I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
6
1
1
~
1
6
19
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
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DOI
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1
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:
h
ttp
:
//
ijp
h
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Im
pro
v
ing
mental hea
lth,
sleep,
an
d decisio
n
-
ma
kin
g
skills
throug
h mind
fuln
ess
practice
M
o
s
lim
a
Ak
t
er
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L
utf
un
Na
her,
O
li Ahm
ed
D
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p
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to
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s
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Dep
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d
f
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ln
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Sleep
q
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ality
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h
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s
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:
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Dep
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d
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m
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h
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s
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m
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d
f
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ln
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a
m
ed
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tech
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as
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d
co
p
i
n
g
ab
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am
o
n
g
in
d
iv
id
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als
[
1
]
.
B
o
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f
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ln
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ir
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f
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ates
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
.
Kab
at
-
Z
in
n
[
2
]
d
ef
in
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m
in
d
f
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ln
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as
“th
e
awa
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at
em
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o
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s
[
3
]
.
D
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w
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n
[
4
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f
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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6
I
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b
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Hea
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Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
6
1
1
-
1
6
19
1612
[
5
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–
[
7
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e
l
s
o
f
d
e
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
x
i
e
t
y
[
1
6
]
.
E
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
a
l
s
o
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
e
d
t
h
at
m
i
n
d
f
u
l
n
e
s
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
e
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
i
p
s
k
il
l
s
a
n
d
b
r
i
n
g
s
s
y
m
p
a
t
h
y
t
o
w
a
r
d
o
t
h
e
r
s
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
r
e
l
at
e
d
t
o
q
u
a
l
it
y
o
f
l
i
f
e
a
n
d
s
at
is
f
a
c
t
i
o
n
[
1
7
]
–
[
2
1
]
.
A
r
ec
en
t
n
ar
r
ativ
e
r
ev
iew
s
tu
d
y
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
m
in
d
f
u
l
n
ess
m
ed
itatio
n
,
y
o
g
a
,
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
em
o
tio
n
r
eg
u
latio
n
a
n
d
well
-
b
ein
g
,
wh
ic
h
r
em
ar
k
a
b
ly
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
leep
q
u
ality
,
h
a
p
p
in
ess
,
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
in
p
atien
ts
with
in
s
o
m
n
ia
[
2
2
]
.
Def
icien
cy
o
f
s
leep
m
ay
b
e
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
o
f
m
en
tal
illn
ess
es
s
u
ch
as
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
an
d
an
x
iety
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
6
]
.
E
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
ev
id
en
c
e
s
h
o
ws
th
at
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
im
p
r
o
v
es
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
p
r
o
b
lem
s
an
d
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
s
leep
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
at
m
ea
n
s
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
b
e
an
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
ef
f
o
r
t
to
tr
ea
t
m
en
tal
illn
ess
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
q
u
ality
s
leep
.
He
n
c
e,
s
o
u
n
d
s
leep
is
ess
e
n
tial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
b
r
ain
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
en
h
a
n
cin
g
o
v
e
r
all
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
en
tal
h
ea
lt
h
[
2
9
]
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
[
3
2
]
,
wh
ich
ar
e
o
u
r
o
th
e
r
s
s
tu
d
y
v
ar
iab
les.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
(
MBIs)
ass
is
t
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
o
r
g
an
ize
d
th
o
u
g
h
t
p
atter
n
s
th
at
ca
n
h
elp
th
em
m
ak
e
r
atio
n
al
ju
d
g
m
en
ts
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
awa
r
en
ess
o
f
th
eir
atten
tio
n
an
d
em
o
tio
n
s
[
3
3
]
.
Min
d
f
u
ln
e
s
s
tech
n
iq
u
es
ca
n
en
h
an
ce
p
o
s
itiv
e
em
o
tio
n
s
b
y
r
eg
u
latin
g
n
e
g
ativ
e
em
o
tio
n
s
,
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
f
lu
e
n
cin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
-
ma
k
in
g
ab
ilit
ies
an
d
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
lev
el
[
2
1
]
.
Ov
e
r
all,
it
is
clea
r
th
at
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
MBIs
h
as
b
e
en
g
r
o
win
g
s
tead
ily
an
d
s
tr
en
g
th
en
in
g
its
im
p
ac
t
in
ca
s
e
o
f
m
an
y
m
en
tal
a
n
d
p
h
y
s
ical
is
s
u
es.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ab
o
v
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew,
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
e
n
ti
o
n
s
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
tal
h
ea
lth
,
s
leep
q
u
ality
,
an
d
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
i
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
we
f
o
u
n
d
ev
id
e
n
ce
f
o
r
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
th
a
t
h
ad
a
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
o
f
an
x
iety
,
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
[
3
4
]
,
an
d
q
u
ality
o
f
life
[
1
6
]
,
[
3
5
]
,
b
u
t
s
til
l
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
war
r
an
ted
b
y
s
ev
er
al
r
ese
ar
ch
er
s
[
3
6
]
,
[
3
7
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
ar
e
a
s
m
all
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
ab
o
u
t
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
p
r
ac
tices
o
n
th
e
n
o
n
-
clin
ical
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
.
M
o
s
t
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
o
n
clin
ical
s
am
p
les.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
a
v
er
y
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
o
n
m
en
tal
illn
ess
es
lik
e
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
an
d
an
x
iety
,
m
en
tal
well
-
b
ein
g
in
d
icato
r
s
lik
e
life
s
ati
s
f
ac
tio
n
,
s
leep
q
u
ality
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
am
o
n
g
B
an
g
lad
esh
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
n
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
th
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
an
x
i
ety
an
d
d
e
p
r
es
s
io
n
am
o
n
g
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
te
d
to
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
4
7
.
5
%
[
3
8
]
to
6
9
.
5
%
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
n
o
n
-
clin
ical
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
r
o
m
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
m
ain
ly
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ain
o
b
jecti
v
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
ass
ess
th
e
im
p
ac
t o
f
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
,
s
leep
,
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h desi
g
n
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
es
f
o
r
t
h
i
s
n
o
n
-
e
q
u
iv
a
l
e
n
t
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
d
e
s
i
g
n
(
q
u
a
s
i
-
e
x
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
a
l
g
r
o
u
p
d
e
s
i
g
n
)
w
e
r
e
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
a
s
s
i
g
n
e
d
i
n
t
o
t
w
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
a
s
:
t
r
e
a
t
m
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
m
i
n
d
f
u
l
n
e
s
s
t
r
a
i
n
in
g
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
i
s
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
,
w
h
i
c
h
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
n
o
t
r
a
i
n
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
o
n
e
-
m
o
n
t
h
in
ten
s
iv
e
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
.
A
to
tal
o
f
1
5
s
ess
io
n
s
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
s
tu
d
y
’
s
d
u
r
atio
n
,
an
d
two
h
o
u
r
s
lo
n
g
ea
ch
s
ess
io
n
.
2
.
2
.
P
a
rt
icipa
nts
T
h
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
o
f
th
e
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
h
ittag
o
n
g
,
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
wer
e
tar
g
eted
to
e
n
lis
t
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
co
m
p
r
is
ed
5
2
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
o
wer
e
s
elec
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
o
n
v
en
ien
ce
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
,
f
iv
e
d
is
co
n
tin
u
ed
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
2
1
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
(
4
2
.
9
%
m
ale)
in
t
h
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
(
m
ea
n
a
g
e
1
9
.
9
0
y
ea
r
s
with
a
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
1
.
2
2
1
)
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
2
6
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
,
4
2
.
3
%
wer
e
m
ale,
an
d
th
eir
m
ea
n
ag
e
was
2
0
.
0
4
y
ea
r
s
,
with
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
e
v
iatio
n
o
f
1
.
0
3
8
y
ea
r
s
.
2
.
3
.
I
nte
rv
ent
io
n
pro
ce
du
re
T
h
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
was
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
,
d
r
awin
g
o
n
an
ex
ten
s
iv
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
ie
w
an
d
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies.
I
ts
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
a
n
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
wer
e
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
b
y
th
e
r
esear
ch
team
.
Prio
r
to
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
h
eld
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
t
al
o
r
ien
tatio
n
m
ee
tin
g
a
n
d
c
o
llected
p
r
e
-
test
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
at
b
aselin
e.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ess
io
n
o
f
th
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
all
t
h
e
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
wer
e
in
v
ited
to
th
e
C
o
m
p
u
ter
L
ab
R
o
o
m
in
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
at
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
h
ittag
o
n
g
,
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
A
b
r
ief
in
g
o
n
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
ex
er
cises
,
an
d
t
h
eir
b
en
e
f
its
in
o
u
r
ev
er
y
d
a
y
life
was
d
eliv
er
ed
u
s
in
g
p
ictu
r
e
ch
ar
ts
,
s
lid
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
,
an
d
v
id
eo
s
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
also
in
f
o
r
m
ed
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
b
je
ctiv
es,
p
o
t
en
tial
r
is
k
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
o
f
th
eir
d
ata.
T
h
ey
th
en
s
ig
n
ed
a
co
n
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f
o
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m
to
p
ar
ticip
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in
th
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p
r
esen
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tu
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T
h
e
tr
ain
in
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p
r
o
g
r
a
m
in
clu
d
ed
s
ev
en
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
ex
er
cises
:
m
in
d
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l
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b
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er
v
atio
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m
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f
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l
lis
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g
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o
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8
8
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6
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
men
ta
l
h
ea
lth
,
s
lee
p
,
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
ma
ki
n
g
s
kills
th
r
o
u
g
h
min
d
fu
ln
ess
p
r
a
ctice
…
(
Mo
s
lima
A
kter
)
1613
ea
tin
g
,
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
g
r
atitu
d
e,
3
-
s
tep
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
ex
er
cise,
5
-
s
en
s
es
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
,
an
d
ex
e
r
cise
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
f
r
ee
-
h
an
d
ex
er
cise
an
d
5
-
m
in
u
te
b
r
ea
th
in
g
ex
e
r
cise
wer
e
ap
p
u
r
ten
a
n
t
as
r
elax
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Par
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
also
g
iv
e
n
in
f
o
r
m
al
h
o
m
e
ass
ig
n
m
en
ts
to
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
aily
ac
tiv
ities
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
.
Af
ter
co
m
p
letio
n
,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
r
eq
u
ested
to
f
ill
u
p
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
ag
ain
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
ch
an
g
es.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
r
ec
eiv
ed
n
o
tr
ain
in
g
.
Af
ter
o
n
e
m
o
n
t
h
,
th
e
y
co
m
p
leted
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
ag
ain
.
No
r
ewa
r
d
s
o
r
co
m
p
en
s
atio
n
s
wer
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
o
r
p
ar
ticip
atio
n
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
4
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
t
o
o
l
T
h
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
s
u
r
v
ey
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
with
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
m
ea
s
u
r
es
alo
n
g
with
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
clu
d
in
g
p
ar
ticip
an
t
’
s
ag
e,
g
en
d
e
r
,
f
am
ily
ty
p
e,
s
o
ci
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
,
r
esid
en
ce
,
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
am
i
ly
m
em
b
er
.
Oth
er
’
s
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
t’
s
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws
:
Dep
r
ess
io
n
was
as
s
es
s
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
Ud
d
in
an
d
R
ah
am
an
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
s
ca
le
[
4
0
]
wh
ich
is
a
3
0
-
item
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
B
an
g
la
d
esh
i
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
t
h
as
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
Gu
ttm
an
s
p
lit
-
h
alf
r
=
.
7
6
,
an
d
test
-
r
etest
r
eliab
ilit
y
=
.
5
9
)
an
d
v
alid
ity
.
I
n
th
is
s
ca
le,
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
r
esp
o
n
d
e
d
to
ea
ch
item
u
s
in
g
a
f
iv
e
-
poi
n
t
s
ca
le
(
r
an
g
in
g
f
r
o
m
‘
n
o
t
at
all
a
p
p
licab
le’
[
1
]
t
o
‘
f
u
lly
ap
p
licab
le’
[
5
]
)
af
ter
th
in
k
in
g
ab
o
u
t
h
o
w
th
ey
h
a
v
e
f
elt
in
last
s
ev
en
d
a
y
s
.
T
o
tal
s
co
r
es
wo
u
l
d
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
3
0
to
1
5
0
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ev
er
ity
n
o
r
m
was
u
tili
ze
d
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t stu
d
y
-
m
in
im
al
(
3
0
-
1
0
0
)
,
m
ild
(
1
0
1
-
1
1
4
)
,
m
o
d
er
ate
(
1
1
5
-
1
2
3
)
,
an
d
s
ev
er
e
(
1
2
3
-
1
5
0
)
.
T
h
e
an
x
iety
s
ca
l
e
[
4
1
]
is
a
3
6
-
item
m
ea
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
an
x
iety
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
n
ly
f
o
r
B
an
g
lad
esh
i
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
h
as
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
s
p
lit
-
h
alf
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
=
0
.
9
1
,
test
-
r
etest
r
eliab
ilit
y
=
.
6
8
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
’
s
alp
h
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
=
.
9
4
)
an
d
v
alid
ity
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
in
th
is
s
ca
le
u
s
in
g
a
f
iv
e
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le,
r
an
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
ՙ
0
’
(
n
ev
er
o
cc
u
r
s
)
to
ՙ
4
’
(
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
ly
o
cc
u
r
s
)
.
T
o
tal
s
co
r
es
r
a
n
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
4
4
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
ev
e
r
ity
n
o
r
m
was
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
-
m
i
ld
(
2
7
-
5
4
)
,
m
o
d
e
r
ate
(
5
5
-
6
6
)
,
s
ev
er
e
(
6
7
-
7
7
)
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
(
7
8
-
ab
o
v
e)
.
T
h
e
Pit
ts
b
u
r
g
h
Sleep
Qu
ality
I
n
d
ex
(
PS
QI
)
[
4
2
]
(
B
an
g
la
v
e
r
s
io
n
[
4
3
]
)
was
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
s
leep
q
u
ality
.
T
h
e
PS
QI
h
as
s
ev
en
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
1
9
item
s
f
o
r
ass
e
s
s
in
g
s
leep
q
u
ality
.
T
h
is
s
ca
le
ass
es
s
es
s
ev
en
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
s
leep
.
Sco
r
es
i
n
ea
c
h
r
a
n
g
ed
f
r
o
m
0
t
o
3
.
T
o
tal
s
co
r
es
f
o
r
PS
QI
r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
to
2
1
.
A
g
lo
b
al
s
co
r
e
o
f
5
o
r
m
o
r
e
in
d
icate
s
p
o
o
r
s
leep
q
u
al
ity
.
T
h
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
life
s
c
ale
(
SW
L
S)
[
4
4
]
(
B
an
g
la
v
er
s
io
n
[
4
5
]
)
is
a
5
-
item
f
o
r
ass
es
s
in
g
p
er
ce
iv
ed
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
u
s
ed
s
ca
le
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
in
th
is
s
ca
le
u
s
in
g
a
s
ev
en
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le,
r
an
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
‘
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
ag
r
ee
’
(
1
)
to
‘
s
tr
o
n
g
ly
d
is
ag
r
ee
’
(
7
)
,
y
ield
in
g
t
o
tal
s
co
r
es
f
r
o
m
5
to
3
5
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
n
o
r
m
was
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
-
ex
tr
em
ely
s
atis
f
ied
(
3
1
-
2
5
)
,
s
atis
f
ied
(
2
6
-
3
0
)
,
s
li
g
h
tly
s
atis
f
ied
(
2
1
-
2
5
)
,
n
e
u
tr
al
(
2
0
)
,
s
li
g
h
tly
d
is
s
atis
f
ied
(
1
5
-
1
9
)
,
d
is
s
atis
f
ied
(
1
0
-
1
4
)
,
e
x
tr
em
ely
d
is
s
atis
f
ied
(
5
-
9
)
.
T
h
e
Me
lb
o
u
r
n
e
d
ec
is
io
n
m
a
k
in
g
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
(
MD
MQ
)
[
4
6
]
,
(
B
an
g
la
v
er
s
io
n
[
4
7
]
)
B
an
g
la
v
er
s
io
n
co
n
tain
s
2
0
item
s
in
f
o
u
r
s
u
b
s
ca
les
(
Vig
ilan
ce
,
B
u
ck
-
p
ass
in
g
,
Pro
cr
asti
n
atio
n
,
an
d
Hy
p
er
-
v
ig
ilan
ce
)
.
T
h
e
B
an
g
la
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
is
s
ca
le
h
as
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
.
Par
ticip
an
ts
r
ated
ea
ch
item
u
s
in
g
a
th
r
ee
-
p
o
in
t
s
ca
le,
r
an
g
in
g
b
etwe
en
‘
n
o
t
tr
u
e
f
o
r
m
e’
(
0
)
to
‘
tr
u
e
f
o
r
m
e’
(
2
)
.
A
h
ig
h
er
s
co
r
e
in
ea
ch
s
u
b
s
ca
le
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t u
s
es th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
s
k
ill m
o
r
e
.
2
.
5
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
I
B
M
SP
SS
v
er
s
io
n
2
5
.
0
was
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
an
aly
ze
th
e
co
llected
d
ata.
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tatis
t
ics
(
e.
g
.
,
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
es)
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
,
an
d
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
s
am
p
le
t
-
test
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
g
r
o
u
p
d
if
f
er
e
n
c
es
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
o
f
th
e
t
r
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
a
n
d
also
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
.
Me
an
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
te
d
with
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
in
ter
v
als.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Min
d
f
u
ln
ess
tr
ain
in
g
is
th
o
u
g
h
t to
f
u
n
ctio
n
as a
m
ed
iato
r
in
am
elio
r
atin
g
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
a
n
d
d
aily
life
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
ass
ess
th
e
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
tr
ain
i
n
g
o
n
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
(
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
an
d
an
x
iety
)
,
s
lee
p
q
u
ality
,
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
o
f
n
o
n
-
clin
ic
al
s
am
p
le.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
to
tal
o
f
5
2
p
ar
tic
ip
an
ts
to
o
k
p
ar
t
in
wh
ich
2
1
i
n
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
an
d
2
6
in
th
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
.
Po
s
t
-
test
test
wer
e
as
s
e
s
s
ed
at
th
e
o
n
e
-
m
o
n
th
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
.
Af
ter
a
o
n
e
-
m
o
n
th
lo
n
g
in
ter
v
en
tio
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p
a
r
t
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
h
a
d
b
e
t
t
e
r
s
l
ee
p
q
u
a
l
it
y
s
c
o
r
e
s
(
4
6
.
2
%
)
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
t
e
s
t
,
b
u
t
t
h
i
s
n
u
m
b
e
r
d
e
c
r
e
as
e
d
i
n
t
h
e
p
o
s
t
-
t
es
t
t
o
t
e
n
p
a
r
t
ic
i
p
an
t
s
(
3
8
.
5
%
)
.
R
esu
lts
co
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
life
in
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
tu
r
n
u
p
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t.
On
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
ex
p
r
ess
ed
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
(
4
.
8
%)
in
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
,
wh
ich
im
p
r
o
v
ed
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
s
u
ch
th
at
n
o
p
ar
ticip
an
t
ex
h
ib
ited
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
with
th
eir
life
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
atis
f
ied
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
(
4
2
.
9
%)
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
test
(
1
9
.
0
%).
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
r
atio
o
f
ex
tr
em
ely
s
a
tis
f
ied
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
in
th
e
p
o
s
t
-
test
(
4
.
8
%)
co
m
p
ar
e
to
t
h
e
p
r
e
-
t
est
(
9
.
5
%).
I
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
,
two
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
d
is
p
lay
ed
ex
tr
em
el
y
d
is
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
,
wh
er
ea
s
o
n
ly
o
n
e
p
ar
ticip
an
t
d
id
s
o
in
p
r
e
-
test
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
e
p
r
e
-
test
(
3
0
.
8
%),
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
s
atis
f
ied
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
also
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
in
p
o
s
t
-
test
(
1
5
.
4
%).
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
ea
led
s
im
ilar
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
ie
s
th
at
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
tr
ain
in
g
h
a
d
g
r
ea
t im
p
ac
t in
th
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t o
f
s
leep
q
u
alit
y
[
5
4
]
–
[
5
7
]
.
T
ab
le
2
,
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
o
f
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t
g
r
o
u
p
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
w
h
ich
s
h
o
ws
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
(
t
-
v
alu
e
=
3
.
0
8
,
p
<.
0
1
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
3
.
8
5
,
2
0
.
0
6
]
,
C
o
h
en
d
=
.
3
2
)
,
s
leep
q
u
ality
(
t
-
v
alu
e
=
2
.
3
1
,
p
<.
0
5
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
.
1
6
,
3
.
0
8
]
C
o
h
en
d
=
.
2
1
)
,
a
n
d
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
men
ta
l
h
ea
lth
,
s
lee
p
,
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
ma
ki
n
g
s
kills
th
r
o
u
g
h
min
d
fu
ln
ess
p
r
a
ctice
…
(
Mo
s
lima
A
kter
)
1615
(
t
-
v
alu
e
=
-
2
.
6
2
,
p
<.
0
1
,
9
5
%
C
I
[
-
5
.
2
2
,
-
.
5
9
]
,
C
o
h
e
n
d
=.
2
6
)
.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
an
x
iety
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
s
ty
les af
ter
o
n
e
m
o
n
t
h
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
tr
ain
in
g
am
o
n
g
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
p
a
r
ticip
an
ts
.
T
h
e
m
ea
n
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
s
h
o
wed
in
T
ab
le
3
t
h
at
th
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
’
s
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
h
a
d
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
,
a
n
x
i
ety
,
s
leep
q
u
ality
,
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
a
n
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
i
n
g
s
k
ills
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
r
ev
ea
l
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
ts
in
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
(
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
)
,
s
l
ee
p
q
u
al
ity
,
an
d
life
s
atis
f
ac
ti
o
n
am
o
n
g
p
ar
ticip
a
n
ts
wh
o
g
o
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
m
o
n
th
in
ten
s
e
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
h
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t
g
r
o
u
p
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
n
o
tew
o
r
th
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
in
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
o
f
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
elev
ated
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
s
leep
,
an
d
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
alig
n
in
g
with
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
[
1
6
]
,
[
2
2
]
,
[
4
8
]
–
[
5
1
]
,
[
5
3
]
.
Par
allelly
,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
o
w
ed
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ch
an
g
es
in
an
y
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
v
ar
iab
les
b
etwe
en
p
r
e
-
te
s
t
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
also
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
th
e
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
p
r
ac
tice
o
n
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
a
n
x
iety
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
p
o
o
r
s
leep
q
u
ality
,
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
.
So
m
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
em
p
lo
y
ed
s
im
ilar
d
esig
n
f
o
u
n
d
n
o
n
-
s
ig
n
if
ican
t c
h
an
g
es in
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
[
5
8
]
,
[
5
9
]
a
n
d
s
leep
q
u
a
lity
[
5
9
]
,
[
6
0
]
in
n
o
n
-
t
r
ea
tm
en
t g
r
o
u
p
s
.
Desp
ite
th
e
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
tr
ain
in
g
,
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
also
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
s
ev
er
e
an
x
i
ety
,
lo
wer
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
ty
les in
th
e
t
r
ea
tm
en
t g
r
o
u
p
,
wh
ich
co
n
tr
as
t w
ith
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
A
s
tu
d
y
b
y
T
ak
ah
ash
i
et
a
l
.
[
6
1
]
,
a
f
ter
8
-
we
ek
s
o
f
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
tr
ain
in
g
,
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
d
ep
r
ess
io
n
,
as
well
as
an
x
iety
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
,
an
d
T
an
g
et
a
l
.
[
7
]
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
in
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
af
ter
m
i
n
d
f
u
l
n
ess
tr
ain
in
g
.
Ou
r
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
g
iv
i
n
g
a
h
i
n
t
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
in
to
th
e
s
h
ad
e
o
f
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
tr
ain
in
g
’
s
im
p
ac
t
o
n
an
x
iety
a
n
d
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
ty
les.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
le
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
non
-
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
a
n
x
iety
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
s
k
ills
m
ig
h
t
b
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
h
o
r
ter
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
n
s
e
lf
-
r
ep
o
r
ted
m
ea
s
u
r
es,
wh
ich
m
ay
in
s
em
in
ate
b
ias.
T
ab
le
2
.
Me
an
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
b
et
wee
n
p
r
e
-
test
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
test
o
f
th
e
tr
ea
tm
en
t g
r
o
u
p
in
d
e
p
r
ess
io
n
,
an
x
iety
,
s
leep
q
u
ality
,
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
d
ec
is
io
n
m
ak
in
g
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
G
r
o
u
p
s
N
M
SD
t
-
v
a
l
u
e
9
5
%
C
I
o
f
M
D
Ef
f
e
c
t
si
z
e
(
d
)
Lo
w
e
r
U
p
p
e
r
D
e
p
r
e
ss
i
o
n
Pre
-
t
e
st
21
7
2
.
0
0
0
1
8
.
2
2
9
3
.
0
7
6
*
*
3
.
8
4
6
2
0
.
0
5
9
.
3
2
1
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
21
6
0
.
0
4
8
1
7
.
1
0
4
A
n
x
i
e
t
y
Pre
-
t
e
st
21
4
1
.
8
0
9
2
5
.
7
5
9
.
7
8
3
-
5
.
6
2
5
1
2
.
3
8
7
.
0
2
9
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
21
3
8
.
4
2
9
2
3
.
0
6
2
S
l
e
e
p
qu
a
l
i
t
y
Pre
-
t
e
st
21
6
.
5
2
4
2
.
9
6
0
2
.
3
0
6
*
.
1
5
5
3
.
0
8
3
.
2
1
0
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
21
4
.
9
0
5
2
.
3
0
0
Li
f
e
s
a
t
i
sf
a
c
t
i
o
n
Pre
-
t
e
st
21
2
1
.
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0
5
5
.
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4
7
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2
.
6
1
6
*
*
-
5
.
2
2
0
-
.
5
8
9
.
2
5
5
P
o
st
-
t
e
st
21
2
4
.
8
0
9
5
.
1
4
4
D
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
V
i
g
i
l
a
n
c
e
Pre
-
t
e
st
21
9
.
7
1
4
3
.
2
4
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.
4
1
0
-
1
.
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6
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1
.
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4
1
.
0
0
8
P
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st
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e
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21
9
.
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9
2
.
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9
9
B
u
c
k
-
p
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ss
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n
g
Pre
-
t
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st
21
3
.
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9
2
.
6
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2
-
.
5
9
4
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1
.
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1
9
.
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5
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1
7
P
o
st
-
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e
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21
4
.
0
0
0
2
.
3
4
5
P
r
o
c
r
a
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
Pre
-
t
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9
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
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6
I
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t J Pu
b
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Sci
,
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14
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.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
6
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1
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1
6
19
1616
No
twith
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
tu
d
y
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
ass
ess
ed
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
tr
ain
in
g
o
n
d
ep
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
,
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
s
leep
q
u
alit
y
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
o
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
.
Firstl
y
,
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
wer
e
e
x
clu
s
iv
ely
s
elec
ted
f
r
o
m
a
s
in
g
le
d
ep
a
r
t
m
en
t
at
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
h
it
tag
o
n
g
,
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
e
s
am
p
le
s
izes
wer
e
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
b
e
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
lo
w
s
tatis
tical
p
o
wer
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
lo
wer
s
am
p
le
s
ize
wo
u
ld
lim
it
th
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
ir
d
ly
,
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
s
ettin
g
was
v
er
y
n
o
is
y
as
th
e
ex
ten
d
ed
c
o
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
in
g
was
o
n
g
o
in
g
at
th
at
t
im
e,
wh
ich
was
un
-
co
n
tr
o
llab
le
.
No
is
e
wo
u
l
d
h
a
v
e
an
im
p
ac
t
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
s
ess
io
n
s
.
Fo
r
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
o
n
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
e
d
th
at
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
y
wo
u
ld
in
clu
d
e
a
r
elativ
ely
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
s
am
p
le
r
ec
r
u
ite
d
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ettin
g
s
,
a
co
m
p
atib
le
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
m
o
r
e
d
iv
er
s
e
s
am
p
le,
co
n
d
u
cted
in
a
well
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
an
d
f
o
r
m
an
o
b
jectiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
to
v
alid
ate
th
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
wo
u
ld
o
f
f
er
m
o
r
e
g
en
er
aliza
b
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
,
d
e
p
r
ess
iv
e
s
y
m
p
to
m
s
g
r
ad
u
ally
r
a
r
ef
y
,
s
lee
p
q
u
ality
,
an
d
life
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
am
elio
r
ate
b
it
b
y
b
it
a
f
ter
a
n
in
te
n
s
e
o
n
e
-
m
o
n
th
m
in
d
f
u
ln
ess
in
ter
v
en
t
io
n
tr
ain
i
n
g
a
m
o
n
g
n
o
n
-
clin
ic
al
s
tu
d
en
t
s
am
p
le.
T
h
u
s
,
th
ese
f
i
n
d
in
g
s
wo
u
ld
b
e
h
elp
f
u
l
f
o
r
e
d
u
ca
t
io
n
ex
p
e
r
ts
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
s
tu
d
en
t’
s
em
o
tio
n
al
well
-
b
ein
g
,
allev
iate
s
tr
ess
,
an
d
f
lo
u
r
is
h
ac
ad
em
ic
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
atten
tio
n
,
f
o
r
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
p
r
o
f
ess
io
n
als
it
ca
n
b
e
s
er
v
e
as
a
p
r
ev
e
n
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
es
in
s
p
ir
in
g
in
t
o
cl
in
ical
d
is
o
r
d
er
,
f
o
r
wo
r
k
p
lace
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
em
p
lo
y
ee
s
tr
ess
,
p
r
o
m
o
te
jo
b
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
,
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
p
r
o
d
u
cti
v
ity
an
d
w
o
r
k
p
lace
co
h
er
en
ce
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
also
b
e
h
el
p
f
u
l
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
d
o
i
n
g
th
e
lo
n
g
it
u
d
in
al
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tu
atio
n
o
f
m
in
d
f
u
ln
es
s
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
tr
ain
in
g
ca
n
d
ir
ec
t
to
m
o
r
e
m
i
n
d
f
u
l,
s
o
u
n
d
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
ze
s
tf
u
l
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
W
e
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
t
h
e
De
p
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
lo
g
y
,
Facu
l
ty
o
f
B
io
lo
g
ical
Scien
ce
s
,
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
h
ittag
o
n
g
,
C
h
atto
g
r
am
f
o
r
th
e
lo
g
is
tics
s
u
p
p
o
r
t to
co
n
d
u
ct
t
h
e
s
tu
d
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
d
ec
lar
e
th
at
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
was r
ec
eiv
e
d
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
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s
lim
a
Ak
ter
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
L
u
tf
u
n
Nah
er
✓
✓
✓
Oli A
h
m
ed
✓
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✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
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z
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t
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t
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r
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o
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t f
r
o
m
all
in
d
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c
lu
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t
h
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T
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V
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h
is
s
tu
d
y
ap
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
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e
E
t
h
ical
R
ev
iew
C
o
m
m
ittee
o
f
th
e
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Ps
y
ch
o
l
o
g
y
,
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
h
ittag
o
n
g
,
B
an
g
lad
esh
(
E
R
B
-
P
SY
-
CU
-
24
-
2021)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
men
ta
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h
ea
lth
,
s
lee
p
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a
n
d
d
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ki
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(
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1617
DATA AV
AI
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estrictio
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RE
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NC
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S
[
1
]
D
.
A
.
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s
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o
,
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2
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J.
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2
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3
.
[
3
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R
.
A
.
B
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r
,
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4
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.
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.
[
5
]
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.
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me
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.
[
6
]
B
.
K
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,
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.
S
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ma
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met
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[
7
]
Y.
-
Y
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Ta
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,
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.
K
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Re
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[
8
]
R
.
A
.
A
b
b
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l
.
,
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.
[
9
]
A
.
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d
A
.
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me
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0
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.
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l
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[
1
1
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.
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.
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c
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[
1
2
]
J.
P
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t
a
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d
E.
H
o
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a
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d
,
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[
1
3
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.
S
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.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.