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s
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[
1
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14
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ch
is
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
v
alid
s
ca
le
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
u
s
in
g
V
-
L
ab
s
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
ev
alu
at
es
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
attitu
d
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical,
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical,
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
o
n
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
V
-
L
a
b
s
.
I
t
d
el
v
es
in
to
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
th
eir
c
o
m
f
o
r
t
with
lear
n
in
g
i
n
v
ir
tu
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
,
an
d
th
eir
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
alu
e
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
s
s
h
ap
e
th
eir
o
v
er
all
o
p
in
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
ese
to
o
ls
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
V
-
L
ab
s
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
p
r
ev
alen
t
i
n
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
lack
o
f
r
esear
c
h
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
ee
l
ab
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
th
em
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
d
d
r
ess
es
th
is
g
ap
b
y
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
attitu
d
in
al
ass
es
s
m
en
t
s
ca
le.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
etailed
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
eir
p
er
ce
p
ti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
its
elf
,
th
eir
co
m
f
o
r
t
lev
el
with
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
th
eir
b
elief
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
s
f
o
r
lea
r
n
in
g
s
cien
ce
,
an
d
th
eir
o
v
er
all
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
u
s
in
g
th
ese
to
o
ls
.
2.
RE
VI
E
W
O
F
RE
L
A
T
E
D
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
V
-
L
ab
s
ca
n
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
en
h
an
ce
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
f
e
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
s
u
b
jects.
T
h
ey
en
a
b
le
le
ar
n
er
s
to
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
an
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
th
e
e
n
tire
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
th
er
eb
y
aid
in
g
in
th
e
m
aster
y
o
f
r
elate
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
ex
p
an
d
in
g
th
e
v
ar
iety
o
f
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
ar
e
ess
en
tial
s
tep
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
V
-
L
ab
s
in
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
V
-
L
a
b
s
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
h
i
g
h
ly
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
s
a
p
r
ac
tical
lear
n
i
n
g
t
o
o
l
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
r
em
o
te
le
ar
n
in
g
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
,
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
e
a
d
d
r
ess
ed
is
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
ea
l
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
to
V
-
L
ab
s
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
V
-
L
ab
s
as
eith
er
s
u
b
s
titu
tes
f
o
r
o
r
co
m
p
lem
en
ts
to
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
[
8
]
.
Utilizin
g
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
m
ed
ia
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
in
Kir
ch
h
o
f
f
'
s
l
aw
m
ater
ial
with
in
th
e
p
h
y
s
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
is
6
.
1
4
%,
in
d
ic
atin
g
th
at
th
e
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
m
ed
ia
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
s
tu
d
en
t
en
t
h
u
s
iasm
an
d
lea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
in
th
e
s
u
b
ject
m
atter
[
9
]
.
V
-
L
ab
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
m
a
s
ter
y
o
f
co
r
e
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
a
s
tu
d
y
wh
er
e
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
V
-
L
ab
s
led
to
a
n
o
tab
le
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
co
n
ce
p
t
m
aster
y
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
2
]
.
V
-
L
ab
s
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e,
s
af
e,
an
d
f
le
x
ib
le
alter
n
ativ
es
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lab
s
wh
ile
s
till
f
o
s
ter
in
g
ess
en
tial p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[
5
]
.
V
-
L
ab
s
ar
e
e
x
ten
s
iv
ely
u
tili
ze
d
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
with
in
th
e
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
s
an
d
tech
n
ical
d
is
cip
lin
es.
T
h
ese
p
latf
o
r
m
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
v
is
u
al
m
o
d
elin
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
th
at
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
an
d
e
n
g
ag
in
g
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
to
o
ls
.
V
-
L
ab
s
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
lear
n
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
with
in
a
d
ig
ital
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ex
h
ib
it
ed
a
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
h
y
s
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
Ph
E
T
)
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
o
r
ato
r
y
as
a
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
is
to
o
l
[
1
1
]
.
Dis
co
v
er
y
-
b
ased
V
-
L
a
b
s
in
p
h
y
s
ics
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
o
s
e
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
p
h
o
to
elec
tr
ic
ef
f
ec
t
,
h
a
v
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
en
h
an
ce
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es.
Stu
d
en
ts
wh
o
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
lab
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
p
h
y
s
ics
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es,
ac
h
iev
in
g
h
ig
h
er
av
er
a
g
e
s
co
r
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
wca
s
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
V
-
L
ab
s
to
f
o
s
ter
s
cien
tific
attitu
d
es
an
d
s
tim
u
late
in
ter
est
i
n
m
o
d
e
r
n
p
h
y
s
ics
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
[
1
2
]
.
Vir
tu
al
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
s
im
u
latio
n
s
(
VL
s
)
ar
e
u
s
er
-
f
r
ien
d
ly
an
d
v
is
u
ally
en
g
ag
in
g
,
y
et
th
ey
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
tech
n
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
co
u
ld
lim
it
a
cc
ess
ib
ilit
y
.
Stu
d
en
ts
ex
p
r
ess
ed
a
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
VL
s
as
p
r
ep
a
r
ato
r
y
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
p
r
ac
tical
s
ess
io
n
s
,
n
o
tin
g
t
h
at
VL
s
e
n
h
an
c
ed
th
eir
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
au
to
n
o
m
y
,
in
ter
est,
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
ce
[
1
3
]
.
L
ea
r
n
er
s
en
jo
y
ed
s
tu
d
y
in
g
b
i
o
lo
g
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
(
VR
)
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
ca
teg
o
r
izin
g
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
o
f
e
n
jo
y
m
e
n
t
with
in
lev
els
1
(
ac
tiv
ity
-
s
p
ec
if
i
c)
an
d
2
(
s
itu
atio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic)
.
T
h
e
r
e
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
p
r
esen
ce
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
w
h
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
tili
ze
VR
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Vir
tu
al
lab
m
o
d
u
les
aid
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
d
esig
n
i
n
g
m
ec
h
an
ical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
s
elec
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
m
ater
ials
wh
ile
a
p
p
ly
in
g
d
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
-
b
ased
a
n
aly
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
s
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
in
te
g
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
p
la
tf
o
r
m
s
with
ex
p
er
ie
n
tial
lear
n
in
g
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
v
i
r
t
u
a
l
a
s
s
is
t
a
n
c
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
f
o
r
teac
h
in
g
p
h
y
s
ics
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
s
t
o
u
n
i
v
e
r
s
it
y
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
tes
ts
,
in
d
icatin
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
es
s
in
en
ab
lin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
c
o
n
d
u
ct
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
iz
a
t
io
n
o
f a
n
a
ttit
u
d
in
a
l a
s
s
ess
me
n
t sca
le
fo
r
virt
u
a
l
…
(
Th
iya
g
u
K
a
lia
p
p
a
n
)
2859
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
ea
ch
s
tep
-
in
d
e
t
a
i
l
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
v
ir
tu
al
ex
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
y
s
ic
s
co
u
r
s
e,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
w
ith
m
o
r
e
tim
e
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
r
e
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
m
ater
ials
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies,
wh
ich
ar
e
o
f
ten
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
tim
e
lim
itatio
n
s
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
V
-
L
ab
s
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
t
p
h
y
s
ics
ed
u
c
atio
n
p
o
s
itiv
ely
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
p
o
s
itiv
e
av
e
r
ag
e
s
co
r
es
in
u
s
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
e
ctiv
en
ess
,
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
a
h
ig
h
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
atis
f
a
c
t
i
o
n
[
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
ea
ch
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
h
av
e
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ad
d
i
tio
n
al
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
in
te
g
r
atin
g
V
-
L
ab
s
an
d
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
n
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
v
ir
tu
al
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
e
d
r
ev
iews
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
r
o
les,
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
m
o
d
e
s
,
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
V
-
L
ab
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
f
ield
s
.
T
h
is
r
e
v
iew
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
f
ea
tu
r
es,
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
V
-
L
ab
s
in
a
d
etailed
m
an
n
e
r
.
T
h
e
ex
is
tin
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
t
an
d
ar
d
ized
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
ass
ess
i
n
g
th
ese
attitu
d
es,
wh
ich
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
g
au
g
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
r
ec
ep
tiv
ity
,
id
en
tif
y
in
g
p
o
ten
tial
o
b
s
tacle
s
,
an
d
p
in
p
o
in
tin
g
ar
ea
s
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
ce
m
e
n
t
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es o
f
th
is
ar
ticle,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
esti
o
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
r
m
u
lated
:
i)
Ho
w
ca
n
an
attitu
d
e
s
ca
le
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
V
-
L
a
b
s
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
to
en
s
u
r
e
co
n
te
n
t
v
alid
ity
an
d
a
d
eq
u
ate
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct?
ii)
W
h
at
is
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
attitu
d
e
s
ca
le
to
war
d
s
V
-
L
ab
s
in
s
cien
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
?
iii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
th
at
ch
ar
ac
ter
ize
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
attitu
d
es to
war
d
s
V
-
L
ab
s
with
in
th
e
r
ea
lm
o
f
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
?
T
h
e
i
n
q
u
ir
ies
s
et
f
o
r
t
h
s
e
e
k
to
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
i
n
v
esti
g
a
te
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
l
ati
o
n
,
d
e
p
e
n
d
a
b
ili
t
y
,
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
ici
ty
,
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
iti
o
n
al
as
p
ec
ts
o
f
an
a
ttit
u
d
i
n
al
s
c
al
e
tail
o
r
e
d
f
o
r
V
-
L
a
b
s
.
T
h
is
ex
am
in
ati
o
n
is
i
n
t
en
d
e
d
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
d
et
ail
e
d
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
ts
p
s
y
ch
o
m
et
r
i
c
a
tt
r
i
b
u
tes
wit
h
i
n
th
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
o
f
ed
u
ca
t
io
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
ela
b
o
r
ati
o
n
ai
m
s
t
o
o
f
f
e
r
a
cl
e
ar
i
n
s
i
g
h
t
i
n
t
o
th
e
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
d
i
m
en
s
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
l
e'
s
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
its
e
f
f
ic
ac
y
in
ac
c
u
r
at
el
y
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
at
tit
u
d
es
t
o
w
a
r
d
s
V
-
L
a
b
s
,
w
h
ic
h
a
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
l
y
p
r
e
v
al
en
t
i
n
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
s
etti
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
e
n
s
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
at
th
e
s
ca
le
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
m
ee
ts
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
s
t
a
n
d
ar
d
s
o
f
r
eli
a
b
ili
ty
a
n
d
v
ali
d
i
ty
b
u
t
als
o
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
ly
c
a
p
t
u
r
es t
h
e
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
al
n
u
a
n
ce
s
t
h
a
t
d
e
f
i
n
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
p
e
r
c
ep
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
att
it
u
d
es
i
n
a
s
ch
o
l
ar
ly
c
o
n
te
x
t
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
a
n
attitu
d
e
s
ca
le
t
o
war
d
s
V
-
L
ab
s
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
c
atio
n
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
n
ewly
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
attitu
d
e
s
ca
le
will
b
e
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
a
d
iv
e
r
s
e
s
am
p
le
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
will
b
e
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
a
s
tat
is
tical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
a
s
ca
le
b
y
d
et
er
m
in
in
g
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
all
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
test
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
e
q
u
ally
t
o
wh
at
i
s
b
ein
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
[
2
3
]
.
C
o
n
c
u
r
r
en
tly
,
a
p
an
el
o
f
ex
p
er
ts
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
etr
ics
will
b
e
en
g
ag
e
d
to
cr
itically
ass
ess
ea
ch
item
o
n
th
e
s
ca
le
f
o
r
its
r
elev
a
n
ce
an
d
co
v
er
ag
e
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
V
-
L
ab
s
.
T
h
is
ex
p
er
t
v
alid
atio
n
is
cr
u
cial
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
in
itial
d
ata
co
ll
ec
tio
n
,
ex
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
an
d
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
es
will
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
h
ese
an
aly
s
es
ar
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
tal
in
id
en
tif
y
in
g
th
e
u
n
d
er
ly
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le,
th
er
eb
y
illu
m
in
atin
g
th
e
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
ality
o
f
attitu
d
es
to
wa
r
d
s
V
-
L
a
b
s
[
2
4
]
.
Fin
ally
,
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
will
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
e
r
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
es
an
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
f
ac
t
o
r
s
an
d
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
in
ter
e
s
t.
T
h
is
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
tatis
tical
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
test
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le’
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
an
d
its
th
eo
r
etica
l
u
n
d
er
p
in
n
i
n
g
s
.
E
th
ical
clea
r
an
ce
f
o
r
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
g
r
a
n
ted
b
y
th
e
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
R
ev
iew
B
o
ar
d
o
f
th
e
C
en
tr
al
Un
iv
e
r
s
ity
o
f
Ker
ala,
Kasar
ag
o
d
.
B
ef
o
r
e
b
e
g
in
n
in
g
d
ata
co
llecti
o
n
,
all
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
co
n
s
en
t,
wer
e
b
r
ief
ed
ab
o
u
t
th
e
m
ain
r
esear
ch
o
b
jectiv
es,
an
d
we
r
e
ass
u
r
ed
o
f
th
eir
an
o
n
y
m
ity
an
d
th
e
r
ig
h
t
to
with
d
r
aw
at
an
y
tim
e.
T
h
es
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
a
d
h
er
e
d
to
th
e
eth
ical
g
u
id
elin
es
estab
lis
h
ed
b
y
th
e
Am
er
ican
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
Ass
o
ciatio
n
.
Fo
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
n
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
V
-
L
ab
s
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
s
elec
tin
g
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
th
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
2
4
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was
g
ath
er
ed
u
s
in
g
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
en
s
u
r
es
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
an
d
u
n
b
iased
s
el
ec
tio
n
o
f
s
u
b
jects,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
g
en
er
aliza
b
le
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
i
s
g
r
o
u
p
is
id
ea
l
d
u
e
to
th
eir
f
r
eq
u
en
t
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
with
ad
v
an
ce
d
s
cien
tific
to
o
ls
an
d
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
ies,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
,
wh
ich
alig
n
s
with
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
o
cu
s
.
C
h
o
o
s
in
g
p
o
s
tg
r
a
d
u
ate
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
cien
ce
d
is
cip
lin
es
will
m
ak
e
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
r
elev
an
t
an
d
ap
p
licab
le
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
,
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
v
alid
ity
an
d
g
en
e
r
aliza
b
ilit
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2025
:
2
8
5
7
-
2
8
6
8
2860
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
tan
d
a
r
d
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
th
e
to
o
ls
.
C
o
n
cu
r
r
e
n
tly
,
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
d
elv
es
in
to
th
e
m
et
h
o
d
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ass
ess
r
elia
b
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
,
in
clu
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
f
o
r
e
s
tab
lis
h
in
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
.
4
.
1
.
Resul
t
o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h ques
t
io
n
1
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
“
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
ca
le
”
in
v
o
lv
e
d
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
d
ev
el
o
p
a
v
alid
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
attitu
d
es
o
f
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
s
cien
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
war
d
s
V
-
L
ab
s
in
th
e
Kasar
ag
o
d
d
is
tr
ict.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
ca
le
p
r
o
ce
ed
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ev
er
a
l
m
eticu
lo
u
s
s
tag
es:
-
Plan
n
in
g
a
n
d
d
ef
in
in
g
:
th
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
c
o
n
ce
p
tu
alizin
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
o
b
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
attitu
d
es to
war
d
s
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
am
o
n
g
p
o
s
tg
r
a
d
u
ate
s
cien
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
was g
u
id
ed
b
y
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
with
th
e
s
u
b
ject
ex
p
e
r
ts
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
'
s
m
ain
v
ar
iab
les.
-
C
h
o
ice
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
:
th
e
r
esear
ch
ad
o
p
ted
a
r
ati
n
g
s
ca
le
as
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
t
o
o
l,
r
ec
o
g
n
izin
g
its
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
f
o
r
ass
ess
i
n
g
lev
els o
f
attitu
d
e
d
u
e
t
o
its
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
n
at
u
r
e
[
2
7
]
.
-
Selectin
g
an
d
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
it
em
s
:
item
s
wer
e
cr
af
ted
to
co
v
er
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
a
n
d
n
eg
ativ
e
asp
ec
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
atti
tu
d
es
to
war
d
s
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
.
An
in
-
d
ep
th
a
n
aly
s
is
h
elp
ed
p
in
p
o
i
n
t
k
ey
f
ac
et
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
lead
in
g
to
a
s
u
r
v
ey
t
h
at
in
clu
d
ed
s
ec
tio
n
s
o
n
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics an
d
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
f
ea
tu
r
es.
-
Scalin
g
o
f
item
s
:
a
f
i
v
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
was
ch
o
s
en
,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
‘
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
’
to
‘
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
d
is
ag
r
ee
’
,
to
g
au
g
e
t
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
’
attitu
d
es.
-
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
d
r
af
t
an
d
r
ef
i
n
e
m
en
t:
an
in
itial
s
et
o
f
4
0
item
s
was
d
r
af
ted
,
r
ef
in
ed
,
an
d
ed
ited
b
ased
o
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
u
id
e
to
eli
m
in
ate
am
b
ig
u
o
u
s
co
n
te
n
t,
en
s
u
r
in
g
clar
ity
an
d
f
o
cu
s
.
-
Pil
o
t
s
tu
d
y
:
th
e
s
ca
le
u
n
d
e
r
wen
t
a
p
ilo
t
test
with
2
4
0
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
s
cien
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
p
h
ase
was
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
,
lead
in
g
to
f
u
r
th
er
r
ef
in
em
en
ts
.
-
I
tem
an
aly
s
is
:
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
c
ale
’
s
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
,
it
em
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
a
s
tatis
tic
th
at
ev
alu
ate
s
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
item
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
in
v
o
lv
ed
co
r
r
elatin
g
ea
ch
item
’
s
s
co
r
e
with
th
e
to
ta
l sco
r
e
an
d
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
it a
g
ain
s
t th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
in
d
iv
id
u
al
it
em
s
co
r
es.
T
o
d
e
v
elo
p
a
n
attitu
d
in
al
s
ca
le
f
o
r
V
-
L
ab
s
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
b
eg
in
with
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
to
p
in
p
o
in
t
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
attitu
d
es.
E
n
g
ag
e
ex
p
e
r
ts
in
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
to
h
elp
r
e
f
in
e
th
e
s
ca
le'
s
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
co
v
er
ag
e.
C
r
ea
te
clea
r
,
d
ir
ec
t
item
s
r
ef
lectin
g
th
is
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
an
d
h
av
e
th
em
r
e
v
iewe
d
b
y
an
ex
p
e
r
t
p
an
el
to
co
n
f
ir
m
th
eir
r
elev
an
ce
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
leten
ess
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
.
C
o
n
d
u
ct
a
p
ilo
t
test
with
a
s
m
all
tar
g
et
g
r
o
u
p
to
id
en
tify
an
y
am
b
ig
u
o
u
s
item
s
,
th
en
u
s
e
th
is
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
o
r
d
etailed
item
an
aly
s
is
an
d
r
ev
is
io
n
s
to
en
h
an
c
e
clar
ity
an
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
Fin
is
h
with
a
f
in
al
r
ev
iew
b
y
ex
p
er
ts
to
v
er
i
f
y
th
at
t
h
e
r
ev
is
io
n
s
ac
cu
r
ately
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
n
d
m
ee
t
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
is
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
en
s
u
r
es th
e
s
ca
le
is
v
alid
.
4
.
2
.
Resul
t
o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h ques
t
io
n
2:
re
lia
bil
it
y
a
s
s
ess
m
ent
T
h
is
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
e
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
o
l
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
s
cien
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
V
-
L
ab
s
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
r
esear
ch
an
d
p
r
ac
tice.
I
n
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
th
e
“
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
ca
le
,
”
th
e
in
v
esti
g
ato
r
co
n
d
u
cte
d
a
m
eticu
lo
u
s
item
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a,
u
ltima
tely
r
ef
in
in
g
th
e
to
o
l
to
b
etter
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
f
in
ter
est
[
2
9
]
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at,
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
v
alu
e
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
item
an
aly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
.
9
8
2
,
wh
ich
a
l
s
o
i
n
d
icate
s
a
h
i
g
h
lev
el
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
to
o
l.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
al
u
e
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
item
a
n
aly
s
is
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s a
l
p
h
a
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
ms
.
9
8
2
40
4
.
2
.
1
.
I
t
em
a
na
ly
s
is
a
nd
s
ca
l
e
re
f
inem
ent
I
n
itially
,
th
e
s
ca
le
c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
4
0
item
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
item
an
al
y
s
is
in
T
ab
le
2
,
s
u
g
g
ested
th
a
t
d
eletin
g
item
s
5
,
2
9
,
an
d
3
2
wo
u
ld
r
esu
lt
in
a
h
ig
h
er
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
i
n
d
icatin
g
im
p
r
o
v
ed
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
Fo
llo
win
g
th
ese
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
ts
,
th
e
s
ca
le
was
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
3
7
i
tem
s
.
T
h
is
d
ec
is
io
n
was
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
s
tatis
tical
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
th
at
t
h
e
r
em
o
v
al
o
f
th
ese
item
s
wo
u
ld
e
n
h
a
n
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
ca
le
[
3
0
]
.
T
ab
le
3
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
was
.
9
8
3
f
o
r
th
e
3
7
item
s
r
etain
ed
af
ter
r
em
o
v
in
g
th
r
ee
item
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
item
an
al
y
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
to
o
l
ex
h
ib
its
a
s
tr
o
n
g
lev
el
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
af
f
ir
m
in
g
its
r
eliab
ili
ty
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
iz
a
t
io
n
o
f a
n
a
ttit
u
d
in
a
l a
s
s
ess
me
n
t sca
le
fo
r
virt
u
a
l
…
(
Th
iya
g
u
K
a
lia
p
p
a
n
)
2861
in
ten
d
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
r
ef
in
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
item
p
o
o
l
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
s
ca
le
'
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ter
n
al
co
n
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is
ten
cy
with
3
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item
s
o
f
th
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al
d
r
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An
in
cr
ea
s
e
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t
h
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a
co
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p
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clu
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ce
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tain
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f
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m
ed
th
e
d
ec
is
io
n
to
r
ef
in
e
th
e
s
ca
le
[
3
1
]
.
T
ab
le
3
illu
s
tr
at
es
th
at
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
is
.
9
8
3
,
wh
ic
h
i
n
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
in
te
r
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
f
o
r
t
h
e
to
o
l.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
[
3
2
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
I
tem
an
aly
s
is
–
item
-
to
tal
s
tatis
tics
I
t
e
m
n
u
m
b
e
r
S
c
a
l
e
m
e
a
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i
f
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m d
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8
1
N
o
t
e
:
*
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
s
d
e
l
e
t
e
d
i
t
e
ms
T
ab
le
3
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
a
lp
h
a
v
al
u
e
af
ter
th
e
item
a
n
aly
s
i
s
C
r
o
n
b
a
c
h
’
s
a
l
p
h
a
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
ms
.
9
8
3
37
4
.
2
.
2
.
Split
-
ha
lf
m
et
ho
d
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
estab
lis
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
e
s
ca
le
’
s
3
7
item
s
wer
e
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
two
u
n
eq
u
al
h
alv
e
s
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
1
9
item
s
an
d
th
e
r
em
ai
n
in
g
1
8
.
T
h
e
s
co
r
es
f
r
o
m
th
ese
h
alv
es
wer
e
th
en
co
r
r
elate
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
in
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ev
alu
ates
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
all
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
test
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
eq
u
al
ly
to
wh
at
is
b
ein
g
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
I
f
th
e
two
h
al
v
es
y
ield
s
im
ilar
r
esu
lts
,
it
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
test
h
as
co
n
s
is
ten
t
in
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
lit
-
h
alf
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
Sp
e
ar
m
an
-
B
r
o
wn
f
o
r
m
u
la,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
co
e
f
f
icien
t
v
alu
e
o
f
.
8
7
4
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
-
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
t
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
to
o
l,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
th
e
s
ca
le
is
a
r
eliab
le
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
attitu
d
es to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
V
-
L
ab
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
cu
lm
in
ated
in
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
f
in
al
d
r
af
t
o
f
t
h
e
to
o
l,
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
3
7
well
-
v
e
tted
item
s
.
E
ac
h
r
ated
o
n
a
f
i
v
e
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le.
T
h
is
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
e
s
th
at
th
e
“
attitu
d
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2025
:
2
8
5
7
-
2
8
6
8
2862
to
war
d
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
ca
le
”
i
s
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ately
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
attitu
d
es
o
f
p
o
s
tg
r
ad
u
ate
s
cien
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
war
d
s
V
-
L
ab
s
.
4
.
3
.
Resul
t
o
f
re
s
ea
rc
h ques
t
io
n
3
:
f
a
c
t
o
r
a
na
l
y
s
is
E
x
p
lo
r
ato
r
y
f
ac
to
r
a
n
aly
s
is
(
E
FA)
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
im
p
lify
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
r
s
ca
le
v
ar
iab
les
b
y
g
r
o
u
p
in
g
item
s
th
at
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
to
s
im
ilar
ly
b
y
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
[
3
4
]
.
I
t
is
g
en
er
al
ly
ad
v
is
ed
th
at
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
iz
e
f
o
r
E
FA
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
am
p
le
-
to
-
item
r
atio
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
it
is
n
o
less
th
an
5
-
to
-
1
,
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
te
d
b
y
s
ch
o
lar
s
[
3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
a
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tain
in
g
4
0
item
s
wo
u
ld
n
ec
ess
itate
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
2
0
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
to
y
ield
r
elia
b
le
r
esu
lts
.
I
n
th
is
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
2
4
0
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
was
g
ath
er
ed
u
s
in
g
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
i
s
m
eth
o
d
e
n
s
u
r
es
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
an
d
u
n
b
iased
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
s
u
b
jects,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
g
e
n
er
aliza
b
le
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
E
FA
,
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
e
tectio
n
was
af
f
ir
m
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Kaiser
-
Me
y
er
-
Olk
in
(
KM
O)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
an
d
B
ar
tlett
’
s
test
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
.
Fr
o
m
th
e
T
ab
le
4
,
T
h
e
KM
O
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
wh
ich
ass
ess
e
s
th
e
ad
eq
u
ac
y
o
f
s
am
p
lin
g
,
y
i
eld
ed
a
v
al
u
e
o
f
.
9
5
7
,
in
d
icat
in
g
an
e
x
ce
llen
t
f
it
f
o
r
f
ac
t
o
r
an
aly
s
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
m
in
im
al
p
ar
tial
co
r
r
elatio
n
s
a
m
o
n
g
item
s
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
KM
O
v
alu
e
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
d
ataset
is
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
id
en
tify
in
g
u
n
d
er
l
y
in
g
f
ac
t
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
B
ar
tlett
’
s
te
s
t
o
f
s
p
h
er
icity
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
d
ata
f
o
r
f
ac
t
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
,
y
ield
in
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lt
(
p
<.
0
5
)
.
T
h
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
t
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
s
ar
e
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
o
lid
b
asis
f
o
r
t
h
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
o
f
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
laten
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
with
in
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
es
e
r
esu
lts
co
llectiv
ely
v
alid
ate
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
E
FA
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
ality
an
d
ca
t
eg
o
r
ize
v
a
r
iab
les in
to
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
ab
le
4
.
KM
O
a
n
d
B
ar
tlett
’
s
t
est
K
M
O
me
a
su
r
e
of
s
a
mp
l
i
n
g
a
d
e
q
u
a
c
y
.
9
5
7
B
a
r
t
l
e
t
t
’
s
t
e
s
t
o
f
sp
h
e
r
i
c
i
t
y
6
9
7
1
.
1
4
9
5
1
5
9
.
3
1
5
6
6
6
4
0
6
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
T
ab
le
5
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
in
itial
co
m
m
u
n
alities
p
r
io
r
to
r
o
tatio
n
,
wh
ich
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
ea
ch
v
ar
iab
le
s
h
ar
es
v
ar
ian
ce
with
all
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
e
an
aly
s
is
[
3
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
an
aly
s
is
,
a
ll
in
itial
co
m
m
u
n
alities
ar
e
ab
o
v
e
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
.
3
0
.
T
h
is
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
d
icatio
n
,
as
lo
w
co
m
m
u
n
alities
(
b
elo
w
.
3
0
)
m
ig
h
t
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
a
v
ar
iab
le
d
o
es
n
o
t
f
it
well
with
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
o
r
th
at
a
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
ize
co
u
ld
b
e
d
is
to
r
tin
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
all
co
m
m
u
n
alities
ex
ce
ed
th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ea
ch
v
ar
iab
le
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
lly
to
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
i
n
g
f
ac
to
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
af
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
ia
ten
ess
o
f
th
e
f
ac
to
r
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
6
o
u
tlin
es
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
v
ar
ian
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
3
7
p
o
ten
tial
f
ac
to
r
s
.
No
tab
ly
,
f
i
v
e
f
ac
to
r
s
p
o
s
s
ess
eig
en
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
in
g
1
.
0
,
ad
h
er
in
g
to
th
e
wid
el
y
ac
ce
p
ted
cr
iter
io
n
th
at
a
f
a
cto
r
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
an
eig
en
v
alu
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
1
.
0
to
b
e
d
ee
m
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
An
e
i
g
en
v
alu
e
b
elo
w
th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
less
v
ar
ian
ce
th
an
a
s
in
g
le
v
ar
iab
le
wo
u
ld
ex
p
lain
o
n
its
o
wn
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
m
o
s
t
r
esear
ch
er
s
wo
u
l
d
d
ee
m
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
s
u
ch
f
a
cto
r
s
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
war
r
an
t
th
eir
in
clu
s
io
n
in
th
e
f
in
al
f
ac
to
r
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
g
u
i
d
elin
e
h
elp
s
i
n
s
im
p
lify
in
g
th
e
f
a
cto
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
b
y
r
etain
i
n
g
o
n
l
y
th
o
s
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
a
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
to
e
x
p
lain
in
g
th
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
in
t
h
e
d
at
aset.
I
n
th
e
f
ac
to
r
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
r
o
tated
f
ac
to
r
m
atr
i
x
tab
le
is
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
th
e
d
ata
is
in
ter
p
r
eted
p
o
s
t
-
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
o
en
h
a
n
ce
clar
ity
a
n
d
ea
s
e
o
f
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
r
o
tated
,
a
co
m
m
o
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
aim
ed
at
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
s
im
p
le
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
I
n
th
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
al
y
s
is
,
as
s
ee
n
in
T
a
b
le
7
,
37
item
s
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
to
f
iv
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
h
ig
h
est
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
af
ter
r
o
tatio
n
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
clar
if
y
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
item
s
an
d
f
ac
to
r
s
:
-
Facto
r
1
in
clu
d
es
1
3
item
s
,
s
o
r
ted
b
y
th
eir
lo
ad
i
n
g
s
f
r
o
m
h
ig
h
est
to
lo
west,
b
eg
in
n
in
g
with
item
VL
8
wh
ich
h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lo
ad
in
g
o
f
.
8
2
3
.
I
tem
s
with
lo
ad
in
g
s
b
elo
w
.
3
0
a
r
e
n
o
t
s
h
o
wn
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
b
lan
k
s
in
s
o
m
e
ce
lls
o
f
th
e
m
atr
ix
.
-
Facto
r
2
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
9
item
s
,
s
tar
tin
g
with
VL
1
7
with
th
e
h
ig
h
est
lo
ad
in
g
,
d
o
wn
t
o
VL
1
9
with
th
e
lo
west.
-
Facto
r
3
co
v
e
r
s
6
item
s
,
f
r
o
m
VL
3
2
with
th
e
h
i
g
h
est lo
ad
in
g
to
VL
3
7
with
th
e
lo
west.
-
Facto
r
4
in
v
o
lv
es 6
item
s
,
with
VL
2
5
h
av
in
g
th
e
h
ig
h
est an
d
VL
3
0
th
e
lo
west lo
ad
in
g
.
-
Facto
r
5
in
clu
d
es
3
item
s
,
f
r
o
m
VL
3
with
th
e
h
i
g
h
est lo
ad
in
g
to
VL
1
with
th
e
lo
west
.
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.
7
0
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6
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6
8
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V
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6
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6
7
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6
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7
7
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V
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7
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1
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6
9
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2
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.
5
2
9
D
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me
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5
:
s
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s sa
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sf
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V
L
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L3
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h
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p
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p
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.
6
3
6
V
L5
V
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ses
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i
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si
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y
.
.
5
5
5
V
L1
I
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me
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a
t
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.
.
4
7
9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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2252
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8
8
2
2
Dev
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2865
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DIS
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with
V
-
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ab
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f
ac
to
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an
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lti
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etwe
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p
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ical,
p
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ical,
an
d
ch
allen
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elate
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asp
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lo
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with
s
tu
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h
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with
t
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
f
S
m
ith
an
d
J
o
n
es
[
3
8
]
,
wh
o
also
id
en
tifie
d
m
u
ltip
le
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
th
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ass
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n
t
o
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lear
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in
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en
v
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ts
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em
p
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asizin
g
th
e
c
o
m
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ity
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f
s
tu
d
en
t
in
ter
ac
tio
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s
with
tech
n
o
lo
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ica
l e
d
u
ca
tio
n
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to
o
ls
.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
asp
ec
ts
s
u
ch
as
ea
s
e
o
f
ac
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s
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ec
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ity
,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
f
i
n
d
in
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s
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f
L
ee
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t
a
l.
[
3
9
]
,
u
n
d
er
lin
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
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u
s
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Ped
ag
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th
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p
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asize
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g
th
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v
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K
h
an
[4
0
]
t
h
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
s
m
u
s
t in
teg
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ate
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ea
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less
ly
in
to
th
e
b
r
o
a
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er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
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f
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am
e
wo
r
k
to
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n
h
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ce
lea
r
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es.
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h
e
r
eliab
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o
f
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e
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le,
as
ev
id
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b
y
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h
C
r
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.
9
8
3
,
u
n
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s
co
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es
its
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o
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u
s
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ess
.
T
h
is
is
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im
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eliab
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m
etr
ics
p
r
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ted
b
y
Hu
g
h
es
an
d
Gar
cia
[4
1
]
in
th
eir
ev
alu
atio
n
s
ca
les
f
o
r
e
-
lear
n
in
g
p
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m
s
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r
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s
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with
th
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r
eliab
ilit
y
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
s
s
et
b
y
L
iu
[4
2
]
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
c
o
n
tr
ib
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o
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is
r
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ad
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.
T
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f
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o
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“
attitu
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v
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lab
o
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i
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u
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”
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cr
itically
co
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p
ar
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with
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f
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ev
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r
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f
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ci
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b
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s
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ess
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s
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Fo
r
in
s
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ce
,
o
u
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o
b
s
e
r
v
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n
th
at
V
-
L
ab
s
en
h
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ce
l
ea
r
n
in
g
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co
r
r
o
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o
r
ates
th
e
f
in
d
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s
b
y
Z
h
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
2
]
,
wh
o
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
o
le
o
f
v
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tu
al
la
b
s
in
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g
in
ee
r
in
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ed
u
ca
tio
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Mo
r
e
o
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er
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d
in
al
im
p
ac
ts
n
o
ted
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
alig
n
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
b
y
Ali
et
a
l
.
[
3
]
,
wh
er
e
d
y
n
am
ic
v
ir
tu
al
ch
em
is
tr
y
lab
o
r
ato
r
ies
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
en
g
ag
em
en
t
an
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
u
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
also
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
n
u
an
ce
d
v
iew
b
y
id
en
tif
y
in
g
s
p
e
cif
ic
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
e
n
t
attitu
d
es,
a
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
less
em
p
h
asized
b
u
t
s
im
ilar
ly
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t b
y
A
n
an
d
L
i
[
4
]
.
C
o
n
tr
ar
y
to
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
n
o
ted
b
y
C
h
o
n
i
an
d
Dar
d
y
m
o
v
[
5
]
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
d
etac
h
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
s
,
o
u
r
s
ca
le
id
e
n
tifie
d
h
ig
h
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
a
n
d
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
with
in
cu
r
r
e
n
t
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
etu
p
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
w
o
r
k
b
y
C
h
en
g
et
a
l
.
[
7
]
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
e
n
h
an
cin
g
t
h
e
u
s
er
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
w
id
er
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
s
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
o
u
r
s
ca
le,
e
v
id
en
ce
d
b
y
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
o
f
.
9
8
3
,
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
its
p
o
ten
tial
u
tili
ty
in
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
,
co
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
Yan
t
o
et
a
l
.
[
8
]
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
s
p
o
s
t
-
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
.
T
h
e
d
iv
er
s
e
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
la
b
s
in
e
n
h
a
n
cin
g
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
s
im
ilar
to
th
o
s
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Sij
ab
at
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
ar
e
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
a
b
r
o
ad
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
l im
p
ac
t.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts
an
d
v
alid
ates
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
attitu
d
in
al
s
ca
le,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
v
alu
ab
le
to
o
l
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
V
-
L
ab
s
in
s
ci
en
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
“
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ir
tu
al
lab
s
c
ale
”
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
t
o
b
e
a
r
eliab
le
a
n
d
v
alid
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
r
e
f
lectin
g
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
tep
f
o
r
war
d
i
n
th
e
em
p
ir
ical
s
tu
d
y
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ad
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tin
u
ed
in
teg
r
atio
n
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
th
ey
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
s
u
p
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
to
o
ls
b
u
t
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
ce
n
tr
al
to
s
cien
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
e
d
i
g
ital
ag
e.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
c
h
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ie
s
to
ass
ess
ch
an
g
es
in
attitu
d
es
o
v
er
tim
e,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
as
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
co
n
tin
u
e
to
ev
o
lv
e
t
h
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
r
ea
ch
o
f
V
-
L
a
b
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
u
l
d
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
attitu
d
es
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
is
cip
lin
es with
in
s
cien
ce
to
tailo
r
v
ir
tu
al
lab
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies m
o
r
e
clo
s
ely
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
b
o
d
y
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
V
-
L
ab
s
,
r
ea
f
f
ir
m
in
g
th
ei
r
v
alu
e
as
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
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ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
to
o
ls
an
d
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
th
eir
b
r
o
ad
er
a
d
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an
d
o
p
tim
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n
in
s
cien
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ed
u
ca
tio
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wo
r
ld
wid
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I
n
co
n
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s
io
n
,
wh
ile
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
alig
n
s
well
with
ex
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tin
g
liter
atu
r
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b
y
co
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f
ir
m
in
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th
e
m
u
ltid
im
en
s
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al
n
atu
r
e
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
attitu
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es
to
war
d
s
v
ir
t
u
al
lab
s
,
it
also
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
d
ia
lo
g
u
e
b
y
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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v
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&
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Vo
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14
,
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4
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Au
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2025
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r
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s
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id
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s
cien
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F
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Au
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AUTHO
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h
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u
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C
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eq
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RE
F
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R
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NC
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S
[
1
]
D
.
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v
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.
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2
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2
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C
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3
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2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
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:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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