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cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
wo
m
en
in
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
n
o
t o
n
ly
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
to
em
p
o
wer
wo
m
en
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
cial
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
asp
ec
ts
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
is
u
r
g
en
cy
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ev
id
en
t
g
iv
en
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
p
u
s
h
t
o
in
c
r
ea
s
e
th
e
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
wo
m
en
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
at
is
eq
u
al
to
m
en
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
s
o
f
ar
,
th
er
e
h
as
n
o
t
b
ee
n
m
u
c
h
r
esear
ch
th
at
r
ev
ea
ls
h
o
w
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
wo
m
en
'
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
af
f
ec
t
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
I
HE
,
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es
s
u
ch
as
S
h
id
d
iq
(
tr
u
th
f
u
ln
ess
)
,
A
ma
n
a
h
(
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
)
,
T
a
b
lig
h
(
co
n
v
ey
in
g
)
,
an
d
F
a
t
h
o
n
a
h
(
wis
d
o
m
)
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
o
f
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
9
]
.
T
h
ese
f
o
u
r
v
al
u
es
ar
e
v
er
y
r
elev
a
n
t
in
c
r
ea
tin
g
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
ased
o
n
et
h
ics
an
d
in
te
g
r
ity
[
1
0
]
.
Su
cc
ess
f
u
l
wo
m
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
in
teg
r
ate
th
ese
v
alu
es
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
u
cc
ess
in
lead
in
g
in
clu
s
iv
ely
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
m
a
n
y
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
ese
v
alu
es
in
I
s
lam
ic
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
g
en
er
al
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
v
al
u
es
in
wo
m
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
is
s
till
lim
ited
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
h
o
w
th
ese
v
alu
es
ca
n
b
e
in
te
r
n
alize
d
in
wo
m
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
n
ess
(
C
ON)
,
ag
r
ee
ab
len
ess
(
AGR)
,
ex
tr
av
er
s
io
n
(
E
XT
)
,
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
(
E
MO
)
,
an
d
o
p
e
n
n
ess
to
ex
p
er
ien
ce
(
OPE)
wh
ich
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
tifie
d
as
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
ac
t
o
r
s
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
s
u
cc
ess
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
wo
m
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
,
th
ese
f
iv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
b
r
id
g
in
g
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
o
les.
As
lead
er
s
,
wo
m
en
ar
e
f
ac
ed
with
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
n
o
t
o
n
ly
lea
d
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
b
u
t
also
b
u
ild
in
g
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
(
I
NC
)
f
o
r
all
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
ar
e
co
r
r
elate
d
with
v
ar
io
u
s
asp
ec
ts
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
b
u
t
ar
e
less
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
I
HE
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
at
tem
p
ts
to
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
b
y
ex
a
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
m
e
d
iatin
g
r
o
le
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
in
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
in
clu
s
iv
e
wo
m
en
le
ad
er
s
h
ip
.
Mo
s
t
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
w
o
m
en
'
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
h
a
v
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
m
o
r
e
o
n
g
en
d
er
asp
ec
ts
o
r
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
wo
m
en
in
ac
h
iev
in
g
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
p
o
s
itio
n
s
[
2
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
an
d
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
ar
e
s
till
v
er
y
lim
ited
.
S
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
]
,
[
1
8
]
o
n
l
y
to
u
ch
o
n
g
e
n
er
al
p
er
s
o
n
ality
asp
ec
ts
with
o
u
t
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
h
o
w
ea
c
h
p
er
s
o
n
ality
d
im
en
s
io
n
ca
n
m
e
d
iate
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
wo
m
en
'
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
g
ap
is
th
e
m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
,
to
a
n
s
wer
th
e
g
ap
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
I
s
la
m
ic
v
alu
es,
an
d
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
ew
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
two
m
a
jo
r
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
b
etwe
en
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es
(
S
h
id
d
i
q
,
A
ma
n
a
h
,
Ta
b
lig
h
,
a
n
d
F
a
th
o
n
a
h
)
an
d
t
h
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
i
n
a
n
aly
z
in
g
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
wo
m
en
’
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
i
n
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
ati
o
n
m
o
d
ellin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
m
eth
o
d
.
T
h
e
PLS
-
SEM
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
t
o
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
r
esear
c
h
,
wh
ich
is
ex
p
ec
ted
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
wo
m
en
’
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
id
en
ti
f
y
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
m
ed
iate
an
d
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
wo
m
en
'
s
lead
er
s
h
i
p
in
th
is
c
o
n
tex
t.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
s
lam
.
Pra
ctica
lly
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
ar
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
h
elp
wo
m
e
n
lead
er
s
i
n
I
HE
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
lea
d
er
s
h
ip
a
b
ilit
ies
o
r
ien
ted
to
war
d
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
en
es
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
A
q
u
an
tit
ati
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
wit
h
th
e
PLS
-
S
E
M
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
is
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
w
as
c
h
o
s
e
n
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
c
a
n
s
i
m
u
lta
n
e
o
u
s
l
y
p
r
o
c
ess
c
o
m
p
le
x
d
a
ta
an
d
test
s
t
r
u
c
tu
r
a
l
r
el
ati
o
n
s
h
ip
s
b
e
twe
en
v
ar
ia
b
l
es
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
c
r
it
er
ia
f
o
r
r
es
p
o
n
d
e
n
ts
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
a
r
e
w
o
m
e
n
le
ad
er
s
w
h
o
h
o
l
d
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
o
s
i
ti
o
n
s
i
n
I
HE
,
s
u
c
h
as
f
e
m
al
e
r
ec
t
o
r
s
,
v
i
ce
-
r
e
cto
r
s
,
s
e
n
i
o
r
l
ec
t
u
r
e
r
s
,
a
n
d
s
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s
w
h
o
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
th
e
co
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
'
s
lea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
.
T
h
e
r
ese
a
r
c
h
s
a
m
p
le
was
ta
k
e
n
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
lit
y
m
et
h
o
d
w
it
h
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
i
v
e
s
am
p
li
n
g
te
c
h
n
iq
u
e,
wh
e
r
e
r
es
p
o
n
d
en
ts
h
a
v
e
ex
p
e
r
i
en
ce
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
i
n
g
r
el
ate
d
t
o
t
h
e
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
s
el
ec
t
ed
t
o
p
ar
t
ici
p
a
te
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
PLS
-
SEM
r
u
le
s
,
wh
ich
g
en
er
ally
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
at
least
1
0
tim
es
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
d
icato
r
s
in
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
PLS
-
SEM
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
w
o
men
's le
a
d
ers
h
ip
s
u
cc
ess
in
in
clu
s
ive
lea
d
ers
h
ip
in
I
s
la
mic
h
ig
h
er
… (
Mu
h
a
mma
d
Gh
a
fa
r
)
3011
m
o
d
el,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
4
ar
r
o
ws
lead
in
g
to
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
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s
ed
ar
o
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n
d
1
1
1
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
s
tatis
tic
al
an
aly
s
is
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ics
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
o
n
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
wo
m
e
n
’
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
i
n
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
.
T
h
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
wh
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
lead
er
s
an
d
s
tak
eh
o
ld
e
r
s
wh
o
h
a
v
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
o
les in
ad
v
a
n
cin
g
wo
m
en
’
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ics o
f
r
es
ea
r
ch
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
(
N=
1
1
1
)
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
N
%
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
y
N
%
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
45
4
0
.
5
4
1
Le
v
e
l
o
f
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
M
a
s
t
e
r
s
54
4
8
.
6
4
9
F
e
mal
e
66
5
9
.
4
5
9
D
o
c
t
o
r
a
t
e
57
5
1
.
3
5
1
A
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
30
-
4
0
y
e
a
r
s
28
2
5
.
2
2
5
P
o
si
t
i
o
n
R
e
c
t
o
r
s
3
2
.
7
0
3
41
-
5
0
y
e
a
r
s
41
3
6
.
9
3
7
V
i
c
e
-
R
e
c
t
o
r
s
9
8
.
1
0
8
51
-
6
0
y
e
a
r
s
36
3
2
.
4
3
2
S
e
n
i
o
r
Le
c
t
u
r
e
r
s
73
6
5
.
7
6
6
>
6
0
y
e
a
r
s
6
5
.
4
0
5
S
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s
26
2
3
.
4
2
3
W
o
r
k
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
<
1
0
y
e
a
r
s
25
2
2
.
5
2
3
I
H
E
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
I
sl
a
m N
e
g
e
r
i
K
i
a
i
A
g
e
n
g
M
u
h
a
mm
a
d
B
e
s
a
r
i
P
o
n
o
r
o
g
o
40
3
6
.
0
3
6
10
-
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
50
4
5
.
0
4
5
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
a
s
I
sl
a
m N
e
g
e
r
i
(
U
I
N
)
I
mam
B
o
n
j
o
l
P
a
d
a
n
g
35
3
1
.
5
3
2
>
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
36
3
2
.
4
3
2
S
e
k
o
l
a
h
Ti
n
g
g
i
A
g
a
m
a
I
sl
a
m N
e
g
e
r
i
(
S
TA
I
N
)
M
a
j
e
n
e
36
3
2
.
4
3
2
Ov
er
all,
f
o
u
r
m
ain
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
ar
e
in
teg
r
ate
d
with
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es,
f
iv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
ch
ar
a
cter
is
tics
,
an
d
wo
m
en
'
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
v
a
r
ia
b
les
in
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
First,
th
e
f
o
u
r
m
ain
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
in
teg
r
ated
with
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
a
d
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
a
l
liter
atu
r
es
[
9
]
,
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
S
h
id
d
iq
(
SHI
)
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
cl
u
d
es
in
d
icato
r
s
r
elate
d
to
v
iews
o
n
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ates,
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
y
e
x
am
p
l
e,
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
A
ma
n
a
h
(
AM
A)
d
im
en
s
io
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
in
d
icato
r
s
th
at
em
p
h
asize
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
p
o
licies,
f
u
lf
illme
n
t
o
f
co
m
m
itm
en
ts
,
tr
u
s
t
in
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
task
s
,
an
d
in
teg
r
ity
i
n
tr
u
s
t,
t
h
e
Ta
b
lig
h
(
T
AB
)
d
im
en
s
io
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
to
ex
p
r
ess
o
p
in
io
n
s
,
e
q
u
al
r
ig
h
ts
to
s
p
ea
k
,
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
v
iews,
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
ag
ain
s
t
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
e
F
a
th
o
n
a
h
(
FAT)
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
clu
d
es
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
n
ew
id
ea
s
,
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
in
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
th
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
ai
ts
,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
d
icato
r
s
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
liter
atu
r
es
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
an
d
a
d
d
itio
n
s
f
r
o
m
u
s
.
C
ON
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
clu
d
es
in
d
icato
r
s
s
u
ch
as
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
d
etailed
id
ea
s
,
an
d
ca
r
ef
u
l
n
ess
in
ass
ess
in
g
s
u
b
o
r
d
i
n
ates.
T
h
e
AGR
d
im
en
s
io
n
em
p
h
asizes
a
f
r
ien
d
ly
w
o
r
k
in
g
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e,
m
o
r
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
an
d
le
ad
er
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
th
e
E
XT
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
in
cl
u
d
es
th
e
lev
el
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
s
o
cial
in
ter
ac
tio
n
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
t
o
b
u
ild
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
,
an
d
in
s
p
ir
atio
n
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
o
th
e
r
s
.
T
h
e
EMO
d
im
en
s
io
n
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ate
co
u
r
ag
e,
s
u
b
o
r
d
in
ate
in
v
o
lv
e
m
en
t
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
ca
lm
.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
OPE
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
clu
d
es
ac
co
m
m
o
d
atio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
cr
itici
s
m
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
o
r
ch
an
g
e.
I
n
d
icato
r
s
in
th
e
v
a
r
iab
le
wo
m
en
'
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
wer
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
r
o
m
s
ev
er
al
liter
atu
r
es
[
2
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
I
NC
d
im
en
s
io
n
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
in
clu
s
iv
e
wo
m
en
'
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
cr
ea
tin
g
f
air
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
in
p
o
licies,
g
en
d
er
e
q
u
ality
in
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
n
o
d
is
cr
im
in
atio
n
ag
ai
n
s
t
v
iews,
an
d
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
f
o
r
all
(
I
NC
4
)
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
(
OB
J
)
d
im
en
s
io
n
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
o
b
jectiv
ity
in
all
asp
ec
ts
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
with
o
u
t
g
en
d
e
r
b
ias,
an
d
f
air
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ap
p
r
aisal.
T
h
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
f
a
cts an
d
d
ata,
a
n
d
a
n
OB
J
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
co
llected
d
ata
will
b
e
an
a
ly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
PLS
-
SEM
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
v
er
y
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
co
m
p
lex
r
esear
ch
an
d
in
v
o
lv
es
m
an
y
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
an
d
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
les
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
PLS
-
SEM
i
s
u
s
ed
t
o
m
o
d
el
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es,
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
wo
m
en
'
s
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
in
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
Data
an
aly
s
is
in
clu
d
es
th
r
ee
s
tag
es,
n
am
ely
th
e
o
u
ter
m
o
d
el
test
to
ass
ess
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct,
th
e
in
n
er
m
o
d
el
test
f
o
r
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el,
an
d
f
in
ally
test
in
g
t
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
laten
t
v
ar
iab
les
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[3
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
m
u
lates
h
y
p
o
th
eses
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
2
2
h
y
p
o
th
eses
f
r
o
m
d
ir
ec
t
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
s
an
d
2
5
9
h
y
p
o
th
eses
f
r
o
m
in
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
wh
ich
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ize
d
in
to
2
1
in
d
ir
ec
t
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wh
ich
alter
n
ativ
ely
h
av
e
an
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t im
p
ac
t o
n
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
wo
m
en
'
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
3
.
1
.
E
v
a
lua
t
i
o
n o
f
m
ea
s
urem
ent
mo
del
Facto
r
l
o
ad
in
g
(
FL)
is
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
an
i
n
d
icato
r
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
laten
t
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
it
r
ep
r
esen
ts
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
all
FL
v
alu
es
ex
ce
ed
ed
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
>0
.
7
0
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
0
0
9
-
3
0
1
7
3012
ea
ch
in
d
icato
r
m
a
k
es
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le.
T
h
e
in
d
icato
r
with
t
h
e
h
ig
h
est
lo
ad
in
g
v
alu
e
is
"
o
b
jectiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
"
(
OB
J
5
)
with
an
FL
o
f
0
.
9
4
1
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
v
er
y
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
its
laten
t
v
ar
iab
le.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
lo
west
FL
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
th
e
in
d
icato
r
"
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
ex
p
r
ess
o
p
in
io
n
s
"
(
T
AB
1
)
o
f
0
.
7
2
0
,
b
u
t
s
till
ab
o
v
e
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
av
er
ag
e
v
a
r
ian
ce
e
x
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
was
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
in
"
OB
J
"
with
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
4
6
,
wh
ile
th
e
lo
west
AVE
was
"
FAT
"
w
ith
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
8
6
3
.
I
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
s
h
o
ws
h
o
w
co
n
s
is
ten
t
th
e
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
a
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
ct.
T
h
e
tw
o
m
ea
s
u
r
es
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
is
a
r
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
with
v
alu
es
>0
.
7
0
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
in
d
i
ca
to
r
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
th
ey
r
ep
r
esen
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws a
v
is
u
aliza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
e
v
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
v
alu
atin
g
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t m
o
d
el
3
.
2
.
E
v
a
lua
t
i
o
n o
f
s
t
ruct
ura
l
m
o
del
R
²
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
at
d
escr
ib
es
h
o
w
m
u
ch
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le
e
x
p
lain
s
th
e
v
a
r
ia
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
iab
le.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
R
²
v
alu
e
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
"AG
R
"
(
R
²=
0
.
9
2
2
)
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
ex
p
lain
s
th
e
v
ar
ian
ce
in
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
th
e
lo
west
R
²
v
alu
e
wa
s
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
in
"I
NC
"
(
R
²=
0
.
6
8
8
)
,
wh
ich
alth
o
u
g
h
l
o
wer
,
is
s
till
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
ca
t
eg
o
r
y
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
p
o
we
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
wo
m
e
n
'
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
cr
ea
tin
g
an
I
NC
.
E
f
f
ec
t
s
ize
(
ƒ
²)
m
ea
s
u
r
es
h
o
w
m
u
ch
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
le
h
as
o
n
th
e
d
ep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
le.
B
ased
o
n
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize
an
al
y
s
is
,
"OBJ
"
h
as
th
e
lar
g
est
ƒ
²
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
4
2
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
v
er
y
lar
g
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
NC
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Ov
er
all,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
is
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
w
a
m
ed
iu
m
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les to
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t v
a
r
iab
le
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
t a
n
d
r
elev
an
t.
3
.
3
.
H
y
po
t
hes
is
t
esting
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
ef
f
ec
ts
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
o
n
s
ev
er
al
p
ath
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
to
ac
ce
p
t
o
r
r
ejec
t
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
we
n
ee
d
to
p
ay
atten
tio
n
to
th
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
v
alu
e
u
s
ed
in
PLS
-
SEM
.
Fo
r
an
ac
ce
p
ted
h
y
p
o
th
esis
,
th
e
T
-
statistics
>1
.
9
6
an
d
th
e
ρ
-
value
<0
.
0
5
.
I
n
T
a
b
le
2
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ath
an
aly
ze
d
is
H
-
DI
R
1
(
SHI
→
C
O
N)
,
wh
ich
test
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
SHI
on
C
ON
.
T
h
e
β
-
value
=0
.
5
4
0
,
T
-
statistics
=4
.
7
7
2
,
an
d
ρ
-
value
=0
.
0
0
0
in
d
icate
th
at
th
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
ac
ce
p
ted
,
in
d
icatin
g
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
b
etwe
e
n
SHI
an
d
C
ON
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
e
r
th
e
SHI
v
al
u
e,
th
e
h
ig
h
er
t
h
e
C
ON
v
alu
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
wo
m
en
lead
er
s
in
I
H
E
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H
-
DI
R
13
(
AGR
→
E
M
O)
wh
ich
test
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
AGR
o
n
EMO
g
iv
es
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
esu
lts
wi
th
a
β
-
value
=
-
0
.
0
7
5
,
T
-
statistics
=0
.
4
8
8
,
a
n
d
ρ
-
value
=0
.
6
2
6
,
th
is
h
y
p
o
th
esis
is
r
ejec
ted
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
H
-
DI
R
16
(
E
XT
→
OPE)
wh
ich
test
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
w
o
men
's le
a
d
ers
h
ip
s
u
cc
ess
in
in
clu
s
ive
lea
d
ers
h
ip
in
I
s
la
mic
h
ig
h
er
… (
Mu
h
a
mma
d
Gh
a
fa
r
)
3013
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
E
XT
o
n
OPE
i
s
also
r
ejec
ted
with
T
-
statistics
=0
.
3
0
2
an
d
ρ
-
value
=0
.
7
6
2
.
Fi
n
ally
,
th
e
H
-
DI
R
22
h
y
p
o
th
esis
(
I
NC
→
OB
J
)
wh
ich
test
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
I
NC
on
OB
J
is
ac
ce
p
ted
wi
th
a
β
-
value
=0
.
6
2
1
,
T
-
statistics
=9
.
5
4
0
,
a
n
d
ρ
-
value
=0
.
0
0
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
h
as
a
s
tr
o
n
g
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ak
e
o
b
jectiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
:
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
d
ir
ec
t e
f
f
ec
ts
H
y
p
o
t
h
e
s
i
s
P
a
t
h
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
β
-
va
l
u
e
T
-
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
(
>
1.
96)
ρ
-
va
l
ue
(<
0.
0
5)
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
H
-
D
I
R
1
S
H
I
→
C
O
N
0
.
5
4
0
4
.
7
7
2
0
.
0
0
0
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
2
S
H
I
→
AGR
0
.
4
2
6
1
.
0
3
0
0
.
0
0
0
H
-
D
I
R
3
A
M
A
→
C
O
N
0
.
1
3
4
1
.
8
6
1
0
.
0
6
3
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
4
A
M
A
→
AGR
0
.
1
3
2
2
.
4
0
4
0
.
0
1
7
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
5
TA
B
→
C
O
N
0
.
2
2
3
2
.
2
6
1
0
.
0
2
4
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
6
TA
B
→
A
G
R
0
.
2
8
0
3
.
9
7
3
0
.
0
0
0
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
7
F
A
T
→
C
O
N
0
.
0
9
6
1
.
0
3
0
0
.
3
0
4
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
8
F
A
T
→
AGR
0
.
1
9
5
1
.
7
7
4
0
.
0
7
7
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
9
C
O
N
→
EX
T
0
.
8
3
7
4
.
7
5
3
0
.
0
0
0
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
10
C
O
N
→
E
M
O
0
.
5
7
6
3
.
1
3
9
0
.
0
0
2
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
11
C
O
N
→
O
P
E
0
.
3
2
9
2
.
4
7
4
0
.
0
1
4
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
12
AGR
→
EX
T
0
.
0
6
3
0
.
3
4
0
0
.
7
3
4
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
13
AGR
→
E
M
O
-
0
.
0
7
5
0
.
4
8
8
0
.
6
2
6
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
14
AGR
→
O
P
E
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
8
0
.
9
9
3
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
15
EX
T
→
E
M
O
0
.
4
3
1
4
.
4
3
8
0
.
0
0
0
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
16
EX
T
→
O
P
E
0
.
0
2
1
0
.
3
0
2
0
.
7
6
2
R
e
j
e
c
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
17
EM
O
→
I
N
C
0
.
6
5
1
6
.
7
0
4
0
.
0
0
0
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
18
EM
O
→
O
B
J
0
.
2
5
3
2
.
0
2
7
0
.
0
0
2
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
19
EM
O
→
O
P
E
0
.
5
9
7
6
.
2
4
8
0
.
0
0
0
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
20
O
P
E
→
I
N
C
0
.
1
9
1
2
.
0
2
7
0
.
0
4
3
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
21
O
P
E
→
O
B
J
0
.
1
3
1
2
.
1
8
9
0
.
0
2
9
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
H
-
D
I
R
22
I
N
C
→
O
B
J
0
.
6
2
1
9
.
5
4
0
0
.
0
0
0
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es
,
s
u
ch
as
SHI
an
d
AM
A
,
s
h
o
w
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
n
th
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
wo
m
e
n
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
I
s
lam
ic
m
o
r
al
an
d
eth
ical
v
alu
es
p
la
y
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
t
h
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
o
f
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
[
2
6
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
S
HI
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
h
o
n
est,
an
d
AM
A
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
tr
u
s
tw
o
r
th
y
,
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
a
p
er
s
o
n
ality
th
at
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
C
O
N
an
d
AGR
.
W
o
m
en
lead
er
s
h
ip
th
at
p
r
io
r
itizes
h
o
n
esty
an
d
m
o
r
a
l
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
h
as
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
in
m
an
ag
in
g
a
n
I
NC
[
1
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
Ho
n
esty
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
,
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
t
ed
in
th
ese
two
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es,
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
lead
e
r
s
wh
o
ar
e
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
,
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le,
a
n
d
tr
u
s
two
r
th
y
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
two
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
to
th
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
m
o
d
el,
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
th
e
ar
g
u
m
en
t
th
at
s
p
ir
itu
al
v
alu
es
as
tau
g
h
t
in
I
s
lam
h
av
e
a
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
p
er
s
o
n
ality
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
,
esp
ec
ially
i
n
I
HE
.
T
h
is
f
ills
a
g
a
p
th
at
was
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
ly
less
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
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o
t
h
e
r
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tu
d
ies
th
at
r
a
r
ely
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n
n
ec
t I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es with
m
o
d
er
n
p
er
s
o
n
ality
th
e
o
r
ies.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
T
AB
s
h
o
wed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
wh
ile
FAT
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h
o
wed
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p
o
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itiv
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b
u
t
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t.
T
AB
,
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
is
r
elate
d
to
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
wo
m
en
lead
er
s
t
o
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
te
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
a
n
d
t
r
an
s
p
ar
en
tly
,
r
ef
lectin
g
th
e
tr
aits
o
f
E
XT
an
d
AGR
[
2
4
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
FAT
,
wh
ich
r
ef
lects
in
tellig
en
ce
an
d
w
is
d
o
m
,
alth
o
u
g
h
h
av
i
n
g
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ef
f
ec
t,
d
id
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
th
at
in
tellig
en
ce
is
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
d
ir
ec
tly
r
ef
lecte
d
in
a
p
er
s
o
n
ality
th
at
en
co
u
r
ag
es
in
clu
s
iv
en
ess
in
lead
er
s
h
ip
[
2
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
(
T
AB
)
is
m
o
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
asp
ec
ts
o
f
o
p
en
an
d
ex
tr
o
v
e
r
ted
p
er
s
o
n
ality
,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
in
cr
ea
tin
g
a
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
in
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
ality
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t in
clu
s
iv
ity
,
wh
ile
in
tellig
en
ce
(
FAT
)
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
ir
ec
tly
im
p
ac
t
th
is
p
er
s
o
n
ality
d
im
e
n
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
ew
v
iew
th
a
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
eten
ce
is
m
o
r
e
cr
u
cial
th
an
in
tellectu
al
in
tellig
en
ce
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
wo
m
en
’
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
,
wh
ich
h
as r
ar
ely
b
ee
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
B
i
g
Fi
v
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
ali
ty
t
r
a
its
we
r
e
s
h
o
w
n
to
m
e
d
ia
te
t
h
e
r
e
lati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twe
en
I
s
la
m
i
c
v
al
u
es
(
SHI
,
AM
A
,
T
AB
,
FAT
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
u
c
ce
s
s
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
’
s
le
ad
e
r
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
.
T
h
is
m
ed
iati
o
n
s
u
g
g
ests
t
h
at
th
e
a
p
p
li
ca
t
io
n
o
f
I
s
l
am
i
c
v
al
u
es
i
n
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls
c
a
n
b
e
s
tr
e
n
g
th
en
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
e
r
s
o
n
alit
y
t
r
a
its
t
h
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ar
e
f
o
r
m
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d
.
L
e
a
d
e
r
s
wh
o
c
o
n
s
is
te
n
t
ly
p
r
a
cti
ce
SH
I
t
en
d
t
o
h
a
v
e
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
n
s
ci
e
n
ti
o
u
s
p
er
s
o
n
a
lit
y
,
wh
ic
h
u
lti
m
at
el
y
i
n
c
r
e
ases
t
h
e
ef
f
e
cti
v
e
n
ess
o
f
in
cl
u
s
i
v
e
l
ea
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
es
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
i
n
t
eg
r
a
ti
n
g
s
p
i
r
it
u
a
l
v
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n
t
h
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d
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v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
lea
d
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s
p
e
r
s
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ty
,
esp
ec
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all
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th
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c
o
n
t
ex
t
o
f
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
ati
o
n
t
h
at
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
i
n
cl
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s
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d
d
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it
y
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T
h
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d
i
n
g
is
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r
ati
o
n
o
f
I
s
l
am
i
c
v
al
u
es i
n
t
o
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
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8
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I
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t
J
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v
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&
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d
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Vo
l
.
14
,
No
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4
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20
25
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ig
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w
h
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ar
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is
cu
s
s
e
d
i
n
p
r
ev
io
u
s
li
te
r
at
u
r
e
[3
5
]
,
[
3
6
]
.
An
I
NC
p
la
y
s
a
n
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
i
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n
c
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OB
J
a
m
o
n
g
w
o
m
e
n
le
a
d
e
r
s
i
n
I
HE
[
3
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
s
t
h
at
in
cl
u
s
i
v
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ty
c
r
ea
tes
a
s
p
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ca
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-
m
a
k
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p
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o
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s
w
it
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d
is
c
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m
i
n
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o
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b
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s
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p
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t
a
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f
ai
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e
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.
W
o
m
e
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l
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s
wh
o
o
p
er
ate
in
a
n
I
NC
t
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n
d
t
o
b
e
m
o
r
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d
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i
n
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wh
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u
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o
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-
m
a
k
i
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g
[
1
8
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
lic
ati
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
e
m
p
h
asiz
e
th
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im
p
o
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ta
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c
e
o
f
c
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ea
ti
n
g
a
n
in
cl
u
s
i
v
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cu
l
tu
r
e
i
n
I
HE
t
o
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tr
e
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th
e
n
f
ai
r
a
n
d
o
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je
cti
v
e
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d
e
r
s
h
i
p
.
T
h
e
n
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v
elt
y
o
f
t
h
is
f
i
n
d
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g
is
t
h
a
t
an
I
NC
ca
n
en
co
u
r
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a
m
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t
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s
p
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r
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n
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j
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n
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o
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,
wh
i
ch
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as
a
n
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es
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
im
p
li
ca
t
io
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
l
ic
y
o
f
d
e
v
el
o
p
i
n
g
w
o
m
en
lea
d
er
s
i
n
I
HE
,
n
a
m
e
ly
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
a
n
in
c
lu
s
iv
e
wo
r
k
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
p
a
r
ti
ci
p
at
io
n
o
f
al
l st
a
k
eh
o
l
d
e
r
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
m
ain
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
at
S
h
id
d
i
q
(
t
r
u
t
h
f
u
ln
ess
)
an
d
A
ma
n
a
h
(
tr
u
s
two
r
th
in
ess
)
as
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
two
B
ig
Fiv
e
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
,
n
a
m
ely
co
n
s
cien
tio
u
s
n
ess
an
d
f
r
ien
d
lin
ess
.
B
o
th
o
f
th
es
e
tr
aits
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
in
clu
s
iv
e
f
em
ale
lead
e
r
s
h
ip
in
I
HE
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
B
ig
Fiv
e
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
I
s
lam
ic
v
al
u
es,
cr
ea
tin
g
a
n
ew
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
th
at
is
r
elev
an
t
to
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
em
ale
lead
er
s
h
ip
with
in
a
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
r
elig
io
u
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
av
e
b
r
o
ad
r
elev
an
ce
,
b
o
th
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ics,
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
,
an
d
p
r
ac
titi
o
n
er
s
,
in
cr
ea
tin
g
m
o
r
e
in
cl
u
s
iv
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
p
o
licies,
as
well
a
s
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
w
o
m
en
’
s
r
o
le
s
as lea
d
er
s
in
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tr
ateg
ic
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
is
th
at
p
o
licy
m
a
k
er
s
in
I
HE
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
th
e
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
ality
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
clu
s
i
v
e
lead
er
s
h
ip
b
y
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
I
s
lam
ic
v
alu
es
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
wo
m
en
lead
er
s
.
T
h
u
s
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
lead
er
s
h
ip
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
tr
en
g
th
en
i
n
g
I
s
lam
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
ality
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tab
ili
ty
an
d
o
p
en
n
ess
to
n
ew
e
x
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
al
s
o
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
b
u
ild
i
n
g
an
i
n
c
lu
s
iv
e
wo
r
k
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
I
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
cr
ea
te
an
in
clu
s
iv
e
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
wh
er
e
ev
er
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
f
ee
l
h
ea
r
d
an
d
v
alu
e
d
,
to
en
co
u
r
a
g
e
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
f
air
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
.
Fin
ally
,
co
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
with
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
is
al
s
o
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
s
in
wo
m
en
’
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
i
n
I
HE
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
f
u
r
th
er
s
tu
d
ies ca
n
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
wo
m
en
’
s
lead
er
s
h
ip
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
with
f
in
an
cial
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
Dir
ec
to
r
ate
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
Hig
h
er
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Dir
ec
to
r
ate
Gen
er
al
o
f
I
s
lam
ic
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
Min
i
s
tr
y
o
f
R
elig
io
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
R
ec
ip
ien
t
o
f
Ap
p
lied
R
esear
ch
Ass
i
s
tan
ce
f
o
r
Natio
n
al
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t N
u
m
b
er
6
0
1
0
o
f
2
0
2
2
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
t
r
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
a
x
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
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co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
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C
M
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Vi
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An
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J
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Hestu
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No
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C
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C
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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&
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N:
2252
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8
8
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2
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xp
lo
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w
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's le
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h
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s
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in
in
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lea
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h
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in
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Mu
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d
Gh
a
fa
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)
3015
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
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E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
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s
s
tate
n
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f
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f
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est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
ata
th
at
s
u
p
p
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th
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[
MG
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.
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e
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ata,
w
h
ich
co
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in
f
o
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m
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t
h
at
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o
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r
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ac
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o
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ch
p
ar
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ar
e
n
o
t p
u
b
licly
a
v
ailab
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d
u
e
to
ce
r
tain
r
estrictio
n
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
T.
C
a
r
v
a
l
h
o
a
n
d
S
.
D
i
o
g
o
,
“
W
o
m
e
n
R
e
c
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
L
e
a
d
e
r
s
h
i
p
N
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
:
Th
e
S
a
me
M
a
l
e
N
o
r
m?
”
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
7
5
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
d
u
c
s
c
i
8
0
2
0
0
7
5
.
[
2
]
K
.
C
h
a
n
a
n
a
,
“
W
o
me
n
a
n
d
Le
a
d
e
r
sh
i
p
:
S
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
o
f
G
e
n
d
e
r
I
n
c
l
u
si
o
n
i
n
I
n
st
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
H
i
g
h
e
r
E
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
i
n
S
t
ra
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
,
G
.
C
r
i
mm
i
n
s,
E
d
.
C
h
a
m
:
S
p
r
i
n
g
e
r
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
i
s
h
i
n
g
,
2
0
2
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p
p
.
1
4
1
–
162
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o
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8
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.
[
3
]
A
.
P
a
n
i
c
k
e
r
,
R
.
K
.
A
g
r
a
w
a
l
,
a
n
d
U
.
K
h
a
n
d
e
l
w
a
l
,
“
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
w
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
e
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
i
t
i
z
e
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
,
”
E
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
,
D
i
v
e
rs
i
t
y
a
n
d
I
n
c
l
u
s
i
o
n
:
An
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
,
v
o
l
.
3
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
5
3
0
–
5
5
0
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
8
,
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o
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:
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0
.
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0
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I
-
03
-
2
0
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7
-
0
0
5
4
.
[
4
]
E.
B
.
R
o
g
e
r
s
a
n
d
J.
R
o
se
,
“
A
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
E
x
p
l
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
W
o
me
n
’
s
G
e
n
d
e
r
e
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0
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[
31
]
M
.
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.
,
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[
32
]
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.
M
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[
33
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.
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A
.
R
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s
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d
,
“
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o
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k
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J
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[
34
]
T.
W
.
M
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n
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Z
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S
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k
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a
,
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sh
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p
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sac
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ma
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:
w
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m
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[
35
]
N
.
T.
B
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P
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ss:
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[
36
]
J.
M
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b
r
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o
-
H
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n
á
n
d
e
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,
W
.
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[
37
]
J.
C
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l
.
,
“
W
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m
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n
i
n
Le
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.