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d
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th
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h
:
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)
a
so
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c
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f
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m
e
wo
rk
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;
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m
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t
fr
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m
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x
p
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ju
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s;
iii
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stro
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tern
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to
d
iffere
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es
ac
h
i
ev
em
en
t
as
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
an
d
o
f
ten
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
d
o
n
o
t
ad
h
er
e
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
s
et
b
y
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
Or
g
a
n
izatio
n
f
o
r
E
co
n
o
m
ic
C
o
-
o
p
e
r
atio
n
an
d
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
(
OE
C
D
)
also
r
ep
o
r
te
d
a
co
n
s
id
er
a
b
le
g
ap
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
in
HE
I
s
,
at
an
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
s
ca
le
[
6
]
.
I
n
n
ar
r
o
win
g
s
u
c
h
g
ap
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
ter
r
o
g
ates:
h
o
w
d
o
es
th
e
GE
-
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
f
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
(
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
)
f
air
as
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
o
f
GE
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es?
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
is
v
alid
atio
n
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t:
i
)
C
an
d
is
cr
im
in
ate
b
etwe
en
s
co
r
es
a
cr
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
r
class
es;
ii
)
I
s
r
eliab
le
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
h
ar
ed
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
am
e
p
o
p
u
l
atio
n
o
r
class
es;
an
d
iii
)
I
s
o
r
g
an
ized
to
elu
cid
ate
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
an
d
v
alid
atin
g
a
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
ev
a
lu
atio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
lead
in
g
to
a
r
ef
lex
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t’
s
p
o
ten
tial a
n
d
lim
itatio
n
s
b
y
te
s
tin
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
n
u
ll h
y
p
o
t
h
eses
:
−
H0
1
:
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
r
es
o
n
r
ep
o
r
te
d
o
u
tc
o
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
d
o
n
o
t
d
if
f
er
to
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
m
ea
n
(
d
=0
)
,
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
’
d
is
cr
im
in
atin
g
p
o
wer
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
co
r
es a
cr
o
s
s
d
iv
er
s
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
−
H0
2
:
u
s
in
g
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
s
co
r
es
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
s
p
lit
-
g
r
o
u
p
tak
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
co
u
r
s
e
d
o
n
o
t
d
if
f
er
(
1
=
2
)
,
to
s
u
g
g
est
its
s
en
s
itiv
ity
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
h
ar
ed
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
in
th
e
s
am
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
−
H0
3
:
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
v
ar
ian
ce
o
f
s
co
r
es
(
T
1
=T
2
=T
3
)
,
wh
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
two
o
th
er
s
i
m
ilar
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
m
ea
s
u
r
e
GE
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
C
HE
D
m
an
d
ate.
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
an
d
ev
al
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
GE
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
with
in
t
h
e
OB
E
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
i
n
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
HE
I
s
d
ep
e
n
d
o
n
r
e
liab
le
ass
es
s
m
en
t
to
o
ls
lik
e
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
.
HE
I
s
m
u
s
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
g
r
a
d
u
ates
wh
o
ar
e
ac
a
d
em
ically
s
k
illed
an
d
s
o
cially
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le,
n
ec
e
s
s
itatin
g
th
at
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
alig
n
with
OB
E
g
o
als
an
d
C
HE
D
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
s
.
W
h
ile
OB
E
o
f
f
er
s
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
,
v
alid
atin
g
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
p
r
esen
ts
ch
allen
g
es
d
u
e
to
c
r
iticis
m
s
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
g
ap
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
ly
ev
al
u
ates
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
to
ass
e
s
s
it
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
to
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
s
co
r
es,
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
h
ar
ed
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
,
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
e
with
o
th
er
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
e
n
h
an
ce
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
o
u
tco
m
es a
n
d
QA
.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
2
.
1
.
I
ns
t
ruct
io
na
l pla
nn
ing
,
o
utc
o
m
es
,
a
nd
qu
a
lity
educa
t
io
n
T
ea
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
p
lan
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
elib
er
ately
an
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
i
d
ea
l
r
esu
lts
,
with
d
eter
m
in
ed
ac
ce
p
tab
le
ev
id
e
n
ce
,
wh
ich
b
ec
o
m
es
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
p
lan
n
e
d
lear
n
in
g
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ass
ess
m
en
t
t
o
o
ls
,
wh
ich
ar
e
u
n
b
iased
,
v
ali
d
,
d
ep
en
d
ab
le,
an
d
ad
h
e
r
en
t
t
o
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
is
v
ital
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
[
8
]
.
R
eg
io
n
aliza
tio
n
f
o
r
HE
I
s
is
d
escr
ib
e
d
as
th
e
f
o
r
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
to
in
ter
n
atio
n
aliza
tio
n
,
s
y
n
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
with
c
o
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
b
y
ad
h
er
in
g
to
g
lo
b
al
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
r
eq
u
ir
i
n
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
at
ic
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
,
to
wh
ich
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
HE
I
s
in
v
est
in
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ac
cr
ed
itatio
n
s
u
ch
as
with
th
at
o
f
th
e
ASEA
N
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
n
etwo
r
k
[
9
]
wh
ich
lik
e
an
y
o
th
er
ac
cr
ed
ito
r
an
d
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t r
e
g
u
lato
r
e
m
p
h
asi
ze
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es a
cr
o
s
s
th
e
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
.
I
n
th
e
QA
cy
cle,
HE
I
s
m
u
s
t
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
wh
ich
ex
p
ec
ted
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
m
et,
s
tr
iv
in
g
f
o
r
ex
ce
llen
ce
an
d
ad
h
e
r
en
ce
t
o
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
[
1
0
]
.
Acc
r
ed
iti
n
g
an
d
r
e
g
u
latin
g
b
o
d
ies
t
y
p
ically
p
lace
t
h
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
o
n
ac
a
d
em
ic
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
u
n
if
ied
ass
ess
m
en
t
to
o
l
f
o
r
GE
o
u
tco
m
es
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
,
ex
ce
p
t
f
o
r
two
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
ese
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
r
e
-
ex
am
in
ed
in
th
is
v
alid
atio
n
r
esear
ch
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
.
Nu
s
ch
e
[
1
3
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
m
an
y
co
u
n
tr
ies
u
s
e
d
ir
ec
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
,
wh
ile
HE
I
s
in
th
e
USA
an
d
Au
s
tr
alia
s
o
m
etim
es
u
s
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
m
eth
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
u
r
v
ey
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
ts
.
B
o
th
m
eth
o
d
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
g
en
er
i
c
an
d
d
o
m
ain
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
p
e
ten
cies
b
u
t
h
av
e
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Dir
ec
t
ass
e
s
s
m
en
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
c
o
n
cr
ete
ev
al
u
atio
n
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es,
wh
er
ea
s
in
d
ir
ec
t
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
o
u
g
h
less
p
r
ec
is
e,
o
f
f
er
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
s
elf
-
r
e
p
o
r
ted
lear
n
i
n
g
ev
id
e
n
ce
.
Pr
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
co
n
cu
r
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
GE
-
A
P
R
OA
ch
:
a
n
OB
E
d
iz
ed
s
u
r
ve
y
in
s
tr
u
men
t o
n
Gen
E
d
o
u
tco
mes a
ch
ieve
men
t
… (
R
o
d
r
ig
o
C
.
R
ivera
)
2541
f
o
r
m
ativ
ely
ev
al
u
ate
GE
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
g
iv
en
th
at
it
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
y
ea
r
s
alr
ea
d
y
.
L
ar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
d
ir
ec
t
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
lear
n
in
g
h
av
e
r
elativ
e
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
wh
at
is
tau
g
h
t,
wh
ile
in
d
ir
ec
t
m
ea
s
u
r
es
d
o
n
o
t
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ac
tu
alities
o
f
lear
n
in
g
b
u
t
o
f
f
er
s
o
m
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
o
n
ev
id
e
n
ce
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
as
s
elf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
1
4
]
.
HE
I
s
n
ee
d
to
ca
r
ef
u
lly
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
b
est
f
its
th
eir
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
g
o
als
an
d
co
n
te
x
t,
b
alan
cin
g
th
e
s
tr
en
g
t
h
s
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
b
o
th
d
ir
e
ct
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Hen
ce
,
HE
I
s
i
n
th
e
co
u
n
t
r
y
m
u
s
t
ad
o
p
t w
h
at
is
f
it f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
GE
o
u
tco
m
es a
ch
iev
e
m
en
t.
2
.
2
.
Div
er
g
ent
m
e
a
s
ures in e
v
a
lua
t
ing
g
ener
a
l e
du
ca
t
io
n
o
utc
o
m
es a
chiev
e
m
ent
I
n
b
o
th
p
r
ac
tice
an
d
p
o
licies,
HE
I
s
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
co
n
tin
u
e
to
em
p
lo
y
an
in
p
u
ts
-
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
r
ath
er
th
a
n
f
u
lly
em
b
r
ac
i
n
g
t
h
e
OB
E
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
T
h
is
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
h
asizes
co
n
ten
t
co
v
er
ag
e
,
s
eg
m
en
ted
lear
n
in
g
tim
e,
p
e
r
io
d
ic
test
in
g
,
an
d
q
u
a
n
tify
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
s
tead
o
f
q
u
alif
y
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
teac
h
in
g
t
o
test
an
d
ev
alu
atin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
test
r
esu
lts
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
is
d
iv
e
r
g
en
ce
f
r
o
m
OB
E
p
r
ac
tices r
aises
q
u
esti
o
n
s
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
A
r
ec
en
t
s
u
r
v
ey
at
a
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
in
S
o
u
th
er
n
Me
tr
o
Ma
n
ila,
u
s
ed
a
s
elf
-
m
ad
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
claim
ed
to
alig
n
with
th
e
C
HE
D
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
r
e
p
o
r
ted
t
h
at
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
wer
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
in
im
p
ar
tin
g
r
elev
an
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
cr
itical
t
h
in
k
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ill
s
,
an
d
et
h
ical
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
[
1
6
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
is
s
u
r
v
ey
d
i
d
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
ef
lect
t
h
e
p
r
escr
ib
e
d
C
HE
D
GE
o
u
t
co
m
es.
Similar
ly
,
in
2
0
1
6
,
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
u
tili
ze
d
its
s
tu
d
en
t
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
in
g
to
g
au
g
e
s
tu
d
en
t
m
o
tiv
atio
n
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
av
er
ag
e
to
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
r
atin
g
s
o
n
co
u
r
s
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
en
t.
Desp
ite
t
h
is
,
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
d
id
n
o
t sp
ec
if
y
wh
ich
GE
o
u
tc
o
m
es we
r
e
m
et
[
1
7
]
.
E
x
ten
s
iv
e
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
to
r
ev
iew
OB
E
im
p
lic
atio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cte
d
,
s
h
o
win
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lts
af
ter
y
ea
r
s
o
f
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
L
o
ca
l
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
C
HE
D
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
s
y
llab
u
s
alig
n
m
en
t
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
c
o
u
r
s
ewa
r
e
r
elev
an
ce
[
2
2
]
,
an
d
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
OB
E
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
esu
lts
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
ted
p
o
s
itiv
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
m
an
y
lack
ed
s
u
b
s
tan
ti
al
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
f
ten
u
s
ed
s
elf
-
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
with
lo
wer
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
T
h
e
NGE
C
aim
s
f
o
r
h
o
lis
tic
lear
n
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
en
co
m
p
ass
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
s
elf
,
Fil
ip
in
o
s
o
ciety
,
an
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
[
2
5
]
,
s
ettin
g
h
ig
h
e
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Giv
en
th
ese
g
ap
s
,
ex
is
tin
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
n
ee
d
r
ewo
r
k
in
g
,
o
r
a
n
ew
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
.
T
h
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
,
wh
ich
alig
n
s
with
th
e
C
HE
D
p
r
escr
ib
ed
o
u
tco
m
es
also
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
b
y
u
s
in
g
clea
r
,
s
tu
d
en
t
-
tailo
r
e
d
it
em
s
th
at
en
s
u
r
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
b
etter
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
is
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
aim
s
to
co
m
p
ar
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
with
its
p
r
ed
ec
ess
o
r
s
an
d
ass
ess
it
s
p
o
ten
tial
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
ea
s
u
r
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
as
p
r
es
cr
ib
ed
b
y
th
e
NGE
C
.
Valid
it
y
r
em
ain
s
a
cr
itical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
a
n
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
o
u
tco
m
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t to
o
l.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
dev
elo
pm
en
t
a
nd
v
a
lid
it
y
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
a
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
its
ev
alu
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
m
en
t,
m
u
s
t
ad
h
er
e
to
th
e
g
u
id
elin
es
an
d
p
r
in
cip
l
es
o
n
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
ass
ess
m
en
t
[
2
6
]
.
E
x
p
er
t
ev
alu
ato
r
s
ar
e
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
o
b
jectiv
ity
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
s
en
s
e,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
ac
ad
em
ic
a
n
d
s
cien
tific
r
ep
u
tatio
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
eir
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
co
llab
o
r
at
e
[
2
7
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
te
n
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
wer
e
f
ac
e
-
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
b
in
ar
y
co
d
es
wh
ich
is
q
u
esti
o
n
ab
le
an
d
u
n
r
eliab
ly
r
esu
ltin
g
to
ty
p
e
1
er
r
o
r
s
[
2
8
]
.
Attem
p
ts
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
GE
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
h
a
v
e
r
elied
o
n
s
elf
-
m
ad
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
,
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
c
o
m
p
lian
ce
,
t
h
at
b
r
in
g
s
to
q
u
esti
o
n
th
ei
r
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
e
v
en
wid
en
s
th
e
g
ap
in
o
u
tco
m
es a
s
s
ess
m
en
t.
Valid
ity
attr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
ascer
tain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
an
aly
s
is
wh
ich
s
h
o
u
ld
d
eter
m
in
e
its
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
all
i
tem
s
,
s
tab
ilit
y
th
at
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
r
esu
lts
th
e
s
am
e
way
u
p
o
n
r
ep
ea
t
test
in
g
,
a
n
d
eq
u
iv
alen
ce
th
at
th
er
e
is
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
u
s
er
s
o
r
am
o
n
g
alter
n
ate
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
v
ali
d
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ar
e
ass
ess
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
elev
an
ce
,
co
n
ten
t,
in
ter
n
al
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
[
3
0
]
.
Face
-
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
ex
p
e
r
t
ju
d
g
m
en
t
m
a
y
ad
d
r
ess
s
u
ch
co
n
ce
r
n
s
if
it
ad
d
e
d
lay
er
s
o
f
ev
alu
atio
n
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
3
1
]
.
I
t
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
test
ed
as
t
o
u
tili
ty
a
n
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
to
m
ee
t
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
m
u
ltip
le
lay
er
s
o
f
e
v
id
en
ce
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
attr
ib
u
tes o
f
ca
r
ef
u
l te
s
t c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
o
cial
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
[
3
2
]
.
Ass
es
s
m
en
t
an
d
lear
n
i
n
g
a
r
e
b
o
u
n
d
t
o
g
eth
er
,
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
lev
el
ass
ess
m
en
t
r
ely
o
n
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
th
at
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
ca
n
wid
ely
ad
o
p
t
[
3
3
]
.
Self
-
r
ep
o
r
ts
ar
e
ju
s
t
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
way
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
t
co
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
en
t,
an
d
at
th
e
g
lo
b
al
lev
el,
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
co
u
n
tr
y
ad
o
p
t
d
iv
er
s
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
ass
es
s
in
g
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
[
3
4
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
v
a
r
y
in
th
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
ass
es
s
in
g
GE
-
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
4
]
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
et
o
f
o
u
tco
m
es
th
at
C
HE
D
m
an
d
ates
f
o
r
GE
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
to
m
ee
t.
Dev
iatin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese
p
r
escr
ib
ed
o
u
tco
m
es
m
ak
es
an
y
ass
ess
m
en
t a
ttem
p
ts
tan
g
en
tially
o
f
f
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
5
3
9
-
2
5
5
4
2542
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
o
n
G
E
-
o
u
tco
m
es
ad
o
p
ted
th
e
C
HE
D
p
r
escr
ib
ed
o
u
tc
o
m
es
in
ea
r
l
ier
attem
p
t
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ex
ten
t
t
o
wh
ich
th
ey
ar
e
m
et
in
s
p
ec
if
ic
GE
co
u
r
s
es
.
T
h
e
d
e
p
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es,
th
r
o
u
g
h
T
h
e
Seco
n
d
C
o
n
g
r
ess
io
n
al
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
n
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
(
E
DC
OM
)
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
d
lim
ited
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
asis
f
o
r
r
ef
o
r
m
s
[
3
5
]
.
Sin
ce
2
0
1
8
,
n
o
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
ass
es
s
m
en
t
o
n
th
e
im
p
lem
en
t
ed
NGE
C
h
as
g
o
n
e
u
n
d
e
r
way
.
W
ith
o
u
t
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
u
ch
in
ten
tio
n
will
n
o
t
b
e
f
r
u
itfu
l.
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
co
u
ld
n
ar
r
o
w
th
at
g
ap
,
wh
ich
r
esu
lts
co
u
ld
in
f
o
r
m
p
o
licy
f
o
r
m
u
latio
n
s
,
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t a
n
d
i
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
eliv
er
y
.
2
.
4
.
CH
E
D
prescribed
g
ene
ra
l e
du
ca
t
io
n
o
utc
o
m
es a
nd
k
ey
co
m
pet
encies
C
MO
2
0
,
s
.
2
0
1
3
b
u
ild
s
o
n
C
MO
4
6
,
s
.
2
0
1
2
b
y
in
teg
r
a
tin
g
a
co
m
p
ete
n
cy
-
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
n
OB
E
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
QA
in
Ph
ilip
p
in
e
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
e
NGE
C
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
ex
p
o
s
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
“v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
wa
y
s
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
d
in
g
s
o
cial
an
d
n
a
tu
r
al
r
ea
liti
es”
th
at
d
ev
elo
p
s
th
ei
r
in
tellectu
al
c
o
m
p
eten
cies,
civ
ic
ca
p
ac
ities
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
N
GE
C
p
o
licy
s
p
ec
if
ies
n
in
etee
n
lear
n
i
n
g
o
u
tco
m
es
e
x
p
ec
ted
f
r
o
m
g
r
ad
u
ates
b
u
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
etail
th
e
c
o
m
p
eten
ci
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
ese
o
u
tco
m
es.
T
o
war
d
s
lear
n
er
’
s
h
o
lis
tic
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t,
G
E
s
h
o
u
ld
d
ev
elo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
an
in
d
iv
i
d
u
al,
as
a
Fil
ip
in
o
citizen
an
d
as
a
m
em
b
er
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
with
,
in
tellectu
al
c
o
m
p
eten
ce
,
s
o
cio
-
civ
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies an
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
[
2
5
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
C
HE
D
ex
p
ec
ts
GE
co
u
r
s
es
to
f
o
s
ter
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
p
er
s
o
n
al
id
en
tity
,
p
r
id
e
in
th
eir
co
llectiv
e
id
en
tity
,
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
an
d
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
g
l
o
b
al
is
s
u
es
[
2
5
]
wh
ich
o
v
er
ar
c
h
th
e
th
r
ee
k
ey
GE
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
in
tellectu
al
co
m
p
eten
cies,
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
civ
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
wi
th
n
in
etee
n
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es.
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
d
ef
in
es two
m
ain
co
m
p
eten
cies: in
tellectu
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
l
v
es
cr
itical
an
d
c
r
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
,
an
d
civ
ic
ca
p
ac
ities
,
wh
ich
r
elate
to
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
ac
tiv
ities
[
2
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
d
e
s
ig
n
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
m
u
s
t u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
ese
co
n
ce
p
ts
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
.
C
o
m
p
eten
cies
in
clu
d
e
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
k
n
o
wled
g
e
,
s
k
ills
,
an
d
attitu
d
es
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
tellectu
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
(
L
O1
-
L
O5
)
in
v
o
lv
es
co
g
n
itiv
e
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
ality
tr
aits
th
at
ca
n
p
r
ed
ict
f
u
tu
r
e
s
u
cc
ess
,
d
if
f
er
in
g
f
r
o
m
I
Q
an
d
ass
ess
ab
le
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
el
f
-
ev
alu
atio
n
[
3
7
]
.
C
iv
ic
ca
p
ac
ity
(
L
O6
-
L
O1
4
)
in
cl
u
d
es
th
e
b
elief
s
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
n
ee
d
ed
to
i
n
f
lu
en
c
e
s
o
cial
ag
en
d
as
a
n
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
o
cieta
l
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
3
8
]
.
Pra
ctica
l
s
k
ills
(
L
O1
5
-
L
O1
9
)
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
C
HE
D
d
o
es
n
o
t
d
e
f
in
e
p
r
ac
tical
s
k
ills
(
L
O1
5
-
L
O1
9
)
,
Pro
g
r
am
m
e
f
o
r
I
n
te
r
n
atio
n
al
Stu
d
en
t
Ass
ess
m
en
t
(
PISA
)
-
OE
C
D
d
escr
ib
es
g
lo
b
al
co
m
p
eten
cies
as
in
clu
d
in
g
cu
ltu
r
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
d
ig
ital
f
lu
en
cy
,
an
d
g
lo
b
al
awa
r
en
es
s
,
r
esp
ec
t
an
d
a
p
p
r
ec
iatio
n
o
f
d
iv
er
s
ity
,
d
ig
ital
f
lu
en
c
y
,
a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
awa
r
e
n
ess
th
at
s
u
p
p
o
r
t su
s
tain
ab
le
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
g
o
als
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
h
if
t
to
OB
E
em
p
h
asizes
a
s
tu
d
en
t
-
ce
n
ter
ed
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
w
h
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
ee
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
b
y
t
h
e
en
d
o
f
t
h
eir
co
u
r
s
es.
Deb
ates
ex
is
t
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
o
u
tc
o
m
es
-
b
ased
v
er
s
u
s
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
with
s
o
m
e
ar
g
u
in
g
t
h
at
co
m
p
eten
cy
-
b
ased
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
ig
h
t
lim
it
in
tellectu
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
th
e
r
s
f
in
d
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
a
n
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
[
3
9
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
o
u
tco
m
es
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
c
o
m
p
eten
c
y
-
b
ased
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
wer
e
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
c
o
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
0
]
.
“Co
m
p
eten
ci
es
m
ea
n
m
o
r
e
th
an
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es:
th
ey
ca
n
b
e
m
e
asu
r
ed
,
v
er
if
ied
b
y
ev
id
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t a
c
h
iev
em
en
t,
an
d
a
p
p
lied
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t sit
u
atio
n
s
”
[
4
1
]
.
C
o
m
p
eten
cies
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
d
ef
in
ed
in
r
elatio
n
to
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
v
id
en
ce
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
ac
h
iev
em
e
n
t
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
with
co
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
iv
e
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
liter
atu
r
es,
r
ef
lectin
g
ess
en
tial
s
u
ch
as
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
g
lo
b
al
a
war
en
ess
,
an
d
civ
ic
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
e
f
o
r
m
er
C
HE
D
ch
air
p
er
s
o
n
id
e
n
tifie
d
v
ital
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
h
u
m
an
an
d
i
n
tellectu
al
ca
p
ital,
th
at
r
eso
n
ates
to
“in
g
en
u
ity
,
a
g
ilit
y
,
s
k
ills
lead
,
co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess
,
civ
ic
liter
ac
y
,
g
lo
b
al
awa
r
en
ess
,
cr
o
s
s
-
cu
l
tu
r
al
s
k
ills
,
cr
itica
l
an
d
in
v
e
n
tiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
k
ills
”
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
clea
r
ly
d
ef
in
ed
c
o
m
p
eten
ci
es
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
es,
alig
n
in
g
with
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
NGE
C
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
g
o
als.
T
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
is
r
ic
h
to
in
f
o
r
m
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
lin
k
ed
to
GE
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es,
a
p
r
io
r
r
e
v
iew
o
f
wh
ich
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
e
C
HE
D
s
ta
ted
o
u
tco
m
es su
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
item
s
in
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
-
ev
alu
atio
n
s
tu
d
y
[
4
3
]
aim
s
to
r
ep
o
r
t
,
r
ev
iew,
an
d
r
ef
l
ec
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
im
p
ac
t,
a
n
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
s
u
r
v
ey
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t,
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
o
u
tco
m
es
a
ch
iev
em
en
t.
T
h
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
v
alid
ate
d
u
s
in
g
an
ex
p
l
o
r
ato
r
y
s
eq
u
en
tial
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
r
ese
ar
ch
d
esig
n
,
in
te
g
r
atin
g
b
o
t
h
q
u
alitativ
e
an
d
q
u
a
n
titativ
e
d
at
a
an
d
an
aly
s
is
to
o
ls
[
4
4
]
.
I
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ass
ess
m
en
t
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
th
at
em
p
lo
y
a
f
o
r
war
d
lo
g
ic
m
o
d
el
to
m
o
n
ito
r
a
n
d
ev
alu
ate
ex
is
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
d
etaili
n
g
in
ten
d
ed
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
[
4
5
]
–
[
4
7
]
.
Usi
n
g
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
f
f
er
s
d
ee
p
er
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
s
th
e
e
v
id
en
ce
f
o
r
its
v
alid
ity
[
4
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t
J
E
v
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&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
GE
-
A
P
R
OA
ch
:
a
n
OB
E
d
iz
ed
s
u
r
ve
y
in
s
tr
u
men
t o
n
Gen
E
d
o
u
tco
mes a
ch
ieve
men
t
… (
R
o
d
r
ig
o
C
.
R
ivera
)
2543
T
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
s
tan
d
a
r
d
ized
,
v
alid
,
an
d
r
eliab
le
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
GE
o
u
tc
o
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
d
r
o
v
e
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
g
u
id
ed
b
y
C
HE
D
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
s
f
r
o
m
r
ele
v
an
t
liter
atu
r
e.
Fo
u
r
ex
p
e
r
t
ju
d
g
es,
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
two
ex
ter
n
al
a
n
d
two
in
ter
n
al
ev
alu
ato
r
s
,
wer
e
s
elec
ted
to
ass
es
s
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t’
s
f
ac
e
an
d
c
o
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
ese
ex
p
er
ts
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
b
ased
o
n
s
ev
er
a
l
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
in
clu
s
io
n
[
2
7
]
:
a
d
v
an
ce
d
d
e
g
r
ee
s
(
in
clu
d
in
g
m
aster
’
s
an
d
d
o
cto
r
al
q
u
alif
icatio
n
s
)
,
at
least
th
r
ee
y
ea
r
s
o
f
co
lleg
e
teac
h
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
a
b
alan
ce
d
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
with
in
an
d
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
c
o
lleg
e,
p
r
o
f
icien
cy
in
ev
alu
atin
g
wr
itten
lan
g
u
a
g
e
,
an
d
a
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
co
m
m
itm
en
t to
r
i
g
o
r
o
u
s
ly
r
ev
i
ew
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t.
T
h
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
s
ev
e
r
al
k
e
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t:
item
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
v
alid
ity
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
clar
ity
.
T
h
is
was
ac
h
iev
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
h
o
w
well
th
e
item
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
e
1
9
GE
o
u
tc
o
m
es
an
d
s
ix
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
ed
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
was
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
a
5
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
ac
r
o
s
s
ten
cr
iter
ia
to
av
o
id
p
o
ten
tial
ty
p
e
I
er
r
o
r
s
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
b
in
ar
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
2
8
]
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
was
ex
am
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
ca
le
co
n
ten
t
-
v
alid
ity
in
d
e
x
[
3
0
]
,
wh
ich
g
u
id
ed
r
ev
is
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
item
s
.
I
n
te
r
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a,
wh
ile
in
ter
r
ater
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
was
ass
ess
ed
with
Fleis
s
Kap
p
a,
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
in
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t b
etwe
en
r
ate
r
s
.
E
ac
h
item
in
th
e
GE
-
AP
R
OA
ch
was scr
u
tin
ized
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
clar
ity
.
R
eliab
ilit
y
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
th
e
item
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
G
E
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es,
v
alid
ity
p
er
tain
s
to
h
o
w
well
th
e
item
r
ef
lects
th
o
s
e
o
u
tco
m
es
as
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
b
y
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
clar
ity
in
v
o
lv
es
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
th
at
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
u
s
ed
is
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
ab
le
to
th
e
g
en
er
al
s
tu
d
e
n
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
n
d
er
wen
t
f
u
r
th
er
p
ilo
t
test
in
g
with
8
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ep
a
r
tm
en
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
lit
er
atu
r
e
at
De
L
a
Salle
-
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
Sain
t
B
en
ild
e,
Ma
n
ila
d
u
r
in
g
AY
2
0
2
2
-
2
0
2
3
,
with
a
9
8
%
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
r
ate.
Statis
tical
h
y
p
o
th
eses
wer
e
test
ed
at
a
0
.
0
5
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
u
s
in
g
ANO
VA,
T
-
test
s
,
an
d
T
u
k
ey
h
o
n
estl
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
(
HSD
)
.
E
th
ical
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
wer
e
s
tr
ictly
ad
h
e
r
ed
to
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
,
in
co
m
p
lian
ce
wit
h
th
e
d
ata
p
r
iv
ac
y
ac
t
(
R
A
1
0
1
7
3
)
.
I
n
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
ts
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
o
th
f
r
o
m
th
e
e
x
p
er
ts
an
d
th
e
p
ilo
t
-
test
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
An
o
n
y
m
ity
an
d
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
wer
e
s
tr
ictly
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
as
well
as
th
e
s
af
ety
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
ev
alu
ato
r
s
wer
e
g
u
ar
an
tee
d
.
T
h
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
wa
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
ev
alu
atin
g
s
im
ilar
ities
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
item
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
an
d
c
o
n
ce
p
t
u
al
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
s
,
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
to
as
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
2
a
n
d
3
(
T
2
an
d
T
3
)
.
I
n
ed
itin
g
an
d
p
r
o
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
th
is
r
ep
o
r
t,
g
en
er
ativ
e
p
r
e
-
tr
ain
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
(
GPT)
AI
to
o
ls
(
i.e
.
M
icr
o
s
o
f
t
W
o
r
d
E
d
ito
r
an
d
C
h
atGPT
4
)
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
m
ak
e
th
e
r
ep
o
r
t
n
ar
r
ativ
e
co
n
cise a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
d
o
c
u
m
en
t is f
r
ee
o
f
g
r
a
m
m
atica
l,
s
p
ellin
g
,
an
d
p
u
n
ctu
atio
n
er
r
o
r
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
Q
ua
lit
a
t
iv
e
e
v
a
lua
t
io
n o
f
G
E
-
AP
RO
A
ch
co
m
pa
re
d
wit
h t
wo
o
t
her
ins
t
rum
ent
s
A
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
v
alid
,
a
n
d
r
elia
b
le
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
in
t
h
e
GE
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
will
n
o
t
o
n
ly
b
en
ef
it
p
r
o
g
r
am
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
r
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
b
u
t
it
is
v
ital
f
o
r
QA
,
v
er
tically
an
d
h
o
r
izo
n
tally
th
at
s
h
o
u
ld
in
f
o
r
m
teac
h
er
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
,
r
eg
u
lato
r
s
,
a
n
d
ac
cr
ed
i
to
r
s
.
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
,
m
ee
tin
g
cr
iter
ia
d
escr
ib
e
d
b
y
Fit
zp
a
tr
ick
[
4
9
]
in
clu
d
in
g
s
am
p
lin
g
ad
eq
u
ac
y
,
r
elev
an
ce
,
an
d
clar
ity
.
Un
lik
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
2
,
wh
ich
u
s
ed
f
ewe
r
q
u
alit
ativ
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
3
th
at
lack
e
d
ex
ten
s
iv
e
p
r
e
-
test
in
g
,
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
’
s
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
t
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
.
All
th
r
ee
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
e
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
b
u
t
d
if
f
er
in
th
eir
s
co
r
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
s
,
with
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
s
tr
o
n
g
alig
n
m
en
t
with
C
HE
D
o
u
tco
m
es th
r
o
u
g
h
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
la
n
g
u
a
g
e
an
d
s
co
r
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Data
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
GE
-
AP
R
OAc
h
(
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
1
)
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
ity
am
o
n
g
th
e
th
r
ee
to
o
ls
,
a
d
h
er
in
g
to
th
e
C
HE
D
C
MO
2
0
s
.
2
0
1
3
g
u
id
eli
n
es
with
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
in
clu
d
es
1
9
item
s
an
d
s
ix
o
p
en
-
e
n
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
I
ts
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
ar
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
,
with
an
a
lp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
9
5
9
an
d
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
(
α
=
0
.
9
4
9
)
b
ased
o
n
e
x
p
er
t
ju
d
g
es’
ev
al
u
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
t
h
er
two
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
wh
ile
r
ep
o
r
tin
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On
th
e
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
th
at
all
r
esp
o
n
s
es
ar
e
r
elev
an
t a
n
d
n
o
“
n
o
t
ap
p
licab
le
”
ca
te
g
o
r
y
is
n
ee
d
ed
,
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
p
r
o
v
es
to
b
e
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
to
o
l
f
o
r
d
etailed
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t.
B
y
o
m
itti
n
g
th
e
“
n
o
t
ap
p
licab
le
”
ca
teg
o
r
y
an
d
s
tar
tin
g
its
s
ca
le
at
1
.
0
0
,
it
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
ev
er
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
clas
s
if
ied
in
to
r
elev
an
t
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
ts
f
in
ely
s
eg
m
en
ted
ca
teg
o
r
ies
—
s
u
ch
as
“
at
a
m
o
d
er
ate
ex
ten
t,
”
“
at
a
h
ig
h
ex
te
n
t,
”
an
d
“
at
a
g
r
ea
t
ex
ten
t
”
—
allo
w
f
o
r
a
n
u
an
ce
d
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
v
a
r
y
in
g
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
r
esh
o
ld
f
o
r
t
h
e
“
at
a
g
r
e
at
ex
ten
t
”
ca
teg
o
r
y
(
s
tar
tin
g
at
3
.
4
4
)
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
o
n
ly
r
esp
o
n
s
es
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
r
elev
an
ce
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
,
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
h
ig
h
-
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
ass
ess
m
en
ts
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
o
f
s
co
r
es
s
h
ar
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
in
clu
d
es
a
“
n
o
t
ap
p
licab
le
”
ca
teg
o
r
y
an
d
h
as
b
r
o
ad
e
r
class
if
icatio
n
s
lik
e
“
to
a
v
er
y
s
lig
h
t
ex
ten
t
”
an
d
“
t
o
a
s
lig
h
t
ex
ten
t
”
.
W
h
ile
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
v
e
r
s
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
co
r
es,
it
m
ay
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
m
p
l
ex
ity
an
d
lack
th
e
f
in
er
g
r
a
n
u
lar
ity
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
th
r
esh
o
l
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
in
th
e
ir
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tar
ts
at
3
.
3
0
,
en
c
o
m
p
ass
in
g
a
wid
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
co
r
es
an
d
p
o
ten
tiall
y
d
ilu
tin
g
th
e
d
is
tin
ctio
n
b
etwe
en
h
ig
h
lev
els
o
f
p
er
ce
iv
ed
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t.
Ov
er
all,
th
is
m
ay
b
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
al
ass
ess
m
en
ts
b
u
t
lack
s
t
h
e
p
r
ec
is
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
wh
ich
o
f
f
er
s
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
lin
ed
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
r
elev
an
ce
,
m
a
k
in
g
it m
o
r
e
p
r
e
f
er
ab
le
f
o
r
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
wh
er
e
all
r
esp
o
n
s
es a
r
e
r
elev
an
t a
n
d
n
u
an
ce
d
in
s
ig
h
ts
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
4
.
2
.
E
x
pert
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
Data
in
T
ab
le
2
in
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
p
er
ce
i
v
ed
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
item
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
as
as
s
ess
ed
b
y
ex
p
er
t
ju
d
g
es,
with
m
o
s
t
item
s
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
“
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g.
”
R
eliab
ilit
y
s
co
r
es
ar
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
h
ig
h
at
4
.
0
0
ac
r
o
s
s
all
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es,
r
e
f
lectin
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es.
Similar
ly
,
v
alid
ity
s
co
r
es
ar
e
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
4
.
0
0
,
t
h
o
u
g
h
a
f
ew
o
u
tco
m
es
s
u
ch
as
L
O5
,
L
O8
,
an
d
L
O9
s
h
o
w
s
lig
h
tly
lo
wer
v
alid
ity
,
i
n
d
i
ca
tin
g
m
in
o
r
a
r
ea
s
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
C
lar
ity
s
co
r
es,
h
o
wev
er
,
v
ar
y
m
o
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
,
with
s
o
m
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
s
co
r
in
g
as
lo
w
as
3
.
5
0
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
wh
ile
m
o
s
t
item
s
ar
e
clea
r
,
th
er
e
is
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
en
h
a
n
cin
g
clar
ity
in
ce
r
tain
ar
ea
s
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
3
.
8
0
r
ef
lects
a
g
en
er
ally
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
clar
it
y
ac
r
o
s
s
all
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
e
s
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
5
9
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ex
ce
llen
t
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
alp
h
a
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
cr
iter
i
o
n
f
u
r
th
er
r
ei
n
f
o
r
c
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ass
ess
m
en
t
i
tem
s
.
T
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
th
e
ex
p
ec
ted
(
P
o
=0
.
8
0
7
>
0
.
2
5
0
)
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
r
eliab
le
an
d
n
o
t
d
u
e
to
r
an
d
o
m
c
h
an
ce
,
a
d
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
cr
ed
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
ass
es
s
m
en
t.
C
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
h
ig
h
er
in
ter
r
ate
r
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
in
d
icate
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
as
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es a
ch
iev
em
en
t
[
2
8
]
,
[
3
2
]
,
[
4
9
]
.
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(
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p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
c
h
a
n
c
e
a
g
r
e
e
me
n
t
*
Data
in
T
ab
le
3
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
at
o
p
e
n
-
en
d
ed
q
u
esti
o
n
item
s
in
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
d
is
p
lay
a
g
en
er
ally
s
tr
o
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
with
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
“
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
”
o
r
“
v
er
y
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
”
,
as
r
ate
d
b
y
ex
p
e
r
t
ju
d
g
es.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
Q1
,
Q2
,
an
d
Q6
ar
e
r
ated
“
o
u
ts
tan
d
i
ng,
”
in
d
icatin
g
h
i
g
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
clar
ity
.
T
h
ese
item
s
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
s
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
all
cr
iter
ia,
with
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
s
c
o
r
es
r
ea
ch
in
g
4
.
0
0
an
d
clar
ity
s
co
r
es
also
b
ei
n
g
s
tr
o
n
g
.
No
ta
b
ly
,
Q
6
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
with
p
e
r
f
ec
t
s
co
r
es
in
r
elia
b
ilit
y
,
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
clar
ity
,
r
ef
lectin
g
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
q
u
ality
.
Me
an
s
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
a
ll
item
s
ar
e
3
.
6
7
f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
3
.
8
8
f
o
r
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
3
.
5
8
f
o
r
clar
ity
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
o
v
e
r
all
av
er
ag
e
o
f
3
.
8
0
.
T
h
ese
f
ig
u
r
es
s
u
g
g
est
th
at,
o
n
av
er
ag
e,
th
e
item
s
ar
e
v
alid
an
d
r
eliab
le,
t
h
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
is
s
o
m
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
clar
ity
.
T
h
e
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
(
α
=0
.
9
5
6
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
d
ataset
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates e
x
ce
llen
t in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
I
n
d
iv
id
u
al
α
v
alu
es f
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
0
.
7
3
8
)
,
v
alid
ity
(
0
.
7
3
3
)
,
an
d
clar
ity
(
0
.
8
0
9
)
al
s
o
r
ef
lect
g
o
o
d
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
cla
r
ity
s
co
r
es
ar
e
s
lig
h
tly
lo
wer
.
As
o
n
e
r
ater
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
:
“
Th
ere
a
r
e
s
o
me
items
th
a
t
a
r
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
in
a
less
co
n
cise
ma
n
n
er.
P
lea
s
e
imp
r
o
ve
th
e
cla
r
ity
o
f
a
ll
th
e
items.
Ma
ke
it
mo
r
e
co
n
cise
b
y
tr
yin
g
to
s
ep
a
r
a
te
s
o
me
items
in
to
tw
o
.
Lo
o
k
a
t
s
o
me
w
o
r
d
s
th
a
t
h
a
ve
mo
r
e
u
n
d
ers
ta
n
d
a
b
le
mea
n
in
g
fo
r
th
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
S
o
me
items
a
r
e
to
o
w
o
r
d
y,
s
o
p
lea
s
e
ch
ec
k
it a
s
w
ell.
”
T
ab
le
3
.
I
n
ter
r
ater
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
o
n
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
q
u
alitativ
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
I
t
e
ms
R
e
l
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
sco
r
e
V
a
l
i
d
i
t
y
sco
r
e
C
l
a
r
i
t
y
sco
r
e
LE
(
1
)
SE
(
2
)
ME
(
3
)
GE
(
4
)
α
P
o
S
C
V
-
I
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
o
n
Q1
3
.
7
5
4
.
0
0
3
.
7
5
3
.
8
3
0
0
2
10
0
.
9
2
5
0
.
8
3
3
0
.
7
7
8
1
.
0
0
O
u
t
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
Q2
4
.
0
0
4
.
0
0
3
.
5
0
3
.
8
3
0
0
1
11
0
.
9
3
1
0
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9
1
7
0
.
8
8
9
1
.
0
0
O
u
t
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
Q3
3
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5
0
3
.
7
5
3
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2
5
3
.
5
0
0
0
7
5
0
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9
6
6
0
.
5
8
3
0
.
4
4
4
1
.
0
0
V
e
r
y
sat
i
sf
a
c
t
o
r
y
Q4
3
.
2
5
3
.
7
5
3
.
5
0
3
.
5
0
0
1
4
7
0
.
9
3
7
0
.
5
8
3
0
.
4
4
4
0
.
7
5
V
e
r
y
sat
i
sf
a
c
t
o
r
y
Q5
3
.
5
0
3
.
7
5
3
.
5
0
3
.
5
8
0
0
5
7
0
.
9
3
8
0
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5
8
3
0
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4
4
4
1
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0
0
V
e
r
y
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sf
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t
o
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4
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0
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.
0
0
4
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0
0
4
.
0
0
0
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0
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7
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7
3
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0
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8
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0
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0
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0
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0
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2
6
4
0
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(
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P
r
o
b
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i
l
i
t
y
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f
c
h
a
n
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e
a
g
r
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e
me
n
t
*
I
tem
s
Q3
,
Q4
,
an
d
Q5
ar
e
c
ateg
o
r
ized
as
“
v
er
y
s
atis
f
ac
t
o
r
y
,
”
s
h
o
win
g
s
o
m
e
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
in
th
eir
s
co
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T
h
ese
item
s
h
av
e
s
lig
h
tly
lo
wer
r
eliab
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y
an
d
v
ali
d
ity
s
co
r
es
co
m
p
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r
ed
to
t
h
e
“
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
”
item
s
,
an
d
th
eir
clar
it
y
s
co
r
es
also
r
ef
lect
s
o
m
e
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
i
n
th
ese
item
s
’
s
co
r
es
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
wh
ile
th
e
y
ar
e
g
en
er
ally
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e,
th
er
e
is
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
en
h
an
ce
m
en
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2546
v
alid
ity
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ity
.
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ater
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wh
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icatin
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e
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ican
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t d
u
e
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o
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ch
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n
ce
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h
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o
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n
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u
m
en
t
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u
r
th
er
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ated
b
y
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p
e
r
ts
g
u
id
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
a
g
o
o
d
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
id
en
tifie
d
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
m
o
s
t
cr
iter
ia
ar
e
r
ated
as
“
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
,
”
in
d
icatin
g
h
ig
h
q
u
ali
ty
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
b
o
ar
d
.
Sp
ec
if
ical
ly
,
cr
iter
ia
s
u
ch
as
r
elev
an
ce
,
clar
ity
,
i
n
tellig
ib
ilit
y
,
lay
o
u
t,
ef
f
icien
cy
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
an
d
et
h
ics
all
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
v
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es o
f
4
.
0
o
r
h
ig
h
er
,
with
s
tr
o
n
g
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
s
co
r
es
o
f
1
.
0
0
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
all
cr
iter
ia
is
0
.
6
9
,
ca
teg
o
r
ize
d
as
“
s
tr
o
n
g
,
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an
d
t
h
e
ex
p
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ted
p
r
o
b
a
b
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o
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h
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ce
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g
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ee
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e
n
t
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2
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.
T
h
is
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em
o
n
s
tr
ates
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h
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h
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el
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n
s
en
s
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s
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o
n
g
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alu
at
o
r
s
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
s
co
r
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
item
s
ac
r
o
s
s
cr
iter
ia.
T
ab
le
4
.
Ov
e
r
-
all
q
u
ality
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
cr
iter
ia
s
u
ch
as
d
ep
th
,
c
o
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
m
o
tiv
atio
n
,
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
ilit
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
av
er
ag
e
s
co
r
es
o
f
3
.
6
,
f
allin
g
in
to
th
e
“
m
o
d
e
r
ate
”
o
r
“
v
er
y
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
”
ca
teg
o
r
ies.
T
h
ese
cr
iter
ia
s
h
o
wed
lo
wer
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
lev
els,
with
s
co
r
es
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
k
=0
.
3
8
to
0
.
5
0
,
s
u
g
g
est
in
g
s
o
m
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
ev
al
u
ato
r
o
p
in
io
n
s
a
n
d
in
d
icatin
g
a
r
ea
s
f
o
r
p
o
ten
tial
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t.
On
e
e
v
alu
ato
r
n
o
ted
,
“
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
is
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
to
th
e
lev
el
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
tar
g
et
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
en
ts
.
”
An
o
t
h
er
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
is
,
s
ay
in
g
:
“
I
t i
s
a
g
o
o
d
th
in
g
th
a
t m
o
s
t o
f
th
e
items a
r
e
va
lid
en
o
u
g
h
.
”
“
S
in
ce
th
e
g
o
a
l
is
to
m
a
ke
th
i
s
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s
tr
u
men
t
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
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,
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il
o
t
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test
th
is
in
s
tr
u
men
t
w
ith
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n
u
mb
er
o
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d
en
ts
w
h
o
a
r
e
n
o
t
p
a
r
t o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
”
R
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
h
as
attr
ib
u
tes
o
f
a
g
o
o
d
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
b
ei
n
g
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
a
well
-
d
ef
in
e
d
d
o
m
ain
wh
ich
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
“a
wo
r
k
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
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th
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
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n
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er
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tu
d
y
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s
p
ec
if
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e
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
f
th
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d
o
m
ain
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n
d
ea
s
e
th
e
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r
o
ce
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s
o
f
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g
en
e
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atio
n
a
n
d
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
atio
n
”
[
5
2
]
.
4.
3
.
GE
-
AP
RO
Ach
pre
-
t
est
re
s
ults
Pre
-
test
in
g
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
v
al
id
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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ess
o
f
an
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
to
ass
ess
it
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
h
o
w
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
ef
lect
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e
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o
m
ai
n
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ein
g
s
tu
d
ied
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an
d
h
o
w
th
o
s
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
es
[
5
2
]
.
T
a
b
le
5
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
ilo
t
test
s
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
f
iv
e
GE
s
u
b
jects
(
N
=8
1
)
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
liter
atu
r
e
with
in
th
e
ar
ts
an
d
h
u
m
an
ities
d
o
m
ain
.
T
h
e
o
v
e
r
all
av
er
ag
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
s
co
r
e
f
o
r
all
L
Os
is
α
=0
.
9
4
9
,
in
d
ic
atin
g
h
ig
h
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ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
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atin
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s
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
cr
iter
ia.
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h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
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r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
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p
r
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test
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ts
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e
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tly
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le
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cr
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s
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al
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Os
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em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
r
eliab
il
ity
,
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clu
d
in
g
L
O6
(
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=0
.
8
0
9
5
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,
L
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3
(
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8
2
1
4
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,
an
d
L
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7
7
3
8
)
.
Usi
n
g
ANOV
A
f
o
r
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
m
ea
s
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r
es,
th
e
F
-
r
atio
o
f
9
.
8
6
with
a
p
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v
alu
e
<
0
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0
0
0
0
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n
d
icate
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a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
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lt (
p
<0
.
0
5
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h
is
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s
to
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ejec
tin
g
H0
1
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wh
ich
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o
s
its
n
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
s
tu
d
e
n
t sco
r
es a
cr
o
s
s
GE
class
es
(
d
=0
)
.
R
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
d
if
f
er
en
tiates
b
etwe
en
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
r
es
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
o
m
ain
.
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h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
5
3
to
0
.
2
1
7
,
r
e
f
lectin
g
h
ig
h
in
ter
n
al
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
r
e
-
test
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
ex
ce
llen
t
in
ter
n
al
r
eliab
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(
α
=0
.
9
4
9
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tr
o
n
g
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b
s
er
v
e
d
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
(
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o
=0
.
7
3
8
6
)
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an
d
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
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ter
-
r
ater
ag
r
e
em
en
t
(
k
=0
.
6
7
3
)
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t'
s
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t.
Acr
o
s
s
item
s
,
th
is
in
ter
r
ater
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
s
h
o
ws
h
ig
h
e
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t,
ef
f
icien
tly
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
v
ar
ian
ce
in
s
co
r
es with
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
[
5
3
]
.
C
r
i
t
e
r
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a
P
(
1
.
0
)
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(
2
.
0
)
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(
3
.
0
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(
4
.
0
)
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(
5
.
0
)
X
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b
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q
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a
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ty
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I
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2252
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8
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… (
R
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2547
T
ab
le
5
.
Pre
-
test
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
ac
r
o
s
s
NGE
C
ar
ts
an
d
h
u
m
an
ities
co
u
r
s
es
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s
G
E1
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E2
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E3
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E4
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9
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T
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ata
in
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h
ig
h
lig
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t
s
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at
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t
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tco
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es
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e
h
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g
h
r
eliab
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d
s
ig
n
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ica
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t
ag
r
ee
m
en
t,
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o
u
g
h
s
o
m
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
ar
e
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r
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t.
Giv
en
t
h
e
o
u
ts
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d
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ts
’
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
GE
-
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OAc
h
,
th
e
lo
wer
s
co
r
es
with
h
ig
h
ag
r
ee
m
en
t
am
o
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g
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tu
d
en
t
r
esp
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n
d
en
ts
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lect
th
er
e
is
n
o
t
m
u
c
h
ev
id
en
ce
th
at
th
e
y
wer
e
m
et
at
g
r
ea
ter
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eg
r
ee
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o
w
s
co
r
es
d
esp
ite
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r
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n
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u
cts
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n
o
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e
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e
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e
n
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r
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tic
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tili
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d
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p
ec
tatio
n
s
.
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f
r
esp
o
n
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en
ts
ag
r
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th
at
ce
r
tain
L
Os
ar
e
les
s
im
p
ac
tf
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l,
ch
allen
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n
g
,
o
r
well
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alig
n
ed
with
co
u
r
s
e
g
o
als
,
th
is
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
ca
n
lead
to
lo
wer
r
atin
g
s
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
an
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
to
d
if
f
er
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tiate
h
ig
h
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d
lo
w
r
atin
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s
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d
icate
s
its
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icac
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to
in
f
o
r
m
f
u
tu
r
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Pair
ed
s
p
lit
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
p
r
e
-
test
s
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r
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s
in
g
th
e
GE
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h
LO
s
T
r
e
a
t
me
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
1
T
r
e
a
t
me
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
2
D
i
f
f
(
T2
-
T
1
)
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e
v
(
D
i
f
f
-
M)
S
q
.
D
e
v
LO
1
3
.
6
6
3
.
6
7
0
.
0
1
-
0
.
0
5
0
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2
3
.
6
6
3
.
6
9
0
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0
3
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0
3
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3
3
.
7
4
3
.
7
1
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0
3
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0
9
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3
.
6
8
3
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8
3
0
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1
5
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0
9
0
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0
1
LO
5
3
.
6
1
3
.
5
7
-
0
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0
4
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0
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1
0
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0
1
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3
.
7
1
3
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8
1
0
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1
0
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0
4
0
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7
3
.
6
8
3
.
6
9
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0
1
-
0
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0
5
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3
.
6
3
3
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6
9
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0
6
0
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9
3
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6
3
3
.
7
4
0
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1
1
0
.
0
5
0
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1
0
3
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6
2
3
.
7
6
0
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1
4
0
.
0
8
0
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0
1
LO
1
1
3
.
6
8
3
.
7
3
0
.
0
5
-
0
.
0
1
0
LO
1
2
3
.
7
6
3
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6
9
-
0
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0
7
-
0
.
1
3
0
.
0
2
LO
1
3
3
.
7
4
3
.
8
6
0
.
1
2
0
.
0
6
0
LO
1
4
3
.
5
8
3
.
6
7
0
.
0
9
0
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0
3
0
LO
1
5
3
.
6
6
3
.
7
6
0
.
1
0
.
0
4
0
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1
6
3
.
7
6
3
.
8
0
0
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0
4
-
0
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0
2
0
LO
1
7
3
.
7
6
3
.
7
9
0
.
0
3
-
0
.
0
3
0
LO
1
8
3
.
4
7
3
.
6
4
0
.
1
7
0
.
1
1
0
.
0
1
LO
1
9
3
.
5
8
3
.
7
1
0
.
1
3
0
.
0
7
0
O
v
e
r
a
l
l
3
.
6
6
3
.
7
3
M
:
0
.
0
6
S
:
0
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0
8
A
p
air
-
wis
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
c
o
r
es
(
N
=8
0
)
o
f
s
p
lit
g
r
o
u
p
s
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
tr
ea
tm
en
t g
r
o
u
p
2
(
3
.
7
3
)
r
ate
d
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
u
tco
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ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
1
(
3
.
6
6
)
,
with
a
m
ea
n
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
0
.
0
6
a
n
d
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
0
.
0
8
.
A
two
-
tailed
t
-
tes
t
y
ield
ed
a
t
-
v
al
u
e
o
f
-
4
.
2
9
an
d
a
p
-
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
0
0
4
4
to
r
ejec
t
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
GE
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APR
OAc
h
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n
o
t
s
en
s
itiv
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to
d
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e
r
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tiate
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r
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etwe
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lit
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p
tak
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h
e
s
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r
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1
=
2
)
.
R
esu
lts
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
th
ese
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
ar
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
an
d
n
o
t
d
u
e
to
c
h
an
ce
.
T
h
is
an
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
t
h
at
th
e
GE
-
APR
O
Ach
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
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cr
im
in
ates
b
etwe
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tu
d
en
t
r
atin
g
s
o
f
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
h
iev
e
m
en
t
with
in
th
e
s
am
e
class
,
in
d
icatin
g
its
r
eliab
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y
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
“E
f
f
ec
tiv
e
d
is
cr
im
in
atin
g
f
i
n
e
n
ess
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ass
o
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d
with
b
o
th
a
h
ig
h
e
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ted
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r
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t
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p
s
lo
p
e,
an
d
a
s
m
all
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r
o
r
v
ar
ian
ce
”
[
5
4
]
.
Ov
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all
,
t
h
e
d
ata
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p
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th
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u
m
en
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tly
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u
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
2
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2
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8
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J
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14
,
No
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4
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Au
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p
er
f
o
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ce
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elate
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m
ee
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id
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y
th
e
l
o
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m
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ce
s
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d
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tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
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s
(
M=
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0
6
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S=0
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0
8
)
.
T
h
e
s
tr
o
n
g
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ig
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if
ican
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est th
at
wh
ile
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er
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ar
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s
o
m
e
v
ar
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s
in
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g
s
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th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
r
eliab
ly
ca
p
tu
r
es
th
e
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
o
u
tco
m
es
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
with
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
p
er
c
o
u
r
s
e.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
ese
r
esu
lts
with
s
im
ilar
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
co
u
ld
f
u
r
th
e
r
v
alid
a
te
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
an
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
t
h
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
d
is
cr
im
in
ativ
e
p
o
wer
.
4
.
4
.
Co
nv
er
g
ent
a
nd
dis
cr
im
ina
nt
v
a
lid
it
y
bet
wee
n e
x
is
t
ing
ins
t
rum
ent
s
I
n
T
ab
le
7
,
s
co
r
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
t
h
r
ee
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
th
e
C
HE
D
m
an
d
at
ed
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
ar
e
m
et
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
t
h
r
ee
GE
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
o
m
ain
s
,
at
th
e
s
am
e
c
o
lleg
e.
I
n
ter
p
r
eta
tio
n
s
wer
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
’
s
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
u
s
in
g
a
4
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le.
B
r
ac
k
eted
in
t
er
p
r
etatio
n
s
at
th
e
last
r
o
w
r
ef
lect
h
o
w
th
e
th
r
ee
s
tu
d
ies
in
ter
p
r
eted
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eir
s
u
r
v
ey
r
esu
lts
.
W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ea
ch
r
esear
ch
er
’
s
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
th
e
ea
r
lier
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
s
ee
m
to
b
r
in
g
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
atio
n
s
in
th
eir
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
,
w
h
ile
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
ex
is
tin
g
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
Data
f
o
r
T
1
(
N=
8
4
)
r
ef
lects
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
ap
p
r
ec
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
GE
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
an
d
elec
tiv
es a
s
to
th
e
ex
ten
t
o
f
o
u
tco
m
es a
ch
iev
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ac
h
iev
ed
h
ig
h
s
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
th
r
ee
tar
g
et
co
m
p
eten
c
y
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
with
ar
ts
an
d
h
u
m
an
ities
o
u
tco
m
e
s
r
ef
lecti
n
g
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
er
s
o
n
al
an
d
civ
ic
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
I
n
tellectu
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
was
ac
h
iev
ed
at
a
h
ig
h
ex
te
n
t
in
ar
ts
an
d
h
u
m
an
ities
,
co
n
tr
asti
n
g
with
th
e
m
o
d
er
ate
ex
ten
t
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
(
m
ath
an
d
n
atu
r
al
s
cien
ce
an
d
s
o
cial
s
cien
ce
d
o
m
ain
s
)
.
Pra
ctica
l
s
k
ill
s
wer
e
r
ated
h
ig
h
ly
i
n
T
2
an
d
ar
ts
an
d
h
u
m
a
n
ities
b
u
t
o
n
ly
m
o
d
er
ately
in
T
1
.
T
h
ese
in
ter
p
r
et
atio
n
s
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
wh
ich
b
etter
alig
n
with
C
HE
D
QA
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
ea
r
lier
s
ca
les.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
co
r
es
in
T
1
s
h
ar
es
s
im
ilar
p
atter
n
with
T
2
b
u
t
n
o
t
th
at
o
f
T
3
,
wh
ic
h
eith
er
i
m
p
lies
n
u
an
ce
s
in
q
u
ality
o
f
i
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
r
lim
itatio
n
s
in
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
u
s
ed
.
T
ab
le
7
.
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
p
r
e
-
te
s
t a
n
d
ac
tu
al
ev
alu
atio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
two
o
t
h
er
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
Lo
s
T
a
r
g
e
t
c
o
m
p
e
t
e
n
c
i
e
s
T
1
T
2
T
3
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
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[
G
E]
3
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2
2
[
M
E]
3
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3
9
H
i
g
h
e
x
t
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n
t
T
1
:
GE
-
A
P
R
O
A
c
h
,
T
2
:
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
t
1
,
T
3
:
i
n
s
t
r
u
me
n
t
3
ANOV
A
an
aly
s
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t v
ar
iab
ilit
y
i
n
s
co
r
es
ac
r
o
s
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
o
m
ain
s
,
w
ith
F
-
r
atio
v
alu
e
o
f
5
8
.
0
8
5
4
9
an
d
a
p
-
v
alu
e
<
0
.
0
0
0
0
1
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
ejec
tin
g
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
th
at
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
is
as
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
y
ield
s
s
im
ilar
r
es
u
lts
as
i
ts
p
r
ed
ec
ess
o
r
s
(
T
1
=T
2
=T
3
)
.
T
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
(
S
1
=0
.
0
6
5
)
o
f
f
er
s
g
r
ea
ter
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
item
s
co
r
es
th
an
o
th
er
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
(S
2
=0
.
1
3
an
d
S
3
=0
.
1
8
)
.
Sig
n
if
i
ca
n
t d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
b
etwe
en
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
an
d
ea
r
lier
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
(
HSD
T
1
=0
.
3
,
Q=
9
.
9
4
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
<
0
.
0
5
;
T
1
=0
.
4
4
,
Q=
1
4
.
4
6
,
p
=
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
<
0
.
0
5
)
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
its
s
u
p
e
r
io
r
d
is
cr
im
in
ativ
e
p
o
wer
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
in
f
er
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ata
t
h
a
t
th
e
GE
-
APR
OAc
h
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ex
h
ib
its
s
tr
o
n
g
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
iv
e
d
is
cr
im
in
ativ
e
p
o
wer
,
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
in
g
its
elf
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
.
Ov
e
r
a
ll
,
c
o
m
p
a
r
ed
w
it
h
tw
o
o
t
h
e
r
i
n
s
t
r
u
m
e
n
ts
,
t
h
e
GE
-
A
PR
OAc
h
wh
ic
h
was
p
i
lo
t
tes
ted
in
f
i
v
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
c
o
u
r
s
es
h
as
a
b
ilit
y
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
lea
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
c
o
m
es
a
cr
o
s
s
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
d
o
m
ain
s
a
n
d
ali
g
n
s
wi
th
co
n
s
t
r
u
ct
v
a
li
d
it
y
p
r
in
ci
p
l
es,
wh
e
r
e
c
o
n
v
er
g
e
n
t
v
ali
d
it
y
is
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
its
ali
g
n
m
en
t
wit
h
o
t
h
e
r
th
e
o
r
e
tic
all
y
r
el
at
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
es
[
5
5
]
,
a
n
d
d
is
c
r
i
m
i
n
a
n
t
v
ali
d
i
ty
is
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
i
ts
d
if
f
e
r
en
tia
t
io
n
f
r
o
m
u
n
r
e
lat
e
d
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