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–
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1
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n
d
r
e
g
e
n
c
y
le
v
e
l
s
,
h
as
y
e
t
t
o
b
e
f
u
l
l
y
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
a
s
t
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
b
y
D
a
g
a
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
4
]
s
h
o
w
e
d
n
o
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
C
R
I
T
s
k
i
l
ls
a
c
r
o
s
s
r
e
g
e
n
c
y
.
H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
h
as
y
e
t
t
o
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
a
te
h
o
w
C
R
I
T
e
x
p
l
i
ci
t
l
y
a
f
f
e
c
ts
th
e
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
s
k
i
l
ls
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
i
t
.
R
e
c
e
n
t
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
b
y
W
i
b
o
w
o
e
t
a
l
.
[
1
5
]
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
C
R
I
T
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
s
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
s
k
i
l
ls
o
n
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ta
l
awa
r
e
n
e
s
s
,
b
u
t
t
h
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t m
ay
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
it
h
a
v
e
y
e
t
t
o
b
e
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
d
.
T
h
i
s
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
es
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
b
r
o
a
d
e
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
b
y
t
h
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
a
n
a
l
y
z
i
n
g
h
o
w
C
R
I
T
a
f
f
e
c
ts
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
’
s
k
il
l
d
e
v
el
o
p
m
e
n
t
in
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
.
T
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
is
o
n
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
es
a
n
d
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
at
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
t
h
e
m
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
,
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
s
wi
t
h
i
n
a
p
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
m
u
n
i
c
i
p
al
i
ti
e
s
an
d
r
e
g
e
n
c
i
e
s
,
w
h
ic
h
a
l
l
o
ws
f
o
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
s
p
a
r
it
i
e
s
[
1
6
]
–
[
1
8
]
,
r
a
i
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
o
f
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
t
h
e
r
e
a
r
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
i
n
C
R
I
T
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
w
h
a
t
t
h
e
m
a
i
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
i
t
.
A
s
s
u
c
h
,
t
h
is
r
es
e
a
r
c
h
w
i
ll
f
i
l
l
t
h
e
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
g
a
p
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
d
e
e
p
e
r
u
n
d
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r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
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r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
C
R
I
T
a
n
d
o
t
h
e
r
s
k
i
l
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
i
v
e
r
s
e
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
a
n
d
k
e
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
.
2.
M
O
DE
L
AND
R
E
S
E
ARCH
Q
UE
S
T
I
O
NS
C
R
I
T
is
in
tr
icate
ly
lin
k
ed
with
v
ar
io
u
s
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
b
ilit
ies
an
d
is
p
iv
o
tal
in
ass
ess
in
g
,
ev
alu
atin
g
,
an
d
f
o
s
ter
in
g
o
th
er
s
k
ills
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
9
]
–
[
2
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ex
te
n
t
o
f
C
R
I
T
'
s
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
lear
n
in
g
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
r
eg
io
n
al
d
y
n
am
ics,
s
till
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
C
R
I
T
an
d
its
k
ey
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
clar
if
ied
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
f
ill
th
is
g
ap
b
y
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
C
R
I
T
in
s
tu
d
en
t
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
c
es
o
n
o
th
er
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
APS
,
C
OL
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
.
I
t
aim
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
r
eg
io
n
al
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
an
d
o
v
er
l
o
o
k
ed
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
in
teg
r
al
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
C
R
I
T
'
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
g
u
id
in
g
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
s
:
i)
Do
es
C
R
I
T
af
f
ec
t
APS
,
C
OL
lear
n
in
g
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
?
ii)
Do
es th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
C
R
I
T
d
if
f
er
b
y
r
e
g
io
n
(
m
u
n
icip
ality
v
s
.
r
e
g
en
cy
)
?
iii)
W
h
at
ar
e
th
e
m
o
s
t im
p
o
r
ta
n
t p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
C
R
I
T
on
APS
,
C
OL
lear
n
in
g
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
?
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
R
esear
ch
m
o
d
el
3.
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
u
s
ed
two
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
C
R
I
T
in
d
ep
th
an
d
to
an
s
wer
th
e
r
esear
ch
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
s
.
F
ir
s
t,
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
-
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
e
s
s
h
o
w
C
R
I
T
af
f
ec
ts
o
th
er
s
k
ills
.
W
e
also
u
s
ed
p
ar
tial
least
s
q
u
ar
es
-
m
u
lti
g
r
o
u
p
an
aly
s
is
(
PLS
-
MG
A
)
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
h
o
w
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
C
R
I
T
d
if
f
er
s
ac
r
o
s
s
r
eg
io
n
s
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
we
u
s
ed
th
e
R
an
g
er
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
id
en
tify
th
e
m
ain
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
C
R
I
T
o
n
o
t
h
er
s
k
ills
.
3
.
1
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
W
e
u
s
ed
an
o
n
lin
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
ey
an
d
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
two
p
ar
ts
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
ar
t
aim
s
to
co
llect
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
s
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
g
e
n
d
er
an
d
lo
ca
tio
n
.
At
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
ar
t
is
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
s
ca
le
th
at
c
o
v
e
r
s
C
R
I
T
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
k
ills
in
lear
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
s
ca
le
was
ad
ap
ted
f
r
o
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
6
4
0
-
2
6
5
1
2642
C
h
ai
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
an
d
co
n
tain
s
2
2
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
as
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
No
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
d
elete
d
as
all
th
eir
lo
ad
in
g
s
p
ass
ed
th
e
0
.
5
t
h
r
esh
o
ld
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
th
is
s
u
r
v
ey
r
ef
lect
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
v
iews
o
n
C
R
I
T
an
d
o
th
e
r
s
k
ills
,
s
u
ch
as
A
PS
,
C
OL
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
.
Stu
d
en
ts
r
ated
ea
ch
asp
ec
t
u
s
in
g
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
L
ik
er
t
s
ca
le,
f
r
o
m
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
=
1
to
s
tr
o
n
g
l
y
ag
r
ee
=
5.
T
ab
le
1
.
Scale
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
I
t
e
ms
O
u
t
e
r
l
o
a
d
i
n
g
V
I
F
C
R
I
T
C
R
I
T1
:
I
t
h
i
n
k
o
f
o
t
h
e
r
p
o
ssi
b
l
e
w
a
y
s
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
w
h
a
t
I
a
m
l
e
a
r
n
i
n
g
0
.
8
0
1
1
.
4
9
1
C
R
I
T2
:
I
c
o
n
si
d
e
r
m
a
n
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
s t
o
s
e
e
w
h
i
c
h
o
n
e
m
a
k
e
s m
o
r
e
s
e
n
se
0
.
8
1
9
1
.
6
1
7
C
R
I
T3
:
I
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ma
n
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
e
a
s
o
n
s
a
n
d
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
m
y
o
p
i
n
i
o
n
s
0
.
8
2
6
1
.
4
4
0
A
P
S
A
P
S
1
:
I
d
e
l
v
e
i
n
t
o
t
h
e
u
n
d
e
r
l
y
i
n
g
c
a
u
ses
o
f
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
r
l
d
d
i
l
e
m
mas
a
n
d
see
k
r
e
so
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
0
.
7
7
0
1
.
5
9
4
A
P
S
2
:
I
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
c
so
c
i
e
t
a
l
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e
s
a
n
d
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n
d
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m
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d
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s
0
.
7
8
6
1
.
5
9
2
A
P
S
3
:
I
c
o
n
f
r
o
n
t
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
r
e
a
l
-
w
o
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l
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
w
a
t
e
r
sc
a
r
c
i
t
y
,
s
o
c
i
a
l
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o
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e
s
i
o
n
,
e
n
v
i
r
o
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t
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l
c
o
n
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e
r
n
s)
a
n
d
st
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t
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s
0
.
5
6
6
1
.
3
0
3
A
P
S
4
:
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e
n
g
a
g
e
i
n
p
r
a
c
t
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a
l
p
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l
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m
-
s
o
l
v
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n
g
,
d
e
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si
n
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my
a
p
p
r
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a
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h
e
s
0
.
7
5
5
1
.
6
8
3
A
P
S
5
:
I
a
p
p
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y
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c
q
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d
k
n
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d
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me
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t
s
0
.
7
9
6
1
.
6
6
5
C
O
L
C
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L1
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y
p
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s
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n
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I
a
c
t
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y
c
o
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n
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k
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l
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e
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.
8
2
2
2
.
1
2
7
C
O
L2
:
M
y
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l
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t
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s a
n
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g
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n
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d
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sc
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e
x
c
h
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s
0
.
8
7
3
2
.
6
2
1
C
O
L3
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y
p
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c
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l
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b
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r
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t
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f
f
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t
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t
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s
k
s
0
.
8
2
0
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.
1
0
9
C
O
L4
:
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l
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ssm
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t
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n
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sh
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d
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y
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2
8
2
.
1
0
5
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O
L5
:
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r
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c
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me
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s fr
o
m
my
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s
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.
6
9
8
1
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4
7
0
C
R
E
T
C
R
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T1
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g
e
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mu
l
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8
0
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1
.
7
0
2
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R
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T2
:
I
d
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s s
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6
9
3
1
.
3
7
8
C
R
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T3
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8
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8
8
8
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t
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y
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1
2
1
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8
2
4
K
C
E
K
C
E1
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c
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c
t
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5
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7
6
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6
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K
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7
5
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1
.
6
9
0
K
C
E4
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sh
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t
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0
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8
1
6
1
.
9
6
7
K
C
E5
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d
e
v
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se
p
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t
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n
t
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1
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5
1
6
N
o
t
e
:
V
a
r
i
a
n
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e
i
n
f
l
a
t
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
V
I
F
)
3
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
es
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
ely
s
elec
ted
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
f
r
o
m
m
u
n
icip
alities
an
d
r
eg
en
cies
in
No
r
th
Su
m
atr
a
Pro
v
i
n
ce
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Stu
d
en
t
’s
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
d
ata
is
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
Ab
o
u
t
2
1
4
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
4
9
.
6
5
%)
atten
d
ed
m
u
n
icip
ality
s
ch
o
o
ls
,
wh
ile
2
1
7
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
5
0
.
3
5
%)
atten
d
ed
r
e
g
en
cy
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
g
en
d
er
,
1
6
0
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
(
3
7
.
1
2
%)
wer
e
m
ales,
an
d
2
7
1
(
6
2
.
8
8
%)
wer
e
f
em
ale
s
.
I
m
p
o
r
tan
tly
,
it
is
p
ar
am
o
u
n
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
th
at
ea
ch
s
tu
d
en
t
’
s
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
in
o
u
r
r
esear
c
h
en
d
ea
v
o
r
was
v
o
lu
n
tar
y
an
d
u
n
co
er
cio
n
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
'
s
in
teg
r
ity
an
d
eth
ical
co
n
d
u
ct.
T
ab
le
2
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
ata
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
n
=4
3
1
)
C
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
I
t
e
m
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
R
e
g
i
o
n
M
u
n
i
c
i
p
a
l
i
t
y
2
1
4
4
9
.
6
5
R
e
g
e
n
c
y
2
1
7
5
0
.
3
5
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
1
6
0
3
7
.
1
2
F
e
mal
e
2
7
1
6
2
.
8
8
3
.
3
.
M
ini
m
um
s
a
m
ple
I
n
PLS
-
SEM
,
ac
h
ie
v
in
g
h
ig
h
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ev
en
with
s
m
all
s
am
p
le
s
izes
[
2
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
Hair
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
to
en
s
u
r
e
a
p
o
wer
lev
el
o
f
at
least
8
0
%.
W
e
u
s
ed
th
e
i
n
v
er
s
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
an
d
g
am
m
a
-
e
x
p
o
n
en
tial
m
eth
o
d
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
a
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
am
p
le
s
ize.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
ac
ce
p
tab
le
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
t
is
0
.
1
9
7
,
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
o
f
0
.
0
5
an
d
a
p
o
wer
lev
el
o
f
0
.
8
0
[
2
5
]
.
W
e
tar
g
eted
a
g
r
ea
ter
p
o
wer
lev
el
o
f
0
.
9
5
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
ess
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
2
7
9
an
d
2
6
1
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
o
u
r
s
am
p
le
was a
d
eq
u
ate
f
o
r
r
eliab
le
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
i
s
.
3
.
4
.
Co
mm
o
n m
e
t
ho
d bia
s
a
nd
da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
ad
o
p
ts
a
c
o
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ad
d
r
ess
co
m
m
o
n
m
eth
o
d
b
ias
(
C
MB)
an
d
co
n
d
u
cts
ca
r
ef
u
l
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
.
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
k
e
y
f
o
ca
l
p
o
in
ts
in
o
u
r
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
is
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
VI
F
as
a
d
iag
n
o
s
tic
to
o
l
to
ass
es
s
C
MB,
d
r
awin
g
o
n
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
Hair
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
a
n
d
Ko
ck
[
2
6
]
.
Per
th
eir
g
u
id
elin
es,
a
VI
F
v
alu
e
b
elo
w
3
.
3
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
ity
o
r
C
MB.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ca
r
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lly
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r
o
le
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f c
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itica
l t
h
in
kin
g
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ed
u
c
a
tio
n
:
r
eg
io
n
a
l
a
n
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lysi
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n
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h
a
mma
d
A
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a
d
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cr
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tin
ized
th
e
VI
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v
alu
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ll
b
elo
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th
is
th
r
esh
o
ld
,
as
ca
r
e
f
u
lly
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
,
t
h
er
eb
y
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
m
u
ltico
llin
ea
r
it
y
o
r
C
MB
-
r
elate
d
is
s
u
es
in
o
u
r
d
ata
s
et.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
we
c
h
o
s
e
to
u
s
e
PLS
-
SEM
to
an
s
wer
th
e
f
ir
s
t
r
esear
c
h
q
u
esti
o
n
.
PLS
-
SEM
is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
s
tatis
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
co
m
p
lex
ities
,
s
u
ch
as
s
m
all
s
a
m
p
le
s
izes
an
d
n
o
n
-
n
o
r
m
ally
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
d
ata
[
2
4
]
.
W
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
ex
am
in
ed
o
u
r
co
llected
d
ata
u
s
in
g
Sm
ar
tPLS
v
er
s
io
n
4
s
o
f
twar
e,
r
en
o
wn
ed
f
o
r
its
ex
p
er
tis
e
in
PL
S
-
SEM
an
aly
s
is
.
T
o
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
m
o
r
e
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
r
e
latio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
a
PLS
-
MG
A,
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
ar
i
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
in
d
iv
er
s
e
r
eg
io
n
al
co
h
o
r
ts
.
I
n
o
u
r
q
u
est
to
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
o
f
C
R
I
T
ag
ain
s
t
o
th
er
s
k
ill
s
,
w
e
u
s
ed
th
e
R
an
g
er
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
o
p
er
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
R
p
ac
k
ag
e
“
r
an
g
e
r
”
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
k
n
o
wn
f
o
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its
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ast
ex
ec
u
tio
n
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e
n
er
atin
g
r
a
n
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o
m
f
o
r
ests
,
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
v
ar
iab
les
u
s
in
g
p
v
alu
es
[
2
7
]
.
O
u
r
s
tu
d
y
r
ef
lects
a
co
m
m
itm
en
t
to
ca
r
ef
u
l
r
esear
ch
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
ata
a
n
aly
s
is
,
th
u
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
o
f
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
4
.
1
.
P
L
S
-
SE
M
a
pp
ro
a
ch
4
.
1
.
1
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
m
o
del a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
m
o
d
el
ev
alu
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
i
n
d
icato
r
s
b
ec
o
m
e
a
c
r
itical
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
On
e
is
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
ex
tr
ac
ted
(
AVE
)
,
wh
ich
ass
ess
es
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
a
n
d
d
iv
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
t
h
e
ex
p
e
cted
AVE
v
alu
e
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
0
.
5
,
in
d
icatin
g
an
ad
eq
u
ate
lev
el
o
f
v
alid
ity
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
m
p
o
s
ite
(
C
R
)
is
also
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
cu
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
with
a
m
i
n
im
u
m
e
x
p
ec
ted
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
(
C
A)
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
,
as
i
t
is
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
in
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
C
A
v
alu
es
is
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
,
an
d
v
alu
es
ab
o
v
e
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
lim
it
o
f
0
.
6
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
in
d
icato
r
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
m
etr
ics
f
o
r
m
an
ess
en
tial
b
asis
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
T
ab
le
3
,
all
o
f
th
ese
in
d
icato
r
s
ex
ce
ed
e
d
th
eir
r
es
p
ec
tiv
e
th
r
esh
o
ld
s
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
a
n
d
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
e
d
m
o
d
el.
T
ab
le
3
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t o
f
AV
E
,
C
R
,
an
d
C
A
C
o
n
st
r
u
c
t
s
AVE
CR
CA
A
P
S
0
.
5
4
7
0
.
8
5
6
0
.
7
9
6
C
O
L
0
.
6
5
7
0
.
9
0
5
0
.
8
6
8
C
R
E
T
0
.
6
2
7
0
.
8
7
0
0
.
8
0
0
C
R
I
T
0
.
6
6
5
0
.
8
5
6
0
.
7
5
0
K
C
E
0
.
5
7
6
0
.
8
7
2
0
.
8
1
6
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
AVE
was
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
B
y
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
o
f
Fo
r
n
ell
an
d
L
ar
ck
er
[
2
8
]
,
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
is
d
ee
m
ed
to
ex
h
ib
it
s
atis
f
ac
to
r
y
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
if
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
its
AVE
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
with
o
th
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
A
VE
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
b
o
l
d
,
with
th
e
d
iag
o
n
al
v
alu
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
te
d
.
T
h
is
ca
lc
u
latio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
m
u
ch
a
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ca
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
tia
te
its
elf
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
with
in
th
e
m
o
d
el.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
it
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
th
at
th
e
s
q
u
ar
e
r
o
o
t
o
f
th
e
AVE
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cts,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
ea
ch
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
h
as su
f
f
icien
t
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t v
alid
ity
an
d
ca
n
b
e
d
is
tin
g
u
is
h
ed
well
f
r
o
m
o
t
h
er
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
h
eter
o
tr
ait
-
m
o
n
o
tr
ait
r
ati
o
(
HT
MT
)
is
a
cr
u
cial
in
d
icato
r
o
f
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
HT
MT
ev
alu
ates
th
e
ex
ten
t
to
w
h
ich
laten
t
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
d
iv
er
g
e
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
an
o
th
er
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
u
tili
ze
d
to
g
au
g
e
ca
u
s
al
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
o
m
ain
s
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
co
n
ce
p
ts
[
2
9
]
.
As
illu
s
tr
ated
in
T
ab
le
5
,
all
HT
MT
r
atio
v
alu
es
ar
e
b
elo
w
0
.
8
5
,
th
u
s
s
atis
f
y
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
ated
th
r
esh
o
l
d
an
d
r
ein
f
o
r
cin
g
t
h
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
[
2
4
]
.
I
t
f
u
r
th
er
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
s
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
an
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
n
d
er
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
f
o
r
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
ab
le
4
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t v
ali
d
atio
n
o
f
Fo
r
n
ell
-
L
ar
c
k
er
cr
iter
io
n
A
P
S
C
O
L
C
R
E
T
C
R
I
T
K
C
E
A
P
S
0
.
7
3
9
C
O
L
0
.
4
3
9
0
.
8
1
0
C
R
E
T
0
.
4
3
7
0
.
4
6
7
0
.
7
9
2
C
R
I
T
0
.
4
9
4
0
.
5
4
8
0
.
5
4
2
0
.
8
1
6
K
C
E
0
.
5
6
9
0
.
4
7
7
0
.
6
4
2
0
.
5
6
8
0
.
7
5
9
T
ab
le
5
.
Dis
cr
im
in
an
t v
ali
d
atio
n
o
f
HT
MT
cr
iter
ia
A
P
S
C
O
L
C
R
E
T
C
R
I
T
K
C
E
A
P
S
C
O
L
0
.
4
9
1
C
R
E
T
0
.
5
2
7
0
.
5
6
2
C
R
I
T
0
.
6
0
1
0
.
6
7
8
0
.
6
8
4
K
C
E
0
.
6
8
2
0
.
5
7
1
0
.
7
9
2
0
.
7
1
7
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
6
4
0
-
2
6
5
1
2644
4
.
1
.
2
.
Str
uct
ura
l m
o
del a
na
l
y
s
is
Stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
is
was
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
p
ath
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
p
ath
s
b
et
wee
n
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
was
in
v
esti
g
ated
u
s
in
g
a
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
p
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
with
5
0
0
0
r
esam
p
les,
f
o
llo
win
g
th
e
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
Ha
ir
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
.
T
ab
le
6
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
β),
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
SD)
,
t
-
s
tatis
tics
,
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
p
o
wer
(R
-
s
q
u
ar
e)
,
im
p
ac
t
s
ize
(
f
-
s
q
u
ar
e)
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
if
it
is
ab
o
v
e
0
.
1
,
a
n
d
p
-
v
alu
es th
at
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lev
el
o
f
ea
c
h
p
ath
in
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el.
T
ab
le
6
.
Stru
ctu
r
al
m
o
d
el
test
i
n
g
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
β
SD
t
-
st
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
s
R
-
sq
u
a
r
e
f
-
sq
u
a
r
e
C
R
I
T→A
P
S
0
.
4
9
4
***
0
.
0
3
9
1
2
.
6
9
4
0
.
2
4
4
0
.
3
2
3
C
R
I
T→C
O
L
0
.
5
4
8
***
0
.
0
4
1
1
3
.
2
7
0
0
.
3
0
1
0
.
4
3
0
C
R
I
T→C
R
ET
0
.
5
4
2
***
0
.
0
4
1
1
3
.
2
3
6
0
.
2
9
4
0
.
4
1
6
C
R
I
T→K
C
E
0
.
5
6
8
***
0
.
0
3
3
1
7
.
1
6
3
0
.
3
2
3
0
.
4
7
6
N
o
t
e
:
*
**
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
y
ield
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
t
h
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
C
R
I
T
o
n
o
th
e
r
s
k
ills
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
R
I
T
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ted
APS
(
β=0
.
4
9
4
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Similar
ly
,
C
R
I
T
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
C
OL
(
β=0
.
5
4
8
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
C
R
I
T
also
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
C
R
E
T
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
(
β=0
.
5
4
2
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
C
R
I
T
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
KC
E
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
(
β=0
.
5
6
8
,
p
<0
.
0
0
1
)
.
T
h
e
R
-
s
q
u
ar
e,
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
2
9
%
to
3
3
%,
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
v
ar
ia
n
ce
in
th
e
en
d
o
g
e
n
o
u
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ex
o
g
en
o
u
s
co
n
s
tr
u
cts.
Ov
er
all,
C
R
I
T
,
ab
o
u
t
o
th
er
s
k
ills
,
s
h
o
wed
a
lar
g
e
im
p
ac
t
as
th
e
f
-
s
q
u
ar
e
v
a
lu
e
was
ab
o
v
e
0
.
1
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
at
C
R
I
T
h
as a
v
ital r
o
le
in
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
o
t
h
er
s
k
ills
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Stru
ctu
r
e
m
o
d
el
ex
a
m
in
atio
n
r
esu
lts
4
.
1
.
3
.
P
L
S
-
M
G
A
P
L
S
-
MG
A
i
s
a
P
L
S
-
b
ased
n
o
n
p
ar
am
etr
ic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
w
i
d
e
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
p
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
o
r
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
[
2
4
]
.
I
t
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
a
n
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
al
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
i
s
e
as
y
t
o
im
p
lem
en
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it
u
s
es
b
o
o
ts
tr
ap
o
u
tp
u
t
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
s
tan
d
ar
d
PLS
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
s
u
ch
a
s
S
m
a
r
t
PL
S
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
e
d
t
h
e
P
L
S
-
MG
A
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
t
o
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
C
R
I
T
d
if
f
er
en
tly
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
r
e
g
i
o
n
.
A
p
-
M
G
A
v
alu
e
o
f
less
th
an
0
.
0
5
in
d
ic
ates
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
th
e
t
w
o
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Un
ve
ilin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f c
r
itica
l t
h
in
kin
g
in
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
:
r
eg
io
n
a
l
a
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
iz
r
i F
a
d
illa
h
)
2645
s
u
b
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
2
4
]
.
T
ab
le
7
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
p
ath
co
e
f
f
icien
ts
an
d
p
-
MG
A
v
a
l
u
e
s
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
b
s
er
v
ed
ac
r
o
s
s
r
eg
io
n
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
m
u
n
icip
ality
v
s
.
r
eg
en
c
y
)
.
T
h
e
p
-
MG
A
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
C
R
I
T
t
o
APS,
C
OL
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
d
id
n
o
t
m
ee
t
t
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
t
h
r
e
s
h
o
l
d
(
p
-
M
G
A
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
r
e
g
io
n
s
,
m
ea
n
in
g
th
at
C
R
I
T
h
as
th
e
s
am
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
n
APS,
C
OL
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
s
k
ills
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
it is
ap
p
lied
in
m
u
n
icip
ality
o
r
r
e
g
en
c
y
.
T
ab
le
7
.
PLS
-
MG
A
test
f
o
r
m
u
n
icip
ality
v
s
.
r
e
g
en
cy
R
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
β
-
mu
n
i
c
i
p
a
l
i
t
y
β
-
r
e
g
e
n
c
y
│
D
i
f
f
│
p
-
M
G
A
C
R
I
T→A
P
S
0
.
4
4
6
***
0
.
5
4
5
***
0
.
0
9
9
0
.
1
8
4
C
R
I
T→C
O
L
0
.
5
4
8
***
0
.
5
5
2
***
0
.
0
0
4
0
.
9
5
7
C
R
I
T→C
R
ET
0
.
5
5
2
***
0
.
5
3
0
***
0
.
0
2
2
0
.
7
9
0
C
R
I
T→K
C
E
0
.
5
9
9
***
0
.
5
3
9
***
0
.
0
6
0
0
.
3
5
7
N
o
t
e
:
p
a
t
h
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(
D
i
f
f
)
,
***
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
4
.
2
.
M
a
chine le
a
rning
a
pp
ro
a
ch
R
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
r
ep
r
esen
ts
a
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
h
at
b
elo
n
g
s
to
th
e
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
b
ased
o
n
en
s
em
b
le
lear
n
in
g
,
co
m
b
in
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
class
if
ier
s
to
s
o
lv
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
1
]
.
C
u
tler
et
a
l
.
[
3
2
]
ex
p
lain
e
d
th
at
r
a
n
d
o
m
f
o
r
est
is
a
p
o
wer
f
u
l
s
tatis
tical
class
if
ier
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
s
tatis
tical
class
if
ier
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
ca
n
m
o
d
el
co
m
p
lex
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
e
n
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
ar
iab
les
a
n
d
h
as
v
er
y
h
ig
h
class
if
icatio
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
f
ea
tu
r
es
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
in
in
ter
p
r
etin
g
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
ests
to
ex
p
lain
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
r
esu
lts
ac
cu
r
ately
.
Var
io
u
s
m
eth
o
d
s
ar
e
a
v
ailab
l
e
to
s
elec
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
,
ea
ch
with
its
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
,
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
an
d
lim
itatio
n
s
.
I
f
th
e
g
o
al
is
to
id
en
tify
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
tu
r
es
o
v
e
r
all,
th
e
R
an
g
e
r
m
eth
o
d
m
a
y
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
we
u
s
ed
th
e
R
an
g
er
m
et
h
o
d
,
wh
ich
is
well
-
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
it
s
s
p
ee
d
an
d
ef
f
icac
y
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
e
s
ts
,
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
in
tr
icate
n
etwo
r
k
o
f
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
th
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
[
2
7
]
.
W
ith
ca
r
ef
u
l
atten
tio
n
to
d
etail
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
ce
n
ter
ed
o
n
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
in
g
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
C
R
I
T
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
,
n
am
ely
“
C
R
I
T
1
-
th
in
k
o
f
o
th
er
p
o
s
s
ib
le
way
s
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
w
h
at
h
as
b
ee
n
lear
n
ed
,
”
“
C
R
I
T
2
-
c
o
n
s
id
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
to
s
ee
wh
ich
o
n
e
m
a
k
es
m
o
r
e
s
en
s
e,
”
an
d
“
C
R
I
T
3
-
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
an
d
ev
id
e
n
ce
,
”
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
in
clu
d
in
g
APS,
C
OL
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
R
an
g
er
an
aly
s
is
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
th
at
th
e
lin
es
an
d
v
alu
es
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
d
icate
t
h
at
C
R
I
T
3
is
th
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
p
r
ed
icto
r
f
o
r
APS,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
.
I
ts
ca
p
ac
ity
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
an
d
ev
id
e
n
ce
e
x
er
ts
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
v
er
th
ese
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
,
s
h
ap
i
n
g
t
h
eir
tr
ajec
to
r
ies
with
in
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
was
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
C
R
I
T
1
em
er
g
ed
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
r
ed
icto
r
d
r
iv
in
g
C
OL
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
t
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
alter
n
ativ
e
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
f
o
r
th
eir
lear
n
in
g
o
u
tc
o
m
es
ca
n
f
o
s
ter
co
llab
o
r
ati
ve
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
en
h
an
ce
o
u
r
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
u
tp
u
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
p
iv
o
tal
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
s
o
f
C
R
I
T
o
n
o
th
er
s
k
ills
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
R
an
g
e
r
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
2
2
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es E
d
u
c
,
Vo
l
.
14
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
2
6
4
0
-
2
6
5
1
2646
5.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
B
ef
o
r
e
d
is
cu
s
s
in
g
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
it
is
e
s
s
en
tial
to
k
ee
p
in
m
in
d
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
wh
ich
is
to
u
n
co
v
e
r
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
C
R
I
T
in
APS
,
C
OL
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
,
as
well
as
to
an
aly
ze
r
eg
io
n
al
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
an
d
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
th
at
in
f
l
u
en
ce
th
em
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
,
we
will
d
is
cu
s
s
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
lear
n
i
n
g
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
es
ia
an
d
r
elate
th
em
t
o
th
e
g
lo
b
al
s
itu
atio
n
s
o
th
at
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
ality
o
f
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
C
R
I
T
is
s
ee
n
.
5
.
1
.
E
f
f
ec
t
o
f
cr
it
ic
a
l
t
hin
k
ing
o
n
a
uthent
ic
pro
blem
-
s
o
lv
ing
,
co
lla
bo
ra
t
i
v
e
lea
rning
,
cr
ea
t
iv
e
t
hin
k
ing
,
k
no
wledg
e
cr
ea
t
io
n e
f
f
ica
cy
W
e
u
s
ed
PLS
-
SEM
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
R
I
T
an
d
o
th
er
ess
en
tial
s
k
ills
.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
wed
th
at
C
R
I
T
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
APS
,
an
d
th
is
co
n
f
ir
m
e
d
th
at
C
R
I
T
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
c
o
n
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
s
o
lv
e
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
au
t
h
en
tic
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
d
aily
life
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
i
g
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
R
I
T
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
R
I
T
an
d
APS
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
to
in
teg
r
ate
C
R
I
T
in
to
v
a
r
io
u
s
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
la.
Stu
d
ies
f
r
o
m
r
eg
i
o
n
s
s
u
ch
as
Asi
a
also
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
at
C
R
I
T
s
k
ills
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
ad
d
r
ess
r
ea
l
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
l
e,
r
esear
ch
b
y
Alca
n
tar
a
an
d
B
ac
s
a
[
3
5
]
in
th
e
Ph
ilip
p
in
es
an
d
Van
a
n
d
My
[
3
6
]
in
Vietn
am
also
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
C
R
I
T
s
k
ills
p
o
s
itiv
ely
co
r
r
elate
with
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
C
R
I
T
in
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
co
n
tex
t
alig
n
s
with
g
lo
b
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
p
r
io
r
ities
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
C
R
I
T
s
k
ills
ca
n
u
n
iv
er
s
ally
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ab
ilit
ies.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
e
v
id
en
ce
th
at
C
R
I
T
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
C
OL
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
C
R
I
T
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
llab
o
r
ati
ve
in
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
C
OL
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
C
R
I
T
s
k
ills
en
co
u
r
ag
es
th
e
ex
ch
an
g
e
o
f
id
ea
s
an
d
jo
in
t
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
i
n
g
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
d
ee
p
er
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
m
o
r
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
r
esear
c
h
[
1
1
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
C
R
I
T
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
C
OL
lear
n
in
g
a
n
d
alig
n
s
with
g
lo
b
al
ed
u
ca
tio
n
tr
e
n
d
s
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
team
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
c
o
o
p
er
ativ
e
lear
n
in
g
[
3
8
]
.
C
OL
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
s
ee
n
as
an
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
r
esear
ch
b
y
L
o
es
an
d
P
ascar
ella
[
3
9
]
i
n
th
e
Un
ited
States
an
d
L
ian
g
a
n
d
Fu
n
g
[
4
0
]
i
n
Ho
n
g
Ko
n
g
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
C
R
I
T
f
o
s
ter
s
an
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
willin
g
to
en
g
ag
e
in
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
co
n
s
id
er
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es,
an
d
wo
r
k
to
war
d
s
a
co
m
m
o
n
g
o
al.
T
h
es
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est th
at
in
teg
r
atin
g
C
R
I
T
in
to
a
C
OL
lear
n
in
g
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
cu
r
r
icu
la,
e
n
co
u
r
ag
i
n
g
a
cu
ltu
r
e
o
f
c
o
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
m
u
tu
al
r
esp
ec
t
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
f
o
u
n
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
R
I
T
an
d
C
R
E
T
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
at
C
R
I
T
ab
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
C
R
E
T
ab
ilit
y
.
C
R
I
T
o
p
en
s
th
e
d
o
o
r
to
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
n
ew
id
ea
s
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
m
o
r
e
cr
ea
tiv
e
an
d
o
r
ig
in
al
o
u
tco
m
es
[
4
1
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
'
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
at
C
R
I
T
en
h
an
ce
s
C
R
E
T
,
as
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
ex
ten
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
e
g
io
n
s
.
I
n
Ko
r
ea
,
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
Su
h
et
a
l.
[
4
2
]
h
a
s
s
h
o
wn
th
at
C
R
I
T
f
ac
ilit
ate
s
th
e
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
o
f
n
ew
id
ea
s
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
Similar
ly
,
a
s
tu
d
y
c
o
n
d
u
cted
b
y
Pats
to
n
et
a
l.
[
4
3
]
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
cu
r
r
icu
la
f
r
o
m
12
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
h
o
wed
th
at
C
R
I
T
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
ity
b
y
en
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
q
u
esti
o
n
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
s
an
d
th
in
k
b
ey
o
n
d
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
is
ten
t
f
in
d
in
g
s
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
tex
ts
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
e
n
co
u
r
ag
in
g
C
R
I
T
ca
n
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ally
en
h
an
ce
c
r
ea
tiv
e
ab
ilit
ies,
en
ab
lin
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
o
r
i
g
in
al
an
d
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Fin
ally
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
C
R
I
T
in
en
h
an
cin
g
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
cr
ea
tio
n
.
I
t
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
th
at
C
R
I
T
ab
ilit
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
an
in
d
iv
id
u
al'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
cr
ea
tin
g
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
cr
itically
an
aly
ze
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
an
d
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
th
o
u
g
h
ts
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
en
ab
les
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
v
al
u
ab
le
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
th
at
h
as
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
s
tr
o
n
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
C
R
I
T
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
-
s
o
lv
in
g
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
f
C
R
I
T
o
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
cr
ea
tio
n
ef
f
ec
ti
v
en
ess
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
its
r
o
le
in
em
p
o
wer
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
a
ls
to
m
ak
e
m
ea
n
in
g
f
u
l
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
o
f
n
e
w
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
T
h
is
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
Stu
d
ies
b
y
Va
n
an
d
My
[
3
6
]
i
n
Vietn
a
m
an
d
Ah
m
ed
a
n
d
I
b
r
ah
im
[
4
5
]
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
s
h
o
w
th
at
C
R
I
T
s
k
ills
en
ab
le
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
an
aly
ze
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
s
y
n
th
esize
id
ea
s
an
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
n
ew
k
n
o
wled
g
e
c
r
itically
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
C
R
I
T
ca
n
b
e
a
u
n
iv
er
s
al
s
tr
ateg
y
to
en
h
a
n
c
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
cr
ea
tio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
it a
v
alu
ab
le
ass
et
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
co
n
tex
ts
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
ati
n
g
C
R
I
T
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
as
a
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
f
o
r
f
o
s
ter
in
g
c
r
u
cial
s
k
ills
s
u
ch
a
s
APS
,
C
OL
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
an
d
g
lo
b
ally
.
W
ith
C
R
I
T
s
k
ills
,
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ca
n
f
ac
e
co
m
p
lex
ch
allen
g
es
in
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
,
b
o
th
ac
ad
em
ic
an
d
p
r
o
f
e
s
s
io
n
al,
wh
ile
al
s
o
en
co
u
r
a
g
in
g
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
co
llab
o
r
ati
ve
,
in
n
o
v
ati
v
e
cr
ea
tiv
ity
,
an
d
m
ea
n
i
n
g
f
u
l
co
n
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
s
to
k
n
o
wled
g
e
cr
ea
tio
n
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
C
R
I
T
in
to
th
e
c
u
r
r
icu
lu
m
ca
n
p
r
e
p
ar
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
b
ec
o
m
e
co
m
p
e
titi
v
e
an
d
r
elev
an
t
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
s
o
ciety
in
th
is
ev
e
r
-
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
er
a.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t
J
E
v
al
&
R
es
E
d
u
c
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
2
2
Un
ve
ilin
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f c
r
itica
l t
h
in
kin
g
in
ed
u
c
a
tio
n
:
r
eg
io
n
a
l
a
n
a
lysi
s
a
n
d
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
iz
r
i F
a
d
illa
h
)
2647
5
.
2
.
T
he
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
cr
it
ic
a
l t
hin
k
ing
t
ha
t
diff
er
s
by
re
g
io
n
(
m
un
icipa
lity
v
s
.
re
g
ency
)
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
C
R
I
T
b
y
r
e
g
io
n
(
m
u
n
icip
ality
v
s
.
r
e
g
en
cy
)
h
as
b
ee
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
f
o
ci
o
f
an
aly
s
is
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
W
e
u
til
ized
a
PLS
-
MG
A
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
C
R
I
T
p
r
ac
tices
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
two
s
u
b
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
R
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
PLS
-
MG
A
an
aly
s
is
s
h
o
w
ed
th
at
th
e
p
-
MG
A
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
p
ath
co
ef
f
icien
ts
d
id
n
o
t
m
ee
t
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
th
r
esh
o
ld
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
er
e
wer
e
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
r
eg
i
o
n
s
(
m
u
n
icip
ality
v
s
.
r
e
g
en
cy
)
in
th
e
i
n
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
C
R
I
T
p
r
ac
tices o
n
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
s
test
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
i
n
g
th
at
C
R
I
T
p
r
ac
tices
s
im
ilar
ly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
APS
,
C
OL
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
eg
io
n
s
(
m
u
n
icip
alit
y
v
s
.
r
eg
e
n
cy
)
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
C
R
I
T
ar
e
n
o
t
lim
ited
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ca
l
c
o
n
tex
ts
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
ality
o
f
C
R
I
T
in
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
ess
en
tial
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
an
aly
tical
s
k
ills
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
lo
ca
l
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
af
f
ec
tin
g
u
r
b
an
o
r
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
C
R
I
T
allo
ws
h
u
m
an
s
to
m
a
k
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
d
ec
is
io
n
s
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
av
ailab
le
t
o
th
em
,
th
u
s
n
o
t
b
ein
g
tied
to
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
[
9
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
4
6
]
,
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
is
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ality
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
C
R
I
T
i
s
ess
en
tial
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
cio
-
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
[
4
8
]
.
R
esear
ch
b
y
R
ea
r
[
4
9
]
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Asi
an
s
tu
d
en
ts
em
p
h
asized
th
e
b
r
o
ad
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
C
R
I
T
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
t
an
ce
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
C
R
I
T
in
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
ac
tice
u
n
i
v
er
s
ally
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
all
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
eir
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
lo
ca
tio
n
,
h
av
e
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
d
ev
elo
p
ess
en
tial
co
g
n
itiv
e
an
d
an
aly
tical
s
k
ills
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
1
]
.
I
t
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
c
e
o
f
in
teg
r
atin
g
C
R
I
T
in
lear
n
i
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ac
r
o
s
s
all
r
eg
io
n
s
s
o
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
ca
n
d
ev
el
o
p
t
h
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
s
k
ills
to
f
ac
e
c
h
allen
g
es
in
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
d
y
n
am
ic
s
o
ciety
[
4
7
]
.
5
.
3
.
T
he
m
o
s
t
im
po
rt
a
nt
predict
o
rs
o
f
cr
it
ica
l
t
hin
k
in
g
o
n
a
uthent
ic
pro
blem
-
s
o
l
v
ing
,
co
lla
bo
ra
t
iv
e,
cr
ea
t
iv
e
t
hin
k
ing
,
k
no
wledg
e
cr
ea
t
io
n e
f
f
ica
c
y
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
u
s
ed
R
an
g
er
’
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
in
f
lu
en
c
e
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
els
test
ed
i
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
C
R
I
T
an
d
t
h
eir
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
APS
,
C
OL
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
i
s
m
ain
ly
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
id
en
tify
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
s
o
f
th
ese
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iab
les.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
s
tu
d
en
ts
s
u
cc
ee
d
tr
e
m
en
d
o
u
s
ly
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
r
e
co
m
p
eten
cie
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
ea
s
o
n
s
an
d
ev
i
d
en
ce
f
o
r
t
h
eir
o
p
in
io
n
s
(
C
R
I
T
3
)
an
d
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
e
r
s
p
ec
tiv
es
(
C
R
I
T
1
)
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
ta
n
c
e
o
f
C
R
I
T
3
as
a
p
r
e
d
icto
r
o
f
APS
,
C
R
E
T
,
an
d
KC
E
is
in
lin
e
with
g
lo
b
al
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
s
tan
d
a
r
d
s
th
at
e
m
p
h
as
ize
C
R
I
T
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
s
k
ill,
wh
er
e
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
wh
o
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tr
o
n
g
ju
s
tifi
ca
tio
n
s
ten
d
to
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
in
-
d
ep
th
,
c
r
ea
tiv
e,
an
d
ac
cu
r
ate
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
[
5
2
]
.
Similar
ly
,
th
e
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
C
R
I
T
1
as
a
cr
itical
p
r
e
d
icto
r
f
o
r
C
OL
s
h
o
ws
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
teac
h
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
ap
p
r
ec
iate
an
d
in
ter
ac
t
with
m
u
ltip
le
v
iewp
o
in
ts
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
t
o
en
h
an
c
e
co
llab
o
r
ati
ve
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
3
9
]
,
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
o
p
en
u
p
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
b
r
o
a
d
er
r
e
f
lectio
n
o
n
asp
ec
ts
o
f
C
R
I
T
th
at
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t in
t
h
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
co
n
te
x
t a
n
d
v
ar
io
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
n
ee
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
an
d
ev
id
en
ce
f
o
r
o
p
in
io
n
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
at
th
in
k
in
g
lo
g
ically
an
d
an
aly
tically
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
n
o
t
o
n
ly
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
u
t
also
in
ev
er
y
d
ay
life
an
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
o
f
wo
r
k
.
Mih
ail
[
5
3
]
u
n
d
e
r
lin
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
C
R
I
T
s
k
ill
s
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
co
m
p
lex
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
o
ciety
,
wh
ich
n
o
t
o
n
ly
g
iv
es
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
u
t
m
u
s
t
also
r
ec
eiv
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
g
o
f
u
r
th
er
an
d
an
aly
ze
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
p
r
esen
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
id
en
tifie
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
ap
p
ly
th
o
s
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
r
ea
l
s
itu
atio
n
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
id
en
tify
in
g
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
co
n
s
id
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
as
a
cr
it
ical
p
r
ed
icto
r
f
o
r
C
OL
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
t
o
ler
an
ce
,
em
p
ath
y
a
n
d
a
p
p
r
ec
i
atio
n
o
f
d
iv
er
s
ity
in
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
ea
ch
in
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
ap
p
r
ec
iate
an
d
i
n
ter
ac
t
with
m
u
ltip
le
v
iewp
o
in
ts
h
as
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
co
llab
o
r
ati
ve
an
d
in
n
o
v
atio
n
,
cr
u
cial
in
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
g
lo
b
alize
d
,
an
d
d
iv
er
s
e
wo
r
k
an
d
s
o
cial
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
O
’
R
eilly
et
a
l.
[
4
6
]
em
p
h
asized
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
C
R
I
T
s
k
ills
in
d
ea
lin
g
with
co
m
p
lex
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ch
allen
g
es
in
th
e
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
er
a.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
th
at
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
th
in
k
cr
itically
e
n
h
an
ce
s
in
d
iv
id
u
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
a
n
d
p
r
o
m
o
tes
b
etter
co
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
c
o
n
f
lict
r
eso
lu
tio
n
[
5
4
]
–
[
5
7
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
f
r
o
m
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
a
b
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
C
R
I
T
in
b
u
ild
in
g
APS
,
C
R
E
T
,
C
OL
,
an
d
KC
E
.
E
n
co
u
r
ag
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
to
d
ev
elo
p
th
e
a
b
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
o
lid
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
eir
o
p
in
io
n
s
an
d
c
o
n
s
id
er
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
in
i
o
n
s
an
d
v
iewp
o
in
ts
ca
n
b
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
s
tr
ateg
y
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
q
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NC
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S
[
1
]
P
.
Y
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a
n
d
X
.
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u
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“
A
c
a
se
s
t
u
d
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Psy
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A
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3
]
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[
4
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P
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5
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P
.
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,
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t
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g
mo
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(
4
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