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Forma
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f
key
skills
of t
h
e X
XI c
entury in
t
he
edu
ca
tiona
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pra
ctice
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Sa
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d
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d
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ti
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y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
C
r
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
Dig
ital liter
ac
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I
n
ter
ac
tiv
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
Pro
ject
wo
r
k
Stu
d
en
t e
n
v
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m
en
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T
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is i
s
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rticle
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d
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CC B
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.
C
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p
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A
uth
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r
:
Saltan
at
B
eis
s
em
b
ay
ev
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Dep
ar
tm
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t o
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R
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s
ian
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L
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Kh
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h
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Kaz
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Un
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s
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1
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B
.
Sattar
k
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St
r
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,
T
u
r
k
estan
,
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
E
m
ail: sal.b
eiss
em
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
th
e
ac
ce
ler
ate
d
p
a
ce
o
f
tec
h
n
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lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
an
d
th
e
e
v
o
lv
in
g
s
o
cial
a
n
d
cu
ltu
r
al
lan
d
s
ca
p
e,
it
is
im
p
er
ativ
e
to
id
en
tify
th
e
co
m
p
eten
cies
th
a
t
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
cu
ltiv
ate
to
ad
eq
u
ately
p
r
ep
ar
e
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
c
o
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
c
h
allen
g
es
th
ey
will
in
e
v
itab
ly
f
ac
e.
Key
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
XX
I
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
s
u
ch
as
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
d
ig
it
al
liter
ac
y
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
,
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
in
d
e
m
an
d
b
y
b
o
th
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
,
in
tu
r
n
,
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
to
tr
an
s
m
it in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
u
t a
ls
o
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
th
ese
im
p
o
r
tan
t sk
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
L
i
et
a
l.
[
1
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
id
eo
lo
g
y
am
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
wo
r
k
in
g
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
h
o
w
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
v
alu
es
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
teac
h
i
n
g
lan
d
s
ca
p
e.
I
n
a
n
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
,
R
u
tten
et
a
l.
[
2
]
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
an
d
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
cy
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
its
p
iv
o
tal
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
XX
I
ce
n
tu
r
y
E
n
g
lis
h
as
a
f
o
r
eig
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
class
r
o
o
m
.
Nam
s
o
n
e
et
a
l.
[
3
]
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
o
n
a
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
th
e
m
an
a
g
em
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
er
co
m
p
eten
ce
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
d
ef
icien
cies
in
th
e
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
o
f
teac
h
er
s
th
at
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
th
e
teac
h
in
g
o
f
m
o
d
e
r
n
s
k
ills
.
T
ag
g
ar
t
a
n
d
R
o
u
ls
to
n
[
4
]
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
eten
cies
o
f
teac
h
er
s
in
No
r
th
er
n
I
r
ela
n
d
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
n
av
ig
ate
a
“
Go
ld
ilo
ck
s
zo
n
e”
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
e
–
n
eith
er
t
o
o
m
u
c
h
n
o
r
to
o
litt
le.
L
as
tly
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
2
5
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8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2025
:
3
1
2
5
-
3
1
3
4
3126
Dem
ir
b
ilek
[
5
]
ex
am
in
es
th
e
f
o
s
ter
in
g
o
f
in
ter
cu
ltu
r
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
o
n
lin
e
class
r
o
o
m
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
to
o
ls
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
te
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
d
iv
er
s
e
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
ese
co
m
p
et
en
cies
ar
e
o
f
v
ital
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
f
o
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
u
c
ce
s
s
f
u
l
ad
ap
tatio
n
in
a
r
a
p
i
d
ly
ch
a
n
g
in
g
wo
r
ld
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices
ar
e
alig
n
ed
with
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
o
f
th
e
X
XI
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
T
h
e
d
e
f
in
itio
n
an
d
class
if
icatio
n
ar
e
am
b
ig
u
o
u
s
o
f
k
ey
XX
I
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
,
alth
o
u
g
h
th
er
e
is
a
b
r
o
ad
co
n
s
en
s
u
s
o
n
th
e
n
ee
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
an
d
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
in
teac
h
er
s
,
th
eir
s
p
e
cif
ic
d
ef
in
itio
n
an
d
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
v
a
r
y
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Su
laim
an
an
d
I
s
m
ail
[
6
]
em
p
h
asized
th
at
teac
h
er
’
s
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
teac
h
er
’
s
th
o
u
g
h
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
t
h
e
XX
I
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
W
ay
ch
u
n
as
[
7
]
,
in
tu
r
n
,
n
o
ted
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
e
r
c
o
m
p
ete
n
cies
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
d
ig
italizatio
n
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Kaz
ak
h
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
Sy
u
r
m
e
n
an
d
Mir
zo
y
ev
a
[
8
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
t
ea
ch
er
s
to
a
d
ap
t
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
th
e
c
h
an
g
in
g
n
ee
d
s
an
d
d
em
an
d
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
in
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
ese
asp
ec
ts
,
it
is
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
d
elv
e
in
to
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
wh
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
k
ills
an
d
to
o
ls
ar
e
n
ee
d
e
d
to
wo
r
k
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
in
a
d
ig
ital le
ar
n
in
g
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Ma
o
r
et
a
l.
[
9
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
t
h
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
o
f
co
m
b
in
i
n
g
m
etac
o
g
n
itio
n
,
c
r
ea
tiv
ity
an
d
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
i
n
th
e
c
o
n
tex
t
o
f
p
r
e
p
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
Fra
n
co
et
a
l.
[
1
0
]
p
o
in
ted
to
th
e
r
elev
a
n
ce
an
d
o
n
g
o
in
g
e
f
f
o
r
ts
o
f
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
to
in
teg
r
ate
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
in
to
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
la.
Har
g
r
ea
v
es
[
1
1
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
av
ai
lab
le
to
teac
h
er
s
an
d
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
is
co
llab
o
r
a
tio
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
alr
ea
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
,
th
e
r
e
is
a
n
ee
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
in
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
o
f
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
c
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
i
n
to
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
cu
r
r
icu
la,
as we
ll a
s
an
ass
es
s
m
en
t o
f
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
ac
ad
em
ic
s
u
cc
ess
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
te
ac
h
er
s
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
B
ar
d
elli
[
1
2
]
,
wh
o
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
teac
h
er
s
h
av
e
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
in
teg
r
atin
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
o
b
s
tacle
s
s
u
ch
as
a
lack
o
f
av
ailab
le
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
lim
ited
s
tu
d
en
t
ex
p
er
ien
ce
,
a
n
d
tim
e
an
d
b
u
d
g
et
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
h
in
d
e
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Ç
etin
[
1
3
]
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
lev
el
o
f
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
f
u
tu
r
e
teac
h
er
s
.
Po
ty
r
ała
an
d
T
o
m
cz
y
k
[
1
4
]
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
teac
h
er
s
to
r
ec
eiv
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
d
ev
elo
p
d
ig
i
tal
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
.
J
ay
[
1
5
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
n
ee
d
to
ad
ap
t
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
tem
to
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
to
d
ev
elo
p
d
ig
ital
p
ed
a
g
o
g
y
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
a
t
d
if
f
er
en
t le
v
els o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
an
aly
ze
d
th
e
p
ec
u
li
ar
ities
o
f
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
en
t e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t in
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
k
ills
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ad
a
p
tatio
n
to
m
o
d
er
n
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
life
.
A
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
d
iv
er
s
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
v
a
r
iety
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
t
ask
s
an
d
p
r
o
jects,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
,
in
te
g
r
a
tio
n
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
,
as
wel
l
as
r
ef
lectio
n
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
as
to
o
ls
th
at
co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
k
e
y
X
XI
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
A
q
u
alitativ
e
r
esear
ch
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
u
tili
zin
g
s
em
i
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
ter
v
iews
with
8
6
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
to
co
llect
d
ata
o
n
t
h
eir
ex
p
er
i
en
ce
s
an
d
p
r
ac
tices.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
NViv
o
s
o
f
twar
e,
th
er
eb
y
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
r
ec
u
r
r
e
n
t
th
em
es
ab
o
u
t
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
k
ey
c
o
m
p
eten
cies.
As
p
ar
t
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
with
p
r
o
f
ess
o
r
s
o
f
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
c
atio
n
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
Ast
an
a,
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
K
az
ak
h
s
tan
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iews
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
co
llect
em
p
ir
ical
d
ata
o
n
th
eir
v
iews
o
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
k
ey
s
k
ills
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
t
ice
o
f
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
d
ata
was
co
llected
b
etwe
en
0
8
.
0
5
.
2
4
an
d
1
4
.
0
5
.
2
4
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
ed
8
6
te
ac
h
er
s
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Am
o
n
g
th
em
wer
e
5
8
wo
m
en
(
a
g
ed
2
4
to
7
5
)
an
d
2
8
m
en
(
ag
ed
2
5
to
7
7
)
.
T
o
c
o
llect
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
p
ec
ially
d
esig
n
e
d
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
th
e
o
p
in
io
n
s
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
o
n
th
e
p
ec
u
liar
ities
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
k
ey
s
k
ills
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
t
ea
ch
er
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize
was d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
e
n
s
u
r
ed
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
r
e
p
r
es
en
tin
g
a
d
i
v
er
s
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
an
d
teac
h
i
n
g
ex
p
er
ie
n
ce
s
.
As
p
o
s
ited
b
y
Asl
an
[
1
6
]
,
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
3
0
-
1
0
0
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
is
d
ee
m
ed
s
u
f
f
icien
t
f
o
r
q
u
alitativ
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
f
u
r
n
is
h
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
d
ata
s
atu
r
atio
n
an
d
th
e
m
atic
an
aly
s
i
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
q
u
esti
o
n
s
w
er
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
an
d
ex
p
er
t
c
o
n
s
u
ltatio
n
s
,
th
er
eb
y
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
co
n
ten
t
v
alid
it
y
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
estab
lis
h
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
ilo
t
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
f
iv
e
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
,
d
u
r
in
g
w
h
ich
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
was
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
to
e
n
h
an
ce
clar
ity
an
d
r
elev
an
ce
.
T
h
e
f
in
al
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
ex
h
ib
ited
a
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
0
.
8
5
,
in
d
icativ
e
o
f
a
h
ig
h
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
o
r
ma
tio
n
o
f k
ey
s
kills
o
f th
e
X
X
I
ce
n
tu
r
y
in
th
e
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
l
p
r
a
ctice
o
f a
tea
c
h
er
(
S
a
lta
n
a
t B
eiss
emb
a
ye
va
)
3127
T
h
e
in
ter
v
iew
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
clu
d
ed
:
−
W
h
at
k
ey
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
d
o
y
o
u
co
n
s
id
er
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ad
ap
tatio
n
o
f
teac
h
er
s
to
m
o
d
e
r
n
life
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
y
o
u
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
k
ey
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
in
to
y
o
u
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice?
−
W
h
at
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
d
o
y
o
u
u
s
e
to
s
tim
u
late
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
in
f
u
tu
r
e
teac
h
er
s
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
y
o
u
d
e
v
elo
p
c
o
o
p
e
r
at
io
n
an
d
team
wo
r
k
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
class
r
o
o
m
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
y
o
u
teac
h
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
s
k
ills
an
d
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
y
o
u
p
r
o
m
o
te
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
am
o
n
g
y
o
u
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
y
o
u
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
d
ev
elo
p
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
s
k
ills
i
n
n
o
n
-
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
?
−
Ho
w
d
o
y
o
u
ev
al
u
ate
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
k
ey
X
XI
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
in
y
o
u
r
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
?
−
W
h
at
ch
allen
g
es
d
o
y
o
u
f
ac
e
wh
en
wo
r
k
in
g
o
n
d
e
v
elo
p
i
n
g
k
ey
s
k
ills
f
o
r
th
e
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
,
an
d
h
o
w
d
o
y
o
u
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
em
?
−
W
h
at
ad
d
itio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
r
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
wo
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
y
o
u
to
b
etter
in
te
g
r
ate
k
ey
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
in
to
y
o
u
r
teac
h
in
g
p
r
ac
tice?
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
ter
v
iews
wer
e
tr
an
s
cr
ib
ed
i
n
t
h
eir
en
tire
ty
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
a
th
em
atic
an
aly
s
is
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
tailed
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
a
c
o
d
in
g
s
y
s
tem
to
id
en
ti
f
y
r
ec
u
r
r
en
t
th
em
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
k
e
y
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
NViv
o
s
o
f
twar
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ass
is
t
in
th
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
ata
an
d
th
e
f
ac
ilit
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
d
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
’
v
iews
o
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
s
a
n
d
th
e
d
if
f
i
cu
lties
th
ey
ex
p
er
ien
ce
in
f
o
s
ter
in
g
k
ey
s
k
ills
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
ev
i
d
en
ce
is
co
n
s
titu
ted
b
y
q
u
alitativ
e
d
at
a
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
in
ter
v
iews
with
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
,
wh
ich
elu
cid
at
e
th
eir
s
tr
ateg
ies,
ch
allen
g
es,
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
k
ey
co
m
p
eten
cies in
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
.
Af
ter
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
ter
v
iew
s
aim
ed
at
id
en
tify
i
n
g
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
k
ey
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
teac
h
e
r
s
,
th
e
r
es
u
lts
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
e
d
p
r
o
v
id
ed
d
etails
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
s
p
ec
ts
an
d
co
n
ce
p
ts
o
f
f
o
r
m
in
g
k
ey
co
m
p
e
ten
cies
o
f
th
e
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
am
o
n
g
teac
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
id
en
ti
f
ied
th
e
m
ain
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
n
d
c
h
allen
g
es
f
ac
e
d
b
y
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
th
ese
s
k
ills
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
al
d
is
co
v
er
y
is
th
at
a
p
leth
o
r
a
o
f
p
i
o
n
ee
r
in
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
task
s
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
,
m
ar
k
e
d
ly
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
in
d
is
p
en
s
ab
le
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
co
m
p
eten
cies a
m
o
n
g
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
I
t w
as a
ls
o
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
All
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
b
y
th
e
et
h
ical
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
f
th
e
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esear
ch
co
m
m
ittee
an
d
with
th
e
1
9
6
4
Helsin
k
i D
ec
lar
atio
n
an
d
its
later
am
en
d
m
en
ts
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
k
ey
s
k
ill
s
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
a
teac
h
er
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
r
e
p
ar
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
a
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
an
d
s
o
cial
life
in
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
th
at
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
l
lab
o
r
atio
n
,
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
a
n
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
ar
e
ess
en
tial
s
k
ill
s
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
p
lay
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
th
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
o
th
ey
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
th
eir
s
u
b
ject
ar
ea
b
u
t
also
th
e
s
k
ills
to
d
ev
elo
p
k
e
y
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Stu
d
en
ts
at
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
,
wh
o
s
e
tr
ain
in
g
is
aim
ed
at
f
u
tu
r
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
tiv
i
ties
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
n
ee
d
a
d
iv
er
s
e
s
et
o
f
k
ey
s
k
ills
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
a
d
ap
t
to
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
ese
s
k
ill
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
tec
h
n
ical
b
u
t
also
s
o
cial,
cu
ltu
r
al
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
th
ey
will f
ac
e
in
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
liv
es
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
ar
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
elem
en
ts
o
f
a
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ca
r
ee
r
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
n
i
v
er
s
ities
,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
teac
h
er
s
,
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
d
e
g
r
ee
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
,
as
th
eir
wo
r
k
is
in
ex
tr
icab
ly
lin
k
ed
to
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
p
e
o
p
le:
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
co
lleag
u
es,
ad
m
in
is
t
r
atio
n
an
d
p
ar
e
n
ts
[
1
8
]
.
Activ
e
lis
ten
in
g
s
k
ills
,
em
p
ath
y
an
d
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ad
a
p
t
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
to
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
n
ee
d
s
o
f
ea
c
h
s
tu
d
en
t
allo
w
a
teac
h
er
to
in
ter
ac
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
with
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
au
d
ien
ce
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
o
f
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
,
jo
i
n
t
less
o
n
p
l
an
n
in
g
,
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
an
d
jo
in
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
o
lv
in
g
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
teac
h
in
g
co
m
m
u
n
ity
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
g
e
n
er
al,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
k
ills
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
teac
h
er
s
.
Ma
s
ter
y
o
f
th
ese
s
k
ill
s
allo
ws
teac
h
er
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
i
n
ter
ac
t
with
v
ar
io
u
s
s
tak
eh
o
ld
er
s
in
t
h
e
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
q
u
a
lity
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
u
p
b
r
in
g
in
g
f
o
r
t
h
eir
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
2025
:
3
1
2
5
-
3
1
3
4
3128
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Key
s
k
ills
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l a
d
ap
tatio
n
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
teac
h
er
s
in
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
wo
r
ld
C
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
co
m
p
eten
c
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
life
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
s
k
ill
in
clu
d
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
an
aly
ze
,
e
v
alu
ate
an
d
in
ter
p
r
e
t
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
,
as
well
as
to
a
p
p
ly
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
g
ain
ed
in
p
r
ac
tice.
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t im
p
o
r
tan
t a
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
f
o
r
tea
ch
er
s
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
an
aly
ze
d
if
f
er
en
t so
u
r
ce
s
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
cr
itically
ev
al
u
ate
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
m
o
s
t e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iat
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
as
well
as
m
ak
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
ad
eq
u
ately
ass
es
s
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
an
d
h
el
p
th
em
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
s
k
ill
s
.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
o
b
jectiv
ely
ev
alu
ate
th
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t
an
d
o
f
f
er
th
em
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
s
elf
-
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
C
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
is
an
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t o
f
teac
h
er
s
’
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
an
d
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
r
o
le
in
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
q
u
ality
o
f
e
d
u
ca
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
r
ep
a
r
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
e
r
n
w
o
r
ld
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
eten
ce
allo
ws
teac
h
er
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
a
d
ap
t
to
ch
an
g
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
lear
n
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
e
n
t.
Pro
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
is
a
k
e
y
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
s
u
cc
ess
in
b
o
th
ac
ad
e
m
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
[
2
5
]
.
I
n
a
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
n
tex
t,
s
tu
d
en
t
teac
h
er
s
also
f
ac
e
s
ev
e
r
al
ch
allen
g
es
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
p
ar
en
t
s
an
d
co
lleag
u
es,
an
d
c
o
n
f
li
ct
r
eso
lu
tio
n
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
th
e
y
m
a
y
en
c
o
u
n
ter
u
n
r
u
ly
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
p
lan
n
i
n
g
less
o
n
s
an
d
teac
h
in
g
m
ater
ials
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
p
ar
e
n
ts
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
ad
m
in
is
tr
ato
r
s
.
T
o
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es,
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
ad
ap
t
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
ap
p
ly
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
th
ey
h
av
e
a
cq
u
ir
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
ei
r
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
b
e
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
to
f
i
n
d
alter
n
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
an
d
ta
k
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
eir
ac
ti
o
n
s
.
I
t
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
n
o
te
th
at
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
s
k
ills
is
an
o
n
g
o
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
co
n
s
tan
tly
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
m
s
elv
es
an
d
g
r
o
w
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
ally
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
al
s
tr
en
g
th
s
an
d
wea
k
n
ess
es,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
ee
k
h
elp
a
n
d
a
d
v
ice
f
r
o
m
co
lle
ag
u
es
an
d
m
en
to
r
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t
u
p
d
atin
g
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
s
k
ills
in
lin
e
with
th
e
ch
an
g
in
g
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
C
o
o
p
er
atio
n
is
an
in
teg
r
al
p
ar
t
o
f
a
teac
h
er
’
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
p
lay
s
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
r
o
le
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
6
]
.
P
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
ass
o
ciate
d
with
im
p
r
o
v
ed
l
ea
r
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es,
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
h
ig
h
er
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
o
p
er
atio
n
s
k
ills
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ey
m
u
s
t
lear
n
to
in
ter
ac
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
with
co
lleag
u
es,
b
u
ild
f
r
u
itfu
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
a
n
d
a
p
p
ly
jo
in
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
to
a
ch
iev
e
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
als
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
er
a
o
f
d
ig
italizatio
n
o
f
s
o
ciety
an
d
th
e
ac
tiv
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
in
v
ar
io
u
s
s
p
h
er
es
o
f
life
,
teac
h
er
s
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
th
e
s
k
ills
to
wo
r
k
with
m
o
d
er
n
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
b
e
ab
le
to
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
i
n
te
g
r
ate
th
em
i
n
to
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
m
ea
n
s
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
u
s
e
co
m
p
u
ter
s
an
d
th
e
in
ter
n
et
,
b
u
t
also
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
cr
itically
ev
alu
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
u
s
e
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
f
o
r
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
p
r
o
tect
o
n
eself
an
d
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
d
ig
i
tal
th
r
ea
ts
an
d
d
an
g
er
s
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ab
le
to
s
elec
t a
p
p
r
o
p
r
iate
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
an
d
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
m
in
to
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
lear
n
in
g
o
b
jectiv
es,
lear
n
er
n
ee
d
s
an
d
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
lear
n
i
n
g
g
r
o
u
p
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
d
ig
ital liter
ac
y
o
f
teac
h
er
s
in
c
lu
d
es th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
e
d
ig
ital r
eso
u
r
c
es
f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
d
ig
ital
l
iter
ac
y
o
f
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
also
in
clu
d
es
an
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
eth
ical
an
d
leg
al
asp
ec
ts
o
f
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
i
es
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
as
well
as
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
d
ata
an
d
co
p
y
r
i
g
h
t
wh
en
cr
ea
tin
g
an
d
u
s
in
g
d
ig
ital
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
o
r
ma
tio
n
o
f k
ey
s
kills
o
f th
e
X
X
I
ce
n
tu
r
y
in
th
e
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
l
p
r
a
ctice
o
f a
tea
c
h
er
(
S
a
lta
n
a
t B
eiss
emb
a
ye
va
)
3129
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
willin
g
to
p
r
o
tect
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
ize
d
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
u
s
e
an
d
to
teac
h
s
tu
d
en
ts
th
e
b
asics
o
f
d
ig
ital secu
r
ity
an
d
eth
ical
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
n
th
e
in
ter
n
et
.
On
e
o
f
th
ese
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
m
p
eten
cies
is
cr
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
,
wh
ich
is
o
f
p
ar
ticu
la
r
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
i
n
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
4
]
,
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
t,
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
is
b
ec
o
m
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
r
elev
an
t d
u
e
to
th
e
n
ee
d
to
f
in
d
u
n
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Sti
m
u
latin
g
th
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
teac
h
in
g
an
d
u
p
b
r
in
g
in
g
,
wh
i
ch
in
tu
r
n
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
its
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
m
o
d
er
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
i
n
k
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
p
e
d
a
g
o
g
ical
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
,
cr
ea
tiv
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
an
d
p
r
o
je
ct
wo
r
k
,
as
well
as
s
tim
u
latin
g
th
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t
s
ea
r
ch
f
o
r
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
e
ct
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
in
g
is
also
th
e
c
r
ea
tio
n
o
f
a
s
u
itab
le
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tes cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
s
elf
-
r
ea
lizatio
n
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
th
in
k
in
g
.
Mo
d
er
n
s
o
ciety
is
ch
ar
ac
ter
iz
ed
b
y
r
ap
id
c
h
an
g
e
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
teac
h
e
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
to
q
u
ick
ly
ad
ap
t
to
n
ew
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
ts
to
m
ain
tain
th
eir
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
R
ap
id
ch
an
g
es
in
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
,
tr
ain
in
g
a
n
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
cr
ea
te
th
e
n
ee
d
to
co
n
s
tan
tly
u
p
d
ate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
s
k
ills
,
as
well
as
a
d
ap
t
to
n
ew
wo
r
k
in
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Hig
h
ly
ad
ap
ta
b
le
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
ad
a
p
t
to
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
s
itu
atio
n
s
,
f
in
d
ad
eq
u
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
m
an
ag
e
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
lex
ib
ly
an
d
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
im
p
lem
en
t
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
i
n
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tices,
s
u
ch
as
lear
n
in
g
u
n
d
er
u
n
ce
r
tain
ty
,
tr
ain
i
n
g
in
f
lex
ib
le
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
,
an
d
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t sear
ch
f
o
r
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
it
u
atio
n
s
.
T
im
e
an
d
s
tr
ess
m
an
ag
em
en
t
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
a
teac
h
er
’
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
eten
ce
in
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
an
d
d
y
n
am
is
m
o
f
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
e
q
u
ir
e
teac
h
er
s
to
allo
ca
te
tim
e
ef
f
icien
tly
,
m
an
a
g
e
task
s
an
d
u
s
e
av
ailab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
eir
g
o
a
ls
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
ab
le
n
o
t
o
n
ly
to
p
lan
p
er
s
o
n
al
ef
f
o
r
ts
b
u
t
also
to
a
d
ap
t
t
o
ch
an
g
i
n
g
ci
r
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
,
r
esp
o
n
d
f
lex
ib
ly
to
n
ew
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
m
ain
tain
h
ig
h
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ke
y
asp
ec
ts
o
f
tim
e
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t
in
clu
d
e
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
et
p
r
io
r
ities
,
b
r
ea
k
task
s
i
n
to
s
m
aller
s
tep
s
,
o
p
tim
ize
w
o
r
k
f
lo
ws
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
u
s
e
p
lan
n
in
g
to
o
ls
an
d
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
s
elf
-
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
k
ills
,
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
co
p
e
with
s
tr
ess
f
u
l
s
itu
atio
n
s
an
d
m
ain
tain
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
r
elax
atio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies,
b
r
ea
th
in
g
ex
er
cises
,
m
ed
itatio
n
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
o
t
h
er
tech
n
iq
u
es
th
at
h
elp
r
eliev
e
ten
s
io
n
an
d
r
esto
r
e
p
s
y
ch
o
-
em
o
tio
n
a
l
b
alan
ce
.
E
m
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
en
co
m
p
ass
es
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
k
ills
an
d
ab
ilit
ie
s
th
at
allo
w
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
ter
ac
t
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
s
tate,
an
d
cr
ea
te
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
an
d
in
s
p
ir
in
g
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t [
3
7
]
.
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
em
o
tio
n
al
in
tellig
en
ce
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
ef
f
ec
t
iv
ely
an
d
m
an
ag
e
y
o
u
r
em
o
tio
n
s
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
with
th
ese
s
k
ills
ca
n
r
eso
lv
e
co
n
f
licts
co
n
s
tr
u
ctiv
ely
,
b
u
ild
o
p
en
an
d
tr
u
s
tin
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
an
d
m
o
tiv
ate
th
em
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
.
T
h
is
h
elp
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
an
d
s
tim
u
lates
th
e
ac
ad
em
ic
p
r
o
g
r
ess
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
em
o
tio
n
a
l
in
tellig
en
ce
is
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
ec
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
.
T
ea
ch
er
s
with
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el
o
f
e
m
o
tio
n
al
i
n
tellig
en
ce
ca
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ad
ap
t
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
itu
atio
n
s
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice,
i
n
ter
ac
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ly
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
cr
ea
te
f
a
v
o
r
ab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
th
eir
lea
r
n
in
g
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
teac
h
er
s
at
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ities
in
Kaz
ak
h
s
tan
wer
e
in
te
r
v
iewe
d
.
Ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
iews,
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
k
ills
f
o
r
a
teac
h
er
ar
e
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
th
in
k
i
n
g
,
as
well
as
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
in
n
o
n
-
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
teac
h
er
s
,
th
ese
s
k
ills
ar
e
th
e
b
asis
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ad
ap
tatio
n
to
m
o
d
er
n
life
,
h
el
p
in
g
th
em
to
co
p
e
with
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
ch
an
g
e
an
d
f
u
n
ct
io
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
f
ield
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
in
ter
v
iews,
m
o
s
t
teac
h
er
s
in
teg
r
ate
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
k
ey
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
t
ea
ch
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
r
o
ject
wo
r
k
,
g
r
o
u
p
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
,
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
m
o
d
e
r
n
ed
u
c
atio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
allo
ws
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
g
ain
p
r
ac
tical
ex
p
er
ien
ce
an
d
ap
p
l
y
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
p
r
ac
tice
.
I
n
ter
v
iews
r
ev
ea
led
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
em
p
lo
y
d
iv
er
s
e
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
d
e
v
elo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
cr
itical
s
k
il
ls
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
tex
t
an
aly
s
is
,
d
eb
ates,
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
p
r
o
ject
cr
ea
tio
n
to
e
n
h
an
ce
an
aly
tical
th
in
k
in
g
.
C
o
llab
o
r
ativ
e
task
s
lik
e
g
r
o
u
p
p
r
o
jects
an
d
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
ex
er
cises
f
o
s
ter
team
wo
r
k
a
n
d
co
o
p
er
atio
n
.
Pr
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
e
n
co
u
r
ag
es
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
en
g
ag
e
with
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
ti
n
g
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
y
.
Dig
ital
liter
ac
y
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
ter
ac
tiv
e
less
o
n
s
an
d
o
n
lin
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
w
h
ile
cr
ea
tiv
e
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
s
tim
u
late
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
,
teac
h
er
s
u
s
e
s
itu
atio
n
al
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
ca
u
s
e
-
an
d
-
ef
f
ec
t
an
aly
s
es,
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ic
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
h
elp
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
n
av
ig
at
e
co
m
p
lex
c
h
allen
g
es e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Me
th
o
d
s
to
e
v
alu
ate
k
e
y
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
in
clu
d
e
test
in
g
,
p
r
o
ject
ass
ess
m
en
ts
,
p
o
r
tf
o
lio
s
,
an
d
p
ee
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
en
a
b
lin
g
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
lear
n
in
g
o
b
je
ctiv
es.
T
ea
ch
er
s
f
ac
e
th
e
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4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
h
i
g
h
lig
h
ts
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
p
e
d
ag
o
g
ical
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Pro
b
lem
-
b
ased
task
s
a
n
d
c
o
l
lab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
en
ab
le
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
an
d
team
wo
r
k
.
Mo
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
f
o
s
ter
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
an
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
k
ills
.
Pr
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
m
o
tes
cr
ea
tiv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
,
r
esear
ch
-
o
r
ie
n
ted
p
r
o
jects.
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
r
ef
lectio
n
an
d
in
s
tr
u
cto
r
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
h
elp
s
tu
d
en
ts
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
a
n
d
lear
n
f
r
o
m
th
eir
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
h
o
lis
tic
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
C
o
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
Hasan
ah
a
n
d
Ma
lik
[
3
8
]
,
it
is
wo
r
th
n
o
tin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
b
len
d
ed
lea
r
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
i
n
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
’
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
.
T
h
is
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
is
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
way
to
d
ev
el
o
p
k
e
y
X
XI
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
ir
m
th
e
r
elev
a
n
c
e
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
k
ey
s
k
ills
o
f
th
e
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
in
t
h
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
teac
h
er
s
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies in
th
i
s
ar
ea
.
C
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
is
em
p
h
asiz
ed
in
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
er
s
,
as
well
as
in
ad
ap
tin
g
th
em
to
th
e
in
d
iv
id
u
al
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t
[
3
9
]
.
An
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
,
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
Als
aleh
[
4
0
]
,
also
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
n
o
tin
g
it
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
in
k
in
g
s
k
ills
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
.
An
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
y
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
B
ellae
r
a
et
a
l.
[
4
1
]
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tco
m
es
in
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
em
p
h
asizes
its
p
r
esen
ce
in
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
cu
r
r
icu
la.
T
h
ey
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
is
s
k
ill
in
to
th
e
cu
r
r
ic
u
lu
m
at
all
lev
els
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
its
r
o
le
in
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
in
to
ac
ad
em
i
c
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
er
s
en
co
u
r
ag
es
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
en
q
u
ir
y
,
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ch
allen
g
e
estab
lis
h
ed
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
an
d
e
x
p
lo
r
e
al
ter
n
ativ
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es.
I
n
tu
r
n
,
co
m
p
ar
in
g
with
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
M
u
ck
e
n
th
aler
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
,
it
is
wo
r
t
h
n
o
tin
g
th
e
co
n
f
ir
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
as,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
cien
tis
t,
it
r
ev
ea
ls
th
at
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
ass
o
ciate
d
with
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
ar
e
cl
o
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
t
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
ch
o
o
l,
wh
ich
e
m
p
h
asizes
th
e
p
a
r
ticu
lar
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
th
is
f
ac
to
r
i
n
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
B
u
s
h
an
d
Gr
o
tjo
h
an
n
[
4
3
]
also
n
o
te
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
co
o
p
er
atio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
ex
ch
an
g
e,
d
iv
is
io
n
o
f
lab
o
r
an
d
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
L
i
an
d
Yu
[
4
4
]
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
d
eq
u
ate
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
o
f
teac
h
er
s
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
esp
o
n
d
to
th
e
n
ew
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
er
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
o
d
el.
R
esear
ch
er
s
also
p
o
in
t
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
lev
el
o
f
d
i
g
ital
liter
ac
y
o
f
teac
h
er
s
a
n
d
th
eir
ca
r
ee
r
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
an
d
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
r
o
le.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Fallo
o
n
[
4
5
]
n
o
tes
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
o
v
er
tim
e,
v
ar
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
co
u
r
s
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
o
f
teac
h
er
s
,
h
elp
in
g
th
em
to
d
ev
e
lo
p
s
tu
d
en
ts
’
s
k
ills
in
u
s
in
g
th
e
latest tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies in
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
.
I
n
lig
h
t
o
f
r
ec
e
n
t
liter
atu
r
e
,
Am
s
al
et
a
l.
[
4
6
]
em
p
h
asize
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
p
r
o
s
p
ec
tiv
e
teac
h
er
s
’
co
m
p
eten
cies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
s
elf
-
aw
ar
en
ess
an
d
ad
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
am
o
n
g
ed
u
ca
t
o
r
s
in
th
e
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
p
o
s
it
th
at
s
u
ch
co
m
p
ete
n
cies
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
an
ce
teac
h
i
n
g
ef
f
icac
y
b
u
t
also
f
o
s
ter
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
co
n
d
u
civ
e
t
o
s
tu
d
en
t
g
r
o
w
th
.
Similar
ly
,
Alm
az
r
o
a
an
d
A
lo
taib
i
[
4
7
]
id
en
tif
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
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c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
F
o
r
ma
tio
n
o
f k
ey
s
kills
o
f th
e
X
X
I
ce
n
tu
r
y
in
th
e
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
a
l
p
r
a
ctice
o
f a
tea
c
h
er
(
S
a
lta
n
a
t B
eiss
emb
a
ye
va
)
3131
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
i
n
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
teac
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
er
s
to
e
m
b
ed
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
in
to
cu
r
r
ic
u
la.
T
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
th
e
af
o
r
em
en
tio
n
ed
s
tu
d
y
alig
n
with
th
o
s
e
o
f
o
u
r
o
wn
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
is
ess
e
n
tial
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
o
f
teac
h
er
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
W
id
iast
u
ti
et
a
l.
[
4
8
]
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
b
e
n
ef
icial
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
n
o
v
el
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
o
n
th
e
cu
ltiv
atio
n
o
f
e
n
tr
ep
r
e
n
eu
r
ial
ab
ilit
ies,
wh
ich
co
n
s
titu
tes
a
p
iv
o
tal
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
k
ill
s
et
d
em
an
d
e
d
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
te
x
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
f
i
r
m
th
at
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
k
ills
p
lay
s
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
r
o
le
in
th
e
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tic
e
o
f
teac
h
er
s
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
ac
ilit
ates
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
te
r
ac
tio
n
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
wh
ich
cr
ea
tes
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
an
d
s
tim
u
lates
m
o
tiv
atio
n
to
lear
n
.
Me
th
o
d
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
u
s
ed
to
d
e
v
el
o
p
k
e
y
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
in
clu
d
e
wo
r
k
in
g
with
p
r
o
b
lem
-
b
ased
task
s
an
d
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
,
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
,
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
l
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
p
r
o
ject
-
b
ased
lear
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
b
u
t
also
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
tan
t
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
a
s
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
e
t
h
in
k
in
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
o
th
e
r
s
ch
o
lar
s
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
in
p
ed
ag
o
g
y
.
C
r
itical
th
in
k
in
g
in
v
o
lv
es
an
aly
zin
g
,
e
v
alu
atin
g
an
d
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
,
wh
ich
is
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
teac
h
in
g
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
f
o
r
th
e
ch
a
llen
g
es
o
f
m
o
d
er
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
life
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
k
e
y
s
k
ills
o
f
t
h
e
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
in
th
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
o
f
teac
h
er
s
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
XXI
ce
n
t
u
r
y
s
k
ills
lik
e
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
,
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
,
an
d
cr
ea
tiv
ity
in
p
r
ep
ar
i
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
o
r
m
o
d
er
n
s
o
cieta
l
ch
allen
g
es.
I
t
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
teac
h
er
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
E
d
u
ca
to
r
s
in
Kaz
a
k
h
p
ed
ag
o
g
ical
u
n
iv
er
s
ities
ar
e
ac
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
ese
s
k
ills
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
eth
o
d
s
s
u
ch
as
ac
tiv
e
lear
n
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
ject
wo
r
k
,
cr
ea
tin
g
an
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
t
th
at
d
ev
el
o
p
s
s
tu
d
en
t
s
’
p
r
ac
tical
co
m
p
eten
cies
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
es
th
em
f
o
r
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
co
m
p
le
x
ity
.
T
h
e
im
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ex
ten
d
b
ey
o
n
d
th
e
im
m
e
d
iate
co
n
tex
t
o
f
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
X
XI
ce
n
tu
r
y
s
k
ills
in
to
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
p
r
ac
tices,
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
s
titu
t
io
n
s
to
a
d
ap
t
cu
r
r
icu
la
a
n
d
teac
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
s
t
o
b
etter
p
r
ep
a
r
e
f
u
tu
r
e
e
d
u
ca
to
r
s
.
Su
ch
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
is
o
f
th
e
u
tm
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
n
o
t
o
n
ly
f
o
r
th
e
e
n
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
teac
h
in
g
ef
f
icac
y
b
u
t a
ls
o
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
s
ter
in
g
o
f
a
g
en
e
r
atio
n
o
f
lear
n
er
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
th
r
iv
i
n
g
in
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
lex
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
wo
r
ld
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
u
g
g
ests
th
r
ee
k
ey
r
esear
ch
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
s
:
ex
am
i
n
in
g
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
im
p
ac
ts
o
f
p
ed
a
g
o
g
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
n
XXI
ce
n
tu
r
y
c
o
m
p
eten
cies
in
d
iv
er
s
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
t
ex
ts
,
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
d
ig
ital
to
o
ls
’
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
teac
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
s
k
ill
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t,
an
d
id
e
n
tify
in
g
o
p
tim
al
s
tr
ateg
ies
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
lea
r
n
in
g
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
th
at
en
h
an
ce
cr
itical
th
in
k
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
teac
h
er
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Saltan
at
B
eis
s
em
b
ay
ev
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Z
h
an
ar
Osh
ak
b
ay
ev
a
✓
✓
✓
✓
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.