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CC B
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C
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p
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A
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:
Su
ci
Mu
s
v
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Ay
u
Dep
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tm
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t o
f
Pu
b
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Hea
lth
Scien
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,
Facu
lty
o
f
Pu
b
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He
alth
,
Un
iv
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s
itas
Ah
m
ad
Dah
l
an
St
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Pro
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.
DR
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So
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I
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ci.
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1.
I
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O
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R
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en
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th
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as
b
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tial
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s
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in
te
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in
th
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s
tu
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y
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(
ADV)
.
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s
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t
p
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o
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v
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d
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s
[
1
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Ad
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s
s
g
en
d
er
s
ca
n
ex
p
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ADV
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
Ab
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b
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a
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th
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[
4
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a
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tim
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(
I
PV)
in
ad
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d
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
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m
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s
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s
ly
t
h
r
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s
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o
lescen
ts
'
p
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ical,
p
s
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ch
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lo
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ical,
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d
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b
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Gen
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ates
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I
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C
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d
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with
in
1
2
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[
7
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.
I
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h
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s
[
8
]
.
Me
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wh
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in
Ma
lawi,
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a
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8
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6
Gen
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is
p
a
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ities
in
kn
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1339
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en
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d
[
9
]
.
I
n
E
g
y
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Un
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8
.
8
%).
Ph
y
s
ical
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
v
io
len
ce
r
an
k
ed
t
h
ir
d
(
7
1
3
ca
s
es)
an
d
f
o
u
r
th
(
4
6
3
ca
s
e
s
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
co
m
p
lain
ts
to
K
o
mn
a
s
P
eremp
u
a
n
,
th
er
e
wer
e
1
,
0
1
6
ca
s
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
as
v
ictim
s
an
d
3
3
5
ca
s
es
o
f
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
d
at
a
o
n
co
m
p
lain
ts
to
th
e
s
er
v
ice
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
(
Lemb
a
g
a
La
ya
n
a
n
)
,
1
,
0
7
0
ca
s
es
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
b
ein
g
v
ictim
s
an
d
2
2
7
ca
s
es
b
ein
g
p
er
p
etr
at
o
r
s
.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
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er
v
ice
i
n
s
titu
tio
n
s
in
2
0
2
2
,
th
er
e
wer
e
9
4
8
ca
s
es
o
f
v
ictim
s
at
th
e
j
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
le
v
el
an
d
5
4
1
ca
s
es
o
f
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
d
ata
o
n
co
m
p
lain
ts
to
th
e
Natio
n
al
C
o
m
m
is
s
io
n
o
n
Vio
len
ce
A
g
ain
s
t
W
o
m
en
in
2
0
2
2
j
u
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l,
th
er
e
wer
e
2
9
9
ca
s
es
o
f
v
ictim
s
a
n
d
1
2
8
ca
s
es
o
f
p
e
r
p
etr
ato
r
s
[
1
2
]
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
,
3
1
%
o
f
ad
o
lescen
ts
wh
o
wer
e
d
atin
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
p
s
y
c
h
o
lo
g
ical
v
io
len
ce
,
with
th
e
d
o
m
in
an
ce
o
f
v
io
le
n
ce
in
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
t
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
ca
teg
o
r
y
[
1
3
]
.
Var
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
d
atin
g
v
i
o
len
ce
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
e
v
iewe
d
.
Fo
r
ex
am
p
le,
E
x
n
er
-
C
o
r
ten
s
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
h
o
w
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
p
o
wer
im
b
alan
ce
,
b
u
lly
i
n
g
,
an
d
r
is
k
o
f
s
o
cial
m
ar
g
i
n
aliza
tio
n
in
f
lu
en
ce
p
atter
n
s
o
f
v
ictim
izatio
n
an
d
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
b
eh
av
io
r
s
am
o
n
g
C
an
ad
ian
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Pad
illa
-
Me
d
in
a
et
a
l.
[
1
5
]
h
av
e
ex
a
m
in
ed
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
h
elp
-
s
ee
k
in
g
in
ten
tio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
b
ased
o
n
r
ac
ial
an
d
eth
n
ic
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
ag
ed
1
2
-
1
9
y
ea
r
s
.
E
m
ez
u
e
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
u
s
ed
an
in
ter
p
r
etiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
g
r
o
u
n
d
e
d
in
R
elatio
n
al
Dialec
tics
T
h
eo
r
y
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
r
u
r
al
y
o
u
n
g
m
en
'
s
v
iews
o
n
th
eir
r
is
k
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
,
b
o
th
as
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
an
d
v
ictim
s
,
an
d
th
eir
h
elp
-
s
ee
k
in
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
s
.
Gald
o
-
C
asti
ñ
eir
as
et
a
l.
[
1
7
]
ev
alu
ated
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
o
f
an
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
t
o
r
ed
u
ce
ju
s
tific
atio
n
s
f
o
r
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
Mu
r
cia,
Sp
ain
.
Me
ik
s
in
et
a
l.
[
1
8
]
s
y
s
tem
atica
lly
r
ev
iewe
d
s
o
cial
n
o
r
m
s
r
elate
d
to
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
an
d
g
en
d
er
in
2
4
Am
er
icas,
Af
r
ica,
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
e
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tu
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ies.
I
n
ad
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itio
n
,
Mo
r
r
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s
o
n
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
also
ex
p
lo
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ed
h
o
w
C
an
ad
ian
ad
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le
s
ce
n
ts
r
esp
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to
d
is
clo
s
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r
es
o
f
d
atin
g
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le
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ce
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y
th
eir
p
ee
r
s
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esi
a,
Ay
u
et
a
l.
[
1
]
e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
d
atin
g
d
u
r
atio
n
an
d
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
in
v
o
lv
em
en
t
i
n
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
,
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
b
o
th
f
em
ales
an
d
m
ales
ar
e
eq
u
ally
lik
ely
t
o
b
e
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
an
d
v
ic
tim
s
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
v
io
len
ce
.
H
o
wev
er
,
alth
o
u
g
h
m
a
n
y
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
co
n
d
u
cted
,
th
e
r
e
ar
e
s
till
lim
ita
tio
n
s
in
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
r
ep
o
r
t
g
en
d
er
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
le
n
ce
,
esp
ec
ially
in
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
cu
ltu
r
al
co
n
te
x
t.
A
lack
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
ADV
m
ak
es
ad
o
lescen
ts
v
u
ln
er
ab
le
to
v
io
len
c
e,
b
o
th
as
v
ictim
s
an
d
p
er
p
etr
at
o
r
s
.
Misu
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
r
lack
o
f
awa
r
e
n
ess
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
ig
n
s
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
ca
n
r
esu
lt
in
a
p
er
m
is
s
iv
e
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
s
u
ch
v
io
le
n
ce
o
r
an
i
n
a
b
ilit
y
to
s
ee
k
h
el
p
.
R
esear
ch
ex
p
lo
r
i
n
g
g
en
d
er
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
len
c
e
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
b
ec
a
u
s
e
g
en
d
er
ca
n
in
f
lu
en
c
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
v
io
len
ce
.
Ad
o
lescen
t
f
em
ales
an
d
m
ales
m
ay
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
iews o
n
v
io
len
t
b
eh
av
io
r
,
wh
ich
in
tu
r
n
af
f
ec
ts
th
eir
attitu
d
es a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
es in
d
ea
lin
g
wi
th
th
e
s
itu
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
ee
k
s
to
f
il
l th
e
g
ap
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial item
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
DI
F)
an
aly
s
is
in
R
as
ch
Mo
d
el
to
an
aly
ze
g
en
d
er
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
ad
o
lesc
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
atin
g
v
i
o
len
ce
in
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
t
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
W
ith
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
n
id
en
tif
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
etwe
e
n
m
ale
an
d
f
em
al
e
ad
o
lescen
ts
,
as
well
as
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
io
len
ce
th
at
ar
e
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
id
en
tifie
d
b
y
ea
ch
g
en
d
e
r
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
r
ac
tical
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
g
en
d
er
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
n
p
h
y
s
ical
v
io
len
ce
b
u
t
also
o
n
em
o
t
io
n
al
v
io
len
ce
an
d
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
i
o
len
ce
th
at
a
r
e
o
f
ten
o
v
er
lo
o
k
ed
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
r
ich
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
am
o
n
g
a
d
o
lescen
ts
b
u
t
also
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
a
r
e
s
en
s
it
iv
e
t
o
g
e
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
.
B
y
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
g
en
d
e
r
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
,
p
r
e
v
en
tiv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
es
ca
n
b
e
b
etter
g
e
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
ad
o
lescen
t g
ir
ls
an
d
b
o
y
s
,
th
u
s
h
el
p
in
g
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
d
atin
g
v
i
o
len
c
e
in
ad
o
l
escen
ce
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h
t
y
pe
a
nd
re
s
po
nd
e
nts
T
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
r
esear
c
h
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
is
a
s
u
r
v
ey
m
o
d
el
th
at
aim
s
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ad
o
lescen
t
d
atin
g
v
io
le
n
ce
.
A
p
u
r
p
o
s
iv
e
s
am
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
u
s
ed
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
s
elec
ted
s
tu
d
en
ts
m
et
s
tr
ict
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
d
ata
ac
cu
r
ac
y
a
n
d
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
en
ess
.
Sam
p
le
s
ize
s
b
etwe
e
n
5
0
an
d
2
5
0
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
g
o
o
d
n
ess
o
f
f
it
to
th
e
R
asch
m
o
d
el
[2
0
]
.
T
h
e
r
e
wer
e
2
5
0
ea
r
ly
a
d
o
lescen
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
c
h
o
o
l,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
1
0
7
(
4
2
.
8
%)
m
ales
an
d
1
4
3
(
5
7
.
2
%)
f
e
m
ales.
R
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
p
u
b
lic
(
1
3
6
)
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
(
1
1
4
)
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
ls
in
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
A
f
ter
d
ata
s
cr
ee
n
in
g
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
3
8
-
1
3
4
6
1340
two
s
tu
d
en
ts
(
1
m
ale
an
d
1
f
em
ale)
wer
e
ex
clu
d
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
an
aly
s
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
h
ad
ex
tr
em
e
s
co
r
es
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
Po
in
t M
ea
s
u
r
e
C
o
r
r
elatio
n
(
Pt.
Me
a.
C
o
r
r
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
R
asch
m
o
d
el
[2
1
]
.
2
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h pro
ce
du
re
Dat
a
co
llectio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cte
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
g
u
id
an
c
e
class
h
o
u
r
s
in
ea
ch
s
ch
o
o
l
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
it
d
id
n
o
t
in
ter
f
er
e
with
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
m
ain
lear
n
in
g
ac
tiv
ities
.
T
h
e
co
u
n
s
ellin
g
teac
h
er
s
o
f
ea
c
h
s
ch
o
o
l
wer
e
b
r
ief
ed
an
d
in
v
o
l
v
ed
in
ass
is
tin
g
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
Data
o
n
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
was
co
llected
d
ir
ec
tly
u
s
in
g
th
e
p
ap
er
an
d
p
en
ci
l
m
eth
o
d
o
v
er
3
5
d
ay
s
,
with
a
co
m
p
letio
n
tim
e
b
etwe
en
2
5
-
3
5
m
in
u
tes.
Stu
d
en
ts
wer
e
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
eir
n
am
es
o
r
s
ch
o
o
l
id
en
titi
e
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
tiality
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
'
d
ata.
All
s
tu
d
en
ts
p
ar
ticip
ated
v
o
lu
n
tar
ily
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
ed
co
n
s
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
.
2
.
3
.
I
ns
t
rum
ent
Kn
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ad
o
lescen
t
d
ati
n
g
v
io
len
ce
was
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
1
6
item
s
(
1
6
-
ADV)
th
at
h
ad
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
.
B
ef
o
r
e
u
s
e,
th
e
1
6
-
ADV
was
q
u
ality
test
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
its
f
it
with
th
e
R
asch
m
o
d
el
an
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
Ou
tf
it
Me
an
Sq
u
ar
e
(
Mn
Sq
)
,
Z
Std
,
an
d
Pt.
Me
a.
C
o
r
r
,
o
n
e
item
(
item
8
)
was
n
o
t
u
s
ed
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
d
id
n
o
t
f
it
with
th
e
R
asch
m
o
d
el
[2
2
]
.
2
.
4
.
Ana
ly
s
is
t
ec
hn
iqu
e
An
aly
s
is
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
v
io
le
n
ce
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
R
asch
m
o
d
ellin
g
.
T
h
e
r
aw
d
ata
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
was
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
Ms.
E
x
ce
l,
W
in
s
tep
4
.
6
.
1
[2
3
]
,
an
d
I
B
M
SP
SS
Statis
t
ics
2
2
.
B
ef
o
r
e
an
aly
s
is
,
th
e
r
aw
d
ata
was
co
n
v
er
ted
to
lo
g
it
u
n
its
u
s
in
g
W
in
s
tep
4
.
6
.
1
to
o
b
tain
d
ata
o
n
an
in
ter
v
al
s
ca
le
[2
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Stu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
el
was
th
en
g
r
o
u
p
ed
u
s
in
g
a
W
r
ig
h
t
m
ap
,
wh
ic
h
d
ir
ec
tly
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
d
if
f
icu
lty
lev
el
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
el.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
o
f
s
tu
d
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
b
y
g
e
n
d
er
wer
e
a
n
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
th
e
Ma
n
n
-
W
h
itn
ey
U
test
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
DI
F
a
n
aly
s
is
was
u
s
ed
to
id
en
tify
item
tr
en
d
s
b
y
g
en
d
e
r
[2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Q
ua
lit
y
o
f
1
6
-
ADV
T
o
ass
ess
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ADV,
we
d
esig
n
ed
1
6
item
s
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
is
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Qu
alit
y
test
in
g
s
h
o
wed
th
at
1
5
o
f
th
e
1
6
item
s
u
s
ed
f
it
well
with
th
e
R
asch
m
o
d
el,
a
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el
th
at
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
co
r
r
ec
t
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
to
an
item
.
A
g
o
o
d
f
it
is
wh
en
th
e
Ou
tf
it
Mn
Sq
v
alu
e
is
0
.
5
-
1
.
5
[2
8
]
.
Valu
es
b
elo
w
2
.
0
ca
n
s
till
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
q
u
ality
,
wh
ile
m
o
r
e
th
an
2
.
0
ca
n
d
is
to
r
t
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
[
29
]
.
I
t
e
m
8
(
PGTH
8
)
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
u
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
o
u
ts
id
e
th
e
lim
its
o
f
a
g
o
o
d
f
it,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
d
is
to
r
t th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t r
e
s
u
lts
.
T
h
e
item
r
eliab
ilit
y
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
9
in
d
icate
s
a
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
lev
el
o
f
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
t
h
e
item
s
in
th
e
1
6
-
ADV
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
le
n
ce
[
29
]
.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
item
s
in
th
e
1
6
-
ADV
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
r
esu
lts
wh
en
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
k
n
o
wle
d
g
e
ab
o
u
t
v
io
len
ce
in
ea
r
ly
ad
o
lescen
t
d
atin
g
i
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
o
r
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[3
0
]
.
T
h
i
s
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
16
-
ADV
u
s
ed
h
as e
x
ce
llen
t
r
e
liab
ilit
y
in
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
t
h
e
t
o
p
ic
o
f
d
at
in
g
v
io
len
ce
.
T
h
e
item
s
ep
ar
atio
n
in
d
e
x
o
f
8
.
7
8
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
t
h
e
1
6
-
A
DV
ca
n
d
is
cr
im
in
ate
an
d
s
ep
ar
ate
item
s
[3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
So
th
at
it
ca
n
s
ep
ar
ate
s
tu
d
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
er
k
n
o
wled
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
with
lo
wer
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
r
d
s
,
1
6
-
ADV
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
id
en
tifie
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
lev
els
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
am
o
n
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
an
d
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
clea
r
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
th
e
ad
o
l
escen
t
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
ied
.
O
v
er
all,
th
ese
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
1
6
-
ADV
u
s
ed
is
n
o
t
o
n
ly
r
eliab
le
b
u
t
al
s
o
h
as
s
tr
o
n
g
v
alid
ity
in
d
if
f
er
en
tiatin
g
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
le
v
els o
n
d
atin
g
v
i
o
len
ce
.
3
.
2
.
Student
k
no
wledg
e
lev
e
l
I
n
th
e
m
is
tar
lo
g
it
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
lev
els
ar
e
s
p
r
ea
d
f
r
o
m
-
3
t
o
+5
lo
g
its
,
with
th
e
lo
west
b
ein
g
-
2
.
0
2
lo
g
its
an
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
b
ein
g
4
.
6
1
.
E
ac
h
h
ash
m
ar
k
(
#
)
o
n
t
h
e
lo
g
it
b
ar
r
ep
r
esen
ts
s
ix
s
tu
d
en
ts
,
wh
ile
a
d
o
t
(
.
)
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
1
-
5
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
e
av
e
r
ag
e
s
tu
d
e
n
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
s
h
o
w
n
o
n
th
e
lef
t
o
f
th
e
m
ap
,
is
h
ig
h
e
r
th
an
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
item
d
if
f
icu
lty
lev
el
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t
o
f
th
e
m
a
p
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
is
m
o
r
e
wid
esp
r
e
ad
at
a
h
ig
h
le
v
el,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
m
o
s
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
av
e
g
o
o
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
.
Ad
o
lescen
ts
'
h
ig
h
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
ati
n
g
v
io
len
ce
ca
n
h
elp
th
em
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
th
e
s
ig
n
s
o
f
v
io
len
ce
ea
r
ly
o
n
,
th
u
s
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
o
r
a
v
o
id
in
g
p
o
ten
ti
ally
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
[
5
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
I
t
also
en
co
u
r
a
g
es
th
em
t
o
m
a
k
e
h
e
alth
ier
d
ec
is
io
n
s
in
d
atin
g
r
el
atio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
As
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
Fer
r
eir
a
et
a
l.
[3
4
]
,
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
to
p
ic
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
in
to
ad
o
lescen
t
ed
u
c
atio
n
ca
n
d
ev
elo
p
h
ea
lth
y
em
o
tio
n
a
l
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
k
ills
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Gen
d
er d
is
p
a
r
ities
in
kn
o
w
led
g
e
o
f u
r
b
a
n
a
d
o
lescen
ts
d
a
tin
g
vio
len
ce
:
d
iffer
en
tia
l
…
(
S
u
c
i Mu
s
vita
A
yu
)
1341
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
r
ig
h
t
m
ap
o
f
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
3
.
3
.
Dis
pa
rit
ies in student
s
'
k
no
wledg
e
o
f
da
t
ing
v
io
lence
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
a
r
izes
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
A
DV.
B
ased
on
th
e
lo
g
it
v
al
u
es
in
T
ab
le
1
,
th
er
e
is
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ale
a
n
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
ADV
(
s
ig
.
<0
.
0
5
)
.
Fem
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
er
m
ea
n
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
(
1
.
3
2
lo
g
its
)
th
an
m
ales
(
1
.
0
5
lo
g
its
)
.
T
h
e
g
ap
i
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
b
etwe
en
f
em
ale
an
d
m
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
s
ev
er
al
f
ac
t
o
r
s
.
First,
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
tar
g
eted
b
y
ca
m
p
ai
g
n
s
an
d
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
o
n
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
,
th
u
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
eir
awa
r
en
e
s
s
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
[3
5
]
.
Seco
n
d
,
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
ten
d
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
o
p
en
a
n
d
r
e
ce
p
tiv
e
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
p
h
y
s
ical
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
l
o
g
ical
v
i
o
len
ce
[3
6
]
s
o
t
h
at
th
ey
ar
e
ea
s
ier
to
ab
s
o
r
b
an
d
r
em
em
b
er
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
.
T
h
ir
d
,
th
er
e
i
s
a
g
r
o
win
g
in
ter
est
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
t
f
em
ales
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
v
io
len
ce
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
b
ec
o
m
e
v
ictim
s
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
[3
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
3
8
-
1
3
4
6
1342
T
ab
le
1
.
Dis
p
ar
ities
in
s
tu
d
en
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
atin
g
v
i
o
len
ce
b
ased
o
n
g
en
d
er
S
t
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
G
e
n
d
e
r
M
a
l
e
F
e
mal
e
To
t
a
l
D
e
scri
p
t
i
v
e
N
1
0
6
1
4
2
2
4
8
M
e
a
n
1
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0
5
1
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3
2
1
.
2
1
M
i
n
i
m
u
m
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2
.
0
2
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2
.
0
2
-
2
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0
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M
a
x
i
m
u
m
4
.
6
1
3
.
5
7
4
.
6
1
Te
st
S
t
a
t
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s
t
i
c
s
M
e
a
n
R
a
n
k
1
1
3
.
2
0
1
3
2
.
9
4
M
a
n
n
-
W
h
i
t
n
e
y
U
6
3
2
8
.
0
0
0
W
i
l
c
o
x
o
n
W
1
1
9
9
9
.
0
0
0
Z
-
2
.
1
9
6
A
sy
mp
.
S
i
g
.
(
2
-
t
a
i
l
e
d
)
0
.
0
2
8
3
.
4
.
Dif
f
er
ent
ia
l it
em
f
un
ct
io
nin
g
(
DIF)
o
f
s
t
ud
ent
k
no
wledg
e
by
g
ender
Fig
u
r
e
2
v
is
u
alize
s
th
e
ten
d
e
n
cy
o
f
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
t
o
war
d
s
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
in
a
d
o
lescen
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
an
aly
s
is
u
s
in
g
th
e
DI
F
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
th
er
e
wer
e
g
en
d
e
r
tr
en
d
s
in
2
o
f
th
e
1
5
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
io
len
ce
in
1
6
-
ADV.
T
h
is
ten
d
en
cy
was
id
e
n
tifie
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
DI
F
co
n
tr
ast
v
alu
e
(
-
0
.
5
to
0
.
5
)
,
R
asch
-
W
elch
t (
-
2
to
2
)
,
a
n
d
Ma
n
tel
-
Hae
n
s
z
el
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
(
>0
.
0
5
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Dif
f
e
r
en
tial item
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
g
ADV
b
ase
o
n
g
en
d
er
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
item
PGTH
7
,
“Da
tin
g
v
io
len
ce
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
v
io
len
ce
o
n
ly
,
”
ten
d
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
ag
r
ee
d
u
p
o
n
b
y
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
item
PGTH
1
6
,
“Hittin
g
y
o
u
r
p
a
r
tn
er
i
s
a
n
o
r
m
al
th
in
g
to
d
o
,
”
ten
d
s
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
ag
r
ee
d
u
p
o
n
b
y
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
an
d
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
to
war
d
s
th
e
ty
p
es
an
d
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
.
T
h
e
o
t
h
er
1
3
item
s
d
id
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
g
en
d
e
r
-
b
ased
tr
e
n
d
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
m
o
s
t
item
s
in
th
e
1
6
-
ADV
ar
e
eq
u
al
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
c
o
n
s
id
er
wh
en
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
g
en
d
er
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
I
tem
PGTH
7
,
“Da
tin
g
v
io
le
n
ce
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
v
io
len
ce
o
n
l
y
,
”
ten
d
ed
to
b
e
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
b
y
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
t
s
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
lim
ited
k
n
o
wled
g
e
am
o
n
g
f
e
m
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
ab
o
u
t
th
e
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
.
T
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
ar
e
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
is
item
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
ey
ar
e
m
o
r
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
h
y
s
ical
v
io
len
ce
an
d
ar
e
u
n
awa
r
e
o
r
less
in
f
o
r
m
ed
ab
o
u
t
o
th
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
io
len
ce
,
s
u
c
h
as e
m
o
tio
n
al
o
r
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
i
ca
l,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic,
an
d
s
ex
u
al
v
io
len
c
e.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
in
lin
e
with
th
o
s
e
p
r
esen
ted
by
Mo
r
r
is
o
n
et
a
l.
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
y
s
h
o
wed
th
at
ad
o
lescen
t
f
e
m
ales
ten
d
to
id
en
tify
p
h
y
s
ic
al
v
io
len
ce
as
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
,
s
u
ch
as
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
i
ca
l
o
r
cy
b
er
v
io
len
c
e.
M
o
r
eo
v
er
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
th
at
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
d
a
tin
g
v
io
len
ce
o
f
te
n
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
p
h
y
s
ical
v
io
len
ce
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
tly
lead
ad
o
lescen
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Gen
d
er d
is
p
a
r
ities
in
kn
o
w
led
g
e
o
f u
r
b
a
n
a
d
o
lescen
ts
d
a
tin
g
vio
len
ce
:
d
iffer
en
tia
l
…
(
S
u
c
i Mu
s
vita
A
yu
)
1343
g
ir
ls
to
ass
o
ciate
d
atin
g
v
io
le
n
ce
with
p
h
y
s
ical
ac
ts
r
ath
er
th
an
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
o
r
em
o
ti
o
n
al
v
io
le
n
ce
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
f
o
cu
s
ca
n
m
ak
e
th
em
m
o
r
e
f
a
m
iliar
with
p
h
y
s
ical
v
io
len
ce
an
d
p
o
ten
tially
o
v
er
lo
o
k
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
io
len
ce
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ju
s
t a
s
d
a
m
ag
in
g
,
p
er
p
etu
atin
g
th
e
c
y
cl
e
o
f
v
io
le
n
ce
[
1
]
.
T
h
i
s
li
m
i
t
e
d
k
n
o
wl
e
d
g
e
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
s
t
h
e
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
d
i
n
c
l
u
s
i
v
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
i
n
c
e
t
h
e
y
e
n
t
e
r
t
h
e
ea
r
l
y
a
d
o
l
e
s
c
e
n
t
s
t
a
g
e
[
1
9
]
.
P
r
o
p
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
t
a
n
e
a
r
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a
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p
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n
t
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h
e
f
o
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m
a
t
i
o
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o
f
v
i
o
l
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n
c
e
-
t
o
l
e
r
a
n
t
b
e
h
a
v
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o
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p
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t
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n
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r
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il
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o
p
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w
i
t
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d
a
ti
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o
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it
u
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.
A
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t f
e
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o
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u
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.
E
d
u
c
a
t
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o
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a
l
p
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c
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i
n
d
a
t
i
n
g
[
2
]
,
[
3
8
]
–
[4
1
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
f
e
m
a
l
e
s
t
u
d
e
n
t
s
'
u
n
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c
a
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n
i
z
e
a
n
d
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
ll
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
i
o
le
n
c
e
t
h
e
y
m
a
y
f
a
c
e
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
it
is
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
t
t
o
i
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
e
d
a
t
i
n
g
v
i
o
l
e
n
c
e
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
t
o
s
c
h
o
o
l
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
a
a
n
d
e
x
t
r
a
c
u
r
r
i
c
u
l
a
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
t
h
a
t
e
n
g
a
g
e
a
d
o
l
es
c
e
n
t
f
e
m
a
l
e
s
ea
r
l
y
o
n
.
I
tem
PGTH
1
6
,
"Hittin
g
y
o
u
r
p
ar
tn
er
is
a
n
o
r
m
al
th
in
g
to
d
o
,
"
ten
d
s
t
o
b
e
m
o
r
e
ea
s
ily
ag
r
ee
d
u
p
o
n
b
y
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
i
n
th
e
ea
r
l
y
ad
o
lescen
t
p
h
ase,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
in
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
s
o
f
d
atin
g
v
i
o
len
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
at
th
is
a
g
e.
So
cial
an
d
cu
lt
u
r
al
n
o
r
m
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
s
till
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
g
en
d
e
r
s
ter
eo
ty
p
es.
Ad
o
lescen
t
m
ales
ar
e
e
x
p
o
s
ed
to
t
h
e
v
iew
th
at
p
h
y
s
ical
v
io
len
ce
,
s
u
ch
as
h
itti
n
g
,
is
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
o
r
n
o
r
m
al
f
o
r
m
o
f
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
p
o
wer
an
d
d
o
m
in
a
n
ce
in
r
elat
io
n
s
h
ip
s
[
1
8
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
th
at
ad
o
lescen
t
m
ales
ten
d
to
h
a
v
e
h
ig
h
er
lev
els
o
f
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
in
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
ty
p
e,
wh
er
ea
s
f
em
ales
ar
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
n
e
to
an
g
e
r
[4
3
]
.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
item
s
th
at
m
en
tio
n
"h
itti
n
g
th
e
p
ar
tn
er
"
r
eso
n
ate
m
o
r
e
with
a
d
o
lescen
t
m
ales'
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
r
p
er
ce
p
t
io
n
s
o
f
p
o
wer
d
y
n
am
ics in
d
at
in
g
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
o
n
d
atin
g
v
io
len
c
e
h
as
n
o
t
r
ea
ch
ed
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
eq
u
ally
.
E
x
is
tin
g
ed
u
ca
tio
n
em
p
h
asizes th
e
p
r
o
t
ec
tio
n
o
f
wo
m
en
an
d
d
o
es n
o
t
s
u
f
f
icien
tly
h
ig
h
lig
h
t th
e
r
o
le
o
f
m
en
as p
o
ten
tial
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
,
s
o
th
eir
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
v
i
o
len
ce
as
u
n
ac
ce
p
t
ab
le
b
eh
av
io
r
is
u
n
d
er
d
ev
elo
p
ed
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
em
p
h
asize
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
in
clu
s
iv
e
an
d
b
alan
ce
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
wh
ich
f
o
c
u
s
es
o
n
p
r
o
tectin
g
v
ictim
s
an
d
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
attitu
d
es
o
f
p
o
t
en
tial
p
er
p
etr
ato
r
s
.
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
em
p
h
asize
r
esp
ec
t
f
o
r
p
ar
tn
er
s
,
n
o
n
-
v
i
o
len
ce
,
an
d
h
ea
lth
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
o
f
ag
g
r
ess
io
n
ar
e
cr
itical
to
ch
an
g
in
g
ad
o
lescen
t m
ales'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
o
f
v
io
len
ce
in
d
atin
g
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
ed
to
id
en
tify
g
en
d
er
d
is
p
ar
ities
in
ad
o
lescen
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
l
en
ce
,
an
d
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
etwe
en
m
ale
a
n
d
f
e
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ov
er
all,
f
em
al
e
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
av
er
ag
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
len
c
e
was
h
ig
h
er
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
m
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
f
in
d
in
g
s
also
s
h
o
wed
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
m
ales
an
d
f
em
ales
o
n
t
h
e
ty
p
es
an
d
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
l
en
ce
.
T
h
er
e
is
lim
ited
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
ab
o
u
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
i
o
len
ce
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
ea
r
ly
ad
o
lescen
t
m
ales
s
till
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
tr
ad
itio
n
al
g
en
d
e
r
s
ter
eo
ty
p
es.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
e
m
p
h
asize
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
an
d
in
clu
s
iv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
th
at
tar
g
et
b
o
t
h
f
em
ale
a
n
d
m
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
ea
r
l
y
o
n
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
n
o
t
o
n
ly
o
n
p
h
y
s
ical
v
io
len
ce
b
u
t
also
o
th
er
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
v
io
len
ce
,
as
well
a
s
ch
an
g
in
g
p
o
ten
tial p
er
p
etr
at
o
r
s
'
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
an
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
m
ak
es
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
b
etwe
en
m
ale
an
d
f
em
ale
s
tu
d
en
ts
at
th
e
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
lev
el.
T
h
eo
r
etica
lly
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
o
n
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
b
y
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
g
en
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
cc
u
r
n
o
t
o
n
ly
i
n
asp
ec
ts
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
v
io
len
ce
b
u
t
also
in
em
o
tio
n
al
a
n
d
p
s
y
ch
o
lo
g
ical
v
i
o
len
ce
,
wh
ich
is
o
f
ten
o
v
er
lo
o
k
ed
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
b
asis
f
o
r
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
m
o
r
e
tar
g
eted
an
d
g
en
d
er
-
s
en
s
itiv
e
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
s
ev
er
al
lim
itatio
n
s
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
.
First,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
ly
co
v
er
s
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
s
tu
d
en
ts
in
th
e
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta
ar
ea
,
s
o
th
e
r
esu
lts
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
g
en
er
alize
d
to
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
Seco
n
d
ly
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
o
n
ly
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
g
e
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
c
es
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
o
th
er
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
cu
ltu
r
e,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
al
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
th
at
m
ig
h
t
af
f
ec
t
s
tu
d
en
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e.
Fo
r
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
esear
ch
,
it
is
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
th
at
th
e
s
co
p
e
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
b
e
ex
p
an
d
e
d
an
d
th
at
m
ix
e
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
th
at
c
o
m
b
in
e
q
u
an
titativ
e
an
d
q
u
alitativ
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Fu
r
th
er
r
esear
ch
s
h
o
u
ld
also
ex
p
lo
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
e
d
u
ca
tio
n
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
in
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
d
atin
g
v
io
len
ce
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
M
E
N
T
S
W
e
th
an
k
th
e
Dir
ec
to
r
ate
o
f
R
esear
ch
an
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
Ser
v
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Min
is
tr
y
o
f
E
d
u
ca
tio
n
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C
u
ltu
r
e,
R
esear
ch
an
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
R
ep
u
b
lic
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
an
d
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Ah
m
ad
Dah
lan
f
o
r
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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[
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[
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7
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[
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8
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.
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[
1
9
]
K
.
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[
2
0
]
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L
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,
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d
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[2
1
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Y
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(
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n
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[2
2
]
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.
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