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Ph
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ac
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Po
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a
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k
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Sep
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ities
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
al
c
h
an
g
es
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
am
ad
an
in
d
ay
tim
e
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
a
b
s
tin
en
ce
f
r
o
m
m
ea
ls
,
n
ico
tin
e,
tea,
an
d
co
f
f
ee
.
T
h
e
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
in
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
aily
r
o
u
tin
e
with
b
eh
av
io
r
al
an
d
n
o
ct
u
r
n
al
ch
an
g
es
h
as
s
h
o
wn
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ir
r
it
ab
ilit
y
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
s
u
b
jectiv
e
awa
r
en
ess
,
im
p
air
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
d
im
in
is
h
ed
lear
n
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
a
n
d
m
u
s
cu
lar
s
tr
en
g
th
b
r
o
u
g
h
t u
p
o
n
b
y
a
b
s
tin
en
ce
o
f
f
r
o
m
f
o
o
d
an
d
s
leep
[
3
]
d
u
r
i
n
g
tim
e
o
f
f
asti
n
g
.
R
am
ad
an
h
as
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
t
s
o
cial
h
ap
p
e
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
lo
n
g
n
ig
h
ts
o
f
s
o
cial
g
ath
er
in
g
o
r
ev
en
th
e
o
v
er
ab
u
n
d
a
n
ce
o
f
p
o
p
u
lar
cu
l
tu
r
e
ev
en
ts
as
in
f
esti
v
it
ies,
a
d
ea
r
th
o
f
telev
is
io
n
d
r
am
a
(
s
o
ap
o
p
er
as)
s
er
ials
an
d
m
u
s
ical
ev
en
ts
[
4
]
lead
in
g
to
a
b
r
ea
d
th
o
f
tim
e
wh
er
e
p
eo
p
le
ea
t
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
tim
e
o
f
th
e
b
r
ea
k
o
f
th
e
f
ast
(
I
fta
r
)
to
th
e
s
tar
t
(
S
a
h
o
o
r
)
.
R
am
ad
an
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
lax
n
ess
,
en
ter
t
ain
m
en
t,
leis
u
r
e
,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
f
o
o
d
in
tak
e
,
an
d
f
e
s
tiv
ities
r
ath
er
th
an
s
p
ir
itu
al
t
im
e
o
f
d
ee
p
r
elig
io
u
s
,
in
n
e
r
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
al
awa
k
en
in
g
a
n
d
ex
alta
tio
n
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
cid
en
ce
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
a
cc
id
en
ts
o
cc
u
r
r
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
r
elat
ed
to
h
ea
lth
ch
an
g
es
[
1
]
,
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
W
h
ile
m
o
s
tly
m
en
d
r
iv
e,
v
ictim
s
o
f
ac
cid
en
ts
ar
e
all
esp
ec
ially
wo
m
en
,
an
d
ch
ild
r
en
.
Ps
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
c
h
an
g
es
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
i
n
g
f
asti
n
g
,
alo
n
g
with
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
in
s
leep
an
d
f
o
o
d
in
tak
e,
f
o
o
d
d
e
p
r
iv
atio
n
,
b
lo
o
d
p
r
ess
u
r
e
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
,
an
d
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
i
n
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
cir
ca
d
ian
r
h
y
th
m
,
ca
n
n
e
g
ativ
ely
im
p
ac
t
p
h
y
s
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
T
r
ab
elsi
et
a
l.
h
av
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
s
leep
lo
s
s
ca
n
h
av
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
a
f
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
y
ca
u
s
in
g
ch
a
n
g
es
in
m
e
n
tal
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
c
o
o
r
d
i
n
atio
n
,
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
d
r
iv
e
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
w
h
e
t
h
e
r
d
i
e
t
a
r
y
i
n
t
a
k
e
,
ti
m
e
o
f
f
o
o
d
,
l
a
r
g
e
f
o
o
d
i
n
t
a
k
e
a
t
s
h
o
r
t
p
e
r
i
o
d
o
f
t
i
m
e
,
o
r
s
le
e
p
p
a
t
t
e
r
n
c
h
a
n
g
es
e
a
c
h
o
r
a
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
,
m
a
y
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
e
d
a
y
t
i
m
e
a
ct
i
v
i
ti
e
s
,
d
is
c
o
m
m
o
d
i
o
u
s
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
o
t
o
r
,
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
v
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
a
l
l
y
m
e
n
t
a
l
,
a
n
d
s
o
ci
a
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
f
a
s
t
i
n
g
p
e
o
p
l
e
.
Ph
y
s
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
c
h
a
n
g
es
ca
n
a
lt
e
r
t
h
e
l
e
v
e
ls
o
f
i
n
s
u
l
i
n
,
b
l
o
o
d
g
lu
c
o
s
e
,
l
o
w
e
n
e
r
g
y
le
v
e
ls
,
m
o
o
d
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
,
o
r
a
c
o
m
b
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
a
l
l
t
h
e
s
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
o
g
e
t
h
e
r
[
8
]
.
E
v
e
n
i
r
r
e
g
u
l
a
r
o
r
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
s
l
e
e
p
,
a
s
w
e
ll
a
s
d
is
r
u
p
t
e
d
o
r
i
n
t
e
r
m
i
t
t
e
n
t
d
a
y
t
i
m
e
s
le
e
p
,
d
i
s
r
u
p
t
e
d
n
o
c
t
u
r
n
a
l
s
l
e
e
p
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
t
te
r
n
s
,
c
an
l
e
a
d
t
o
v
a
r
y
i
n
g
l
e
v
e
l
s
o
f
f
a
t
ig
u
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
a
y
w
a
k
e
t
i
m
e
,
al
l
l
ea
d
i
n
g
t
o
h
e
a
l
t
h
i
m
p
e
d
i
m
e
n
t
s
es
p
e
c
ia
l
l
y
th
o
s
e
s
u
f
f
e
r
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
d
i
s
e
as
e
[
9
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
ar
es
th
o
s
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
wh
o
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
s
ed
en
tar
y
an
d
ac
tiv
e
s
u
b
jects
in
th
eir
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
d
u
r
in
g
R
am
ad
an
o
n
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
as
m
o
o
d
an
d
d
aily
s
leep
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
p
ictu
r
e
u
s
in
g
em
p
ir
ical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
asti
n
g
am
o
n
g
Sau
d
i
Ar
a
b
ian
p
eo
p
le
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
in
Najr
a
n
city
,
Kin
g
d
o
m
o
f
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
u
s
es
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
it
ies,
s
leep
in
g
p
atter
n
s
,
an
d
r
o
a
d
ac
cid
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
am
ad
an
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sa
m
ple
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
an
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
a
l
cr
o
s
s
-
s
ec
tio
n
al
s
tu
d
y
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
i
n
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
3
.
T
h
e
wea
th
er
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
i
n
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
3
was a
r
o
u
n
d
3
4
°C
at
n
ig
h
t a
n
d
ea
r
lie
r
in
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
4
8
°C
at
m
id
-
d
ay
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
tp
atien
t’
s
clin
ic
o
f
Najr
a
n
Un
iv
er
s
ity
Ho
s
p
ital
in
f
i
v
e
c
o
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
d
a
y
s
.
A
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
c
o
llected
f
r
o
m
7
3
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
c
o
llected
wa
s
a
co
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
le,
with
i
n
clu
s
io
n
cr
ite
r
ia
o
f
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ian
Peo
p
le,
b
ein
g
a
d
u
lt,
f
asti
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
,
liter
ate
e
n
o
u
g
h
t
o
s
elf
-
co
m
p
lete
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e,
n
o
t
tak
in
g
r
eg
u
lar
m
ed
icatio
n
s
,
an
d
b
ein
g
f
r
ee
o
f
ch
r
o
n
ic
d
is
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
d
ata
ex
clu
d
ed
n
o
n
-
Sau
d
i c
itizen
s
b
ec
au
s
e
Sau
d
i b
eh
av
i
o
r
al
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
an
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
s
h
o
w
d
is
tin
ct
d
if
f
er
en
c
es f
r
o
m
o
th
e
r
Ar
ab
cu
ltu
r
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
liv
in
g
in
Sa
u
d
i
Ar
ab
ia.
All
n
o
n
-
Sau
d
is
,
n
o
n
-
a
d
u
lt,
n
o
t
f
asti
n
g
a
n
d
b
ein
g
o
n
r
e
g
u
lar
m
ed
icatio
n
s
f
o
r
c
h
r
o
n
ic
d
is
ea
s
es we
r
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
2
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
s
A
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
u
s
ed
t
o
co
llect
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
co
llected
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
s
o
cio
-
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ical
v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
i
n
g
g
e
n
d
er
,
ag
e
,
m
ar
ital
s
tatu
s
,
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
s
tatu
s
an
d
if
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
n
ig
h
t
wo
r
k
an
d
r
eg
u
lar
ly
f
asti
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
d
ata
co
llectio
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
to
tal
h
o
u
r
s
s
p
en
t
i
n
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ac
tiv
ities
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
P
h
ysica
l a
ctivity
a
n
d
s
leep
in
g
p
a
tter
n
a
mo
n
g
S
a
u
d
i p
o
p
u
l
a
tio
n
in
N
a
jr
a
n
P
r
o
vin
ce
…
(
Ha
t
em
Mo
h
a
med
)
1517
R
am
ad
an
:
i)
tim
e
s
p
en
t
ex
er
cisi
n
g
,
ii)
tim
e
s
p
en
t
d
aily
watc
h
in
g
telev
is
io
n
,
iii)
tim
e
s
p
en
t
d
aily
o
n
th
e
in
ter
n
et,
iv
)
tim
e
s
p
e
n
t d
aily
o
n
co
m
p
u
ter
g
am
es,
v
)
tim
e
s
p
e
n
t d
aily
o
n
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
s
ites
an
d
s
m
ar
t p
h
o
n
es.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
et
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
s
leep
in
g
p
atter
n
b
y
p
r
o
b
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
q
u
es
tio
n
s
:
i)
I
f
th
ey
s
leep
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
a
y
in
R
am
a
d
an
,
ii)
W
h
at
tim
e
th
ey
u
s
ed
to
g
o
to
b
ed
d
u
r
in
g
n
ig
h
t
in
R
am
ad
an
(
ea
r
lier
,
later
,
o
r
at
th
e
s
am
e
tim
e
b
ef
o
r
e
R
am
ad
an
)
,
iii).
I
n
g
e
n
er
al
,
if
th
ey
s
leep
less
o
r
m
o
r
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
co
m
p
ar
ed
,
to
p
r
e
-
R
am
ad
an
p
er
io
d
,
i
v
)
;
h
o
w
m
an
y
h
o
u
r
s
th
e
y
s
lee
p
d
aily
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
; v
)
I
f
th
ey
th
i
n
k
th
at
f
asti
n
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
ca
n
c
h
an
g
e
th
e
s
leep
i
n
g
p
atter
n
;
v
i)
Ho
w
s
leep
y
th
ey
f
ee
l
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
in
R
am
ad
an
.
(
No
t
at
all,
s
lig
h
tly
,
m
o
d
er
ate,
v
er
y
m
u
c
h
)
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
l
ev
els
o
f
s
leep
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
io
d
o
f
R
am
ad
an
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wo
u
ld
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
n
ig
h
t
s
leep
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
an
d
a
lev
el
o
f
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
s
to
th
e
ci
r
ca
d
ian
c
y
cle.
A
th
ir
d
s
et
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
r
elate
d
to
in
d
o
o
r
s
o
cial
ac
tiv
ities
with
f
am
ily
an
d
f
r
ie
n
d
s
,
a
n
d
i
f
th
e
y
n
o
ticed
an
y
m
o
o
d
s
win
g
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
(
esp
ec
iall
y
d
ep
r
ess
ed
m
o
o
d
)
,
ir
r
itab
ilit
y
,
f
atig
u
e,
an
d
n
o
t
f
ee
lin
g
well.
Data
was
also
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
r
o
ad
tr
af
f
ic
ac
cid
e
n
t
s
at
th
r
ee
m
ajo
r
h
o
s
p
itals
in
N
ajr
an
ar
ea
in
2
0
2
3
f
r
o
m
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
tal
h
o
s
p
itals
.
T
h
is
d
ata
was
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
lev
els
o
f
r
o
ad
ac
cid
en
ts
b
ef
o
r
e,
d
u
r
in
g
a
n
d
af
ter
R
am
ad
an
.
2
.
3
.
P
r
o
ce
du
re
s
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
i
n
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t
to
co
llect
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
p
ar
ticip
an
t
s
o
cio
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ac
tiv
ities
o
f
d
aily
liv
in
g
an
d
h
ea
lth
-
r
elate
d
f
ac
to
r
s
(
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
ec
tio
n
)
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
an
s
wer
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
wr
itten
b
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t p
r
o
ce
s
s
was
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
m
ad
e
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
th
e
c
o
n
s
en
s
u
s
r
ea
ch
ed
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
tan
tiv
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
f
o
r
m
at
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
in
clu
d
ed
a
p
ilo
t
test
b
y
ask
in
g
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
2
0
ac
ad
em
ics
at
Najr
an
Un
iv
er
s
ity
to
co
m
p
lete
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
s
am
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
to
a
s
tu
d
y
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
Najr
an
Un
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
in
a
class
o
f
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
co
a
u
th
o
r
s
.
B
o
th
s
ets
o
f
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
an
y
an
o
m
alies,
an
d
s
o
m
e
item
s
wer
e
r
ev
is
ed
o
r
alter
ed
as
a
r
esu
lt.
On
ce
th
e
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
was
im
p
r
o
v
ed
,
t
h
e
f
in
al
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
was
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
s
ev
en
ty
-
th
r
ee
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
.
2
.
4
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
s
T
wo
m
ain
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
:
a)
p
h
y
s
ically
ac
tiv
e
g
r
o
u
p
,
th
o
s
e
wh
o
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
3
0
-
6
0
m
in
u
tes
o
f
jo
g
g
in
g
o
r
b
r
is
k
walk
in
g
,
3
-
5
tim
es
p
er
wee
k
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
;
b
)
Sed
en
tar
y
g
r
o
u
p
:
th
o
s
e
wh
o
d
id
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
y
r
eg
u
lar
e
x
er
cise
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
a
m
ad
an
.
Dep
en
d
e
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
in
clu
d
ed
g
en
d
e
r
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el,
n
ig
h
t
wo
r
k
,
m
o
o
d
s
win
g
s
,
s
o
cial
ac
tiv
ities
a
n
d
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
u
n
it
o
f
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t o
f
s
o
cial
ac
tiv
ities
an
d
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
w
as
in
u
n
its
o
f
tim
e.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ic
al
ac
tiv
ity
v
a
r
iab
le
was m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
“
y
es”
an
d
“n
o
”
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
2
.
5
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l a
na
ly
s
is
All
co
llected
d
ata
wer
e
ch
ec
k
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
lete
n
ess
b
ef
o
r
e
th
ey
wer
e
en
ter
ed
in
to
a
s
p
r
ea
d
s
h
ee
t
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
E
x
c
el.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tati
s
tics
wer
e
g
en
er
ated
o
n
all
item
s
,
an
d
cr
o
s
s
-
tab
u
latio
n
was
u
s
ed
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
ass
o
ciatio
n
s
b
etwe
en
d
if
f
er
en
t v
ar
iab
les
th
at
r
elate
th
o
s
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wh
o
wer
e
p
h
y
s
ically
ac
tiv
e
with
th
o
s
e
wh
o
wer
e
s
e
d
en
ta
r
y
.
E
th
ical
ap
p
r
o
v
als
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
Najr
an
Un
iv
er
s
ity
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
Me
d
icin
e
eth
ics
c
o
m
m
ittee
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
A
wr
itten
co
n
s
en
t
was
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
d
ata
in
clu
d
ed
n
o
n
-
p
ar
am
e
tr
ic
test
s
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
e
x
p
ec
ted
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
Als
o
,
a
t
-
test
o
f
s
tatis
tical
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
was
ca
lcu
lated
b
etwe
en
p
h
y
s
ically
ac
tiv
e
an
d
s
ed
en
tar
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
n
th
o
s
e
item
s
with
tim
e
b
ein
g
th
e
u
n
it o
f
an
aly
s
is
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
B
ased
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
ject’
s
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
a
n
d
b
aselin
e
d
ata,
t
wo
g
r
o
u
p
s
wer
e
f
o
r
m
e
d
th
e
p
h
y
s
ically
ac
tiv
e
an
d
s
ed
en
tar
y
:
T
ab
le
1
r
ep
o
r
ts
n
ig
h
t
wo
r
k
,
m
o
o
d
,
a
n
d
s
o
cial
ac
tiv
ities
b
y
th
o
s
e
wh
o
ar
e
p
h
y
s
ically
ac
tiv
e
an
d
s
ed
en
tar
y
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
A
to
tal
o
f
n
=
73
wer
e
en
r
o
ll
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
;
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
m
ale
,
with
n
=
5
1
(
6
9
.
9
%)
,
with
a
m
ea
n
ag
e
o
f
4
1
.
6
0
±
8
.
2
1
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
e
wer
e
n
=
2
9
(
3
9
.
9
%)
p
h
y
s
ically
ac
tiv
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
n
=
4
4
(
6
0
.
3
%)
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
p
h
y
s
ically
in
ac
tiv
e
an
d
wer
e
p
lace
d
in
to
t
h
e
s
ed
en
tar
y
g
r
o
u
p
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
w
en
ty
-
o
n
e
(
4
1
.
2
%),
m
ale
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
4
1
.
2
%)
wer
e
p
h
y
s
ically
ac
tiv
e
,
an
d
n
=
3
0
(
5
8
.
9
%)
m
ales
wer
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ed
en
tar
y
g
r
o
u
p
.
On
ly
n
=
7
(
3
1
.
8
%)
o
f
th
e
f
e
m
ale
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
p
h
y
s
ically
ac
tiv
e
,
an
d
n
=
1
5
(
6
9
.
2
%)
wer
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ed
en
tar
y
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
o
in
g
n
ig
h
t
wo
r
k
d
u
ties
wer
e
n
=
3
2
(
4
3
.
8
%)
o
f
th
em
,
n
=
9
(
2
8
.
1
%)
wer
e
p
h
y
s
ically
ac
tiv
e,
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
w
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
at
a
p
≤
0
.
0
0
5
.
Mo
o
d
s
win
g
s
wer
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
y
n
=
2
9
(
3
9
.
7
%)
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
,
an
d
m
o
s
t
n
=2
2
(
7
5
.
9
%)
wer
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
ed
e
n
tar
y
g
r
o
u
p
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
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Dem
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d
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P
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/
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%)
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t
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1
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0
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N
o
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mal
p
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v
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l
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0
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,
t
h
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e
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n
i
f
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n
t
a
sso
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
T
ab
le
2
.
T
im
e
s
p
e
n
t in
s
o
m
e
a
ctiv
ities
b
y
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
A
c
t
i
v
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t
i
e
s
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l
l
y
a
c
t
i
v
e
(
n
=
2
9
)
m
e
a
n
±
S
D
S
e
d
e
n
t
a
r
y
g
r
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u
p
(
n
=
4
4
)
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e
a
n
±
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D
p
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v
a
l
u
e
S
l
e
e
p
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n
g
(
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o
u
r
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e
a
n
=
7
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4
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1
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5
2
1
0
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2
0
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2
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1
1
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0
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5
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w
a
t
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h
i
n
g
(
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n
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0
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2
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0
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n
t
e
r
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t
,
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4.
DIS
CU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
I
s
l
am
ic
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
am
a
d
an
b
r
in
g
s
m
aj
o
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to
t
h
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l
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o
f
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s
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n
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y
h
a
b
its
,
s
le
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g
p
att
e
r
n
s
,
a
n
d
s
o
cia
l
ac
t
iv
iti
es.
W
at
er
h
o
u
s
e
[
9
]
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
th
at
c
h
a
n
g
es
i
n
p
h
y
s
ic
al
a
cti
v
it
ies
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
a
m
a
d
a
n
is
d
u
e
to
alt
er
ati
o
n
s
in
tim
i
n
g
o
f
f
o
o
d
in
ta
k
e
.
Alt
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
t
y
p
es
o
f
p
h
y
s
ic
al
ac
ti
v
i
ties
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
n
d
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
a
m
a
d
an
a
r
e
s
im
i
l
ar
,
th
e
y
d
i
f
f
e
r
in
t
h
e
tim
in
g
o
f
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
ex
er
cise
,
e.
g
.
,
wal
k
i
n
g
an
d
j
o
g
g
i
n
g
b
e
f
o
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o
r
a
f
te
r
th
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b
r
ea
k
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
f
as
t.
R
est
r
ai
n
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g
f
r
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f
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d
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k
f
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p
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ca
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b
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ass
o
ciat
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d
wit
h
a
d
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c
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s
e
in
p
h
y
s
i
ca
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d
r
a
ti
o
n
c
a
n
r
e
d
u
ce
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
s
p
e
cia
ll
y
i
n
wa
r
m
o
r
h
o
t
w
ea
t
h
e
r
[
1
5
]
.
Ker
k
en
i
e
t
a
l
.
h
a
v
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
f
asti
n
g
alo
n
g
wit
h
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
a
cti
v
it
ies
will
le
ad
t
o
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
,
e
x
ce
s
s
i
v
e
s
w
ea
t
in
g
,
an
d
d
e
h
y
d
r
ati
o
n
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
li
f
es
ty
le
o
f
Mu
s
li
m
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
am
ad
a
n
is
s
p
e
n
t
i
n
d
o
o
r
a
n
d
o
u
td
o
o
r
e
n
j
o
y
in
g
s
o
ci
al
ac
ti
v
i
ties
wit
h
f
r
ie
n
d
s
a
n
d
f
a
m
ilies
;
s
u
c
h
a
cti
v
it
ies
ar
e
s
ed
en
t
ar
y
a
n
d
f
u
r
th
er
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
t
o
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ic
a
n
t
d
e
cr
ea
s
e
in
p
h
y
s
ic
al
a
cti
v
it
ies
[
1
6
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
B
a
h
am
m
a
m
et
a
l
.
s
u
g
g
est
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
ta
g
e
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
w
h
o
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
e
x
e
r
cis
es
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
t
wice
p
e
r
we
e
k
f
e
ll
f
r
o
m
2
4
%
t
o
less
t
h
a
n
1
0
%
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
a
m
a
d
an
m
o
n
t
h
[
11]
.
I
n
a
Ma
l
a
y
s
ia
n
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
t
ep
s
w
a
lk
e
d
p
e
r
d
ay
w
as
u
s
e
d
to
m
e
asu
r
e
t
h
e
l
e
v
el
o
f
p
h
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s
i
ca
l
ac
ti
v
iti
es
a
m
o
n
g
ad
u
l
ts
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
a
m
a
d
an
.
T
h
e
r
es
ea
r
c
h
er
s
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
tep
s
p
e
r
d
a
y
d
ec
l
in
e
d
b
y
1
0
-
1
3
%
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
am
a
d
an
,
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
R
a
m
a
d
a
n
p
er
i
o
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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Hea
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Sci
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N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
P
h
ysica
l a
ctivity
a
n
d
s
leep
in
g
p
a
tter
n
a
mo
n
g
S
a
u
d
i p
o
p
u
l
a
tio
n
in
N
a
jr
a
n
P
r
o
vin
ce
…
(
Ha
t
em
Mo
h
a
med
)
1519
L
i
k
ewis
e,
s
i
m
il
ar
s
t
u
d
ies
o
n
a
Sau
d
i
A
r
a
b
ia
n
p
eo
p
l
e
b
y
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
(
s
ee
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
9
]
)
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
a
d
e
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
p
h
y
s
i
ca
l
a
cti
v
i
ties
am
o
n
g
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
S
au
d
i
s
t
u
d
e
n
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
a
m
a
d
a
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
o
n
e
ca
n
ar
g
u
e
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ities
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
a
n
.
T
h
e
ten
d
e
n
cy
o
f
p
e
o
p
le
f
asti
n
g
ten
d
s
to
s
leep
m
an
y
h
o
u
r
s
in
th
e
d
ay
ti
m
e
an
d
to
b
e
awa
k
e
in
th
e
n
ig
h
t
u
n
til
d
awn
.
Dis
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
d
aily
wo
r
k
r
o
u
tin
e
a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
r
elig
io
u
s
p
r
ac
tices
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u
ch
as
ex
ten
s
iv
e
p
r
ay
er
tim
e
af
ter
th
e
b
r
ea
k
o
f
th
e
f
ast
o
f
f
s
ettin
g
th
e
n
o
ctu
r
n
al
cy
cle.
W
o
r
k
m
a
y
s
tar
t
at
8
:0
0
AM
wh
ich
en
d
s
ab
o
u
t
two
h
o
u
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
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b
r
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I
fta
r
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wo
r
k
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o
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r
s
ar
e
o
f
f
s
et
to
n
ig
h
ttime
an
d
h
e
n
ce
a
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
to
th
e
d
aily
r
eg
im
e
n
t
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
ex
e
r
cise.
Du
r
in
g
f
asti
n
g
f
ee
lin
g
s
o
f
th
ir
s
t
an
d
h
u
n
g
e
r
ca
n
lo
wer
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ity
an
d
m
etab
o
lic
ch
an
g
e
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
f
asti
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
am
ad
an
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
-
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
m
o
o
d
an
d
m
e
n
tal
s
tate
o
f
f
asti
n
g
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
willin
g
n
ess
to
en
g
ag
e
in
an
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ities
,
an
d
t
h
u
s
im
p
ed
es
th
e
b
o
d
y
f
r
o
m
u
n
d
er
tak
in
g
an
y
s
o
r
t
o
f
ex
ten
u
atin
g
p
h
y
s
ical
ex
er
cise [
9
]
.
I
t
is
n
o
ted
th
at
n
ig
h
t
s
leep
d
e
p
r
iv
atio
n
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
tiv
ities
ar
e
r
elate
d
.
Fo
r
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
ab
s
tain
f
r
o
m
s
leep
at
n
ig
h
t
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
d
a
y
tim
e
f
atig
u
e
a
n
d
im
p
ac
t
co
g
n
itiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
.
T
h
i
s
m
ay
e
x
p
lain
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
ac
cid
e
n
ts
an
d
ir
r
it
ab
ilit
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
i
es
wh
o
f
ast
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
am
ad
a
n
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
in
a
s
tu
d
y
i
n
v
o
lv
i
n
g
7
5
0
T
u
r
k
is
h
Mu
s
lim
s
f
asti
n
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
,
m
an
y
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
ep
o
r
ted
b
ei
n
g
f
atig
u
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
(
8
4
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
)
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
f
ee
lin
g
o
f
s
leep
in
ess
an
d
ir
r
itab
ilit
y
at
d
ay
tim
e
(
6
3
%
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
)
[
2
0
]
.
Day
tim
e
s
leep
in
ess
in
R
am
ad
an
is
m
ain
l
y
d
u
e
to
a
lack
o
f
n
ig
h
t
s
leep
as
p
eo
p
le
o
f
te
n
s
tay
s
awa
k
e
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
p
er
io
d
s
at
n
ig
h
t
an
d
s
o
m
e
s
tay
awa
k
e
u
n
til
d
awn
en
g
a
g
ed
in
s
o
cial
an
d
s
p
ir
itu
al
ac
tiv
ities
.
W
ak
in
g
u
p
at
d
awn
to
tak
e
b
r
ea
k
f
ast
b
ef
o
r
e
f
asti
n
g
(
S
a
h
o
o
r
)
m
ay
lead
u
p
to
f
u
r
th
er
d
is
r
u
p
ti
o
n
o
f
s
leep
in
g
p
atter
n
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
R
ed
u
ctio
n
in
n
ig
h
t
s
leep
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
a
p
r
o
b
lem
f
o
r
p
eo
p
le
wh
o
ca
n
alter
th
eir
wo
r
k
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
a
n
to
s
lee
p
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
ay
lig
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
,
b
u
t
it
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
f
o
r
th
o
s
e
wh
o
d
o
n
o
t
h
av
e
th
is
o
p
tio
n
.
C
h
an
g
es
in
s
leep
an
d
wak
e
u
p
tim
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
n
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
B
ah
am
m
am
h
as
f
o
u
n
d
d
elay
s
in
s
tar
tin
g
wo
r
k
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
[
2
5
]
.
B
ah
am
m
am
et
a
l.
i
n
a
n
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
a
d
elay
in
b
ed
tim
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
a
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
in
n
o
n
-
f
asti
n
g
r
esid
en
ts
o
f
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia
wh
o
s
e
wo
r
k
co
m
m
en
ce
m
en
t
tim
e
d
id
n
o
t
ch
an
g
e
.
Ba
h
am
m
am
et
a
l.
e
x
p
lain
ed
t
h
at
life
s
ty
le
ch
a
n
g
es
o
t
h
er
t
h
an
f
asti
n
g
m
ay
ca
u
s
e
a
s
h
i
f
t
i
n
cir
ca
d
ia
n
p
atter
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
[
1
1
]
.
Sleep
laten
cy
,
wh
ic
h
is
in
v
e
r
s
ely
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
to
s
leep
in
ess
,
in
cr
ea
s
es
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
ay
tim
e,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
1
0
:0
0
AM
,
1
2
:0
0
PM
an
d
1
6
:0
0
PM
h
o
u
r
s
.
On
e
th
e
f
ir
s
t
wee
k
o
f
R
am
ad
a
n
f
asti
n
g
m
ay
h
a
v
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
h
u
m
an
p
h
y
s
ical,
co
g
n
itiv
e
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
[
9
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
B
o
u
g
r
in
e
et
a
l.
h
ad
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
in
ter
m
itten
t
f
asti
n
g
m
ay
n
o
t
h
av
e
th
at
la
r
g
e
im
p
ac
t
o
n
co
g
n
itiv
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
[
2
6
]
.
So
m
e
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
h
a
v
e
also
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
an
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ir
r
itab
ilit
y
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
an
d
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
m
o
o
d
r
atin
g
[
1
]
.
T
h
ese
ch
an
g
es
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
i
n
r
e
g
u
lar
s
m
o
k
er
s
an
d
c
o
f
f
ee
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
a
n
ep
i
d
em
io
lo
g
y
s
tu
d
y
d
id
n
o
t
co
n
f
ir
m
t
h
is
d
etr
im
en
tal
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
R
am
ad
an
o
n
m
o
o
d
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
ar
e
m
ix
ed
with
r
eg
ar
d
s
t
o
th
e
d
ata
o
n
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
an
d
th
ese
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
s
ee
m
to
b
e
r
elate
d
to
life
s
ty
le
an
d
cu
ltu
r
a
l
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
[
2
6
]
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
Ma
u
g
h
a
n
et
a
l
.
h
ad
f
o
u
n
d
in
a
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
u
n
i
v
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
th
at
n
ig
h
ttime
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
a
m
ad
an
[
1
5
]
.
R
esear
ch
er
s
tu
d
y
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ian
Peo
p
le,
h
ad
s
h
o
wn
n
o
d
if
f
e
r
e
n
ce
in
n
ig
h
t
-
tim
e
s
leep
d
u
r
atio
n
o
r
to
tal
s
leep
tim
e
(
n
ig
h
tti
m
e
an
d
n
ap
s
)
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
A
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
leep
-
wak
e
cy
cle
an
d
th
e
m
ajo
r
ca
u
s
e
to
p
h
y
s
ical
o
r
e
v
en
p
s
y
c
h
o
m
o
to
r
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
.
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
d
ata
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
h
o
s
p
ital
ad
m
is
s
io
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
in
Ar
ab
Gu
lf
C
o
u
n
tr
ies
s
h
o
ws
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
u
e
to
ac
ci
d
en
ts
wh
er
ea
s
in
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
ies
th
er
e
is
a
d
ec
r
e
ase.
W
e
s
p
ec
u
late
th
at
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
is
s
ee
n
in
p
lace
s
wh
er
e
p
eo
p
le
h
a
v
e
a
v
er
y
h
ec
tic
life
s
ty
le
an
d
h
av
e
jo
b
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
r
iv
in
g
to
wo
r
k
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
at
s
o
m
e
p
eo
p
le
h
av
e
n
o
ch
o
ice
b
u
t
to
wo
r
k
a
n
d
d
r
iv
e
in
R
am
ad
a
n
an
d
th
ese
p
eo
p
l
e
m
ay
b
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
cid
e
n
ts
s
ee
n
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
f
asti
n
g
h
as
s
o
m
e
ch
r
o
n
o
b
i
o
lo
g
ical
ef
f
ec
ts
o
n
th
e
h
u
m
a
n
b
o
d
y
th
at
co
u
ld
r
esu
lt
in
a
d
ec
r
e
ase
o
f
s
leep
q
u
ality
,
d
iu
r
n
al
aler
t
n
ess
,
p
s
y
ch
o
m
o
to
r
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
a
n
d
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
h
ig
h
in
cid
en
ts
o
f
r
o
ad
tr
af
f
ic
ac
cid
en
ts
,
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
at
wo
r
k
an
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
wo
r
k
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
[
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ca
u
s
es
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
r
o
ad
tr
a
f
f
ic
ac
cid
en
ts
in
R
am
ad
an
as
im
p
air
ed
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
d
u
e
to
lack
o
f
co
f
f
ee
an
d
tea
o
r
h
y
p
o
g
ly
ce
m
ia.
Dr
i
v
in
g
wh
il
e
f
asti
n
g
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
o
a
d
tr
a
f
f
ic
ac
cid
en
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
a
n
in
Sau
d
i A
r
ab
ia.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
a
n
y
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
u
n
d
f
r
o
m
ev
i
d
en
ce
-
b
ased
h
o
s
p
ital d
ata,
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
s
h
ar
p
in
cr
e
ase
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
ju
r
ies
r
esu
lti
n
g
f
r
o
m
tr
af
f
ic
ac
cid
en
ts
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
[
1
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
Data
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
Mi
n
is
tr
y
o
f
Pu
b
lic
H
ea
lth
o
f
2
0
2
0
in
N
ajr
an
o
n
r
o
ad
ac
cid
e
n
ts
(
s
ee
T
ab
le
3
f
o
r
d
etails)
s
u
g
g
ests
in
Najr
an
,
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
th
er
e
wer
e
n
=
2
9
3
p
er
s
o
n
s
o
f
wh
ich
n
=2
6
8
m
a
les.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ian
s
am
p
le
was
n
=
1
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7
p
er
s
o
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s
an
d
th
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o
n
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au
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m
p
r
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f
1
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p
er
s
o
n
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
m
o
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th
p
r
io
r
an
d
im
m
ed
iately
a
f
ter
R
am
ad
an
th
er
e
wer
e
n
=
1
4
2
a
n
d
n
=
2
6
3
r
esp
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tiv
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C
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ly
,
r
o
ad
ac
cid
en
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d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
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ad
an
s
h
o
ws
a
s
h
ar
p
in
cr
ea
s
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
io
r
an
d
af
ter
R
am
ad
an
co
u
ld
b
e
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u
e
to
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in
t
h
e
af
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o
o
n
.
Ped
estrian
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ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
b
e
o
n
th
e
r
o
ad
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
tim
e
a
n
d
h
en
ce
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
r
is
k
o
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in
ju
r
y
.
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v
e
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at
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e
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d
o
f
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am
ad
an
an
d
E
id
p
e
r
io
d
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
h
ea
v
y
tr
af
f
ic
b
o
th
in
s
id
e
cities
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d
o
n
th
e
h
ig
h
way
s
b
e
twee
n
cities.
Als
o
,
s
ea
s
o
n
al
s
tr
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p
ed
d
ler
s
o
n
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e
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m
ain
r
o
a
d
s
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d
p
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p
a
v
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h
u
s
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ly
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also
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[
3
0
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,
[
3
1
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an
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
es o
f
ac
cid
en
ts
.
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h
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s
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d
y
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
th
e
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ian
p
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p
le
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
r
o
ad
tr
af
f
i
c
ac
cid
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s
im
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e
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u
m
b
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o
r
eig
n
er
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
i
n
th
ese
ac
cid
en
ts
in
Sau
d
i
Ar
a
b
ia.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
v
ictim
s
o
f
r
o
ad
tr
af
f
ic
ac
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e
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v
ir
tu
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r
ef
lects
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e
r
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o
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ex
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ay
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ates a
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u
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r
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Pre
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n
R
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CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
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s
tu
d
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p
a
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ticip
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ts
wer
e
p
h
y
s
ically
in
ac
tiv
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a
n
d
s
lep
t
m
o
r
e
h
o
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r
s
p
er
d
ay
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
t
h
o
f
R
am
ad
an
.
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h
ey
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
p
ar
ticip
ate
in
s
ed
en
tar
y
ac
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u
ch
as wa
tch
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g
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o
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n
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tili
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ed
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o
n
th
eir
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es.
T
h
e
m
a
jo
r
ity
o
f
Najr
an
'
s
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
leep
s
f
o
r
lo
n
g
er
l
en
g
th
s
o
f
tim
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
.
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
leep
in
g
h
o
u
r
s
co
u
ld
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
m
a
n
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o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
ticip
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ts
tak
e
th
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a
n
n
u
al
v
ac
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
R
am
ad
an
o
r
w
o
r
k
f
ewe
r
d
ay
s
.
T
h
is
ch
o
ice
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
av
ailab
le
to
in
d
iv
id
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ly
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elv
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at
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ir
r
itab
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e
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r
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o
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I
m
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ca
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t r
ates,
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t b
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b
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d
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r
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th
e
m
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n
th
o
f
R
am
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.
F
UNDING
I
NF
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R
M
A
T
I
O
N
No
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f
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d
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d
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p
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itin
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.
AUTHO
R
CO
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RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
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E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
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C
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to
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T
ax
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(
C
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to
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co
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tr
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tio
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,
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au
th
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r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
T.
A
l
i
a
n
d
N
.
Le
ss
a
n
,
“
C
h
r
o
n
o
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
R
a
ma
d
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n
:
p
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a
l
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mp
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s
,
”
D
i
a
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e
s/
Me
t
a
b
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l
i
s
m
Re
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
n
d
Re
v
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s
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v
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l
.
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0
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o
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2
,
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.
2
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4
,
d
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:
1
0
.
1
0
0
2
/
d
mr
r
.
3
7
2
8
.
[
2
]
M
.
A
.
-
I
.
E.
F
a
r
i
s
e
t
a
l
.
, “
Ef
f
e
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t
o
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t
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R
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R
a
m
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:
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n
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s
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l
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p
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Br
e
a
t
h
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n
g
,
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.
2
4
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7
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o
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s
1
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5
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6
-
1.
[
3
]
M
.
A
b
d
e
l
R
a
z
i
k
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
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l
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c
a
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p
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d
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m
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o
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t
s
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A
r
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b
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a
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o
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Fa
m
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Me
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a
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.
[
4
]
K
.
Tr
a
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t
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l
.
,
“
O
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R
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m
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n
a
n
d
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p
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me
t
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0
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9
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9
8
.
[
5
]
S
.
F
a
r
o
o
q
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
f
a
st
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n
g
d
u
r
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n
g
t
h
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m
o
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t
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R
a
ma
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n
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ser
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m
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p
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C
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1
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2
.
[
6
]
B
.
N
u
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a
h
a
,
A
.
R
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a
t
,
S
.
K
.
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Arts.
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tate
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th
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fo
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lt
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c
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Qu
a
li
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(NA
HQ
).
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
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m
a
il
:
h
m
o
h
a
m
e
d
@lu
.
e
d
u
.
q
a
.
Ra
m
z
i
N
a
im
Na
ss
e
r
c
e
leb
ra
tes
3
5
y
e
a
rs
in
h
i
g
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
re
c
e
iv
in
g
h
is
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c
to
ra
te
i
n
e
d
u
c
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ti
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n
in
1
9
9
3
fr
o
m
th
e
Un
i
v
e
rsity
o
f
M
a
ss
a
c
h
u
s
e
tt
s.
Wo
rk
in
g
e
x
ten
si
v
e
ly
i
n
th
e
M
ENA
re
g
i
o
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
a
st
1
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y
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a
rs,
s
p
e
c
ifi
c
a
ll
y
in
t
h
e
G
u
lf
Re
g
i
o
n
:
Qa
tar,
Leb
a
n
o
n
,
Om
a
n
,
S
a
u
d
i
Ara
b
ia
,
a
n
d
UA
E.
He
is
fa
sc
in
a
ted
b
y
th
e
p
o
we
r
o
f
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u
c
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ti
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p
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d
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m
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lt
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tex
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ti
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jo
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in
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m
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m
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p
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r@lu
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8
8
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6
P
h
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t
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ss
M.
Abb
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lab
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to
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m
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c
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m
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re
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a
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h
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a
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sa
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in
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m
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Ne
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lain
Un
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Kh
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d
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n
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s
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