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c
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x
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p
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p
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ti
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.
Ke
ywo
r
d
s
:
Hep
atitis
B
Hep
atitis
C
Nu
r
s
es k
n
o
wled
g
e
Pra
ctice
s
Vir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
T
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is i
s
a
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c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
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n
se
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
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ing
A
uth
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r
:
R
ah
im
a
Par
v
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Dh
ak
a
Me
d
ical
C
o
lleg
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an
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Ho
s
p
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Dh
ak
a,
B
an
g
lad
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E
m
ail:
r
ah
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ap
ar
v
in
2
0
1
4
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hep
atitis
B
an
d
C
ar
e
th
e
g
lo
b
al
p
u
b
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ea
lth
co
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ce
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s
in
f
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tin
g
m
illi
o
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s
o
f
p
eo
p
le
g
lo
b
ally
,
7
8
%
o
f
th
e
wo
r
l
d
'
s
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ato
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llu
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ca
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cin
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m
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d
m
o
r
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t
h
an
h
a
lf
o
f
all
f
atal
cir
r
h
o
s
is
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
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ep
i
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f
v
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B
an
d
C
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3
2
5
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th
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s
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liv
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ailu
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d
liv
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ca
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ce
r
[
3
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.
I
f
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HB
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ca
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ir
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HC
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ca
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ca
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m
a
[
4
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,
[
5
]
.
T
h
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co
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d
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r
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n
k
as
th
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ca
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r
-
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elate
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f
atalities
o
n
a
g
lo
b
al
s
ca
le
[
2
]
,
[
6
]
.
I
n
2
0
1
9
,
an
esti
m
ated
8
2
0
,
0
0
0
f
atalities
f
r
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m
HB
V
wer
e
ca
u
s
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b
y
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is
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d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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K
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1295
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Ad
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t
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[
7
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.
C
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h
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t 2
9
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0
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all
[
8
]
.
I
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B
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r
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f
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g
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f
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o
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to
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[
9
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–
[
1
2
]
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Alt
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in
m
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[
1
3
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–
[
1
8
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th
e
b
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r
d
e
n
o
f
h
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atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
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in
f
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s
is
p
ar
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ly
h
ig
h
in
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ca
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e
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s
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
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.
Nu
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l
v
ed
in
p
atien
t
ca
r
e
an
d
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
h
a
v
e
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
b
lo
o
d
b
o
r
n
e
v
ir
u
s
es.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
th
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
an
d
cu
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ar
e
a
v
ailab
le
f
o
r
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
.
A
th
r
ee
-
d
o
s
e
HB
V
v
ac
cin
e
p
r
o
v
id
es
o
v
er
9
5
%
i
m
m
u
n
ity
,
w
h
ile
m
o
d
e
r
n
a
n
tiv
ir
al
th
er
ap
ies
ca
n
c
u
r
e
o
v
er
9
5
%
o
f
ch
r
o
n
ic
HC
V
ca
s
es
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
ese
a
d
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
s
p
u
r
r
ed
g
lo
b
al
ef
f
o
r
t
s
ag
ain
s
t
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
ep
id
em
ics.
T
h
e
W
o
r
l
d
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
HO)
h
as
p
r
io
r
itized
v
ir
al
h
e
p
atitis
,
an
d
c
o
m
b
atin
g
it
is
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
ed
i
n
th
e
U
n
ited
Natio
n
s
Su
s
tain
ab
le
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Go
als
[
2
2
]
.
At
th
e
2
0
1
6
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Ass
em
b
ly
,
m
em
b
er
s
tates
will
co
n
s
id
er
a
r
eso
lu
tio
n
to
elim
i
n
ate
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
b
y
2
0
3
0
[
2
3
]
.
Stra
teg
ies
to
p
r
o
m
o
t
e
p
atien
t
s
af
ety
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
b
lo
o
d
b
o
r
n
e
v
ir
u
s
es
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
ettin
g
s
in
clu
d
e
HB
V
v
ac
cin
atio
n
o
f
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
le
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
an
d
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
p
r
im
a
r
y
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
ex
p
o
s
u
r
es
an
d
in
f
ec
tio
n
b
y
s
tr
ict
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
th
e
ten
ets
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
in
f
ec
tio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
s
,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
af
er
d
ev
ices,
an
d
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
p
r
ac
t
ice
co
n
tr
o
ls
.
F
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
n
o
t
r
ec
ap
p
in
g
n
ee
d
les
to
p
r
ev
en
t
in
ju
r
ies
th
at
co
n
f
er
r
is
k
s
f
o
r
HB
V
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
t
o
p
atien
ts
an
d
th
ei
r
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
.
E
x
p
o
s
u
r
es
th
at
c
o
u
ld
p
u
t
h
e
alth
ca
r
e
wo
r
k
er
s
at
r
is
k
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
n
in
clu
d
e
p
er
cu
tan
eo
u
s
in
ju
r
y
,
s
u
ch
as
n
ee
d
le
s
tick
in
ju
r
ies,
an
d
co
n
tact
o
f
m
u
co
u
s
m
em
b
r
a
n
es
o
r
n
o
n
-
in
tact
s
k
in
with
b
lo
o
d
,
tis
s
u
e,
o
r
o
th
e
r
p
o
ten
tially
i
n
f
ec
tio
u
s
b
o
d
y
f
lu
id
s
[
2
4
]
.
St
r
ateg
ies
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
to
av
o
id
co
n
tact
with
s
u
ch
s
am
p
les.
T
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
n
u
r
s
es
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
th
e
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
o
f
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
ar
e
o
f
cr
it
ical
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
i
r
ec
t
im
p
ac
t
th
ese
f
ac
to
r
s
h
av
e
o
n
b
o
th
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
wo
r
k
er
s
'
s
af
ety
an
d
p
atien
t
o
u
tco
m
es.
Nu
r
s
es
p
lay
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
ed
u
ca
tin
g
p
atien
ts
an
d
th
e
p
u
b
lic
ab
o
u
t
in
f
ec
tio
n
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
[
7
]
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
o
f
ten
o
n
t
h
e
f
r
o
n
tlin
e
o
f
p
atien
t
ca
r
e
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
v
u
ln
er
a
b
le
to
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
b
lo
o
d
b
o
r
n
e
p
ath
o
g
en
s
lik
e
h
e
p
atitis
B
an
d
C
[
7
]
.
So
m
etim
es,
th
ey
p
lay
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
ed
u
ca
tin
g
p
atien
ts
an
d
th
e
p
u
b
lic
ab
o
u
t
in
f
ec
tio
n
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
.
T
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
im
p
lem
en
t
a
n
d
a
d
v
o
ca
te
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
e
r
in
f
ec
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l
p
r
ac
tices
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
ef
f
o
r
ts
aim
ed
at
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
th
ese
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
.
I
n
r
eg
i
o
n
s
with
li
m
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
is
h
ig
h
[
2
0
]
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
n
u
r
s
es
ar
e
well
-
in
f
o
r
m
ed
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
r
ig
o
r
o
u
s
in
f
ec
tio
n
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
s
p
r
ea
d
o
f
t
h
ese
d
is
ea
s
es
with
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
an
d
th
e
b
r
o
ad
e
r
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
W
h
en
it
co
m
es
to
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
,
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
with
o
u
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice.
Nu
r
s
es
s
h
o
u
ld
f
o
llo
w
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
p
r
ac
tices
an
d
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
h
ig
h
-
r
is
k
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
an
d
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
all
n
u
r
s
es
s
h
o
u
ld
r
ec
eiv
e
h
ep
atitis
B
v
ac
cin
atio
n
s
,
r
ef
r
ain
f
r
o
m
s
h
ar
in
g
n
ee
d
les
with
o
th
er
s
,
u
tili
ze
c
o
lo
r
-
co
d
ed
h
o
s
p
ital
waste
b
in
s
,
tak
e
ex
tr
a
ca
r
e
f
o
r
p
o
s
itiv
e
ca
s
es,
an
d
u
s
e
s
ter
il
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
v
e
r
y
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
am
o
n
g
n
u
r
s
es
o
n
th
e
to
p
ic
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
th
e
aim
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
ev
alu
ate
n
u
r
s
es
'
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
ac
ti
ce
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
t
io
n
s
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
E
t
hica
l per
m
is
s
io
n a
nd
co
ns
ent
f
o
r
da
t
a
co
llect
i
o
n
P
r
i
o
r
t
o
c
o
m
m
e
n
c
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
w
a
s
a
p
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
R
e
v
i
e
w
B
o
a
r
d
(
I
R
B
)
o
f
N
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
I
n
s
t
i
tu
t
e
o
f
P
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
v
e
a
n
d
S
o
c
i
a
l
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
(
N
I
PS
O
M
)
,
D
h
a
k
a
,
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
es
h
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
Me
m
o
n
u
m
b
e
r
NI
PS
OM
/I
R
B
/
2
0
2
1
/1
8
.
T
h
e
a
i
m
s
a
n
d
o
b
j
e
c
t
iv
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
a
l
o
n
g
wi
t
h
it
s
p
r
o
c
e
d
u
r
e
,
r
i
s
k
a
n
d
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
as
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
n
u
r
s
e
s
i
n
e
as
i
ly
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
a
b
l
e
l
o
c
a
l
l
a
n
g
u
ag
e
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
n
w
r
i
t
t
e
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
c
o
n
s
e
n
t
h
a
d
t
a
k
e
n
f
r
o
m
e
a
c
h
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
.
I
t
w
as
a
s
s
u
r
e
d
t
h
a
t
a
l
l
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
c
o
r
d
s
w
i
l
l
b
e
k
e
p
t
c
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
t
i
a
l
a
n
d
p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
ts
r
e
s
e
r
v
e
d
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
s
o
f
w
i
t
h
d
r
a
w
a
l
d
u
r
i
n
g
a
n
y
t
i
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
W
r
itten
p
er
m
is
s
io
n
was ta
k
en
f
r
o
m
h
o
s
p
ital a
u
th
o
r
ity
p
r
io
r
to
d
ata
c
o
llectio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Study
s
et
t
ing
a
nd
pa
rt
ic
ipa
nts
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
J
a
n
u
a
r
y
t
o
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
2
0
2
1
a
t
D
h
a
k
a
M
e
d
ic
a
l
C
o
l
l
e
g
e
a
n
d
H
o
s
p
i
t
al
,
D
h
a
k
a
,
B
a
n
g
la
d
e
s
h
.
i
n
cl
u
d
e
d
b
o
t
h
m
a
l
e
a
n
d
f
e
m
a
l
e
n
u
r
s
e
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
i
n
p
a
ti
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
a
t
i
e
n
t
d
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
ts
o
f
t
h
e
S
u
r
g
e
r
y
a
n
d
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
u
n
i
t
s
,
as
w
el
l
as
i
n
t
h
e
I
C
U
,
D
i
a
l
y
s
is
U
n
i
t
,
a
n
d
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
is
r
e
n
o
w
n
e
d
h
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
p
r
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d
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cted
p
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test
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b
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r
e
f
in
al
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m
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r
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team
(
all
ar
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s
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MPH)
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iii)
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=
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6
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ated
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ly
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o
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ev
en
tio
n
o
f
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
we
r
e
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
in
tab
l
e,
an
d
g
r
ap
h
s
.
I
n
in
f
er
en
tial
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
test
(
z
-
test
)
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
f
o
r
test
in
g
th
e
eq
u
ality
o
f
t
wo
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
s
(
e
.
g
.
,
g
o
o
d
v
er
s
u
s
p
o
o
r
)
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
teg
o
r
ical
v
a
r
iab
les.
A
P
-
v
alu
e
o
f
5
%
was
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
th
e
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
al
(
C
I
)
.
Al
l
th
e
an
aly
s
is
was
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
Of
f
ice
2
0
1
9
an
d
SP
SS
(
Ver
s
io
n
-
2
6
)
s
o
f
twar
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
K
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
a
ctice
s
o
f n
u
r
s
es reg
a
r
d
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
h
ep
a
titi
s
B
a
n
d
C
vira
l
…
(
R
a
h
ima
P
a
r
vin
)
1297
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
3
.
1
.
1
.
Dem
o
g
ra
ph
ic
a
nd
ba
s
eline
cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ics o
f
nu
rses
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
r
is
ed
1
1
9
n
u
r
s
es
wh
er
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
(
7
3
.
9
%)
o
f
th
em
wer
e
2
5
-
3
4
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
f
o
llo
win
g
1
0
.
1
%
an
d
1
6
%
wer
e
3
5
-
4
4
an
d
4
5
-
5
4
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
wer
e
f
em
ale
(
7
3
.
3
%)
a
n
d
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
n
u
r
s
es
wer
e
m
ale.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
em
wer
e
m
ar
r
ied
(
8
4
%),
Mu
s
lim
(
7
8
.
2
%),
a
n
d
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
n
u
clea
r
f
am
ily
(
7
7
.
3
%).
Dip
lo
m
a
in
n
u
r
s
in
g
was
th
ei
r
m
ain
(
6
1
.
3
%)
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
al
q
u
alif
icatio
n
o
f
an
d
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
n
u
r
s
es
wer
e
g
r
ad
u
ate
an
d
/o
r
p
o
s
t
-
g
r
ad
u
ate
(
3
8
.
7
%).
Mo
r
e
th
a
n
9
0
%
o
f
th
e
n
u
r
s
es’
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
tatu
s
was
s
en
io
r
s
taf
f
n
u
r
s
es
wo
r
k
in
g
at
least
1
-
15
y
ea
r
s
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
n
u
r
s
es wo
r
k
in
g
at
t
h
e
ter
tiar
y
lev
el
h
o
s
p
ital
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
n
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
(
%)
A
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
25
-
34
88
7
3
.
9
%
35
-
44
12
1
0
.
1
%
45
-
54
19
1
6
%
S
e
x
M
a
l
e
27
2
2
.
7
%
F
e
mal
e
92
7
7
.
3
%
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
I
sl
a
m
93
7
8
.
2
%
N
o
n
-
M
u
s
l
i
m
26
2
1
.
8
%
M
a
r
i
t
a
l
s
t
a
t
u
s
M
a
r
r
i
e
d
1
0
0
8
4
%
S
i
n
g
l
e
19
1
6
%
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
q
u
a
l
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
D
i
p
l
o
m
a
i
n
n
u
r
si
n
g
73
6
1
.
3
%
G
r
a
d
u
a
t
i
o
n
/
p
o
st
-
g
r
a
d
u
a
t
i
o
n
46
3
8
.
7
%
Emp
l
o
y
e
e
s
t
a
t
u
s
S
e
n
i
o
r
s
t
a
f
f
n
u
r
s
e
1
1
0
9
2
.
4
%
W
a
r
d
i
n
-
c
h
a
r
g
e
5
4
.
2
%
N
u
r
si
n
g
su
p
e
r
v
i
s
o
r
4
3
.
4
%
Le
n
g
t
h
o
f
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
1
t
o
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
1
0
2
8
5
.
7
%
1
6
a
n
d
a
b
o
v
e
y
e
a
r
s
17
1
4
.
3
%
F
a
mi
l
y
t
y
p
e
N
u
c
l
e
a
r
f
a
mi
l
y
92
7
7
.
3
%
Jo
i
n
t
f
a
mi
l
y
27
2
2
.
7
%
3
.
1
.
2
.
Nurses
’
k
no
wledg
e
a
nd
pra
ct
ices r
eg
a
rding
prev
ent
io
n o
f
hepa
t
it
is
B
a
nd
C
in
f
ec
t
io
n
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
ac
tice
in
n
u
r
s
es
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
m
o
s
t
(
9
5
.
7
9
%)
o
f
th
e
n
u
r
s
es
h
ad
g
o
o
d
p
r
e
v
en
tiv
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
h
e
p
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
.
B
u
t
in
ter
m
s
o
f
g
o
o
d
p
r
ac
tice
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
was
lo
wer
(
7
0
.
5
9
%)
th
an
t
h
at
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
r
s
es’
n
u
r
s
es’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
lev
els
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
o
f
h
e
p
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
m
ajo
r
ity
9
5
.
7
9
%
n
u
r
s
es
h
ad
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a
)
,
wh
ile
7
0
.
5
9
%
h
ad
g
o
o
d
p
r
ac
tice
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
b
e
h
av
io
r
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
o
f
h
ep
ati
tis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Nu
r
s
es’
:
(
a)
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
(
b
)
p
r
ac
tice
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
3
.
1
.
3
.
Sig
nifica
nce
o
f
nu
rses
’
k
no
wledg
e
a
nd
pra
ct
ices a
m
o
ng
v
a
rio
us
s
o
cio
-
dem
o
g
ra
ph
ics
As
p
ar
t
o
f
in
f
e
r
en
tial
s
tatis
tics
,
we
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
test
(
z
-
test
)
to
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
o
f
n
u
r
s
es’
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ca
teg
o
r
ies
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
t
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
a
t
n
u
r
s
es’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
el
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
o
f
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
h
ig
h
e
r
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
s
ex
,
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
al
q
u
alif
icatio
n
,
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
tatu
s
,
an
d
len
g
th
o
f
s
er
v
ice.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
g
r
a
d
u
ated
an
d
/o
r
p
o
s
t
-
g
r
a
d
u
ated
n
u
r
s
es’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
2
9
4
-
1
3
0
3
1298
lev
el
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
e
ctio
n
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
(
p
o
o
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e:
1
3
.
0
%,
8
7
.
0
%;
p
=
0
.
0
2
1
)
.
Similar
l
y
,
n
u
r
s
es’
h
ig
h
er
p
r
ac
tice
b
eh
av
io
r
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
h
ig
h
e
r
w
ith
r
esp
ec
t
to
ag
e,
r
elig
io
n
,
m
ar
ital
s
tatu
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
alif
icatio
n
,
an
d
th
eir
e
m
p
lo
y
ee
s
tatu
s
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
h
ig
h
er
ag
ed
(
4
5
-
5
4
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
)
n
u
r
s
es’
p
r
ac
tice
b
eh
av
io
r
r
e
g
ar
d
i
n
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
h
e
p
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
was
f
o
u
n
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
(
p
o
o
r
p
r
ac
tice,
g
o
o
d
p
r
ac
tice:
3
6
.
8
%,
6
3
.
2
%;
p
=
0
.
0
0
2
)
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Pro
p
o
r
tio
n
test
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
cy
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
v
ar
iatio
n
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am
o
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ar
io
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ap
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C
h
a
r
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r
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K
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w
l
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l
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e
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l
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e
A
g
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25
-
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2
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9
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8
9
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8
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0
0
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9
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6
2
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5
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6
35
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4
5
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1
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0
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4
45
-
54
3
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6
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4
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2
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0
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0
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6
7
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6
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1
2
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3
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.
0
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S
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x
M
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2
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5
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8
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F
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9
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3
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0
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0
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3
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2
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6
2
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5
6
R
e
l
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g
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sl
a
m
9
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8
4
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0
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3
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0
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1
9
3
1
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3
3
.
3
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6
2
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6
7
.
7
%)
0
.
7
6
N
o
n
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s
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s
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th
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f
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p
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m
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th
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p
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ac
tices:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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-
8
8
0
6
K
n
o
w
led
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
a
ctice
s
o
f n
u
r
s
es reg
a
r
d
in
g
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
o
f
h
ep
a
titi
s
B
a
n
d
C
vira
l
…
(
R
a
h
ima
P
a
r
vin
)
1299
i)
C
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
tr
a
in
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
-
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
m
an
d
ato
r
y
an
d
r
eg
u
lar
tr
ai
n
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
f
o
r
n
u
r
s
es
o
f
all
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
ali
f
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
em
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
s
tatu
s
es
co
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
lev
el
[
3
1
]
,
[
4
0
]
–
[
4
2
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
v
er
u
p
d
ated
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
b
est p
r
ac
tices,
an
d
em
er
g
in
g
tr
en
d
s
in
in
f
ec
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l.
ii)
Per
s
o
n
alize
d
tr
ain
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
-
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
tailo
r
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
m
ater
ials
an
d
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
th
at
ca
ter
t
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
an
d
ex
p
er
ien
ce
le
v
els
am
o
n
g
n
u
r
s
es
[
4
3
]
,
[
4
4
]
.
Ad
a
p
tin
g
th
e
c
o
n
ten
t
b
ased
o
n
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
q
u
alif
ica
tio
n
co
u
ld
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
.
iii)
I
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
h
ep
atitis
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
i
n
n
u
r
s
in
g
cu
r
r
icu
l
u
m
-
co
llab
o
r
atin
g
with
n
u
r
s
in
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
in
clu
d
e
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
m
o
d
u
le
s
o
n
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
p
r
e
v
en
tio
n
in
th
eir
cu
r
r
icu
lu
m
[
4
5
]
–
[
4
8
]
.
T
h
is
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
wo
u
ld
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
f
u
t
u
r
e
n
u
r
s
es
r
ec
eiv
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
tr
ain
in
g
r
ig
h
t
f
r
o
m
th
eir
ac
ad
em
ic
y
ea
r
s
.
iv
)
Acc
ess
ib
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
g
u
id
elin
es
-
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ea
s
ily
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
g
u
id
elin
es
o
n
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
o
n
lin
e
p
o
r
tal
s
,
m
an
u
als,
an
d
p
o
s
ter
s
with
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
f
ac
ilit
ies,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
n
u
r
s
es h
av
e
q
u
ick
ac
ce
s
s
to
ess
en
tial in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
.
v)
Me
n
to
r
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
-
estab
li
s
h
in
g
m
en
to
r
s
h
ip
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
wh
er
e
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
n
u
r
s
es
ca
n
g
u
id
e
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
eir
c
o
lleag
u
es,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
p
r
ac
tical
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
d
ay
-
to
-
d
ay
p
r
ac
tices with
in
th
e
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
s
ett
in
g
[
4
9
]
–
[
5
1
]
.
v
i)
R
eg
u
lar
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
an
d
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
-
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
r
eg
u
lar
ass
ess
m
en
ts
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tices
o
f
n
u
r
s
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
h
ep
atitis
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
[
4
5
]
,
[
5
1
]
.
Feed
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
th
ese
ass
ess
m
en
ts
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
to
tailo
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
an
d
id
e
n
tify
ar
ea
s
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
f
o
c
u
s
.
v
ii)
I
n
ce
n
tiv
ize
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
lear
n
i
n
g
-
cr
ea
tin
g
in
ce
n
tiv
es
o
r
r
ew
ar
d
s
f
o
r
n
u
r
s
es
wh
o
ac
tiv
ely
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
o
r
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
ex
ce
llen
ce
in
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
r
h
ep
atitis
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
[
4
9
]
,
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
is
co
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
,
ca
r
ee
r
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ities
,
o
r
o
th
e
r
n
o
n
-
m
o
n
etar
y
r
ewa
r
d
s
.
v
iii)
Po
licy
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
-
f
o
r
m
u
latin
g
c
lear
p
o
licies
an
d
p
r
o
to
co
ls
at
th
e
n
atio
n
al
o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
al
le
v
el
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
p
r
ev
en
ti
o
n
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
2
]
.
E
n
s
u
r
e
ef
f
e
ctiv
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
an
d
en
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
ese
p
o
l
icies
with
in
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
f
ac
ilit
i
es
to
m
ain
tain
a
h
ig
h
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
in
f
ec
tio
n
co
n
tr
o
l p
r
ac
tices.
i
x
)
R
es
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
-
e
n
c
o
u
r
a
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
n
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
a
c
y
o
f
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
th
e
i
r
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
e
s
[
5
3
]
.
F
o
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
c
o
l
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
et
w
e
e
n
h
e
al
t
h
c
a
r
e
i
n
s
ti
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
o
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
s
c
o
u
l
d
d
r
i
v
e
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
d
i
s
s
e
m
i
n
a
ti
o
n
o
f
n
u
r
s
e
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
o
f
h
ep
a
t
i
t
is
B
a
n
d
C
i
n
f
e
c
t
i
o
n
.
x)
C
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
-
t
a
il
o
r
i
n
g
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
m
at
e
r
i
a
ls
t
o
t
h
e
c
u
l
tu
r
a
l
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
es
h
a
n
d
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
a
wa
r
e
n
e
s
s
c
a
m
p
a
ig
n
s
,
p
r
o
m
o
t
i
n
g
a
d
e
e
p
e
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
h
e
p
a
t
i
ti
s
p
r
e
v
e
n
ti
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
n
u
r
s
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
a
l
p
u
b
l
i
c
[
5
0
]
,
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tice
s
o
f
n
u
r
s
es
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
h
e
p
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
wh
ile
n
u
r
s
es
p
o
s
s
es
s
a
s
tr
o
n
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
ase,
th
er
e
is
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
tr
an
s
latin
g
th
is
k
n
o
wled
g
e
i
n
to
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
tar
g
eted
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
an
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
a
p
b
etwe
en
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
ac
tice,
esp
ec
ially
a
m
o
n
g
n
u
r
s
e
s
with
v
ar
y
in
g
s
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
o
u
r
s
u
g
g
ested
p
o
licy
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
t
o
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
r
a
ctice
s
o
f
n
u
r
s
es
in
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
h
ep
atitis
B
an
d
C
v
ir
al
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
in
B
an
g
la
d
esh
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
W
e
ar
e
in
d
ep
t
h
to
i
n
d
eb
ted
t
o
th
e
h
o
s
p
ital
au
th
o
r
ity
f
o
r
th
eir
co
-
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
wo
u
ld
also
lik
e
to
m
e
n
tio
n
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
o
r
th
eir
tr
em
e
n
d
o
u
s
s
u
p
p
o
r
t d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
s
p
ec
if
i
c
f
u
n
d
s
f
r
o
m
a
n
y
ag
e
n
cies o
r
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
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AUTHO
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p
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tes,
an
d
f
ac
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co
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[
1
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W
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P
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7
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B
.
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[
8
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J.
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[
9
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R
.
C
.
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,
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S
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:
ra
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m
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.
c
o
m
.
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