2
0
]
,
[2
1
]
.
I
n
s
ev
er
al
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies,
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
en
tire
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
is
em
p
h
asized
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
s
tar
ts
f
r
o
m
id
en
tif
y
in
g
a
n
d
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
e
f
f
i
cien
cy
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
e
cto
r
,
as
well
as
its
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
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v
al
&
R
es E
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N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
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crea
s
in
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r
n
in
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tio
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p
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ic
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b
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p
r
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(
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3091
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
s
cien
tific
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
v
ar
y
in
g
h
u
m
an
is
tic
ef
f
o
r
ts
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
teac
h
er
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
alis
m
wer
e
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
th
an
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
atic
a
p
p
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ac
h
es,
s
u
ch
as
tr
ain
in
g
,
tech
n
ical
g
u
id
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ce
,
o
r
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s
h
o
p
s
[2
2
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
q
u
ality
also
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
ass
is
ta
n
ce
to
teac
h
er
s
in
en
h
an
cin
g
lear
n
in
g
v
alu
es th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
[2
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
p
r
esen
t
an
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ch
allen
g
es,
to
war
d
th
e
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
ch
an
g
e.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
teac
h
er
s
ar
e
alwa
y
s
ch
allen
g
ed
to
in
n
o
v
ate
o
r
im
p
lem
en
t
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
em
p
h
asizin
g
teac
h
in
g
d
u
ties
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
a
r
eg
u
lar
t
r
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
is
l
ik
ely
less
ef
f
icien
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
p
o
ten
tially
d
is
r
u
p
tin
g
ex
is
tin
g
lear
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t
o
f
n
ew
d
em
an
d
s
f
o
r
ch
a
n
g
e.
Pro
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
s
h
o
u
ld
also
s
tr
en
g
th
en
teac
h
er
in
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
g
r
o
wth
in
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
m
o
r
al
d
u
ties
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
b
asi
c
ab
ilit
ies,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
eir
co
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ab
ilit
ies
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
t
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
is
b
u
il
t
f
r
o
m
th
eo
r
etica
l
co
n
tex
t
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
an
aly
s
es
o
f
teac
h
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies,
co
n
tain
in
g
co
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
as
well
a
s
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
co
n
tex
t,
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
a
n
aly
tical
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
tated
th
at
th
e
id
en
tif
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
a
n
d
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
a
tar
g
et
in
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
at
io
n
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
t
o
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
te
ac
h
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies
o
n
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
io
n
an
d
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
es
wh
eth
er
teac
h
er
s
’
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
ab
le
to
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
teac
h
er
s
’
ab
ilit
y
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
ati
o
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
v
is
u
alize
s
th
e
s
tu
d
y
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
two
p
er
s
p
e
ctiv
es.
First,
n
ew
id
ea
s
ar
e
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
ally
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
f
o
r
s
u
p
er
v
is
in
g
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
s
er
v
ices
s
h
o
u
ld
em
p
h
asize
k
e
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ab
ilit
ies,
n
am
ely
,
co
m
m
it
m
en
t
an
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
tio
n
.
Su
p
er
v
is
io
n
is
also
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
a
cc
o
m
p
an
ied
b
y
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
b
asic
ab
ilit
ie
s
in
ev
o
lv
in
g
lear
n
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
s
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cies.
T
h
is
ex
p
lain
s
th
at
teac
h
er
s
a
r
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
t
o
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
tly
ad
a
p
t
a
n
d
e
n
h
an
c
e
th
eir
co
m
p
eten
cies.
Seco
n
d
,
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
teac
h
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
ie
s
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
ca
n
p
r
ac
tically
in
cr
ea
s
e
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
b
tain
ed
ar
e
also
b
en
e
f
icial
to
th
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
a
n
aly
s
es
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
lear
n
in
g
an
d
teac
h
er
p
r
o
f
es
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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d
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c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
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3
0
8
9
-
3
1
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2
3092
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nt
Sam
p
lin
g
was
s
elec
tin
g
u
s
in
g
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
th
e
teac
h
er
s
b
elo
n
g
in
g
to
th
e
ju
n
io
r
an
d
ac
tu
al
s
u
p
er
in
te
n
d
en
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
p
o
s
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
p
o
s
itio
n
s
wer
e
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
lev
els
ass
ig
n
ed
to
teac
h
e
r
s
with
civ
il
s
er
v
an
t
s
tatu
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
ju
n
io
r
s
u
p
er
in
ten
d
e
n
t
lev
els
em
p
h
asized
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
o
b
tain
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
an
k
o
f
ec
h
elo
n
I
I
I
/a
an
d
I
I
I
/b
,
with
a
wo
r
k
in
g
p
er
io
d
o
f
±
1
-
5
y
ea
r
s
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
o
s
e
in
th
e
a
ctu
al
s
u
p
er
i
n
ten
d
en
t
p
o
s
itio
n
ac
q
u
ir
ed
ec
h
elo
n
I
I
I
/c
an
d
I
I
I
/
d
r
an
k
s
,
with
a
wo
r
k
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g
p
er
io
d
o
f
±
5
-
1
2
y
ea
r
s
.
A
to
tal
o
f
4
0
9
teac
h
er
s
f
r
o
m
4
0
elem
e
n
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
7
d
is
tr
icts
with
in
W
est
Su
m
atr
a
Pro
v
i
n
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
wer
e
e
n
g
ag
ed
as
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
.
T
h
ese
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
ac
q
u
ir
ed
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
with
a
teac
h
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
(
c
o
m
m
itm
e
n
t
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
)
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
u
b
jects.
T
ab
le
1
.
Pro
f
ile
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
t
D
i
st
r
i
c
t
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
sch
o
o
l
s
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
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l
/
t
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a
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r
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r
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d
e
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r
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p
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P
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5
32
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54
P
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7
38
35
73
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To
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l
40
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Y
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r
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p
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e
d
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
t
e
a
c
h
e
r
b
a
si
c
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
e
s (i
n
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
)
±
3
y
e
a
r
s
2
.
2
.
Da
t
a
a
nd
ins
t
rum
ent
s
s
ca
les
Prim
ar
y
d
ata
wer
e
o
b
tain
e
d
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
teac
h
er
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
.
T
h
ese
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
ata
wer
e
h
ig
h
ly
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
s
tatis
tics
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
also
a
d
ap
ted
to
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
n
a
m
ely
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
teac
h
er
s
k
ill
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
af
ter
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
i
s
io
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
ite
m
s
em
p
h
asized
t
h
e
th
eo
r
etica
l
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
co
m
m
itm
en
t,
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
l
ea
r
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
ac
tices.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
am
b
ig
u
ity
in
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
s
tatem
en
ts
with
in
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
,
v
ar
io
u
s
e
x
p
er
ts
wer
e
also
a
d
o
p
ted
to
r
ea
d
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
to
war
d
in
c
r
e
asin
g
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
an
aly
s
es
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
co
n
d
u
cted
with
s
ev
er
al
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
y
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
to
e
v
alu
ate,
d
eter
m
in
e
,
o
r
elim
in
ate
item
s
o
n
th
e
f
i
n
al
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
also
p
r
esen
ted
in
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
two
p
ar
ts
:
i
)
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
p
ar
ticip
an
t
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
d
is
tr
ict,
s
ch
o
o
l
n
am
e,
g
r
ad
e
te
ac
h
er
s
,
an
d
y
ea
r
s
o
f
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
ex
p
er
ien
ce
;
a
n
d
ii
)
T
h
e
s
tatem
en
t
item
s
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
tici
p
an
ts
.
T
h
is
clo
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
a
s
co
r
e
s
ca
le
with
f
iv
e
alter
n
ativ
e
an
s
wer
s
,
n
am
ely
5
=e
x
ce
llen
t,
4
=g
o
o
d
,
3
=a
v
er
ag
e,
2
=p
o
o
r
,
an
d
1
=v
er
y
p
o
o
r
.
T
h
e
f
i
v
e
s
ca
le
r
an
g
es
also
ass
ess
ed
teac
h
er
s
’
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
s
as
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
,
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
eir
a
b
ilit
y
to
i
m
p
lem
en
t
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
ass
ess
m
en
t
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
eir
b
asic
tea
ch
in
g
ab
ilit
ies,
wh
ich
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
t
h
e
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
in
ci
p
al.
T
ab
le
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
v
ar
iab
les an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es.
2
.
3
.
P
ro
ce
du
re
2
.
3
.
1
.
Ste
p 1
A
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
co
n
d
u
cted
with
s
ev
er
al
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
i
n
cip
als
(
T
ab
le
1
)
,
to
im
p
lem
en
t
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
u
s
in
g
a
t
ea
ch
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
y
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
s
tep
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l
p
r
in
cip
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
ac
q
u
ir
ed
s
o
cializa
tio
n
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
t
atio
n
o
f
tr
ea
tm
en
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
t
o
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
e
r
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
in
jo
b
ex
ec
u
ti
o
n
.
I
n
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
io
r
itize
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
er
co
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
a
b
s
tr
ac
tio
n
,
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
teac
h
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
y
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
th
e
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
v
ar
iab
les
(
T
ab
le
2
)
wer
e
also
th
e
t
ar
g
et
o
f
s
u
cc
ess
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
team
an
d
th
e
p
r
in
cip
als
wer
e
an
aly
tically
co
o
r
d
in
ate
d
,
with
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
ch
an
g
e
s
in
attitu
d
es,
an
d
teac
h
er
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ec
o
m
in
g
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
teac
h
er
s
,
p
r
in
cip
als,
an
d
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
team
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
g
o
al
was
to
d
ev
el
o
p
b
asic
teac
h
in
g
s
k
ills
.
T
h
i
s
em
p
h
asized
th
e
e
x
h
ib
itio
n
o
f
h
o
n
esty
in
th
e
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
d
u
ties
,
wh
ich
wer
e
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
co
m
m
it
m
en
t e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
crea
s
in
g
lea
r
n
in
g
i
n
n
o
v
a
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
tea
c
h
ers
’
b
a
s
ic
a
b
ilit
ies in
p
r
o
fess
io
n
a
l …
(
R
ifma
)
3093
2
.
3
.
1
.
Ste
p 2
T
h
e
p
atter
n
s
b
y
wh
ic
h
teac
h
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies
lin
ea
r
ly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
.
T
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
also
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
d
ir
ec
tly
b
y
v
is
itin
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
atin
g
teac
h
er
s
in
elem
en
tar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
d
ata
co
lle
ctio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
team
in
s
tag
es
at
ea
ch
s
ch
o
o
l
in
th
e
an
aly
ze
d
d
is
tr
ict.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
welc
o
m
ed
to
f
ill
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
s
ac
q
u
ain
ted
with
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
team
also
estab
lis
h
ed
an
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
ea
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
item
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
t
h
eir
ac
tu
al
teac
h
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Stu
d
y
v
ar
ia
b
les an
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
F
a
c
t
o
r
Q
u
e
st
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
i
t
e
ms
A
b
b
r
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Te
a
c
h
e
r
b
a
si
c
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
mm
i
t
me
n
t
Ta
sk
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
1
TA
1
Lo
y
a
l
t
y
2
TA
2
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
3
TA
3
S
e
l
f
-
d
i
sci
p
l
i
n
e
4
TA
4
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
v
e
t
o
c
h
a
n
g
e
5
TA
5
sel
f
-
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
6
TA
6
A
b
st
r
a
c
t
i
o
n
P
r
o
b
l
e
m s
o
l
v
i
n
g
7
TA
7
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
8
TA
8
M
e
t
a
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
9
TA
9
S
y
st
e
ma
t
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
10
TA
1
0
C
r
e
a
t
i
v
i
t
y
11
TA
1
1
S
u
p
e
r
v
i
si
o
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
e
ss
i
o
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
P
r
o
f
e
ssi
o
n
a
l
d
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v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
P
e
r
so
n
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
12
S
o
P
D
1
M
o
r
a
l
d
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o
p
m
e
n
t
13
S
o
P
D
2
P
e
d
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l
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p
me
n
t
14
S
o
P
D
3
C
a
r
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e
r
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
15
S
o
P
D
4
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
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v
e
t
e
a
c
h
i
n
g
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s
I
C
T
l
i
t
e
r
a
c
y
16
LI
1
C
o
n
t
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n
t
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
17
LI
2
Lo
c
a
l
w
i
s
d
o
m
18
LI
3
H
u
ma
n
i
t
y
19
LI
4
g
l
o
b
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
20
LI
5
Te
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
B
l
e
n
d
e
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
21
LI
6
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
s
y
s
t
e
m
22
LI
7
M
u
l
t
i
me
d
i
a
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
23
LI
8
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
ms
24
LI
9
Le
a
r
n
i
n
g
sce
n
a
r
i
o
set
t
i
n
g
S
t
r
e
t
c
h
i
n
g
a
l
l
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
25
LI
1
0
S
o
c
i
a
l
n
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
26
LI
1
1
Emo
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
t
o
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
27
LI
1
2
R
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
28
LI
1
3
A
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
a
ssess
me
n
t
29
LI
1
4
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
h
o
r
i
z
o
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n
30
LI
1
5
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
t
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
m so
l
v
i
n
g
31
LI
1
6
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
b
a
se
d
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
32
LI
1
7
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Data
an
aly
s
is
was
q
u
an
titativ
ely
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
Sm
ar
tPLS
v
er
s
io
n
4
.
0
.
0
s
o
f
twar
e,
to
s
tatis
tically
a
n
aly
ze
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
is
an
al
y
tical
s
tag
e
s
tar
ted
with
th
e
v
alid
ity
test
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
wh
ich
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ities
.
Fro
m
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
test
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
o
u
ter
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
lo
a
d
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
im
p
lem
en
ted
as
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
f
o
r
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
v
alid
it
y
o
f
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
was
also
≥
0
.
5
0
o
n
t
h
e
tar
g
et
v
ar
iab
le
[2
4
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
p
r
o
v
e
th
at
th
e
an
s
wer
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
r
elev
an
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
n
o
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
b
y
s
tatem
en
t
s
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
d
i
s
cr
im
in
an
t
v
ar
iab
le
was
m
et
wh
en
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
e
x
tr
ac
t
(
AVE
)
was
h
ig
h
er
th
a
n
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
laten
t
d
eter
m
in
a
n
t
[2
5
]
.
T
h
is
was
ac
co
m
p
an
ie
d
b
y
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
,
wh
ich
was
co
n
d
u
cted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
elian
ce
lev
el
.
T
h
e
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
ea
c
h
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le
wer
e
also
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
el
iab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
v
alu
es
≥
0
.
8
an
d
≥
6
,
in
d
icatin
g
h
ig
h
an
d
s
u
f
f
icien
t
r
eliab
ilit
ies,
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e
,
a
n
y
v
a
lu
e
b
elo
w
th
e
ab
o
v
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
em
p
h
asized
lo
w
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
we
r
e
o
f
te
n
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
t
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
a
l
p
h
a
[2
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
ce
o
f
th
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
was
also
d
etec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
t
-
s
tatis
tic
v
alu
e,
wh
ich
was
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
e
t
-
tab
le
co
ef
f
icien
t
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
an
aly
tical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
th
e
p
a
r
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
e
(
PLS
)
o
u
tp
u
t
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
esti
m
ate
o
f
th
e
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le,
em
p
h
asizin
g
a
lin
ea
r
ag
g
r
eg
ate
o
f
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
at
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
o
f
0
.
0
5
,
u
s
in
g
a
two
-
tailed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
An
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
e
twee
n
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
f
ac
to
r
s
was
also
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
wh
en
t
h
e
t
-
s
tatis
tic
v
alu
e
ex
ce
ed
ed
1
.
9
6
.
[
27
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
0
8
9
-
3
1
0
2
3094
2
.
5
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
m
o
del
T
h
e
ac
ce
p
ta
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
s
ca
les
v
er
if
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
ca
le
r
elia
b
ilit
y
was
also
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
th
e
o
p
in
i
o
n
[
24
]
,
[
28
]
,
wh
o
s
e
m
in
im
u
m
v
alu
e
was
0
.
7
f
o
r
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
C
R
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
a
b
le
3
,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
al
p
h
a
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
≥
0
.
7
,
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
ia
b
les.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
f
o
r
all
test
ed
f
ac
to
r
s
also
m
et
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
C
R
v
alu
e
o
f
≥
0
.
7
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
CR
f
o
r
all
v
ar
iab
les ex
ce
ed
ed
th
e
lim
it v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
7
at
0
.
8
8
7
-
0
.
9
8
8
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
Valid
ity
test
in
g
was
also
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
o
u
te
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
v
alu
e,
wh
ich
s
h
o
u
ld
a
d
h
er
e
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
cu
t
-
o
f
f
s
co
r
e
o
f
≥
0
.
7
[
2
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
3
,
all
f
ac
to
r
s
in
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
m
et
t
h
e
g
o
o
d
cr
iter
ia,
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
r
o
m
0
.
7
4
3
to
0
.
8
6
3
.
C
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
alid
ity
was
also
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
th
e
AVE
v
al
u
e,
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
cu
t
-
o
f
f
s
co
r
e
o
f
≥
0
.
5
[
29
]
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
m
et
a
g
o
o
d
c
r
iter
ia,
as
ev
i
d
en
ce
d
f
r
o
m
0
.
5
1
2
to
0
.
7
9
0
,
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
an
o
p
tim
al
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
t v
ali
d
ity
[
27
]
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
e
x
ten
t to
wh
ich
th
e
laten
t c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
wa
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
v
ar
ia
b
les.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
a
h
ig
h
d
is
cr
i
m
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
v
al
u
e
em
p
h
asized
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
n
iq
u
e
n
ess
an
d
its
a
b
ilit
y
to
e
x
p
lain
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
v
alid
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
r
o
o
t
v
alu
e
o
f
AVE
with
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
co
r
e
am
o
n
g
laten
t
v
a
r
iab
les.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
o
o
t
AVE
v
alu
e
s
h
o
u
ld
ex
ce
e
d
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
laten
t
v
ar
i
ab
les
[
27
]
.
I
n
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
AV
E
f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
was
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
s
q
u
ar
ed
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
an
y
p
air
o
f
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
at
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
d
id
n
o
t
s
h
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les.
T
ab
le
2
c
o
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
th
e
cr
iter
ia
b
y
Hair
et
a
l.
[2
4
]
wer
e
m
et,
with
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
it
y
estab
lis
h
ed
at
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
l
ev
el.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
an
aly
ze
d
m
o
d
el
em
p
ir
ically
h
ad
a
n
ad
eq
u
ate
lev
el
o
f
item
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
n
ce
p
t
v
iab
ilit
y
,
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
f
o
r
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
.
T
a
b
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
ata
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t scale
item
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Ou
ter
lo
ad
in
g
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
eliab
ilit
y
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
O
u
t
e
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
s
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
CR
AVE
Te
a
c
h
e
r
b
a
si
c
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
C
o
mm
i
t
me
n
t
Ta
sk
o
r
i
e
n
t
e
d
0
.
8
1
4
0
.
9
3
6
0
.
7
3
0
0
.
9
2
6
0
.
7
1
4
Lo
y
a
l
t
y
0
.
8
1
3
0
.
6
8
9
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
b
i
l
i
t
y
0
.
8
2
6
0
.
7
1
6
S
e
l
f
-
d
i
sci
p
l
i
n
e
0
.
7
7
0
0
.
7
5
3
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
i
v
e
t
o
c
h
a
n
g
e
0
.
7
6
6
0
.
7
4
1
S
e
l
f
-
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
0
.
8
2
3
0
.
7
4
8
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4
.
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Str
uct
ura
l m
o
del
Stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
elin
g
was
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
to
p
r
ed
ict
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
th
eo
r
y
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
l
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tally
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
/R
-
s
q
u
ar
e
(
R
2
)
a
n
d
m
o
d
el
o
f
f
it
(
Mo
F).
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
R
2
was im
p
lem
en
ted
to
ass
es
s
th
e
ex
ten
t to
wh
ich
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
le
was
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
[
29
]
.
I
t
was
also
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
PLS
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
lcu
latio
n
in
th
e
Sm
ar
tPLS
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
R
2
v
alu
e
cr
iter
ia
wer
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
g
r
o
u
p
ed
in
to
th
r
ee
,
wh
e
r
e
0
.
6
7
,
0
.
3
3
,
an
d
0
.
1
9
em
p
h
asized
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
,
m
o
d
er
ate,
an
d
wea
k
ca
te
g
o
r
ie
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[2
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
R
2
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
v
ar
iab
le
wer
e
in
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ca
teg
o
r
y
at
≥
0
.
6
7
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
a
s
co
r
e
o
f
0
.
8
5
2
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
ex
h
ib
itin
g
an
8
6
.
2
%
in
f
lu
en
ce
b
y
teac
h
er
b
asi
c
ab
ilit
y
,
with
th
e
r
em
ain
d
er
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
o
t
h
er
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
R
2
v
alu
e
f
o
r
l
ea
r
n
in
g
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
was
also
0
.
7
3
8
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
a
7
3
.
8
%
i
m
p
ac
t
f
r
o
m
teac
h
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
y
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
a
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
with
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
s
co
r
es
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
e
x
ter
n
al
v
ar
iab
les.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
d
ev
elo
p
ed
was in
l
in
e
with
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
cr
iter
i
a
f
o
r
g
o
o
d
n
ess
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
els we
r
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
Mo
F a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
Mo
F wa
s
a
s
tatis
tica
l
d
esig
n
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
a
m
o
d
el
d
u
r
in
g
d
ata
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
,
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
r
esid
u
al
(
SR
MR)
v
alu
e
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
f
it
am
o
n
g
o
b
s
er
v
ed
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
T
h
is
co
n
clu
d
ed
t
h
at
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
was
well
-
f
itted
wit
h
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
8
3
,
d
u
e
to
f
allin
g
b
elo
w
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
o
f
0
.
1
0
[
28
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
r
m
al
f
it
in
d
ex
(
NFI
)
v
alu
e
also
ex
h
ib
ited
a
v
alu
e
clo
s
e
to
1
,
n
a
m
ely
0
.
8
2
0
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
a
g
o
o
d
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itn
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Fig
u
r
e
2
d
i
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u
ctu
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is
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9
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[
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B
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T
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r
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ip
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g
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o
n
g
s
tatis
tical
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
we
r
o
n
all
lev
els.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
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Vo
l
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14
,
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4
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s
t
20
25
:
3
0
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3096
Fig
u
r
e
2
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Stru
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N
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t
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s
:
*
si
g
n
i
f
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c
a
n
c
e
<
0
.
0
5
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
crea
s
in
g
lea
r
n
in
g
i
n
n
o
v
a
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ev
elo
p
in
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tea
c
h
ers
’
b
a
s
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a
b
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p
r
o
fess
io
n
a
l …
(
R
ifma
)
3097
3
.
2
.
Dis
cu
s
s
io
n
3
.
2
.
1
.
T
ea
cher
ba
s
ic
a
bil
it
y
identif
i
ca
t
io
n o
n su
perv
is
io
n o
f
pro
f
ess
io
na
l dev
elo
pm
ent
T
h
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
t
o
ad
a
p
t
to
lear
n
in
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
d
em
a
n
d
s
was
in
n
ee
d
o
f
a
co
ac
h
in
g
p
r
im
ar
ily
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
th
eir
b
asic
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ab
ilit
ies
[
3
0
]
–
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
o
n
l
y
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
k
n
o
wled
g
e
was
u
n
ab
le
to
r
e
p
r
esen
t
teac
h
er
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
v
ar
io
u
s
in
ter
n
al
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
af
f
ec
tin
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h
e
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p
e
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f
o
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m
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ce
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d
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f
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io
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alis
m
s
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ld
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co
n
s
id
er
e
d
,
with
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m
m
itm
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t
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d
ab
s
tr
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tio
n
b
ein
g
h
i
g
h
ly
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
v
a
r
iab
les
[
3
3
]
–
[
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
id
en
tif
icatio
n
o
f
teac
h
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies
was
also
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
in
itial
s
tep
in
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
th
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
o
f
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
b
asic
co
m
p
eten
cies
was
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
p
r
in
cip
als
o
r
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
atic,
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
an
d
co
llectiv
e
co
ac
h
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
ea
ch
er
i
n
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
e
was
also
u
ltima
tely
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
to
war
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
er
s
o
n
n
el.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
teac
h
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
ie
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ab
ilit
ies
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
;
wh
ich
was
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
p
er
s
o
n
al,
m
o
r
al
,
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical,
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
.
C
o
m
m
itm
en
ts
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
s
also
d
escr
ib
ed
th
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
f
l
u
en
cin
g
teac
h
er
s
co
g
n
itiv
e,
em
o
tio
n
al,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
asp
ec
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ex
ec
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
u
ties
r
ela
ted
to
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
i
s
d
escr
ip
tio
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
o
b
jec
tiv
es
an
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
ed
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
co
m
m
itm
en
t
p
r
o
v
e
d
th
at
teac
h
er
s
estab
lis
h
ed
p
er
s
o
n
al
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
an
d
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
o
r
ts
[1
5
]
,
[
36
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
was
a
teac
h
er
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
o
ten
tia
l
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
a
r
io
u
s
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
37
]
–
[
39
]
.
T
h
is
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
th
e
co
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
o
f
teac
h
e
r
’
s
in
ter
n
al
p
o
ten
tial
wer
e
r
ea
lized
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
,
t
o
n
u
r
tu
r
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
s
ev
e
r
al
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
e
p
o
r
ts
,
b
o
th
th
e
o
r
etica
l
an
d
em
p
ir
ical
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
wer
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
co
m
m
en
ce
with
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
ca
p
ac
ity
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
en
ab
led
teac
h
er
s
to
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
d
esig
n
in
g
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
f
u
tu
r
es
an
d
a
n
ew
2
1
s
t
-
ce
n
tu
r
y
p
ar
a
d
ig
m
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
4
0
]
,
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
also
p
r
o
v
ed
th
at
teac
h
er
s
’
co
m
m
itm
en
ts
we
r
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
eir
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
.
T
h
ese
b
eh
av
io
r
s
e
x
h
ib
ited
lo
y
alty
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
s
elf
-
d
is
cip
lin
e,
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
to
ch
a
n
g
e,
an
d
s
elf
-
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
e
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
e
teac
h
e
r
s
with
th
eir
p
er
s
o
n
al,
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies
also
en
co
u
r
a
g
ed
th
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
is
was
b
ec
au
s
e
h
ig
h
ly
s
elf
-
awa
r
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
elf
-
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
B
ased
o
n
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
th
e
teac
h
er
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
p
r
o
f
icien
t
lear
n
in
g
was
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
in
ex
p
lain
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
[1
0
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
d
u
ties
was
also
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t
asp
ec
t
o
n
l
y
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
b
asic
s
k
ills
,
n
am
ely
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
th
in
k
a
b
s
tr
ac
tly
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
s
ev
er
al
asp
ec
ts
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
id
en
tify
in
g
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies,
cr
itical
an
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
an
al
y
s
es,
m
etac
o
g
n
itio
n
,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
.
T
h
is
was
b
ec
au
s
e
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
r
ef
lecte
d
th
e
t
ea
ch
er
ca
p
ac
ity
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
co
m
p
lex
s
itu
atio
n
s
with
in
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
th
o
u
g
h
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
teac
h
er
s
en
g
ag
ed
in
cr
itical
an
aly
s
is
,
ap
p
lied
m
eta
co
g
n
itio
n
,
co
n
d
u
cted
s
y
s
tem
at
ic
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
,
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
ed
cr
ea
tiv
ity
.
As
an
ess
en
tial
s
k
ill,
ab
s
tr
a
ctio
n
p
lay
ed
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
i
n
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
a
n
d
co
n
te
n
t
ex
p
er
tis
e.
T
h
is
was
in
lin
e
with
a
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
ep
o
r
t,
wh
ic
h
ex
p
lain
ed
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
is
t
lear
n
in
g
in
en
h
an
cin
g
teac
h
e
r
s
an
aly
tical
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
m
etac
o
g
n
itiv
e
att
itu
d
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
[
8
]
,
[
4
4
]
,
[
45
]
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
a
b
s
tr
ac
tio
n
o
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
ac
tices
was
em
p
h
asized
,
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
th
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
f
teac
h
er
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
46
]
,
[
47
]
.
R
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
itiated
b
y
id
en
tify
in
g
b
asic
teac
h
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
r
elev
an
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
o
r
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
is
en
ab
led
teac
h
e
r
s
to
in
d
ep
en
d
en
tly
ad
v
an
ce
in
th
ei
r
p
er
s
o
n
al,
et
h
ical,
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ica
l,
an
d
ca
r
ee
r
g
r
o
wth
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
E
nh
a
nci
ng
lea
rning
inn
o
v
a
t
io
n:
g
ro
wing
t
ea
cher
’
s
ba
s
ic
a
bil
it
y
t
hro
ug
h
t
he
s
up
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
pro
f
ess
io
na
l dev
elo
pm
ent
T
ea
ch
er
b
asic
ab
ilit
y
was
th
e
in
itial
v
ar
iab
le
to
b
e
id
en
tifie
d
an
d
tar
g
eted
f
o
r
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
io
n
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
is
was
in
lin
e
with
th
e
an
aly
ti
ca
l
o
u
tco
m
es
o
b
tain
ed
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
an
d
lin
ea
r
ly
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
io
n
,
lead
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
lear
n
in
g
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
lear
n
in
g
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
w
er
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
d
escr
ib
e
d
as
teac
h
er
-
led
a
d
ap
tatio
n
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
tu
d
en
t,
s
ch
o
o
l,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
.
I
t
al
s
o
p
r
io
r
itized
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
ac
ad
em
ic
m
ater
ials
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
p
r
im
ar
ily
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
en
h
an
cin
g
teac
h
er
s
’
b
asic
ab
ilit
ies.
T
h
is
was
ev
id
en
ce
d
in
th
e
an
aly
tical
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
b
tain
ed
,
w
h
er
e
c
o
m
m
itm
en
t
an
d
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
elem
e
n
ts
o
f
co
r
e
c
o
m
p
eten
cies,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
5
2
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8
8
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2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
0
8
9
-
3
1
0
2
3098
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
.
Sev
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
an
aly
s
es
also
ex
p
lo
r
ed
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
n
o
v
ativ
en
ess
,
s
u
ch
as
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
d
esig
n
.
T
r
ain
i
n
g
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
eq
u
ip
p
ed
teac
h
er
s
with
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
f
o
r
l
ea
r
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
len
d
e
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
en
h
an
cin
g
teac
h
er
s
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
teac
h
in
g
o
n
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t w
as p
r
io
r
itized
[
48
]
,
[
49
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
im
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
teac
h
er
-
le
d
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
wer
e
em
p
h
asized
.
Firstl
y
,
teac
h
er
s
in
n
o
v
ated
lear
n
in
g
m
ater
ials
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
co
n
ten
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
,
a
d
d
r
ess
in
g
h
u
m
an
ity
is
s
u
es,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
g
lo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
.
T
h
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
d
b
o
th
r
e
g
io
n
al
an
d
u
n
iv
er
s
al
v
alu
es
as
es
s
en
tial
s
o
f
t
s
k
ill
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
p
r
esen
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
ati
o
n
o
f
lo
c
al
wis
d
o
m
,
h
u
m
a
n
it
y
is
s
u
es,
an
d
g
lo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
in
to
c
u
r
r
icu
l
u
m
co
n
ten
t
also
r
ep
r
esen
te
d
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ad
o
p
ted
b
y
teac
h
er
s
[
5
0
]
–
[
5
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
lo
ca
l
wis
d
o
m
was
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
tr
ateg
ic
is
s
u
es
in
I
n
d
o
n
esian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
ich
em
p
h
asized
n
ativ
e
v
alu
es
as
th
e
n
atio
n
al
id
en
tity
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
lear
n
in
g
co
n
ten
t
[
5
0
]
–
[
5
3
]
.
Hu
m
a
n
ity
an
d
g
lo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
wer
e
also
an
o
th
er
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
f
o
cu
s
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
,
wh
ic
h
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
co
n
ten
t
a
n
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
I
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
g
lo
b
al
citizen
s
h
ip
ed
u
ca
tio
n
(
GC
E
)
em
p
h
asized
a
s
tr
ateg
ic
co
n
ce
r
n
,
ig
n
itin
g
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
r
elate
d
to
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
p
r
ac
tices
[
5
4
]
–
[
5
7
]
.
T
h
is
s
tr
at
eg
y
was
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
em
p
o
wer
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
p
lay
ac
tiv
e
r
o
les
in
o
v
er
c
o
m
in
g
g
lo
b
al
ch
allen
g
es a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
a
s
af
e,
p
ea
ce
f
u
l,
to
ler
a
n
t,
i
n
clu
s
iv
e,
an
d
a
n
ti
-
ex
tr
em
is
m
wo
r
ld
[
57
]
,
[
58
]
.
I
n
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
GC
E
,
a
h
o
li
s
tic
an
d
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
was
also
s
elec
ted
[
59
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
h
u
m
ilit
y
was
n
o
t
a
n
ew
co
n
ce
p
t
d
u
e
t
o
b
ein
g
a
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
h
ilo
s
o
p
h
ical
b
asis
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
h
u
m
an
ity
is
also
p
r
esen
tly
ev
o
lv
in
g
to
war
d
r
ec
o
g
n
i
zin
g
an
d
ap
p
r
ec
iatin
g
th
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
h
u
m
an
n
atu
r
e.
T
h
is
was
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
h
u
m
an
is
t
v
alu
es
in
s
til
led
in
s
ch
o
o
ls
p
r
io
r
itized
f
r
ee
d
o
m
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
to
ler
a
n
ce
,
h
o
n
esty
,
d
em
o
cr
ac
y
,
p
atien
ce
,
p
o
liten
ess
,
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
r
e
p
o
r
t
s
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
ex
t
en
t
to
wh
ich
h
u
m
an
is
tic
co
m
p
eten
cies
wer
e
in
teg
r
ated
in
to
t
h
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
[
6
0
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
h
u
m
an
itar
ia
n
v
a
lu
es
p
lay
ed
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
les
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
en
tire
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
a
n
d
p
u
b
lic
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
lo
c
atio
n
,
tim
e,
b
elief
s
,
i
d
en
tity
,
a
n
d
cu
lt
u
r
e.
T
h
is
im
p
r
o
v
ed
em
p
ath
y
an
d
c
u
ltiv
ated
th
o
u
g
h
tf
u
l
an
d
cr
itical
citizen
s
h
ip
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
s
h
o
u
ld
also
im
p
lem
en
t
th
eir
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
cr
ea
tiv
ity
in
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
f
o
r
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
r
elev
a
n
t
v
alu
es
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
[
6
1
]
,
[
6
2
]
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
ed
u
c
atio
n
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
em
p
h
asized
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
i
)
u
s
in
g
b
len
d
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
lear
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
;
ii
)
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
u
ltime
d
ia
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
ad
em
ic
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
to
en
h
an
ce
s
tu
d
en
t
en
g
ag
em
en
t
;
an
d
iii
)
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
ev
e
r
al
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
ti
n
g
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
n
o
v
atio
n
em
p
o
wer
s
teac
h
er
s
to
h
ar
n
ess
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
as
a
to
o
l
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
[
6
3
]
.
Fo
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
tea
ch
er
s
,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
was
also
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
e
x
p
lo
r
i
n
g
lear
n
in
g
co
n
ten
t
to
war
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
as
p
a
r
t
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
,
was
a
b
le
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
lear
n
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
[
6
4
]
.
T
h
e
teac
h
er
s
also
s
elec
t
ed
in
teg
r
ated
m
u
ltime
d
ia
an
d
v
ar
io
u
s
ac
ad
em
ic
p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
en
h
an
ce
lear
n
in
g
,
ca
ter
in
g
to
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
s
tu
d
en
t
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
in
ter
ests
[
65
]
–
[
67
]
.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
ettin
g
em
p
h
asized
th
e
p
a
tter
n
s
b
y
wh
ich
teac
h
er
s
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
em
p
h
asized
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
:
i
)
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
;
ii
)
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
s
o
cial
as
p
ec
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
;
iii
)
cu
ltiv
atin
g
em
o
tio
n
al
en
g
a
g
em
en
t
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
;
iv
)
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
in
g
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
;
v
)
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
u
th
en
tic
ass
ess
m
en
ts
;
vi
)
est
ab
lis
h
in
g
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
;
v
ii
)
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
cr
itical
th
in
k
i
n
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
;
a
n
d
v
iii
)
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
u
b
ject
-
b
ased
ac
ad
em
ic
ac
tiv
i
ties
.
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
lear
n
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ettin
g
s
also
r
ep
r
esen
ted
th
e
teac
h
er
-
led
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
h
o
lis
tically
m
a
n
ag
in
g
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
asp
ec
ts
.
T
h
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
lear
n
in
g
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
ex
ten
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
v
alid
ated
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
cial
lear
n
in
g
n
atu
r
e
,
em
o
tio
n
al
in
teg
r
atio
n
,
an
d
th
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
t o
f
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
o
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
h
u
m
an
ity
[
68
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
wer
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
k
ills
teac
h
er
s
n
ee
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
as
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
eten
cies
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
d
th
at
teac
h
er
s
wer
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
in
n
o
v
atin
g
in
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Sev
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
ep
o
r
ts
also
s
tated
t
h
at
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
a
p
er
io
d
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
v
alu
es
u
s
ed
as
o
b
jectiv
es
in
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
lear
n
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
th
e
teac
h
er
ab
ilit
y
t
o
d
e
v
elo
p
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
itu
atio
n
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
g
o
al
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
itu
atio
n
s
wer
e
estab
li
s
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
lear
n
in
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ettin
g
s
,
to
ac
h
iev
e
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
o
b
jectiv
es.
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