I
nte
rna
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l J
o
urna
l o
f
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u
bli
c
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ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
56
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//
ijp
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s
.
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co
m
M
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ption a
mo
ng
children
a
g
ed 1
–
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yea
rs
in Ba
quba
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ra
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ma
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ticle
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to
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Oct
1
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0
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ev
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Dec
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3
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Acc
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ted
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r
6
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5
Th
e
c
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re
g
iv
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sh
o
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ld
p
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io
rit
ize
m
e
a
ts
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e
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fa
n
t'
s
d
iet
d
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ri
n
g
th
e
las
t
6
m
o
n
th
s
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
ir
so
u
rc
e
s
o
f
n
u
tri
e
n
ts
a
n
d
p
r
o
tein
s.
Th
is
st
u
d
y
a
ime
d
to
id
e
n
ti
f
y
t
h
e
p
re
v
a
len
c
e
o
f
m
e
a
t
p
ro
d
u
c
t
c
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n
su
m
p
t
io
n
a
m
o
n
g
c
h
il
d
re
n
a
g
e
d
1
–
3
a
n
d
th
e
ir
p
re
fe
re
n
c
e
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
g
e
a
n
d
se
x
.
We
c
o
n
d
u
c
ted
a
n
a
n
a
ly
ti
c
a
l
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ro
ss
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8
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g
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d
1
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rs
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si
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g
a
q
u
e
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n
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a
ire.
We
u
se
d
t
h
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c
h
i
-
s
q
u
a
re
tes
t,
a
n
d
a
p
-
v
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l
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e
<
0
.
0
5
wa
s
c
o
n
sid
e
re
d
s
ig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t.
Th
e
stu
d
y
fo
u
n
d
th
a
t
6
0
.
3
%
,
8
6
.
2
%
,
8
5
.
4
%
,
a
n
d
5
9
.
3
%
c
o
n
su
m
e
d
re
d
m
e
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t
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k
ly
(
p
≤
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0
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1
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fis
h
m
o
n
t
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ly
(
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≤
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0
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h
ick
e
n
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≤
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n
d
e
g
g
s
d
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(
p
≤
0
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0
0
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),
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
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ly
.
T
h
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se
c
o
n
d
-
y
e
a
r
c
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il
d
re
n
p
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re
d
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t
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4
4
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8
%
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n
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n
d
e
g
g
s (4
4
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2
%
)
m
o
re
fre
q
u
e
n
tl
y
t
h
a
n
in
o
th
e
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y
e
a
rs.
M
a
les
p
re
fe
rre
d
re
d
m
e
a
t,
fis
h
,
c
h
ic
k
e
n
,
a
n
d
e
g
g
s
m
o
re
th
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n
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m
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les
(5
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s.
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5
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v
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.
3
%
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4
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5
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5
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n
d
5
4
.
4
%
v
s.
4
5
.
6
%
),
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
In
c
o
n
c
lu
si
o
n
,
t
h
e
c
o
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
c
h
ick
e
n
a
n
d
e
g
g
s
is
m
o
re
p
re
v
a
len
t.
I
n
th
e
se
c
o
n
d
y
e
a
r
o
f
li
fe
,
c
h
il
d
re
n
,
p
a
rti
c
u
larly
b
o
y
s,
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
m
o
re
m
e
a
t
p
ro
d
u
c
ts
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
ir
o
w
n
o
r
t
h
e
ir
p
a
re
n
ts'
p
re
fe
re
n
c
e
s.
We su
g
g
e
st
e
x
p
a
n
d
in
g
th
e
sc
o
p
e
o
f
th
is stu
d
y
to
i
n
c
lu
d
e
d
a
iry
p
ro
d
u
c
ts.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Ag
e
v
ar
iatio
n
E
g
g
s
Me
at
p
r
o
d
u
ct
Sex
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
Yo
u
n
g
c
h
ild
r
en
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Aq
ee
l A
b
b
as No
am
an
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
He
alth
,
T
ec
h
n
ical
I
n
s
titu
te/B
aq
u
b
a,
Mid
d
le
T
ec
h
n
ical
Un
iv
er
s
i
ty
(
MT
U)
B
aq
u
b
a,
Diy
ala,
I
r
a
q
E
m
ail:
aq
ee
ltech
.
m
tu
@
m
tu
.
ed
u
.
iq
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
c
h
ild
n
u
tr
itio
n
d
id
n
o
t
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ates
o
f
m
ea
t
an
d
e
g
g
s
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t,
s
ec
o
n
d
,
an
d
th
ir
d
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
n
o
r
d
id
th
ey
lack
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
o
f
t
h
ese
f
o
o
d
s
o
n
a
d
aily
,
wee
k
ly
,
o
r
m
o
n
t
h
ly
b
asis
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
wid
esp
r
ea
d
b
elief
th
at
a
ch
ild
’
s
d
iet
ar
y
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
ar
e
u
n
r
estricte
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
e
m
p
ir
i
ca
l
ev
id
en
ce
co
n
tr
a
d
icts
th
is
b
elief
,
as
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
th
at
th
e
f
o
o
d
ch
o
ices
av
ailab
le
to
ch
ild
r
e
n
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
in
f
l
u
en
ce
th
eir
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
an
d
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
[
1
]
.
I
n
th
e
p
ast
t
h
r
ee
d
ec
ad
es,
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
eg
i
o
n
o
f
I
r
aq
h
as
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
d
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
s
o
cial
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
h
ad
a
s
u
b
s
tan
tia
l
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
h
ea
lth
an
d
n
u
tr
itio
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
[
2
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
ar
e
g
ap
s
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
liter
atu
r
e
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
d
ietar
y
in
tak
e
o
f
to
d
d
ler
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
th
is
s
tu
d
y
to
u
n
co
v
er
th
e
d
aily
m
ea
t p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ates.
Ma
ciel
et
a
l.
[
4
]
an
d
Hee
m
an
n
et
a
l.
[
5
]
h
av
e
ex
am
i
n
ed
h
o
w
ch
ild
r
en
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ty
p
es
o
f
f
o
o
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
r
ev
ea
led
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
th
eir
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ates,
an
d
ca
n
c
o
m
p
lem
e
n
t
th
ese
f
o
o
d
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
m
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
T
h
is
m
ay
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
ietar
y
d
iv
er
s
ity
to
m
ee
t
all
m
icr
o
n
u
t
r
ien
t
n
ee
d
s
.
Ov
er
tim
e,
s
tu
d
ies h
av
e
ad
v
o
ca
ted
f
o
r
d
ietar
y
d
iv
er
s
ity
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
f
o
o
d
g
r
o
u
p
s
[
6
]
,
a
v
o
id
in
g
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
o
n
m
in
im
u
m
d
ietar
y
s
co
r
e
f
o
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as
g
r
ai
n
s
,
v
eg
eta
b
les,
an
d
f
r
u
its
,
a
n
d
a
d
d
in
g
h
ig
h
d
ietar
y
s
co
r
e
f
o
o
d
s
,
s
u
ch
as m
ea
t,
f
is
h
,
an
d
e
g
g
s
[
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
56
9
-
1
57
5
1570
Pro
tein
is
a
cr
u
cial
m
ac
r
o
n
u
t
r
ien
t
th
at
p
lay
s
a
v
ital
r
o
le
i
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
m
ater
ials
f
o
r
g
r
o
wth
,
m
u
s
cle
b
u
ild
in
g
,
an
d
o
v
er
all
we
ll
-
b
ein
g
to
d
iv
er
s
e
ce
lls
in
s
id
e
th
e
b
o
d
y
[
8
]
.
Stu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
h
o
w
e
atin
g
p
r
o
tein
-
r
ich
f
o
o
d
s
af
f
ec
ts
ea
r
ly
life
o
u
tco
m
es
in
b
o
th
u
n
d
e
r
n
o
u
r
is
h
ed
an
d
o
v
er
n
o
u
r
is
h
ed
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
[
9
]
.
Acr
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
ag
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
v
er
tim
e,
th
e
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
HO)
an
d
th
e
Fo
o
d
an
d
Ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
Or
g
an
izatio
n
h
a
v
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
o
b
s
er
v
ed
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
p
r
o
tein
a
n
d
am
i
n
o
ac
id
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
[
1
0
]
.
Me
at
is
k
n
o
wn
to
b
e
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
o
tein
-
r
ich
f
o
o
d
s
o
u
r
c
e,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
p
lay
s
a
cr
u
c
ial
r
o
le
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
h
u
m
an
o
v
er
all
h
ea
lth
d
u
r
in
g
g
r
o
wth
p
er
io
d
s
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
its
r
ich
co
n
te
n
t
o
f
v
ital
m
in
er
als
s
u
ch
as
ir
o
n
,
s
elen
iu
m
,
an
d
z
in
c,
an
d
v
itam
in
s
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
v
itam
i
n
s
A,
D,
an
d
B
1
2
;
th
iam
in
e
,
an
d
n
iacin
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
m
ea
t
in
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
d
iets
in
lim
ited
q
u
an
titi
es
i
s
im
p
er
ativ
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
h
ig
h
m
icr
o
n
u
tr
i
en
t
co
n
ten
t,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
en
’
s
h
ea
lth
[
1
2
]
.
Pro
tein
s
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
n
u
tr
ien
ts
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
eir
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
s
im
p
le,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
e
n
zy
m
es
t
o
b
r
ea
k
th
em
d
o
wn
in
th
e
d
ig
esti
v
e
s
y
s
tem
.
As
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
th
e
r
a
p
id
s
o
lu
b
ilit
y
an
d
d
ig
esti
o
n
o
f
p
r
o
tein
s
in
f
is
h
m
ak
e
th
em
h
ig
h
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
[
1
3
]
.
Me
at,
f
is
h
,
an
d
eg
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
h
ig
h
ly
n
u
tr
itio
u
s
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
p
r
o
tein
an
d
ir
o
n
,
m
ak
in
g
th
em
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
in
c
lu
s
io
n
in
a
ch
ild
’
s
d
iet
two
t
o
th
r
ee
tim
es
d
aily
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
t
o
r
em
e
m
b
er
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
th
ese
f
o
o
d
s
i
n
m
o
d
er
atio
n
[
1
4
]
.
W
e
war
r
an
t
th
is
ca
u
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
d
ietar
y
p
atter
n
s
ca
n
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
a
c
h
ild
’
s
o
v
er
all
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
en
tal
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
an
d
th
ese
h
ab
its
m
ay
p
er
s
is
t
in
to
a
d
u
lth
o
o
d
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
ea
r
l
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
eg
g
s
to
ch
ild
r
en
is
cr
u
cia
l
f
o
r
th
ei
r
o
v
er
all
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
m
itig
atin
g
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
s
tu
n
tin
g
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
s
u
g
g
est
s
th
at
ea
tin
g
at
least
o
n
e
e
g
g
a
d
a
y
f
o
r
at
least
6
m
o
n
th
s
in
cr
ea
s
es
ch
o
lin
e
,
a
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
cr
itical
to
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
o
f
ce
r
tain
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
io
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
in
d
aily
l
if
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
o
g
n
itio
n
,
m
em
o
r
y
,
an
d
m
etab
o
lis
m
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
i
s
,
in
tu
r
n
,
m
ay
also
in
cr
ea
s
e
v
itam
in
B
1
2
lev
els,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
er
n
er
v
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
eg
g
s
en
h
an
ce
th
e
b
io
m
ar
k
er
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ess
en
tia
l
f
att
y
ac
id
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
e
d
to
id
en
tify
m
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
atter
n
s
(
f
r
eq
u
en
cies)
,
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
,
a
g
e,
an
d
s
ex
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
am
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
1
–
3
y
ea
r
s
in
B
aq
u
b
a
C
ity
,
I
r
aq
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
We
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
Al
-
T
ah
r
ir
p
r
i
m
ar
y
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ce
n
ter
s
in
B
aq
u
b
a
C
ity
,
I
r
aq
,
o
v
er
a
d
e
f
in
ed
p
e
r
io
d
f
r
o
m
Sep
tem
b
er
1
0
,
2
0
2
2
,
to
J
u
ly
2
0
,
2
0
2
3
.
W
e
co
n
d
u
cted
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
as
an
an
al
y
tical
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
m
o
th
e
r
s
an
d
th
eir
ch
ild
r
en
ag
e
d
1
–
3
y
ea
r
s
.
W
e
s
elec
ted
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
f
r
o
m
th
o
s
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
in
g
im
m
u
n
izatio
n
o
r
weig
h
t
an
d
h
eig
h
t
ass
ess
m
en
ts
at
p
r
im
ar
y
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ce
n
ter
s
.
T
h
e
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ce
n
ter
s
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
in
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
eg
io
n
o
f
Diy
ala
p
r
o
v
in
ce
a
n
d
s
er
v
e
ch
ild
r
en
o
f
all
ag
es
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
all
r
eg
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
v
i
n
ce
.
T
o
b
e
elig
ib
le
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
,
th
e
to
d
d
ler
s
s
h
o
u
ld
f
u
lf
ill
two
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
iter
ia:
f
i
r
s
t,
th
ey
h
ad
t
o
f
all
wit
h
in
th
e
ag
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
1
2
–
3
6
m
o
n
th
s
,
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
,
th
eir
m
o
th
er
s
h
ad
to
e
x
p
r
ess
willin
g
n
ess
to
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
H
o
wev
er
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
c
lu
d
ed
ch
ild
r
en
wh
o
wer
e
s
ick
,
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
eg
g
s
o
r
f
is
h
,
o
r
o
ld
er
th
an
3
6
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
e
x
ac
t
s
am
p
le
s
iz
e,
th
e
to
tal
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
ag
e
d
1
-
3
y
ea
r
s
wh
o
s
h
o
wed
b
eh
av
io
r
with
in
th
e
s
am
p
le
was
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
latest
s
tatis
tical
d
ata
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ce
n
s
u
s
o
f
Diy
ala
g
o
v
e
r
n
o
r
ate,
2
0
2
1
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el
was
9
5
%,
with
a
3
.
4
4
%
co
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
m
ar
g
in
o
f
e
r
r
o
r
.
W
e
g
o
t
a
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
8
0
9
ch
il
d
r
en
a
n
d
t
h
en
c
h
o
s
e
8
1
0
,
as c
alcu
lated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
[
2
0
]
:
Un
lim
ited
p
o
p
u
latio
n
:
=
2
×
̂
(
1
−
̂
)
2
Fin
ite
p
o
p
u
latio
n
:
′
=
1
+
2
×
̂
(
1
−
̂
)
2
W
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
co
n
cise
q
u
e
s
tio
n
n
air
e
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
af
ter
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
n
e
x
ten
s
iv
e
ev
a
lu
atio
n
o
f
ex
is
tin
g
r
elev
an
t
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
au
th
o
r
was
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
in
ter
v
iewin
g
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
an
d
co
llectin
g
d
ata.
W
e
s
elec
ted
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
u
s
in
g
a
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
r
an
d
o
m
s
am
p
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
to
en
s
u
r
e
an
ac
cu
r
at
e
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
en
tire
p
o
p
u
latio
n
an
d
m
in
im
ize
an
y
p
o
ten
tial
b
iases
in
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
er
v
e
d
as
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
i
n
s
tr
u
m
en
t
in
t
h
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
W
e
ass
ess
ed
t
h
e
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
b
y
ad
m
i
n
is
ter
in
g
it
to
a
p
an
el
o
f
f
iv
e
ex
p
er
ts
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
in
ter
n
al
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
d
ata.
Sev
e
r
al
ad
ju
s
tm
en
ts
wer
e
im
p
lem
en
te
d
.
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
test
–
r
etest
r
el
iab
ilit
y
,
we
co
n
d
u
cted
a
p
ilo
t
test
o
n
a
s
am
p
le
o
f
1
0
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
wer
e
n
o
t
i
n
v
o
lv
e
d
in
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
o
test
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
we
u
s
ed
r
eliab
ilit
y
c
o
ef
f
icien
ts
(
9
5
.
2
%
in
ter
-
ex
am
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er
s
a
n
d
9
3
.
6
% in
t
r
a
-
ex
am
in
er
s
)
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e’
s
r
eli
ab
ilit
y
co
ef
f
icien
ts
wer
e
0
.
8
1
f
o
r
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
b
ased
o
n
alp
h
a
(
C
r
o
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ac
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)
a
n
d
0
.
7
0
f
o
r
test
–
r
etest
r
eliab
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b
ased
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n
Sp
ea
r
m
an
–
B
r
o
wn
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
co
n
f
o
u
n
d
in
g
ef
f
ec
t,
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8
8
0
6
Mea
t p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
n
s
u
mp
tio
n
a
m
o
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ch
il
d
r
en
a
g
e
d
1
–
3
ye
a
r
s
in
B
a
q
u
b
a
C
ity,
I
r
a
q
(
A
q
ee
l A
b
b
a
s
N
o
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ma
n
)
1571
we
u
s
ed
a
r
an
d
o
m
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
th
at
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id
n
o
t
ass
u
m
e
it
to
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e
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t.
T
h
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et
h
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d
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p
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te
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s
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f
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d
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n
k
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co
n
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o
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n
d
in
g
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ar
a
cter
is
tics
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
d
o
cu
m
en
ted
th
e
ag
e
an
d
g
en
d
e
r
o
f
th
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
an
d
r
etr
ie
v
ed
th
e
ch
ild
’
s
d
ate
o
f
b
ir
th
f
r
o
m
th
e
im
m
u
n
izatio
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ca
r
d
,
wh
ich
was
r
ea
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ily
av
ailab
le
d
u
r
i
n
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th
e
in
ter
v
iew.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
le
u
n
d
er
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
was
m
ea
t
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
v
ar
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les:
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
ty
p
e
o
f
m
ea
t
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n
s
u
m
e
d
,
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e
ch
ild
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s
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g
e,
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th
e
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e
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o
f
m
ea
t
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
A
v
al
u
e
o
f
“1
”
was
ass
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
an
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
n
im
al
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
a
n
d
a
v
alu
e
o
f
“2
”
was
as
s
ig
n
ed
f
o
r
n
o
n
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
W
e
ass
es
s
ed
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
m
ea
t
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
u
s
in
g
a
s
co
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
,
ass
ig
n
in
g
v
alu
es
o
f
1
,
2
,
a
n
d
3
f
o
r
d
aily
,
wee
k
l
y
,
a
n
d
m
o
n
th
ly
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
u
s
ed
a
f
o
o
d
r
e
co
r
d
th
at
was
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
t
o
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
to
r
ec
o
r
d
t
h
e
ch
ild
’
s
ag
e,
g
en
d
er
,
an
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
o
f
m
ea
t
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
d
aily
,
wee
k
ly
,
an
d
m
o
n
th
l
y
)
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
l
v
ed
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
ata
o
n
s
ev
er
al
c
h
ild
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
ag
e
an
d
s
ex
.
W
e
also
co
llected
d
at
a
o
n
th
e
c
h
ild
’
s
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
m
ea
t,
f
is
h
,
p
o
u
ltry
,
an
d
eg
g
s
an
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
with
wh
ich
th
e
m
o
th
er
p
r
o
v
id
ed
p
r
o
tein
-
r
ic
h
m
ea
ls
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
to
c
o
llect
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
a
n
d
d
ietar
y
d
at
a
in
th
e
v
er
n
ac
u
lar
lan
g
u
ag
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
as
s
ig
n
ed
b
o
y
s
an
d
g
ir
ls
n
u
m
er
ical
v
alu
es
o
f
1
an
d
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
we
ca
teg
o
r
ized
ag
e
in
to
th
r
ee
s
tag
es:
f
ir
s
t,
s
ec
o
n
d
,
a
n
d
th
ir
d
y
ea
r
s
,
ass
ig
n
in
g
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
alu
es o
f
1
,
2
,
an
d
3
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
to
d
d
ler
s
co
n
s
u
m
e
e
n
o
u
g
h
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
tein
f
o
o
d
s
f
o
r
t
h
eir
h
ea
lth
,
th
e
Am
e
r
ican
Aca
d
e
m
y
o
f
Ped
iatr
ics
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
s
th
at
ch
ild
r
en
a
g
ed
1
–
3
y
ea
r
s
h
av
e
two
s
er
v
in
g
s
(
2
0
0
ca
lo
r
ies)
o
f
m
ea
t,
ch
ick
e
n
,
f
is
h
,
an
d
e
g
g
s
d
aily
;
ea
ch
s
er
v
in
g
eq
u
als
2
tab
lesp
o
o
n
f
u
ls
f
o
r
m
ea
t
an
d
1
/2
an
y
s
ize
f
o
r
e
g
g
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
y
o
lk
an
d
w
h
ite
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
estrict
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
’
s
f
o
cu
s
to
c
o
m
m
o
n
an
d
h
ig
h
ly
p
r
o
tein
-
c
o
n
tain
in
g
m
ea
t p
r
o
d
u
cts in
I
r
a
q
,
ex
clu
d
i
n
g
d
air
y
an
d
p
lan
t p
r
o
d
u
cts.
-
Statis
tical
an
aly
s
i
s
We
co
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tat
is
tical
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
S
PS
S
I
n
c.
s
o
f
twa
r
e,
C
h
icag
o
,
I
llin
o
is
,
USA,
v
er
s
io
n
2
4
.
0
.
Ag
e,
s
ex
,
a
n
d
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
ea
tin
g
m
ea
t,
f
is
h
,
p
o
u
ltry
,
an
d
eg
g
s
p
lay
ed
a
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
.
W
e
u
s
ed
th
e
C
hi
-
s
q
u
ar
ed
test
to
ex
am
in
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
ca
teg
o
r
ical
v
ar
iab
les
in
th
e
s
am
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
a
p
-
v
alu
e
≤
0
.
0
5
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t.
W
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
all
s
o
c
io
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
m
ea
t c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
v
ar
ia
b
les b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
So
cio
de
m
o
g
r
a
ph
ic
cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics a
nd
m
ea
t
pro
du
ct
pref
er
ence
s
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ain
l
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
an
im
al
p
r
o
tein
-
r
ich
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
an
d
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
to
d
d
ler
s
ag
ed
1
–
3
y
ea
r
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
ly
,
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
th
at
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
t
o
d
d
ler
s
(
5
8
.
4
%)
p
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
r
ed
m
ea
t
in
th
eir
d
ietar
y
h
ab
its
.
T
h
is
is
a
g
o
o
d
p
r
ac
tice
d
u
e
to
m
ea
t
b
ein
g
a
r
ich
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
h
ig
h
b
io
l
o
g
ical
p
r
o
tein
an
d
tr
ac
e
m
in
er
als
s
u
ch
as ir
o
n
,
s
elen
iu
m
,
a
n
d
zin
c,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
u
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
m
e
at
p
r
o
d
u
cts [
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
was c
o
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
th
at
o
f
o
th
e
r
s
tu
d
ies [
2
2
]
.
Fis
h
is
an
o
th
er
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
p
r
o
tein
–
f
atty
f
o
o
d
,
a
n
d
its
r
eg
u
la
r
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
an
ess
en
tial
p
ar
t
o
f
a
ch
ild
’
s
h
ea
lth
y
d
iet
[
2
3
]
.
T
a
b
le
1
also
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
ch
ild
r
e
n
(
6
1
.
9
%)
p
r
ef
er
r
e
d
f
is
h
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
was
c
o
m
p
ar
a
b
le
to
t
h
at
o
f
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
s
t
u
d
y
[
2
4
]
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
at
o
f
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
o
th
er
Ar
a
b
i
c
s
t
u
d
ies
[
2
5
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
m
ea
t p
r
o
d
u
ct
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
N
%
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
N
%
A
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
F
i
r
st
y
e
a
r
2
2
8
2
8
.
2
F
i
sh
Y
e
s
5
0
1
6
1
.
9
S
e
c
o
n
d
y
e
a
r
3
4
0
4
1
.
9
No
3
0
9
3
8
.
1
Th
i
r
d
y
e
a
r
2
4
2
2
9
.
9
To
t
a
l
8
1
0
1
0
0
To
t
a
l
8
1
0
1
0
0
C
h
i
c
k
e
n
m
e
a
t
Y
e
s
6
0
2
7
4
.
3
S
e
x
M
a
l
e
s
4
3
6
5
3
.
8
No
2
0
8
2
5
.
7
F
e
mal
e
s
3
7
4
4
6
.
2
To
t
a
l
8
1
0
1
0
0
To
t
a
l
8
1
0
1
0
0
Eg
g
s
Y
e
s
6
6
9
8
2
.
6
R
e
d
me
a
t
Y
e
s
4
7
3
5
8
.
4
No
1
4
1
1
7
.
4
No
3
3
7
4
1
.
6
To
t
a
l
8
1
0
1
0
0
To
t
a
l
8
1
0
1
0
0
N
,
n
u
m
b
e
r
In
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
ch
ick
en
was
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
n
s
u
m
ed
m
ea
t
am
o
n
g
o
th
er
m
ea
t
ty
p
es
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
;
th
is
was
s
im
ilar
to
a
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Ver
d
u
ci
et
a
l.
[
2
6
]
.
W
e
ca
n
attr
ib
u
t
e
th
is
to
th
e
af
f
o
r
d
ab
le
an
d
r
ea
d
ily
av
ailab
le
n
atu
r
e
o
f
ch
ick
en
m
ea
t
an
d
th
eir
r
elig
io
u
s
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
[
2
7
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
m
o
s
t
p
eo
p
le
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
ag
e
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
p
r
ef
er
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
ch
ick
en
m
ea
t.
I
n
r
e
ce
n
t
d
ec
ad
es,
th
e
p
o
p
u
la
r
ity
o
f
p
o
u
ltry
m
ea
t
an
d
eg
g
s
h
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
I
r
aq
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
to
d
d
l
er
s
’
eg
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
was
h
ig
h
(
8
2
.
6
%)
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
a
t
o
f
o
t
h
er
m
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
cts
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
i
n
g
was
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
an
o
t
h
er
r
esear
c
h
s
tu
d
y
[
3
0
]
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
56
9
-
1
57
5
1572
th
an
th
at
o
f
an
o
th
e
r
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
r
ep
o
r
ted
s
tu
d
y
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
lack
o
f
atten
tio
n
to
in
clu
d
in
g
a
p
r
o
t
ein
-
r
ich
f
o
o
d
in
th
e
u
s
u
al
ch
ild
’
s
d
iet
m
ay
b
e
d
u
e
to
s
ev
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
lo
w
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
th
e
p
ar
en
t’
s
co
n
v
ictio
n
s
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
th
e
c
h
ild
’
s
an
d
h
is
/h
er
m
o
th
er
’
s
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
,
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
d
ietar
y
h
ab
its
an
d
r
elig
io
u
s
b
elief
s
[
3
2
]
.
3
.
2
.
Co
ns
um
ptio
n r
a
t
es o
f
m
ea
t
pro
du
ct
s
by
f
re
qu
ency
On
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
d
ata
in
T
ab
l
e
2
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
(
6
0
.
3
%)
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
s
u
m
e
o
n
e
s
er
v
in
g
o
f
r
ed
m
ea
t
wee
k
l
y
,
an
d
o
n
ly
1
.
7
%
co
n
s
u
m
e
two
s
er
v
i
n
g
s
o
f
r
ed
m
ea
t
d
aily
(
p
≤
0
.
0
0
1
)
;
8
6
.
2
%
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
co
n
s
u
m
e
o
n
e
s
er
v
i
n
g
o
f
f
is
h
m
o
n
th
ly
(
p
≤
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
an
d
o
n
l
y
4
%
co
n
s
u
m
e
two
s
er
v
i
n
g
s
o
f
f
is
h
d
aily
;
8
5
.
4
%
o
f
th
em
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
o
n
e
s
er
v
in
g
o
f
ch
ick
en
m
ea
t
wee
k
ly
(
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
)
,
a
n
d
o
n
ly
1
0
%
co
n
s
u
m
e
two
s
er
v
in
g
s
o
f
ch
ic
k
en
d
aily
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
h
alf
(
5
9
.
3
%)
co
n
s
u
m
e
two
s
er
v
in
g
s
o
f
eg
g
s
d
aily
,
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
a
th
ir
d
o
f
th
em
co
n
s
u
m
e
eg
g
s
two
to
th
r
ee
tim
es we
ek
ly
(
p
≤
0
.
0
1
)
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
2
,
6
0
.
3
%
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
d
o
n
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
o
f
r
e
d
m
e
a
t
w
e
e
k
l
y
;
t
h
is
r
a
t
e
is
h
i
g
h
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
w
e
e
k
l
y
m
e
a
t
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
b
y
p
r
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
i
n
S
r
i
L
a
n
k
a
(
2
7
.
6
%
)
[
3
3
]
a
n
d
s
e
v
e
r
a
l
o
t
h
e
r
A
r
a
b
i
c
s
t
u
d
i
es
[
2
5
]
.
A
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
o
f
P
e
d
i
a
t
r
i
c
s
[
2
1
]
,
t
h
e
m
o
t
h
e
r
s
h
o
u
l
d
g
i
v
e
p
o
r
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
m
e
a
t
a
n
d
e
g
g
s
t
o
h
e
r
c
h
i
l
d
t
w
o
t
i
m
e
s
d
a
il
y
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
o
n
l
y
1
.
7
%
o
f
t
o
d
d
l
e
r
s
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
t
w
o
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
s
o
f
r
e
d
m
e
a
t
d
a
i
l
y
,
a
n
d
t
h
a
t'
s
n
o
t
e
n
o
u
g
h
.
T
h
i
s
r
a
t
e
w
as
c
l
o
s
e
t
o
t
h
a
t
o
f
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
S
r
i
L
a
n
k
a
n
s
t
u
d
y
,
w
h
i
c
h
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
1
.
2
%
o
f
p
r
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
e
r
s
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
t
w
o
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
s
o
f
r
e
d
m
e
a
t
d
a
i
l
y
[
3
3
]
,
b
u
t
m
u
c
h
l
o
w
e
r
t
h
a
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
[
3
4
]
.
T
a
b
l
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
a
t
w
e
e
k
l
y
f
i
s
h
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
is
l
o
w
(
9
.
8
%
)
,
a
n
d
m
o
s
t
t
o
d
d
l
e
r
s
(
8
6
.
2
%
)
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
f
is
h
o
n
c
e
a
m
o
n
t
h
.
F
i
s
h
i
n
t
a
k
e
b
y
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
t
w
i
c
e
w
e
e
k
l
y
is
b
e
t
te
r
t
h
a
n
r
e
d
m
e
a
t
i
n
t
a
k
e
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
i
t
c
o
n
t
a
i
n
s
l
a
r
g
e
q
u
a
n
t
i
t
i
es
o
f
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
f
a
t
s
(
o
m
e
g
a
-
3
)
a
n
d
s
o
l
u
b
l
e
f
a
t
v
i
t
a
m
i
n
s
[
3
5
]
.
I
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
b
o
t
h
w
e
e
k
l
y
a
n
d
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
f
i
s
h
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
c
o
u
l
d
n
o
t
b
e
s
a
t
i
s
f
ac
t
o
r
y
,
a
lt
h
o
u
g
h
f
i
s
h
i
s
w
i
d
e
l
y
a
v
ai
l
a
b
l
e
i
n
I
r
a
q
[
3
6
]
.
I
n
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
,
a
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e
l
y
9
5
.
8
%
o
f
S
r
i
L
an
k
a
n
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
f
i
s
h
a
t
a
l
o
w
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
≥
1
t
i
m
e
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
[
3
3
]
.
T
h
i
s
m
a
y
b
e
d
u
e
t
o
a
l
a
c
k
o
f
a
w
a
r
e
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
b
e
n
e
f
i
t
s
o
f
f
i
s
h
[
3
7
]
.
E
a
t
i
n
g
f
i
s
h
a
t
l
e
a
s
t
o
n
c
e
w
e
e
k
l
y
l
o
w
e
r
s
t
h
e
r
is
k
o
f
n
e
u
r
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
l
r
e
t
a
r
d
at
i
o
n
,
wi
t
h
t
h
e
ch
i
l
d
’
s
m
ic
r
o
b
i
o
m
e
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
i
n
g
t
h
i
s
l
i
n
k
[
3
8
]
.
In
th
is
s
tu
d
y
(
T
ab
le
2
)
,
to
d
d
l
er
s
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
two
s
er
v
in
g
s
o
f
ch
ick
e
n
d
aily
at
a
l
o
w
r
ate
(
1
0
%).
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
a
n
o
t
h
e
r
Ar
ab
ic
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
f
o
r
ch
ild
r
e
n
a
g
ed
1
2
–
2
7
m
o
n
t
h
s
,
th
e
m
ea
n
d
aily
ch
ick
en
m
ea
t
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
was
lo
w
[
3
9
]
.
T
ab
le
2
af
f
ir
m
s
th
at
ap
p
r
o
x
im
a
tely
6
0
%
o
f
c
h
ild
r
en
ad
h
e
r
e
t
o
th
e
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
d
aily
in
tak
e
o
f
eg
g
s
,
wh
ich
is
two
s
er
v
in
g
s
d
aily
.
Oth
er
Ar
ab
ic
r
esear
ch
[
4
0
]
r
e
v
ea
led
th
at
eg
g
s
wer
e
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
least c
o
m
m
o
n
p
r
o
tein
f
o
o
d
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
to
ch
ild
r
e
n
.
T
ab
le
2
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
m
ea
t c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ates o
f
m
ea
t p
r
o
d
u
c
ts
b
y
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
(
n
o
n
-
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
ex
clu
d
ed
)
F
o
o
d
t
y
p
e
I
n
t
a
k
e
N
%
χ²
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
F
o
o
d
t
y
p
e
I
n
t
a
k
e
N
%
χ²
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
R
e
d
mea
t
Tw
o
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
s
d
a
i
l
y
(
r
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
e
d
)
8
1
.
7
2
4
8
.
0
7
2
<
0
.
0
0
1
C
h
i
c
k
e
n
mea
t
Tw
o
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
s
d
a
i
l
y
(
r
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
e
d
)
60
1
0
.
0
7
3
6
.
4
3
9
<
0
.
0
0
1
O
n
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
w
e
e
k
l
y
2
8
5
6
0
.
3
O
n
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
w
e
e
k
l
y
5
1
4
8
5
.
4
O
n
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
mo
n
t
h
l
y
1
8
0
3
8
.
1
O
n
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
mo
n
t
h
l
y
28
4
.
7
To
t
a
l
4
7
3
1
0
0
To
t
a
l
6
0
2
1
0
0
F
i
sh
Tw
o
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
s
d
a
i
l
y
(
r
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
e
d
)
20
4
6
3
3
.
2
8
1
<
0
.
0
0
1
Eg
g
s
Tw
o
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
s
d
a
i
l
y
(
r
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
e
d
)
3
9
7
5
9
.
3
3
4
1
.
5
5
2
<
0
.
0
0
1
O
n
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
w
e
e
k
l
y
49
9
.
8
O
n
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
w
e
e
k
l
y
2
6
0
3
8
.
9
O
n
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
mo
n
t
h
l
y
4
3
2
8
6
.
2
O
n
e
s
e
r
v
i
n
g
mo
n
t
h
l
y
12
1
.
8
To
t
a
l
5
0
1
1
0
0
To
t
a
l
6
6
9
1
0
0
N
,
n
u
m
b
e
r
;
χ
²,
C
hi
-
s
q
u
a
r
e
d
v
a
l
u
e
3
.
3
.
I
nta
k
e
ra
t
es o
f
m
ea
t
pr
o
du
ct
s
by
a
g
e
a
nd
s
ex
On
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
d
ata
in
T
ab
le
3
,
ch
ild
r
en
in
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
y
e
ar
o
f
life
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
ed
m
ea
t
(
4
4
.
8
%),
f
is
h
(
4
6
.
3
%),
c
h
ick
en
(
4
5
.
2
%),
a
n
d
eg
g
s
(
4
4
.
2
%)
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
ly
th
an
ch
ild
r
en
in
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
an
d
th
ir
d
y
ea
r
s
o
f
life
(
p
≤
0
.
0
1
;
T
ab
le
3
)
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
m
o
th
er
s
p
r
io
r
itize
b
r
ea
s
tf
ee
d
in
g
o
r
ar
tific
ial
f
ee
d
in
g
in
a
d
d
itio
n
to
lig
h
t
an
d
s
em
is
o
lid
f
o
o
d
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
o
f
life
,
wh
ile
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
eir
to
d
d
ler
s
’
m
ea
t
an
d
eg
g
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Fis
h
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
y
o
u
n
g
ch
ild
r
e
n
’
s
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
an
y
f
at
-
s
o
lu
b
le
v
itam
in
s
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
t
o
f
wh
ich
is
v
itam
in
D.
A
s
tu
d
y
in
B
an
g
la
d
esh
s
h
o
wed
th
at
in
f
an
ts
ag
e
d
1
2
–
2
4
m
o
n
th
s
wh
o
d
id
n
o
t
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
f
is
h
wer
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
e
x
h
ib
it
v
itam
in
D
d
ef
icien
cy
[
4
1
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
tu
d
y
in
Sen
e
g
al,
ch
ild
r
en
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
f
is
h
[
4
2
]
.
Oth
er
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
in
d
icate
h
ig
h
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f
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ates
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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6
Mea
t p
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o
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a
m
o
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g
ch
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d
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d
1
–
3
ye
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in
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a
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1573
an
an
im
al
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o
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u
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as
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wh
ich
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s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
f
a
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s
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o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
an
d
th
e
m
o
th
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s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
e
W
HO
h
as
s
tip
u
lated
th
o
s
e
m
o
th
er
s
o
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d
non
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s
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b
ab
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etwe
en
th
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ag
es
o
f
6
an
d
2
3
m
o
n
th
s
b
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s
e
th
ey
p
r
o
m
o
te
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i
g
h
n
u
tr
ien
t
lev
els
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
g
r
o
wth
[
4
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
e
g
g
s
ar
e
r
ea
d
ily
a
v
a
ilab
le,
in
ex
p
en
s
iv
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
t
h
er
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r
o
d
u
cts,
an
d
s
im
p
le
to
p
r
e
p
ar
e
an
d
p
alata
b
le
to
ch
ild
r
e
n
[
1
6
]
.
So
m
e
m
o
th
e
r
s
r
ef
r
ain
f
r
o
m
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
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f
is
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to
th
eir
ch
ild
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
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t
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r
o
f
life
,
f
ea
r
in
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th
at
it
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ay
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t
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e
ag
e
-
ap
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r
o
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iate
.
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wev
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a
v
e
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e
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s
ly
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m
en
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d
d
elay
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o
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f
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h
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d
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t
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esear
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wn
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at
th
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e
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to
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y
th
e
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o
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aller
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p
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l
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at
t
h
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ag
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o
f
4
–
6
m
o
n
th
s
,
in
s
m
all
an
d
s
p
ac
ed
am
o
u
n
ts
,
wh
ich
m
ay
h
elp
p
r
e
v
en
t
aller
g
ies [
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
ws
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
m
ea
t
an
d
eg
g
co
n
s
u
m
p
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n
r
ates
in
th
e
th
ir
d
y
ea
r
o
f
a
c
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ild
’
s
life
.
On
e
p
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s
s
ib
le
e
x
p
l
an
ati
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n
is
t
h
at
c
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ld
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n
i
n
th
is
a
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
r
e
ly
o
n
th
e
ir
o
w
n
c
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d
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A
C
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h
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o
f
2
y
e
a
r
s
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s
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a
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h
i
s
c
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s
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a
s
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s
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o
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te
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with
a
lo
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th
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m
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tin
g
,
an
d
h
ig
h
e
r
d
aily
s
cr
ee
n
tim
e
r
ates [
4
6
]
.
T
ab
le
3
r
ev
ea
le
d
th
at
m
ale
c
h
i
ld
r
en
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
m
o
r
e
m
ea
t
(
5
4
.
1
%
v
s
.
4
5
.
9
%),
f
is
h
(
5
2
.
7
% v
s
.
4
7
.
3
%),
ch
ick
en
(
5
4
.
5
% v
s
.
4
5
.
5
%),
an
d
eg
g
s
(
5
4
.
4
% v
s
.
4
5
.
6
%)
th
a
n
f
em
ale
ch
ild
r
e
n
(
T
ab
le
3
)
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
’
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
d
id
n
o
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ev
id
e
n
ce
to
estab
lis
h
a
co
r
r
elatio
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b
etwe
en
t
h
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co
n
s
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m
p
tio
n
o
f
r
e
d
m
ea
t
an
d
th
e
s
ex
o
f
c
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ild
r
en
(
p
≤
0
.
0
5
)
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
in
ter
im
p
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,
a
s
ig
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if
ican
t
ass
o
ciatio
n
was
d
etec
ted
b
etwe
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th
e
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n
s
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m
p
tio
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o
f
p
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ltry
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p
r
im
ar
ily
ch
ick
en
a
n
d
e
g
g
s
,
an
d
th
e
s
ex
o
f
ch
il
d
r
en
(
p
≤
0
.
0
5
)
.
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h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
m
ale
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d
ler
s
co
n
s
u
m
ed
m
o
r
e
r
ed
m
ea
t,
f
is
h
,
ch
ick
e
n
,
an
d
eg
g
s
th
an
f
em
ale
to
d
d
ler
s
.
Fatim
a
et
al.
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
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er
ag
e
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ed
m
ea
t
an
d
f
is
h
in
tak
e
o
f
p
r
esch
o
o
l
ch
ild
r
en
was
h
ig
h
er
am
o
n
g
b
o
y
s
,
with
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
tatis
t
ical
d
if
f
er
en
ce
[
3
3
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
t
h
at
m
ale
ch
ild
r
en
lik
e
to
ea
t
m
e
at,
f
is
h
,
an
d
p
o
u
ltry
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
f
e
m
ale
ch
ild
r
e
n
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
th
er
s
c
o
u
ld
h
av
e
less
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
a
n
f
at
h
er
s
in
r
e
d
u
cin
g
m
ea
t
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
ch
ild
r
en
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
f
ath
er
s
s
h
o
wed
a
h
ig
h
er
ass
o
ciatio
n
with
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
f
an
t m
ea
t
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
m
o
th
er
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
g
iv
i
n
g
f
is
h
to
ch
ild
r
en
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
itial
y
ea
r
o
f
life
is
v
e
r
y
b
en
ef
icial
in
p
r
ev
en
ti
n
g
d
is
ea
s
es
s
u
ch
as
ec
ze
m
a
an
d
o
th
er
aller
g
ic
d
is
ea
s
es,
s
u
ch
as
as
th
m
a
an
d
aller
g
ic
r
h
in
itis
[
4
8
]
,
[
4
9
]
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
ch
ild
r
en
wh
o
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
f
is
h
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
ir
s
t
y
ea
r
o
f
life
was
lo
w
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
Ma
le
to
d
d
ler
s
lik
e
m
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
eg
g
s
m
o
r
e
th
an
f
e
m
ale
to
d
d
ler
s
;
g
ir
ls
p
r
ef
er
f
r
u
its
an
d
v
eg
etab
les,
wh
er
ea
s
b
o
y
s
lik
e
f
atty
f
o
o
d
s
,
m
ea
t
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
an
d
eg
g
s
[
5
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
in
its
f
ir
s
t
attem
p
t
(
to
o
u
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e)
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
o
f
r
ed
m
ea
t,
ch
ic
k
e
n
,
f
is
h
,
an
d
e
g
g
s
am
o
n
g
ch
ild
r
en
ag
ed
1
–
3
y
ea
r
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ex
a
n
d
a
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
ab
le
3
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
i
n
tak
e
r
at
es o
f
m
ea
t p
r
o
d
u
cts b
y
ag
e
a
n
d
s
ex
(
n
o
n
-
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
ex
clu
d
e
d
)
Ty
p
e
o
f
p
r
o
t
e
i
n
f
o
o
d
A
g
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
C
h
i
l
d
’
s se
x
G
r
a
d
e
I
n
t
a
k
e
χ²
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
G
e
n
d
e
r
I
n
t
a
k
e
χ²
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
N
%
N
%
R
e
d
me
a
t
F
i
r
st
y
e
a
r
85
1
8
.
0
5
4
.
3
4
7
<
0
.
0
0
1
M
a
l
e
s
2
5
6
5
4
.
1
3
.
2
1
6
0
.
0
7
5
S
e
c
o
n
d
y
e
a
r
2
1
2
4
4
.
8
F
e
mal
e
s
2
1
7
4
5
.
9
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i
r
d
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e
a
r
1
7
6
3
7
.
2
To
t
a
l
4
7
3
1
0
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To
t
a
l
4
7
3
1
0
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F
i
sh
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r
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a
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1
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2
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3
<
0
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M
a
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s
2
6
4
5
2
.
7
1
.
4
5
5
0
.
2
2
8
S
e
c
o
n
d
y
e
a
r
2
3
2
4
6
.
3
F
e
mal
e
s
2
3
7
4
7
.
3
Th
i
r
d
y
e
a
r
1
8
4
3
6
.
7
To
t
a
l
5
0
1
1
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t
a
l
5
0
1
1
0
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C
h
i
c
k
e
n
m
e
a
t
F
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r
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y
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a
r
1
2
6
2
0
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9
5
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.
1
9
6
<
0
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0
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1
M
a
l
e
s
3
2
8
5
4
.
5
4
.
8
4
4
0
.
0
2
8
S
e
c
o
n
d
y
e
a
r
2
7
2
4
5
.
2
F
e
mal
e
s
2
7
4
4
5
.
5
Th
i
r
d
y
e
a
r
2
0
4
3
3
.
9
To
t
a
l
6
0
2
1
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To
t
a
l
6
0
2
1
0
0
.
0
Eg
g
s
F
i
r
st
y
e
a
r
1
6
9
2
5
.
3
3
8
.
5
9
2
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0
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0
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1
M
a
l
e
s
3
6
4
5
4
.
4
5
.
2
0
3
0
.
0
2
3
S
e
c
o
n
d
y
e
a
r
2
9
6
4
4
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2
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e
mal
e
s
3
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5
4
5
.
6
Th
i
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y
e
a
r
2
0
4
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5
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l
6
6
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l
6
6
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1
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0
.
0
N
,
n
u
m
b
e
r
;
χ
²,
c
h
i
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.
[
4
2
]
S
.
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y
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.
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a
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o
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n
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[
4
3
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4
4
]
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M
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,
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o
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3
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i
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e
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.
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.
[
4
5
]
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.
Tr
o
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n
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S
.
J
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c
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n
d
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.
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o
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a
k
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e
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r
z
y
n
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a
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.
[
4
6
]
P
.
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t
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l
.
,
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me
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[
4
7
]
K
.
L.
K
e
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l
.
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b
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[
4
8
]
T.
Ø
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n
,
A
.
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O
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s
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.
[
4
9
]
O
.
La
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u
d
,
P
.
S
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l
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m
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D
.
S
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.
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d
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.
R
a
h
e
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i
s
o
n
,
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t
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i
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ses,
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e
sp
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r
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Me
d
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c
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Re
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6
1
.
[
5
0
]
T.
T.
K
á
sl
e
r
,
“
E
a
t
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
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o
r
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d
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f
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”
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á
p
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l
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0
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d
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1
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0
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m/
6
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2
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2
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
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E
S O
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AUTH
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RS
Aqee
l
Abb
a
s
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a
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a
n
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n
As
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ro
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C
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m
m
u
n
it
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a
lt
h
a
t
M
i
d
d
le
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(M
TU),
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ra
q
.
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h
a
s
a
u
th
o
re
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
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v
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tern
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TU),
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