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[
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th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
g
r
ea
t
d
ea
l
o
f
in
ter
ac
tio
n
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
ield
o
f
e
-
tr
ain
in
g
is
witn
ess
in
g
g
r
o
wth
an
d
g
r
ea
t
in
ter
est
[
1
7
]
.
It
is
h
ea
v
ily
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
,
wh
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
tu
d
ied
m
o
r
e
d
ee
p
ly
an
d
way
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
it
as
an
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
e
-
lear
n
in
g
[
1
8
]
,
wh
ich
b
r
in
g
s
to
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
m
an
y
b
en
ef
its
s
u
ch
as self
-
r
elian
ce
an
d
s
elf
-
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
It
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
th
eir
ab
ilit
ies f
o
r
life
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
wh
ich
is
a
v
er
y
g
o
o
d
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
class
r
o
o
m
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
2
0
]
,
o
v
er
co
m
in
g
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
p
o
s
ed
b
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
[
2
1
]
.
As
s
u
ch
,
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
ch
allen
g
es th
at
h
av
e
f
ac
ed
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
in
s
o
m
e
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
illi
ter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
[
2
2
]
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
d
o
n
e
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
o
n
lin
e
co
u
r
s
es
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
p
an
d
em
ic
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
I
t
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
n
o
te
th
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
h
as
id
en
tifie
d
a
s
et
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
p
ic.
Stu
d
y
by
J
im
én
ez
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
ad
d
r
ess
ed
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
m
o
d
el
to
m
ee
t
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
th
e
2
1
s
t
ce
n
tu
r
y
at
Ar
tem
is
ia
Un
iv
er
s
ity
in
C
u
b
a,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
n
ee
d
s
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
to
im
p
lem
en
t
th
is
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
alth
o
u
g
h
n
o
t f
u
lly
r
ef
lectin
g
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic,
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
by
J
in
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
e
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
C
h
in
ese
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
E
lectr
o
n
ic
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
8
5
4
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
alig
n
in
g
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
s
er
v
ice
q
u
ality
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
d
icate
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
s
u
ch
as
th
e
b
en
ef
it
ac
h
iev
ed
f
r
o
m
e
-
lear
n
in
g
,
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
latf
o
r
m
s
,
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ac
u
lty
b
eh
av
io
r
,
an
d
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
with
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
task
s
.
As f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
by
Alq
o
o
t
[
2
7
]
,
it
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
is
tan
ce
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
was
co
n
ce
iv
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
g
en
er
al
d
esig
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
o
d
el
(
ADDI
E
)
v
ia
th
e
Z
o
o
m
o
n
lin
e
p
latf
o
r
m
to
d
ev
elo
p
s
k
ills
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
d
esig
n
(
E
T
D)
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
d
esig
n
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
f
ac
u
lty
.
S
tu
d
y
by
Alr
m
am
n
h
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
aim
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
lear
n
in
g
in
th
e
Un
ited
Ar
ab
E
m
ir
ates
u
s
in
g
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
aly
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
A
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
2
8
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
was in
clu
d
ed
;
th
e
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ass
ess
m
en
t o
f
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
tr
ain
in
g
,
esp
ec
ially
with
r
eg
ar
d
to
tr
ain
er
s
’
s
k
ills
,
p
r
o
g
r
am
co
n
ten
t,
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
tu
d
y
by
Kar
ee
m
[
2
9
]
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
f
th
e
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
L
ea
d
er
s
h
ip
T
r
ain
in
g
C
en
ter
at
th
e
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
at
Kin
g
Sau
d
Un
iv
er
s
ity
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
tr
ain
ee
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
r
elied
o
n
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
s
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
v
iews.
I
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
d
iv
er
s
if
y
in
g
ev
alu
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
n
s
tu
d
y
by
Hasan
an
d
I
s
lam
[
3
0
]
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
ex
am
in
ed
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
o
n
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
e
-
lear
n
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
clu
d
ed
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
2
2
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
e
-
lear
n
in
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
s
itiv
ely
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
atten
d
an
ce
,
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
As
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
by
C
o
m
an
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
,
it
in
v
esti
g
ated
h
o
w
R
o
m
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ad
ap
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
d
is
tan
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
an
d
em
ic.
Data
wer
e
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
7
6
2
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
R
o
m
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
wer
e
n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
p
r
ep
ar
ed
to
u
s
e
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
s
tu
d
y
by
Al
-
J
am
al
an
d
E
l
-
Deso
u
k
y
[
3
2
]
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
b
ased
o
n
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
co
m
p
u
ter
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
in
clu
d
ed
4
0
teac
h
er
s
,
wh
o
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
:
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
th
at
u
n
d
er
wen
t
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tr
ain
in
g
,
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
l
g
r
o
u
p
th
at
u
n
d
er
wen
t
tr
ad
itio
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
f
av
o
r
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
g
r
o
u
p
.
Fin
ally
,
s
tu
d
y
by
Usu
n
[
3
3
]
r
ev
iewe
d
th
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
ev
alu
atin
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
d
is
tan
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
er
e
it
d
ea
lt
with
1
3
ev
alu
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
an
d
ex
p
lain
ed
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
th
eir
u
s
e
in
co
llectin
g
d
ata
r
elate
d
to
ev
alu
atin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
g
o
al
-
o
r
ien
ted
an
d
s
y
s
tem
-
b
ased
ev
alu
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
d
is
tan
ce
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
itiativ
es.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
g
ain
s
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
f
o
r
s
ev
e
r
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
Sh
ed
d
in
g
lig
h
t
o
n
th
e
d
ig
ital
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
wid
ely
u
s
ed
in
d
is
tan
ce
e
-
le
ar
n
in
g
in
th
e
f
ield
s
o
f
m
an
a
g
em
en
t,
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ev
alu
atin
g
e
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
d
u
r
in
g
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
e
m
ic.
Seek
in
g
to
an
ticip
ate
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
ts
in
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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2
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8
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I
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t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2025
:
2
8
1
2
-
2
8
2
1
2814
lig
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
a
p
id
g
r
o
wth
o
f
e
-
lear
n
in
g
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
c
r
is
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
ig
ital
i
n
tellig
en
ce
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Pro
v
id
in
g
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
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id
en
tif
y
in
g
th
eir
tr
ain
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g
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ee
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s
,
wh
ich
en
h
an
ce
s
th
eir
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elf
-
ef
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icac
y
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d
ev
alu
ates
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e
cu
r
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en
t
s
tatu
s
o
f
e
-
lea
r
n
in
g
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
Sin
ce
2
0
1
9
,
th
e
r
ap
id
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
as
f
o
r
ce
d
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
to
tak
e
s
ev
er
al
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
ar
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ely
in
g
o
n
e
-
lear
n
i
n
g
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
tr
ain
in
g
,
with
th
e
ai
m
o
f
co
n
tin
u
in
g
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
'
co
m
p
eten
cies
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
by
K
u
lib
ek
o
v
et
a
l.
[3
5
]
s
h
o
wed
th
e
in
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
s
o
m
e
o
n
li
n
e
tr
ain
in
g
co
u
r
s
es
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
S
tu
d
y
by
Far
o
u
k
[3
6
]
r
e
v
ea
led
ch
a
llen
g
es
in
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ica
l
s
k
ills
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
cr
is
is
.
T
h
e
n,
J
o
h
n
s
o
n
et
a
l.
[3
7
]
clar
i
f
ied
th
e
n
ee
d
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
with
p
r
ac
tices
r
elate
d
to
r
em
o
te
wo
r
k
.
Stu
d
y
b
y
Al
-
An
s
ar
y
[3
8
]
in
d
icate
d
tech
n
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
s
lo
w
o
r
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ich
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
e
-
lear
n
in
g
.
L
astl
y
,
E
ir
ald
i
et
a
l.
[3
9
]
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
e
n
ee
d
to
d
esig
n
h
ig
h
-
q
u
ality
r
em
o
te
tr
ain
in
g
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
t
r
ain
in
g
in
n
o
n
-
tr
ad
itio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
aim
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
ev
alu
atin
g
e
-
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
wh
ile
m
ak
in
g
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
b
y
an
s
wer
in
g
th
e
m
a
in
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
s
u
b
j
ec
t
:
i)
W
h
at
is
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
e
-
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
p
an
d
em
ic
as
s
ee
n
b
y
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
?
ii)
Ar
e
th
er
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
at
th
e
lev
el
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
(
α
=.
0
5
)
in
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
ab
o
u
t
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
e
-
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
p
an
d
em
ic
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ty
p
e
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
(
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate)
?
iii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
e
-
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
p
an
d
em
ic,
as seen
b
y
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
?
iv
)
W
h
at
is
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
is
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
e
-
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
p
a
n
d
em
ic
as seen
b
y
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
?
2.
MET
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
b
ased
o
n
a
m
ix
ed
-
m
eth
o
d
s
d
esig
n
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
.
I
t
is
a
ls
o
b
ased
o
n
th
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
-
a
n
aly
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
e
v
alu
atin
g
e
-
l
ea
r
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
J
o
r
d
an
ia
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
clu
d
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
to
o
ls
f
o
r
c
o
llectin
g
d
ata,
s
u
ch
as
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
an
d
i
n
ter
v
iews,
wh
ich
allo
ws
th
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
to
c
o
llect
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
in
-
d
e
p
th
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t th
e
to
p
ic
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h lo
ca
le
a
nd
pa
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
all
3
2
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
wo
r
k
in
g
i
n
J
o
r
d
an
ia
n
p
u
b
lic
a
n
d
p
r
i
v
ate
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
an
d
1
1
,
0
0
2
f
ac
u
lt
y
m
em
b
er
s
.
I
n
ten
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
i
ews
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
5
0
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
wh
o
b
en
ef
ited
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
,
an
d
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
l
e
o
f
1
,
0
7
0
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
,
7
6
5
in
p
u
b
lic
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
an
d
3
0
5
in
p
r
iv
ate
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
.
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
Af
ter
r
ev
iewin
g
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
two
to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
to
o
l
is
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
t
o
co
llect
d
ata
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
two
p
ar
ts
:
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
p
ar
t
is
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata,
in
clu
d
in
g
(
ty
p
e
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
;
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t
is
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
e
-
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tatis
tical
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
am
o
u
n
ti
n
g
to
2
0
item
s
,
an
d
a
cc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
t
h
eir
th
r
ee
a
r
ea
s
(
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
,
an
d
af
ter
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
t
r
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
to
o
l
is
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
in
ter
v
iews
with
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
to
co
llect
d
ata
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
two
q
u
esti
o
n
s
:
i)
o
p
e
n
q
u
esti
o
n
t
o
r
ev
ea
l
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
to
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
e
-
tr
a
in
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
;
an
d
ii)
o
p
en
q
u
esti
o
n
to
p
r
esen
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
u
tu
r
e
v
is
io
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
e
-
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
T
o
v
er
if
y
th
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
it
was
p
r
esen
ted
to
a
co
m
m
ittee
o
f
ar
b
itra
to
r
s
an
d
e
x
p
er
ts
in
th
e
f
ield
,
n
u
m
b
er
i
n
g
1
5
ar
b
itra
to
r
s
wit
h
co
m
p
eten
ce
a
n
d
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
in
th
e
s
cien
ce
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
in
J
o
r
d
an
ian
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
,
an
d
th
e
d
ir
ec
tiv
es
an
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
o
f
th
e
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
e
c
o
m
m
itt
ee
wer
e
tak
en
.
T
h
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
wo
r
d
in
g
o
f
s
o
m
e
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
s
was m
o
d
if
ie
d
wh
en
ei
g
h
t a
r
b
itra
to
r
s
ag
r
ee
d
o
n
th
at.
2
.
3
.
Da
t
a
g
a
t
hering
pro
ce
du
re
Fo
r
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e,
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
4
0
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
,
b
o
th
f
r
o
m
with
in
an
d
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
m
u
n
ity
,
was
s
elec
ted
to
ass
es
s
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
to
o
l.
T
h
e
r
etest
m
eth
o
d
was
u
s
ed
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icien
t
was
ca
lcu
lated
,
wh
ich
r
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as
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r
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eliab
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ch
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lect
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h
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f
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i
n
th
e
in
ter
v
iew
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
an
d
i
n
ten
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
ie
ws
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
wer
e
in
v
ited
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ar
ticip
ate
in
t
h
e
s
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r
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ey
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d
wer
e
ass
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ed
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at
t
h
eir
r
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n
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es
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ld
b
e
tr
ea
t
ed
with
th
e
u
tm
o
s
t
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
.
Par
ticip
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ts
wh
o
co
m
p
leted
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e
item
s
an
d
s
u
b
m
itted
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
in
d
icate
d
t
h
eir
willin
g
n
ess
to
tak
e
p
ar
t
i
n
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
A
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
s
co
r
e
t
h
e
two
s
tu
d
y
to
o
ls
,
ass
ig
n
in
g
ea
ch
item
a
s
co
r
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
o
llo
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g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
p
tio
n
s
:
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
,
a
g
r
ee
,
n
eu
tr
al,
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
,
wh
ic
h
ar
e
n
u
m
er
ically
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
,
an
d
5
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
s
co
r
in
g
was
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tatis
tica
l
h
ier
ar
ch
y
:
lo
w
lev
el
(
1
-
2
.
3
3
)
,
m
e
d
iu
m
lev
el
(
2
.
3
4
-
3
.
6
7
)
,
an
d
h
i
g
h
lev
el
(
3
.
6
8
-
5
.
0
0
)
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
i
ew
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
b
y
o
r
g
an
izin
g
th
e
an
s
wer
s
in
E
x
ce
l,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cies a
n
d
p
e
r
ce
n
tag
es.
2
.
4
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
u
s
ed
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics
in
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
d
ata.
Ar
ith
m
etic
av
er
ag
es
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
wer
e
ex
tr
ac
te
d
,
th
e
T
-
test
,
an
d
th
e
q
u
alitativ
e
co
n
ten
t
an
aly
s
is
m
eth
o
d
was
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
item
s
in
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
th
at
wer
e
s
tated
n
eg
ativ
ely
wer
e
r
ev
er
s
ely
co
d
ed
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
o
f
t
he
f
irst
qu
estio
n
T
o
an
s
wer
th
e
f
ir
s
t
q
u
esti
o
n
“
W
h
at
is
th
e
r
ea
lity
o
f
e
-
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
in
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
p
an
d
em
ic
as
s
ee
n
b
y
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
?
”
,
th
e
ar
ith
m
etic
av
er
a
g
es
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
p
ar
ag
r
a
p
h
s
o
f
ea
ch
ar
ea
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
s
ep
ar
ately
in
T
ab
les 1
to
3
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
B
ef
o
re
s
t
a
rt
ing
t
he
i
mp
lem
ent
a
t
io
n o
f
elec
t
r
o
nic t
r
a
ini
ng
pro
g
ra
m
s
T
h
e
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
s
a
n
d
s
t
an
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
th
e
item
s
in
th
e
f
ie
ld
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tar
tin
g
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
ep
ar
ately
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
tab
le
in
d
icate
s
th
at
p
ar
ag
r
a
p
h
6
r
an
k
ed
f
ir
s
t
with
an
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
o
f
4
.
0
4
,
wh
ile
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
4
r
an
k
ed
last
with
an
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
o
f
2
.
4
6
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
ar
ith
m
etic
m
ea
n
o
f
t
h
e
f
ield
was
3
.
5
0
,
wh
ic
h
is
cl
ass
if
ied
as
av
er
ag
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
,
th
is
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
lack
o
f
in
te
r
est
b
y
th
o
s
e
in
c
h
ar
g
e
o
f
tr
a
in
in
g
in
in
v
o
lv
in
g
tr
ain
ee
s
in
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
th
e
o
b
jectiv
es
o
f
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
id
en
tif
y
in
g
th
eir
t
r
ain
in
g
n
ee
d
s
.
Un
iv
er
s
ities
em
er
g
e
as
ess
en
tial
ce
n
ter
s
f
o
r
ci
v
ilizatio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
ess
,
a
s
th
ey
p
la
y
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
witn
ess
ed
b
y
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
ey
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
a
m
ajo
r
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
e
-
lear
n
in
g
f
o
r
o
t
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
is
r
o
le
ef
f
icien
tly
,
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
e
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
tr
ain
ed
to
f
o
r
m
u
late
o
b
jectiv
es
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
p
o
licies
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
im
p
lem
e
n
t
v
i
r
tu
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
an
d
asy
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
le
ar
n
in
g
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
in
teg
r
atin
g
m
etav
e
r
s
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
en
h
a
n
ce
in
ter
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
g
o
als
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
o
r
g
an
izin
g
co
n
f
er
en
ce
s
,
s
em
in
ar
s
an
d
w
o
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
,
an
d
lau
n
ch
in
g
e
-
lear
n
in
g
i
n
itiativ
es
th
at
f
o
cu
s
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
ic
c
u
r
r
icu
la,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
a
n
d
b
en
ef
itin
g
f
r
o
m
d
ig
ital
m
ed
ia
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
s
h
if
tin
g
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
m
em
o
r
izatio
n
to
en
h
an
cin
g
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
,
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
teac
h
er
s
wi
th
th
e
s
k
ills
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
ea
l
with
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
is
in
tu
r
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
an
d
ex
p
an
d
s
th
e
co
n
c
ep
t
o
f
s
elf
-
lear
n
in
g
.
I
t
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
at
th
ese
r
esu
lts
d
if
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
r
e
p
o
r
t
ed
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
3
1
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ar
ith
m
etic
a
v
er
ag
es
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
s
f
o
r
a
f
ield
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
R
a
n
k
N
u
mb
e
r
P
a
r
a
g
r
a
p
h
s
M
e
a
n
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
d
e
v
i
a
t
i
o
n
Le
v
e
l
1
6
Th
e
d
e
si
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
e
e
s
t
o
e
n
g
a
g
e
i
n
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
i
s
t
a
k
e
n
i
n
t
o
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
b
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
i
r
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
4
.
0
4
1
.
0
7
7
H
i
g
h
2
5
Th
e
r
e
t
u
r
n
s
o
f
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
r
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
j
o
b
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
e
e
.
3
.
7
4
.
9
4
2
H
i
g
h
3
3
Th
e
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms t
a
k
e
i
n
t
o
a
c
c
o
u
n
t
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s
o
f
t
h
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
f
o
r
se
v
e
r
a
l
y
e
a
r
s.
3
.
6
6
.
9
4
5
M
e
d
i
u
m
4
1
A
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
me
n
t
s
f
o
r
d
e
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
ms
i
s
c
a
r
r
i
e
d
o
u
t
.
3
.
5
7
1
.
0
5
7
M
e
d
i
u
m
5
2
Th
e
n
e
e
d
s
o
f
t
r
a
i
n
e
e
s a
r
e
i
d
e
n
t
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f
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e
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t o
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ich
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ig
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est
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r
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ce
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ag
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o
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m
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in
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p
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o
p
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als.
T
h
e
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c
h
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attr
ib
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es
th
is
em
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to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
tr
ai
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in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
f
o
r
f
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m
em
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in
v
o
l
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s
iv
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p
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f
ess
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m
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t
th
r
o
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g
h
a
s
er
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f
in
teg
r
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ac
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esig
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o
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ter
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itiv
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es,
ab
ilit
ie
s
,
k
n
o
wled
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e,
s
k
ills
,
m
eth
o
d
s
,
an
d
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
T
h
is
p
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ep
ar
atio
n
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
f
ac
u
lty
m
em
b
er
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
f
u
lf
ill
th
eir
r
o
les
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies.
T
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
o
f
f
ac
u
lty
m
e
m
b
er
s
in
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
r
e
q
u
ir
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
en
h
an
cin
g
f
ac
u
lty
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
an
d
en
ab
lin
g
th
em
t
o
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
th
eir
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
is
s
io
n
s
in
a
cc
o
r
d
an
ce
with
m
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d
er
n
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
th
eo
r
ies
a
n
d
r
eq
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ir
em
e
n
ts
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wev
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ch
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at
th
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f
o
c
u
s
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d
ev
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o
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lty
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m
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ee
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,
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f
ten
r
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m
ain
in
g
at
t
h
e
lev
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o
f
d
is
cu
s
s
io
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with
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t su
b
s
tan
tial a
ctio
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.
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n
y
u
n
iv
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ity
p
r
o
f
ess
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r
s
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av
e
n
o
t
h
ad
ad
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q
u
ate
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
q
u
alif
icatio
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in
ed
u
ca
tio
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teac
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lacin
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th
e
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s
o
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u
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ities
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u
r
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p
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p
e
r
ed
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ca
tio
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al
p
r
e
p
ar
atio
n
f
o
r
th
eir
f
ac
u
lty
to
m
ee
t
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
g
o
als
an
d
f
u
lf
ill
th
eir
m
is
s
io
n
s
.
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h
e
r
esear
c
h
er
b
eliev
es
th
at
th
e
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
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o
f
f
ac
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lty
m
em
b
er
s
in
J
o
r
d
a
n
ian
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n
iv
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r
s
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h
as
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m
e
a
cr
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r
eq
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ir
em
e
n
t
with
in
th
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f
ield
s
o
f
s
p
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,
y
et
it
r
e
m
ain
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f
f
icien
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g
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th
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n
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tio
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al,
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
ice
r
o
les.
T
h
is
in
ad
eq
u
ac
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
i
n
th
e
e
lectr
o
n
ic
d
o
m
ain
,
as
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
elies
o
n
teac
h
er
s
p
o
s
s
ess
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
an
d
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
r
elate
d
to
s
cien
tific
an
d
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
e
-
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
is
is
an
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
th
eir
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
aim
ed
a
t
en
h
an
cin
g
th
eir
s
k
ills
an
d
a
b
ilit
ies
in
teac
h
in
g
,
r
esear
ch
,
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
ity
s
er
v
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th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
ic
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
alig
n
s
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
by
Alr
m
am
n
h
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
,
b
u
t c
o
n
tr
asts
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
C
o
m
an
et
a
l.
[
3
1
]
.
T
ab
le
6
.
Fre
q
u
en
cies a
n
d
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
v
is
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
e
-
tr
ain
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
C
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
A
t
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
m
e
a
s
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r
i
n
g
t
h
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m
p
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c
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o
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t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
o
n
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
mem
b
e
r
s.
42
14
B
e
n
e
f
i
t
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
s
o
f
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
e
-
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
o
r
o
n
a
p
a
n
d
e
mi
c
.
40
14
I
mp
r
o
v
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
o
f
e
-
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
b
y
r
e
h
a
b
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
n
g
t
r
a
i
n
e
d
sp
e
c
i
a
l
i
z
e
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
i
a
n
s
.
37
13
Li
n
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
c
e
n
t
i
v
e
s
y
st
e
m
t
o
t
h
e
n
u
mb
e
r
o
f
c
o
u
r
ses
o
b
t
a
i
n
e
d
b
y
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
memb
e
r
s.
35
12
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
l
o
c
a
l
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
i
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s t
o
p
u
b
l
i
c
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
e
s.
31
11
P
r
e
p
a
r
i
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
r
e
p
l
i
c
a
t
e
d
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
t
o
sa
v
e
c
o
st
s
i
n
t
h
e
l
o
n
g
r
u
n
.
30
10
U
si
n
g
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
t
h
a
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
e
-
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
.
29
10
S
u
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
s
t
o
c
o
me
u
p
w
i
t
h
c
r
e
a
t
i
v
e
i
d
e
a
s
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
e
l
d
o
f
e
-
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
.
23
8
P
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
l
a
p
t
o
p
s wi
t
h
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
sp
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
f
a
c
u
l
t
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
s.
23
8
To
t
a
l
2
9
0
1
0
0
4.
C
O
N
C
L
U
SIO
N
T
h
e
o
u
t
b
r
ea
k
o
f
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
h
as
im
p
o
s
ed
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
e
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ted
ch
allen
g
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o
n
s
o
cieties,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
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th
e
h
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lth
ca
r
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b
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o
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also
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o
m
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s
o
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I
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J
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5
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[
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7
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.
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[
1
8
]
J.
A
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.