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2762
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ia
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Studen
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o
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g
ital ex
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m pa
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n India
n
univ
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s
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e
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c
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a
n
d
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se
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h
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a
n
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s
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sh
if
t
to
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n
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m
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m
4
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n
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e
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(P
LS
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S
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).
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lt
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ial
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e
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il
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ti
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it
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s
(F
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n
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e
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s
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si
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ifi
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e
h
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se
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ig
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e
h
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r
(
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).
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d
it
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n
a
ll
y
,
g
e
n
d
e
r
wa
s
fo
u
n
d
to
m
o
d
e
ra
te
th
e
re
l
a
ti
o
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
H
M
a
n
d
BI.
T
h
e
st
u
d
y
c
o
n
c
lu
d
e
s
t
h
a
t
th
e
UTAU
T
m
o
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e
l
e
ffe
c
ti
v
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ly
e
x
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s
d
i
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it
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l
e
x
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m
p
a
d
a
d
o
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o
n
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o
ffe
rin
g
p
ra
c
ti
c
a
l
in
sig
h
ts
f
o
r
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n
iv
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rsiti
e
s
a
imin
g
t
o
imp
lem
e
n
t
s
u
c
h
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
.
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h
e
fin
d
i
n
g
s
u
n
d
e
rsc
o
re
th
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
targ
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ted
stra
te
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e
n
h
a
n
c
e
stu
d
e
n
t
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
wit
h
d
i
g
it
a
l
to
o
ls,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
c
o
n
sid
e
ri
n
g
g
e
n
d
e
r
d
if
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Dig
ital e
x
am
p
ad
Hig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
Pap
er
less
ex
am
PLS
-
SEM
UT
AUT
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Dilip
Ku
m
ar
Gr
ea
t L
ak
es I
n
s
titu
te
o
f
Ma
n
a
g
em
en
t
Gu
r
g
ao
n
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
d
ilip
.
k
@
g
r
ea
tlak
es.e
d
u
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
war
d
s
p
ap
er
le
s
s
ex
am
s
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
as
g
ain
ed
atten
tio
n
,
esp
ec
iall
y
af
ter
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
A
d
ec
a
d
e
ag
o
,
m
an
y
ex
is
tin
g
o
p
tio
n
s
p
r
im
ar
ily
ca
ter
ed
to
m
u
ltip
l
e
-
ch
o
ice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
(
MCQ)
.
L
ater
,
t
h
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
h
a
n
d
lin
g
s
u
b
jectiv
e
ex
am
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
.
On
e
s
u
ch
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
q
u
er
y
lan
g
u
ag
e
(
SQL)
-
b
ased
p
ap
er
less
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
wh
ich
au
to
m
ates
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
an
d
en
s
u
r
es
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
W
eb
-
b
ased
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
h
elp
ev
alu
ate
an
d
g
en
er
ate
r
ep
o
r
ts
in
E
x
ce
l
s
h
ee
ts
.
R
ec
en
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
e
n
co
u
r
ag
ed
p
ap
e
r
less
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
On
lin
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
h
as
en
h
a
n
ce
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
o
f
tea
ch
in
g
an
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
r
ed
u
cin
g
tim
e
an
d
b
u
d
g
et
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
I
n
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
au
to
m
ated
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
s
wer
ev
alu
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
h
as
led
to
f
air
er
ass
es
s
m
en
t
p
r
ac
tices
[
1
]
.
Pap
er
less
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
en
h
an
ce
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
ch
o
o
l
ass
ess
m
en
ts
an
d
allev
iate
teac
h
er
s
’
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
task
s
.
T
h
ey
aim
to
e
x
p
ed
ite
a
n
s
wer
-
ch
ec
k
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
with
ac
cu
r
ac
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
au
to
m
ated
m
eth
o
d
s
[
2
]
.
Mo
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
s
e
n
ab
le
c
o
n
tact
less
s
u
b
m
is
s
io
n
with
ch
ea
tin
g
d
etec
tio
n
f
ea
tu
r
es
an
d
o
f
f
er
a
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
ex
am
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
ap
e
r
-
b
ased
test
s
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
h
elp
s
i
n
en
h
a
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
[
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
s
a
g
e
b
eh
a
vio
r
to
w
a
r
d
d
ig
ita
l e
xa
m
p
a
d
s
in
I
n
d
ia
n
u
n
ivers
ity
…
(
A
b
h
in
a
v
K
u
ma
r
S
h
a
n
d
ilya
)
2763
Stu
d
en
ts
’
lear
n
in
g
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
en
g
a
g
em
en
t,
an
d
ac
co
m
p
l
is
h
m
en
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
in
elem
en
tar
y
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
ch
o
o
ls
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o
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g
h
th
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u
s
e
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
[
5
]
.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
co
n
tin
u
ally
b
ein
g
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
e
x
am
in
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
On
lin
e
e
x
am
in
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
v
ital
to
o
ls
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
r
ec
r
u
itm
en
t in
s
titu
tio
n
s
[
6
]
.
E
lectr
o
n
ic
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
o
f
f
er
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
e
n
-
an
d
-
p
ap
er
e
x
am
s
.
A
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
lo
y
in
g
th
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
r
ev
ea
le
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
war
d
e
-
e
x
am
p
latf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
E
x
am
So
f
t d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
a
n
d
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
[
7
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
g
e
n
er
ally
f
i
n
d
e
-
ex
am
s
ea
s
ier
to
n
av
ig
ate,
b
u
t
th
ey
m
a
y
n
o
t
b
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
all
co
u
r
s
es
[
8
]
.
Facto
r
s
o
f
th
e
u
n
if
ied
th
eo
r
y
o
f
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
UT
AUT
)
,
s
u
ch
as
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ex
p
ec
tan
cy
(
PE)
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
FC
)
,
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
lin
e
lear
n
er
s
’
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
e
-
ex
a
m
s
y
s
tem
s
[
9
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
f
e
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
th
o
s
e
in
d
is
cip
lin
es
lik
e
p
h
ar
m
ac
y
an
d
h
ea
lth
s
cien
ce
s
ex
h
ib
ited
h
ig
h
er
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
lev
el
s
o
f
e
-
ex
am
s
[
1
0
]
.
Ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
c
h
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
f
air
o
n
lin
e
ex
am
s
[
1
1
]
.
Mu
tawa
a
n
d
Sr
u
th
i
[
1
2
]
f
o
u
n
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
f
o
r
liv
e
-
h
u
m
an
an
d
b
len
d
ed
p
r
o
ct
o
r
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
AI
p
r
o
cto
r
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
also
p
la
y
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
l
e.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
itio
n
to
p
ap
er
less
ex
am
s
in
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
test
in
g
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
r
esh
a
p
in
g
ass
ess
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
i
es
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
n
eg
ativ
e
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
im
p
ac
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
tu
d
en
t
well
-
b
ein
g
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
elec
tr
o
n
ic
e
x
am
in
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
4
]
.
Dig
ital
ex
am
p
ad
s
(
DE
Ps
)
a
r
e
n
o
t
well
-
k
n
o
wn
in
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
i
n
s
titu
tes
in
I
n
d
ia.
St
u
d
en
ts
ca
n
wr
ite
with
a
s
ty
lu
s
o
n
a
d
ig
ital
s
cr
ee
n
u
s
in
g
DE
Ps
as
a
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
p
en
an
d
p
a
p
er
ex
a
m
s
.
I
t
is
b
eliev
ed
to
b
e
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
alter
n
ativ
e
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
im
ilar
ex
p
er
ien
ce
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ex
am
s
.
Desp
ite
th
is
p
o
ten
tial,
th
er
e
is
a
s
ca
r
ci
ty
o
f
p
r
im
ar
y
r
esear
ch
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
DE
Ps
am
o
n
g
I
n
d
i
an
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
a
b
o
o
k
ch
ap
ter
b
y
Sen
t
h
ilk
u
m
ar
an
a
n
d
R
ag
h
a
v
en
d
r
a
[
1
5
]
,
wh
ich
u
s
ed
th
e
T
AM
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
en
d
ea
v
o
r
s
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
a
p
b
y
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
u
n
d
er
g
r
ad
u
ate
(
UG)
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
ian
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
war
d
s
u
s
in
g
DE
Ps
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
attem
p
ts
to
o
f
f
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
DE
Ps
in
th
e
I
n
d
ian
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t
b
y
e
x
am
in
in
g
all
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
th
e
UT
AUT
,
i.e
.
PE
,
ef
f
o
r
t e
x
p
ec
tan
cy
(
E
E
)
,
s
o
cial
in
f
lu
en
ce
(
SI
)
,
FC
,
an
d
h
e
d
o
n
i
c
m
o
tiv
atio
n
(
HM
)
f
r
o
m
UT
AUT
2
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
d
eter
m
in
a
n
ts
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
an
d
b
eh
av
i
o
r
to
war
d
s
DE
Ps
in
an
I
n
d
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
ettin
g
.
As
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ad
o
p
t
d
i
g
ital
to
o
ls
to
m
o
d
er
n
ize
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
es
e
f
ac
to
r
s
b
ec
o
m
es
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
p
ap
er
less
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
h
o
w
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
er
ce
iv
e
an
d
en
g
ag
e
with
d
ig
ital
ex
am
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
wh
ich
is
v
ital
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
wid
er
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
r
elev
an
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
ex
am
in
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
DE
Ps
co
u
ld
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
p
ap
er
u
s
ag
e
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ich
alig
n
s
with
g
lo
b
al
tr
en
d
s
to
war
d
s
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
an
d
d
i
g
italizatio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
7
]
–
[
1
9
]
.
Ad
d
i
tio
n
ally
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
b
eh
a
v
io
r
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
t
h
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
eir
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
aim
in
g
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
UT
AUT
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
f
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
p
eo
p
le
ad
o
p
t
an
d
u
tili
ze
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
2
2
]
.
UT
AUT
m
o
d
el
s
y
n
t
h
esized
p
r
io
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
th
e
o
r
ies
an
d
id
en
tifie
d
f
o
u
r
p
r
im
ar
y
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
PE,
E
E
,
SI,
an
d
FC
)
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
af
f
ec
tin
g
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
i
n
ten
ti
o
n
s
(
B
I
)
an
d
u
s
ag
e
b
eh
av
io
r
(
UB
)
.
PE
r
ef
lects
th
e
p
er
ce
iv
ed
b
en
e
f
its
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
ex
p
ec
t
f
r
o
m
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
E
E
r
elate
s
to
ea
s
e
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e,
SI
m
ea
s
u
r
es
th
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
o
t
h
er
s
o
n
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al’
s
d
ec
i
s
io
n
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
an
d
FC
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t a
v
ailab
l
e
f
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e.
UT
AUT
2
ex
ten
d
s
th
is
m
o
d
e
l
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
th
r
ee
a
d
d
iti
o
n
al
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts:
HM
,
c
o
s
t,
a
n
d
h
ab
it,
m
o
d
er
ated
b
y
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
a
n
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
[
2
3
]
.
HM
im
p
lie
s
th
e
jo
y
o
f
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
T
h
e
co
s
t
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
f
in
an
cial
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e.
H
o
wev
er
,
s
in
c
e
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
d
i
r
ec
tly
p
a
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
,
t
h
e
co
s
t
asp
ec
t
is
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el.
Hab
it
d
en
o
tes
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
i
n
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
p
er
f
o
r
m
b
eh
av
io
r
s
.
I
t
is
n
o
t
in
clu
d
ed
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
DE
Ps
)
b
ei
n
g
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
th
e
lack
o
f
cu
s
to
m
ar
y
u
s
ag
e
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
th
e
I
n
d
ian
c
o
n
tex
t.
T
h
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
g
e
n
d
er
o
n
HM
was
ex
am
in
ed
;
ag
e
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
as
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
o
f
th
e
s
am
e
ag
e
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
g
r
o
u
p
,
i.e
.
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
n
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
U
T
AUT
o
r
UT
AUT
2
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
C
h
en
an
d
Hwa
n
g
[
2
4
]
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
PE
an
d
E
E
d
i
r
ec
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
B
I
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
co
u
r
s
es.
Ma
ita
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
PE,
E
E
,
an
d
SI
in
m
an
ip
u
latin
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
B
I
to
u
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
a
ls
o
d
is
co
v
er
e
d
th
at
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
B
I
wi
th
in
ac
ad
em
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
,
with
FC
s
h
o
win
g
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
ec
t.
Ven
u
g
o
p
al
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
PE,
E
E
,
SI
,
an
d
FC
o
n
B
I
,
w
h
ich
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
elec
tr
o
n
ic
h
ea
lth
r
ec
o
r
d
s
an
d
telem
ed
icin
e
UB
.
An
d
wik
a
an
d
W
itjak
s
o
n
o
[
2
7
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ti
n
g
th
e
k
e
y
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
p
er
tain
in
g
to
e
n
ter
p
r
is
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
la
n
n
in
g
ac
ce
p
ta
n
ce
in
th
e
a
u
to
m
o
b
ile
s
ec
to
r
.
T
h
e
in
itial
s
tu
d
y
o
f
Heijd
en
[
2
8
]
s
h
o
wed
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
HM
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
u
s
e.
L
ater
,
Har
n
ad
i
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
7
6
2
-
2
7
7
2
2764
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
HM
in
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
B
I
,
alo
n
g
with
o
th
er
k
ey
v
ar
iab
les af
f
ec
t
in
g
u
s
er
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
A
ls
o
,
HM
’
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
B
I
to
u
s
e
an
im
atio
n
,
alo
n
g
with
PE
is
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
Daja
n
i a
n
d
Heg
le
h
[
3
0
]
.
Ag
ain
s
t
th
e
b
ac
k
d
r
o
p
,
a
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
a
n
d
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
h
y
p
o
th
eses
ar
e
f
r
am
ed
:
i)
PE
p
o
s
itiv
ely
an
d
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
i
m
p
ac
ts
th
e
B
I
to
u
s
e
DE
Ps
am
o
n
g
UG
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
I
n
d
ian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
(
H1
a)
;
ii)
E
E
p
o
s
itiv
ely
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tl
y
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
B
I
to
u
s
e
DE
Ps
am
o
n
g
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
(
H1
b
)
;
iii)
SI
p
o
s
itiv
ely
an
d
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
tly
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
B
I
to
u
s
e
DE
Ps
am
o
n
g
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
ia
n
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
(
H1
c)
;
iv
)
FC
p
o
s
itiv
ely
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
B
I
t
o
u
s
e
DE
Ps
am
o
n
g
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
ian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
(
H1
d
)
;
v
)
HM
p
o
s
itiv
el
y
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
t
h
e
B
I
to
u
s
e
DE
Ps
am
o
n
g
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
(
H1
e)
;
v
i)
B
I
p
o
s
itiv
ely
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
th
e
UB
o
f
DE
P
s
am
o
n
g
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
ia
n
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
(
H2
)
;
an
d
v
ii)
Gen
d
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
m
o
d
er
at
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
HM
an
d
B
I
to
u
s
e
DE
Ps
in
I
n
d
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
(
H3
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
(
ad
o
p
te
d
f
r
o
m
UT
AUT
an
d
UT
AUT
2
)
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
Fo
llo
win
g
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
e
m
p
l
o
y
ed
a
q
u
an
titativ
e
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
u
tili
zin
g
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
ellin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
test
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
r
esear
ch
b
ec
au
s
e
it
h
an
d
les
co
m
p
lex
m
o
d
els an
d
ass
ess
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
m
u
lt
ip
le
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
PLS
-
SEM
is
a
s
tatis
t
ical
to
o
l th
at
ex
am
in
es
th
e
p
ath
s
o
f
a
m
o
d
e
l
an
d
g
iv
es
ac
cu
r
ate
r
esu
lts
.
Sm
ar
tPLS
4
s
o
f
twar
e
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
es
s
b
o
th
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
an
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
els,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
c
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
was
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
UT
AUT
an
d
its
ex
ten
d
ed
v
er
s
io
n
UT
AUT
2
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
ci
n
g
th
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
war
d
s
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
ex
am
p
a
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
ad
o
p
ted
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
c
o
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
am
p
les.
2
.
1
.
Sa
m
ple a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
n
Stu
d
en
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
HE
I
s
)
in
th
e
s
ta
tes
o
f
Kar
n
atak
a
an
d
J
h
ar
k
h
a
n
d
,
I
n
d
ia,
wer
e
in
clu
d
e
d
i
n
th
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
in
g
a
c
o
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
with
a
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
Sin
ce
th
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
r
elativ
ely
h
o
m
o
g
en
e
o
u
s
in
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
(
e.
g
.
,
all
a
r
e
en
r
o
lled
in
s
im
ilar
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
)
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
h
e
n
ce
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
will
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
ly
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
i
as
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
UG
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
en
r
o
lled
in
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
wer
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
f
o
r
an
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
in
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
4
at
th
e
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
p
r
em
is
es.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
4
8
9
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
o
u
t
o
f
wh
ich
n
in
e
wer
e
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
d
u
e
to
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
5
0
%
m
is
s
in
g
d
ata,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
4
8
0
r
esp
o
n
s
es
in
th
e
f
in
al
d
ata
s
et
f
o
r
a
n
aly
s
is
.
A
to
tal
o
f
6
0
%
(
2
8
8
)
o
f
ca
s
es
wer
e
m
ale
an
d
4
0
%
(
1
9
2
)
wer
e
f
e
m
ale.
T
h
eir
a
g
e
was
b
etwe
en
1
7
y
ea
r
s
to
2
5
y
ea
r
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
s
a
g
e
b
eh
a
vio
r
to
w
a
r
d
d
ig
ita
l e
xa
m
p
a
d
s
in
I
n
d
ia
n
u
n
ivers
ity
…
(
A
b
h
in
a
v
K
u
ma
r
S
h
a
n
d
ilya
)
2765
2
.
2
.
M
ea
s
ure
T
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
esig
n
ed
to
g
ath
er
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
t
io
n
in
clu
d
ed
d
e
m
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
ili
n
g
,
i.e
.
ag
e
an
d
g
en
d
er
,
o
f
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
in
clu
d
e
d
m
u
lti
-
item
s
ca
les
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
(
PE,
E
E
,
SI,
FC
,
HM
)
an
d
d
ep
en
d
en
t
(
B
I
an
d
UB
)
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
E
E
h
ad
a
f
iv
e
-
item
s
ca
le;
F
C
,
HM
an
d
B
I
h
ad
f
o
u
r
-
item
s
ca
les,
an
d
PE,
SI
an
d
UB
h
ad
th
r
ee
-
item
s
ca
les
b
ased
o
n
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
Ou
t o
f
a
t
o
tal
o
f
2
6
item
s
,
E
E
2
(
.
3
8
9
)
a
n
d
FC
4
(
.
2
9
0
)
wer
e
d
r
o
p
p
ed
d
u
e
to
lo
w
f
ac
to
r
lo
ad
in
g
s
an
d
af
f
ec
tin
g
a
v
er
ag
e
v
ar
ian
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
o
f
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Co
mm
o
n m
e
t
ho
d bia
s
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
o
p
t
ed
b
y
Yıld
ız
[
3
6
]
,
v
ar
ia
n
ce
in
f
latio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
VI
F)
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
in
n
er
m
o
d
el
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ex
am
in
e
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ias.
VI
F
r
an
g
e
d
b
etwe
en
1
to
2
.
4
7
,
wh
ich
is
well
b
el
o
w
th
e
u
p
p
e
r
lim
it o
f
3
.
3
3
,
d
en
o
tin
g
th
e
b
ias
-
f
r
ee
m
o
d
el
,
as p
r
es
en
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Mu
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
test
–
VI
F v
alu
es
D
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
I
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
PE
EE
SI
FC
HM
BI
BI
1
.
4
2
0
1
.
6
7
7
1
.
6
0
8
1
.
6
7
9
2
.
4
7
1
UB
1
3
.
2
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
mo
del a
s
s
ess
m
ent
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts’
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
v
alid
ity
wer
e
f
ir
s
t
ex
am
in
e
d
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
ass
e
s
s
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
an
d
C
R
,
b
o
th
o
f
wh
ich
ex
ce
e
d
ed
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
th
r
esh
o
ld
o
f
0
.
7
0
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
n
v
e
r
g
en
t
v
alid
it
y
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
a
n
d
th
e
AVE
.
Mo
s
t
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
s
w
er
e
ab
o
v
e
0
.
7
0
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
H
M2
(
0
.
6
6
2
)
a
n
d
HM
3
(
0
.
6
1
4
)
,
b
u
t
th
ese
item
s
wer
e
r
etain
ed
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
all
C
R
an
d
AVE
v
alu
es
s
u
r
p
ass
ed
th
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e
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ld
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o
f
0
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[
3
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im
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le
3
.
T
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s
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r
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r
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o
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m
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t v
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g
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ed
g
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es
[
3
8
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
R
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an
d
v
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aly
s
is
C
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8
8
4
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2766
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ent
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h
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ted
b
y
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ev
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s
tu
d
ies
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
,
β
-
v
alu
es
,
T
s
tatis
tics
,
P
-
v
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e
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R²
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Q²
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e
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ctu
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o
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ab
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s
4
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5
d
e
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ic
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th
at
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ed
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p
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ted
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n
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
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o
o
d
e
x
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lan
ato
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wer
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R
²
a
n
d
F²)
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
(
Q²)
.
All
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
ar
e
PE
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1
0
3
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0
0
0
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E
E
(
β=0
.
1
7
1
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.
0
0
0
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β=0
.
0
7
3
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.
0
0
8
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FC
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β=0
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1
0
7
,
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.
0
0
1
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d
HM
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.
4
5
6
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0
0
0
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o
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itiv
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n
d
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ican
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im
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ts
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e
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s
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4
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²=
0
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7
4
9
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f
B
I
to
ad
o
p
t
DE
Ps
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
u
p
p
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r
tin
g
h
y
p
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th
eses
H1
a,
H1
b
,
H1
c,
H1
d
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an
d
H1
e.
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h
as
th
e
h
ig
h
est
T
v
a
lu
e,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
E
E
a
n
d
PE
a
m
o
n
g
th
ese
in
d
ep
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d
en
t
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o
n
s
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u
cts,
in
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e
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tr
en
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th
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f
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t
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n
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I
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I
(
β=0
.
6
9
6
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0
0
0
)
p
o
s
itiv
ely
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d
s
ig
n
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ican
tly
im
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ac
ts
th
e
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lain
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g
4
8
.
4
% (
R
²=
0
.
4
8
4
)
o
f
UB
f
o
r
DE
Ps
.
T
h
u
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
H2
.
F²
is
ex
am
in
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
m
o
d
el’
s
ex
p
lan
at
o
r
y
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wer
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ad
d
itio
n
to
R
².
R
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lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
PE
-
>
B
I
,
E
E
-
>
B
I
,
an
d
FC
-
>
B
I
h
av
e
a
s
m
all
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize;
HM
-
>
B
I
h
as
a
clo
s
e
to
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize;
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d
B
I
-
>
UB
h
as
a
s
u
b
s
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tially
lar
g
e
ef
f
ec
t
s
ize.
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d
er
x
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>
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I
an
d
SI
-
>
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I
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e
n
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ef
f
ec
t
s
ize.
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o
f
en
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
v
ar
iab
les
h
av
e
m
o
d
er
ate
p
r
e
d
ictiv
e
r
elev
an
ce
,
i.e
.
B
I
(
0
.
2
1
5
)
an
d
UB
(
0
.
1
8
3
)
.
T
h
e
SR
MR
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
/m
o
d
el
f
it o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
is
0
.
0
7
4
,
w
h
ich
is
well
with
in
th
e
u
p
p
er
lim
it o
f
0
.
0
8
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Hy
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
r
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lts
H
y
p
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t
h
e
s
e
s
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l
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e
s
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t
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c
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l
t
s
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1
a
:
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E
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>
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I
0
.
1
0
3
3
.
5
1
1
0
.
0
0
0
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S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H
1
b
:
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E
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0
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1
7
1
5
.
1
3
3
0
.
0
0
0
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u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H
1
c
:
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I
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I
0
.
0
7
3
2
.
4
3
1
0
.
0
0
8
*
*
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H
1
d
:
F
C
-
>
B
I
0
.
1
0
7
3
.
1
0
6
0
.
0
0
1
*
*
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H
1
e
:
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M
-
>
B
I
0
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4
5
6
9
.
8
0
2
0
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0
0
0
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S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H
2
:
B
I
-
>
U
B
0
.
6
9
6
2
1
.
5
5
6
0
.
0
0
0
*
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
H
3
:
G
e
n
d
e
r
x
H
M
-
>
B
I
-
0
.
1
0
8
1
.
9
3
4
0
.
0
2
7
*
*
*
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
N
o
t
e
:
S
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
a
t
*
p
v
a
l
u
e
<
0
.
0
0
1
,
*
*
p
v
a
l
u
e
<
0
.
0
1
a
n
d
*
*
*
p
v
a
l
u
e
<
0
.
0
5
T
ab
le
5
.
Mo
d
el
ex
p
la
n
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
(
R
²
an
d
F²
)
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
r
elev
an
ce
(
Q²)
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
Q²
R²
F²
PE
EE
SI
FC
HM
BI
G
e
n
d
e
r
x
H
M
BI
0
.
2
1
5
0
.
7
4
9
0
.
0
3
0
.
0
7
0
.
0
1
3
0
.
0
2
7
0
.
3
3
6
0
.
0
1
1
UB
0
.
1
8
3
0
.
4
8
4
0
.
9
4
3
.
4
.
M
o
dera
t
io
n
a
na
ly
s
is
Gen
d
er
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
m
o
d
e
r
ates
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
HM
an
d
B
I
to
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
e
x
am
p
ad
s
(
Gen
d
er
x
HM
-
>
B
I
,
β=
-
0
.
1
0
8
,
P=0
.
0
2
7
,
B
in
ar
y
co
d
i
n
g
:
m
ale
=1
,
f
em
ale
=
0
)
.
Hen
c
e,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
H3
.
T
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
β
v
alu
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
HM
o
n
B
I
is
wea
k
er
in
m
ales
th
an
in
f
em
ales.
T
h
e
s
lo
p
e
an
aly
s
is
,
as
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
s
h
o
ws
th
at
f
em
ales
h
av
e
a
s
teep
er
an
d
m
o
r
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
lo
p
e
th
an
m
ales,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
HM
’
s
m
o
r
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tial im
p
ac
t
o
n
B
I
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
DE
Ps
in
f
e
m
ales.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
n
o
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ias
(
VI
F:
1
–
2
.
4
7
)
an
d
estab
lis
h
ed
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
B
I
was sig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
HM
,
E
E
,
P
E
,
SI,
an
d
FC
,
ex
p
lain
in
g
7
4
.
9
% o
f
B
I
an
d
4
8
.
4
%
o
f
UB
.
Gen
d
er
m
o
d
e
r
ated
th
e
HM
-
>BI
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
,
w
ith
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
ef
f
ec
t
in
f
e
m
ales.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
g
o
o
d
f
it (
SR
MR
=
0
.
0
7
4
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
S
tu
d
en
ts
’
u
s
a
g
e
b
eh
a
vio
r
to
w
a
r
d
d
ig
ita
l e
xa
m
p
a
d
s
in
I
n
d
ia
n
u
n
ivers
ity
…
(
A
b
h
in
a
v
K
u
ma
r
S
h
a
n
d
ilya
)
2767
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Mo
d
er
atio
n
s
lo
p
e
3
.
5
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
th
e
U
T
AUT
an
d
UT
AUT
2
m
o
d
el,
wh
ich
h
elp
s
i
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
th
e
ac
ce
p
t
an
ce
an
d
u
s
e
o
f
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
all
f
iv
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
(
PE,
E
E
,
SI,
FC
,
an
d
HM
)
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
with
B
I
f
o
r
DE
Ps
.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
at
PE,
E
E
,
SI,
FC
,
an
d
HM
ca
n
h
elp
d
ev
elo
p
a
b
eh
a
v
io
r
a
l
in
ten
tio
n
to
war
d
s
u
s
in
g
DE
Ps
in
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
b
y
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
i
s
co
n
s
is
t
en
t
with
th
e
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
th
a
t
ex
am
in
ed
f
ac
to
r
s
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
in
g
th
e
UT
AU
T
m
o
d
el
an
d
f
o
u
n
d
PE,
E
E
,
SI,
FC
,
an
d
HM
t
o
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
ts
o
n
B
I
in
m
o
s
t
ca
s
es
[
4
1
]
–
[
4
3
]
.
S
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icati
o
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
C
T
)
an
d
e
-
le
ar
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
w
m
ix
ed
r
esu
lts
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
SI.
W
h
ile
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
u
n
d
S
I
to
h
av
e
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
ac
t
[
4
4
]
,
o
th
er
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
it
a
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
[
4
5
]
.
Similar
ly
,
HM
was
f
o
u
n
d
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
o
n
e
s
tu
d
y
[
4
4
]
b
u
t
in
f
lu
en
tial
in
an
o
t
h
er
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
[
4
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
B
I
was
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
UB
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
th
e
d
i
g
ital
ex
am
p
ad
lead
s
to
ac
tu
al
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
I
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
th
e
n
o
tio
n
th
at
in
ten
tio
n
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
o
f
ac
tu
al
b
eh
av
io
r
,
as
Kh
an
et
a
l.
[
4
6
]
n
o
ted
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
g
r
ee
n
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
B
I
p
r
ed
icted
ac
tu
al
g
r
ee
n
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
n
g
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
Similar
ly
,
Alza
h
r
an
i
et
a
l.
[
4
7
]
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
a
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
e
twee
n
B
I
an
d
th
e
ac
t
u
al
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
is
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
DE
P
s
y
s
tem
in
UG
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
I
n
d
ian
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
d
o
n
e
i
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
m
o
b
ile
h
ea
lth
ad
o
p
tio
n
[
4
8
]
,
e
n
ter
p
r
is
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
lan
n
i
n
g
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
[
2
7
]
,
an
d
telem
ed
icin
e
u
s
ag
e
[
2
6
]
.
Gen
d
er
m
o
d
er
ated
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
HM
o
n
B
I
wh
e
r
e
m
o
r
e
f
u
n
was
ass
o
ciate
d
with
f
em
al
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
u
s
in
g
DE
Ps
.
Fem
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
h
o
wed
h
ig
h
e
r
m
o
tiv
atio
n
th
a
n
m
ales
f
o
r
th
e
h
ed
o
n
ic
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
d
i
g
ital
ex
am
p
ad
.
T
h
is
im
p
lies
th
at
B
I
is
h
ig
h
am
o
n
g
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
u
e
to
th
e
jo
y
th
ey
g
et
in
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
ew
ex
am
s
y
s
tem
.
E
ltah
ir
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
1
0
]
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
lev
el
s
o
f
e
-
ex
am
s
in
Ph
ar
m
ac
y
a
n
d
Hea
lth
Scien
ce
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
is
alig
n
s
with
ex
is
tin
g
liter
a
tu
r
e
th
at
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
g
e
n
d
er
as a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
in
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
HM
an
d
B
I
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
r
esea
r
ch
in
liv
estre
am
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
s
h
o
ws
th
at
f
em
a
les
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
clin
e
d
t
o
war
d
s
im
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
i
n
g
d
r
iv
e
n
b
y
p
er
ce
iv
ed
h
ed
o
n
ic
v
alu
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
eir
m
ale
co
u
n
ter
p
a
r
ts
[
4
9
]
.
I
n
to
u
r
is
m
,
wo
m
en
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
th
a
n
m
en
to
ad
ju
s
t
th
eir
tr
av
el
in
ten
tio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
wh
ile
m
en
ex
h
ib
it
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
r
is
k
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
an
d
d
esti
n
atio
n
im
ag
e
[
5
0
]
.
I
n
o
n
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
,
g
r
atif
icatio
n
-
s
ee
k
in
g
em
e
r
g
es
as
a
k
ey
d
r
iv
er
f
o
r
f
em
al
e
co
m
p
u
ls
iv
e
b
u
y
e
r
s
,
wh
er
ea
s
m
ales
ten
d
t
o
f
o
cu
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
g
ath
e
r
in
g
[
5
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
ess
en
tial
to
n
o
te
th
at
g
e
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
o
m
ain
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le
,
in
s
o
cial
m
e
d
ia
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t,
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
m
ess
ag
e
ty
p
e
a
n
d
elec
tr
o
n
ic
wo
r
d
-
of
-
m
o
u
t
h
in
ten
tio
n
s
is
n
o
t
m
o
d
er
ated
b
y
g
en
d
e
r
o
n
p
la
tf
o
r
m
s
lik
e
Face
b
o
o
k
[
5
2
]
.
T
h
ese
v
ar
iatio
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
g
en
d
er
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
wh
en
ex
am
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
HM
an
d
B
I
,
as
o
u
r
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
s
u
g
g
est th
at
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
ay
in
d
ee
d
d
i
f
f
er
in
th
eir
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
f
o
r
u
s
in
g
d
ig
i
tal
ex
am
p
ad
s
.
HM
ap
p
ea
r
ed
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
o
wer
f
u
l
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
B
I
to
u
s
e
DE
Ps
am
o
n
g
u
n
d
e
r
g
r
ad
u
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
I
t
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
p
leasu
r
e
d
er
iv
e
d
f
r
o
m
u
s
in
g
DE
Ps
is
a
s
tr
o
n
g
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
th
em
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
s
im
il
ar
r
esear
ch
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
Fo
r
e
x
am
p
le,
in
m
-
lear
n
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OV
I
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
HM
was id
en
tifie
d
as a
k
ey
f
ac
to
r
d
r
iv
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
en
g
ag
e
with
m
o
b
ile
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
is
was
f
o
u
n
d
tr
u
e
b
y
Daja
n
i
an
d
Heg
le
h
[
3
0
]
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
B
I
to
u
s
e
an
im
atio
n
.
L
ik
ewis
e,
in
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
v
eh
icles,
HM
p
lay
ed
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
in
1
2
3
4
5
L
o
w
Hed
o
n
ic
Mo
tiv
atio
n
Hig
h
Hed
o
n
ic
Mo
t
iv
at
io
n
B
ehavi
oural
Int
ent
i
on
Fem
al
e
Ma
l
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
7
6
2
-
2
7
7
2
2768
in
f
lu
en
cin
g
in
d
iv
id
u
als’
willin
g
n
ess
to
em
b
r
ac
e
t
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
5
3
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
in
a
s
tu
d
y
o
f
m
o
b
ile
-
d
eliv
er
ed
co
g
n
itiv
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
a
l
th
er
ap
y
f
o
r
in
s
o
m
n
ia,
HM
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
p
r
e
d
icted
u
s
er
s
’
in
te
n
tio
n
s
to
co
n
tin
u
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
th
e
r
ap
y
[
5
4
]
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
co
llectiv
ely
em
p
h
asiz
e
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
HM
as
a
c
r
itical
d
eter
m
in
an
t
o
f
B
I
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ettin
g
s
,
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
its
r
elev
an
ce
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
ex
am
p
a
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
claim
th
at
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
DE
Ps
,
wh
ich
will c
o
n
v
er
t in
to
UB
,
to
o
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
a
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
HE
I
s
to
s
h
if
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
en
-
p
ap
er
e
x
am
in
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
to
p
ap
er
less
ex
am
in
atio
n
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
o
b
jectiv
e
an
d
s
u
b
jectiv
e
p
atter
n
s
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
u
s
er
s
)
ar
e
r
ea
d
y
to
a
cc
ep
t
it,
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
esp
ec
ially
th
e
b
ig
g
est
tak
er
s
as
th
ey
f
in
d
m
o
r
e
en
jo
y
m
en
t i
n
u
s
in
g
DE
Ps
to
g
i
v
e
ex
am
s
.
3
.
5
.
1
.
I
m
pli
ca
t
io
ns
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
h
as
th
r
ee
f
o
ld
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
licatio
n
s
.
First,
th
e
u
s
er
’
s
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
s
witch
f
r
o
m
a
p
en
-
p
a
p
er
ex
am
t
o
a
p
ap
e
r
less
s
y
s
tem
is
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
f
o
r
HE
I
s
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
m
ay
m
o
v
e
f
o
r
war
d
to
ad
o
p
t
DE
Ps
to
co
n
d
u
ct
ex
am
s
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
will
h
elp
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
ep
etitiv
e
task
s
o
f
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ex
am
s
y
s
tem
an
d
ex
p
ed
ite
th
e
en
t
ir
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
esu
ltin
g
in
im
p
r
o
v
ed
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
ac
ad
em
ic
cy
cle.
DE
Ps
ca
n
b
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
a
lear
n
in
g
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
(
L
MS)
to
h
elp
tr
ac
k
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
s
to
r
e
d
ata
s
af
ely
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
e
x
am
s
as
p
ap
er
less
,
o
p
en
in
g
b
u
s
in
ess
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
th
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
lin
k
ed
with
DE
Ps
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
o
f
twar
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
,
s
am
e
in
th
e
lin
es
o
f
Ad
iy
o
n
o
et
a
l.
[
5
5
]
;
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
o
f
twar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
au
to
m
ati
o
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
At
p
r
esen
t,
v
er
y
f
ew
HE
I
s
h
av
e
ad
o
p
ted
a
p
ap
er
less
ex
am
s
y
s
tem
in
I
n
d
ia,
an
d
a
h
u
g
e
m
ar
k
et
is
av
ailab
le.
T
h
ir
d
,
DE
Ps
in
HE
I
s
will
b
e
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
d
is
ab
il
ities
,
a
s
th
ey
h
av
e
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
tex
t
-
to
-
s
p
ee
ch
f
ea
t
u
r
es,
f
o
n
t
s
ize
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t,
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
r
awin
g
o
p
tio
n
s
,
an
d
co
l
o
r
f
u
l
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
o
p
tio
n
s
.
I
t
ca
n
also
h
elp
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
-
ch
o
ice
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
ass
is
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
lear
n
f
r
o
m
m
is
tak
e
s
im
m
ed
iately
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
n
ee
d
to
m
ak
e
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
lan
s
o
n
h
o
w
to
ad
o
p
t
DE
Ps
in
co
ll
ab
o
r
atio
n
with
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
a
n
d
a
m
ajo
r
r
ef
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
th
e
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
o
f
HE
I
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
a
d
e.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
p
r
a
ctica
l im
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
as sev
er
al
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
am
i
f
icatio
n
s
:
i)
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
an
d
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
:
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
n
ee
d
t
o
co
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
id
en
tifie
d
f
ac
to
r
s
(
PE,
E
E
,
SI,
FC
,
an
d
HM
)
wh
en
d
esig
n
in
g
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
DE
P
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Sam
e
in
th
e
lin
e
o
f
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
5
6
]
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
m
ay
n
ee
d
t
o
in
v
est
in
u
s
er
tr
ain
in
g
,
r
eliab
l
e
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
an
d
SI
ca
m
p
ai
g
n
s
to
f
o
s
ter
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
an
d
u
s
ag
e
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
ii)
C
u
s
to
m
izatio
n
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
it
y
:
th
e
s
tu
d
y
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
g
e
n
d
er
as
a
m
o
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
ies
m
ay
b
e
n
ee
d
e
d
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
an
d
m
o
tiv
atio
n
s
o
f
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
lead
to
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
o
p
tio
n
p
o
licies
th
at
ca
ter
to
d
iv
er
s
e
s
tu
d
en
t d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ics.
iii)
Su
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
in
itiativ
es
:
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
B
I
an
d
UB
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
b
r
o
ad
e
r
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
p
ap
e
r
less
ex
am
in
atio
n
s
,
wh
ich
alig
n
s
with
g
lo
b
al
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
g
o
a
ls
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
ad
o
p
tin
g
DE
Ps
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
p
ap
er
waste
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
iv
)
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
:
s
im
ilar
to
Ad
iy
o
n
o
et
a
l.
[
5
5
]
,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
in
m
o
d
er
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
u
s
h
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
f
u
r
th
er
in
teg
r
ate
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
to
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
ac
ce
ler
ate
th
e
d
ig
ital
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
e
-
lear
n
in
g
an
d
e
-
ass
ess
m
en
t to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
DE
P
ca
n
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ize
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
y
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
in
cl
u
s
iv
ity
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
.
I
t
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
a
d
o
p
ti
n
g
p
a
p
er
less
ex
am
s
,
m
ak
in
g
th
e
m
m
o
r
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
d
is
a
b
ilit
ies,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
g
en
d
e
r
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
,
a
n
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
g
o
als wh
ile
ad
v
an
cin
g
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
3
.
5
.
2
.
L
im
it
a
t
io
ns
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
,
c
o
n
d
u
cted
in
two
s
tates
o
f
I
n
d
ia
u
s
in
g
a
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
o
f
f
e
r
s
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
DE
Ps
am
o
n
g
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
h
as
ce
r
tain
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
l
d
ad
d
r
ess
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
g
eo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
r
estrictio
n
to
ju
s
t
two
s
tate
s
m
ay
r
estrict
th
e
b
r
o
ad
er
ap
p
licab
ili
ty
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
C
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
im
ilar
s
tu
d
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
o
th
er
s
tates
wo
u
ld
h
elp
v
alid
ate
th
e
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
is
ex
p
an
s
io
n
c
o
u
ld
als
o
u
n
co
v
e
r
r
e
g
io
n
al
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
DE
Ps
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
.
Seco
n
d
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
’
s
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
lim
its
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
d
r
aw
ca
u
s
al
in
f
er
en
ce
s
.
Fu
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
co
u
ld
b
e
n
ef
it
f
r
o
m
lo
n
g
itu
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
t
r
ac
k
ch
an
g
es
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
o
v
er
tim
e
as
t
h
ey
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
f
am
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p
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ticu
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m
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o
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co
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licatio
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o
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ad
o
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tio
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th
e
tr
ai
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in
g
r
eq
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e
d
f
o
r
s
taf
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in
ex
a
m
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atio
n
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n
s
,
an
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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an
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itio
n
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s
h
o
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l
d
b
e
ex
p
lo
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ed
.
Fo
u
r
th
,
in
v
es
tig
atin
g
ad
d
itio
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al
m
o
d
er
ato
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s
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s
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ch
as
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p
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er
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r
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en
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ic
h
th
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n
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er
s
tan
d
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n
g
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
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all
y
,
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
DE
Ps
with
o
th
er
d
ig
ital
lear
n
in
g
to
o
ls
,
s
u
ch
as
lear
n
in
g
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
o
n
lin
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
will
b
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
co
h
esiv
e
d
ig
ita
l e
d
u
ca
tio
n
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
ar
ticle
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
DE
Ps
in
I
n
d
ia.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
r
ea
d
in
ess
to
welc
o
m
e
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
b
e
p
a
r
t
o
f
th
e
e
x
am
in
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
o
f
UT
AUT
(
PE,
E
E
,
SI,
FC
,
an
d
HM
)
s
h
o
wed
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
an
d
UB
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
HM
em
er
g
ed
as o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
est p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
u
s
in
g
DE
Ps
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
m
e
m
o
r
ab
le
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
en
th
u
s
iast
ic
an
d
lik
e
th
e
jo
y
f
u
l
n
atu
r
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
e
x
am
m
o
d
e
to
a
g
r
ea
t
ex
ten
t.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
le
v
el
o
f
im
p
ac
t
o
f
HM
o
n
B
I
am
o
n
g
f
em
ales
th
an
m
ales
is
p
r
o
o
f
th
at
f
em
ale
s
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ex
cited
ab
o
u
t
DE
Ps
.
Fem
ales
’
co
lleg
es
m
ay
ad
o
p
t
DE
Ps
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
ase.
Usi
n
g
DE
Ps
ca
n
h
el
p
m
o
v
e
awa
y
f
r
o
m
p
ap
er
-
p
en
f
o
r
m
ats
to
a
m
o
r
e
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
d
ig
ital
er
a
o
f
e
x
a
m
in
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
en
d
ea
v
o
r
will
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
g
o
als,
i.e
.
,
ze
r
o
p
ap
er
u
s
e
ca
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
UT
AUT
m
o
d
el
an
d
v
alid
ates
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
DE
P
ex
am
p
a
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
y
UG
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
I
n
d
ian
c
o
n
tex
t b
o
th
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
in
ten
tio
n
a
n
d
u
s
ag
e
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
No
f
u
n
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
a
n
y
s
o
u
r
ce
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
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T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT
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to
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ec
o
g
n
ize
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d
iv
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al
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th
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co
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ip
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ar
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ter
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DATA AV
AI
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ttp
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1
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1
.
RE
F
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R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
A
.
Ta
y
a
l
,
R
.
Jo
s
h
i
,
M
.
D
a
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r
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.
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a
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h
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d
e
,
a
n
d
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.
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o
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o
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r
,
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t
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t
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d
E
x
a
m
P
a
p
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r
C
h
e
c
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n
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c
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a
l
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s
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n
2
0
2
3
O
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,
R
a
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p
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:
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3
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5
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3
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.
[
2
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R
.
R
a
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n
a
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K
.
R
a
v
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[
3
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5
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S
.
M
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s
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f
a
,
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3
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4
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5
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[
1
6
]
H
.
S
.
Ta
t
l
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[
1
7
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