I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
P
u
bli
c
H
ea
lt
h Science
(
I
J
P
H
S)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
2
0
2
5
,
p
p
.
1
3
6
7
~
1
3
7
4
I
SS
N:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijp
h
s
.
v
1
4
i3
.
2
4
7
0
0
1367
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ijp
h
s
.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Exploring
spa
tial
v
a
ria
tions
and risk facto
rs a
ss
o
cia
t
ed wit
h
cesa
rean
section
deliv
ery in Ba
ng
l
a
desh
M
d.
Sa
if
ul I
s
la
m
,
M
d.
J
un
a
y
et
h B
hu
iy
a
n,
M
d.
Sh
a
rif
M
i
a
h,
M
d.
M
a
m
un
ur
Ra
s
hi
d
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
P
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
S
o
c
i
a
l
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
Ja
t
i
y
a
K
a
b
i
K
a
z
i
N
a
z
r
u
l
I
sl
a
m U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
M
y
m
e
n
s
i
n
g
h
,
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Feb
28
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
30
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
Mar
6
,
202
5
Th
is
st
u
d
y
wa
s
to
e
x
p
lo
re
th
e
s
p
a
ti
a
l
v
a
riatio
n
s
a
n
d
risk
fa
c
to
rs
o
f
c
e
sa
re
a
n
d
e
li
v
e
ry
i
n
Ba
n
g
la
d
e
sh
.
We
u
se
d
th
e
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
De
m
o
g
ra
p
h
ic
a
n
d
He
a
lt
h
S
u
rv
e
y
(BDH
S
)
2
0
1
7
-
1
8
d
a
ta.
Th
e
G
e
ti
s
-
Ord
G
i*
sta
ti
stic
wa
s
a
p
p
li
e
d
t
o
a
ss
e
ss
th
e
h
o
t
sp
o
ts
a
n
d
c
o
l
d
sp
o
ts
o
f
c
e
sa
re
a
n
d
e
li
v
e
ry
,
a
n
d
a
m
u
lt
il
e
v
e
l
lo
g
isti
c
re
g
re
ss
io
n
m
o
d
e
l
wa
s
u
ti
l
ize
d
to
d
e
term
in
e
t
h
e
risk
fa
c
to
rs
re
late
d
to
c
e
sa
re
a
n
d
e
li
v
e
ry
i
n
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
Th
is
stu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
a
t
o
n
e
-
th
ir
d
o
f
a
ll
b
irt
h
s
(3
3
%
;
9
5
%
CI
=
3
0
.
6
8
-
3
4
.
6
6
)
d
e
li
v
e
re
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
c
e
sa
re
a
n
se
c
t
io
n
.
T
h
e
h
o
t
sp
o
ts
o
f
c
e
sa
re
a
n
d
e
li
v
e
r
y
we
re
in
Dh
a
k
a
,
K
h
u
l
n
a
,
Ra
jsh
a
h
i
a
n
d
Ra
n
g
p
u
r
d
iv
isi
o
n
s.
Th
e
c
o
l
d
sp
o
ts
we
re
i
n
Ba
risa
l,
Ra
n
g
p
u
r,
a
n
d
S
y
lh
e
t
d
iv
isi
o
n
s.
Wo
m
e
n
wit
h
h
ig
h
e
r
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
(OR
=2
.
2
4
,
9
5
%
CI
=
1
.
4
9
-
3
.
3
6
),
o
v
e
rwe
ig
h
t/
o
b
e
se
wo
m
e
n
(OR
=
2
.
0
7
,
9
5
%
CI
=
1
.
6
3
–
2
.
6
3
)
a
n
d
wo
m
e
n
fro
m
Kh
u
ln
a
d
iv
isi
o
n
(OR
=
1
.
8
7
,
9
5
%
CI=
1
.
3
2
–
2
.
6
4
)
we
re
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
tl
y
a
ss
o
c
iate
d
with
c
e
sa
re
a
n
se
c
ti
o
n
.
Th
e
re
fo
re
,
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratin
g
o
n
fa
c
to
rs
in
c
lu
d
in
g
w
o
m
e
n
’s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
p
a
rtn
e
r'
s
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
p
a
rtn
e
r’s
o
c
c
u
p
a
ti
o
n
,
a
g
e
a
t
first
b
i
rt
h
,
we
a
lt
h
i
n
d
e
x
,
w
o
m
e
n
’s
b
o
d
y
m
a
ss
i
n
d
e
x
(
BM
I
)
sta
t
u
s,
m
e
d
ia
e
x
p
o
s
u
re
,
a
n
d
d
i
v
isi
o
n
s m
ig
h
t
p
la
y
a
c
ru
c
ial
ro
le i
n
re
d
u
c
in
g
th
e
u
n
n
e
c
e
ss
a
ry
c
e
sa
re
a
n
se
c
ti
o
n
i
n
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
MI
C
esar
ea
n
d
eliv
er
y
Mu
ltil
ev
el
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
R
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
Sp
atial
v
ar
iatio
n
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Md
.
Ma
m
u
n
u
r
R
ash
id
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Po
p
u
latio
n
Scien
ce
,
Facu
lty
o
f
So
cial
Scien
ce
,
J
atiy
a
Kab
i K
az
i N
az
r
u
l I
s
lam
Un
iv
er
s
ity
T
r
is
h
al,
My
m
en
s
in
g
h
,
B
an
g
la
d
esh
E
m
ail:
p
s
.
r
u
.
m
am
u
n
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
A
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
(
C
S)
is
a
life
-
s
av
in
g
s
u
r
g
ical
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
to
av
o
i
d
th
e
r
is
k
s
o
f
m
a
ter
n
al
an
d
n
ewb
o
r
n
h
ea
lth
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
is
k
in
d
o
f
s
u
r
g
er
y
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
wh
e
n
v
ag
i
n
al
d
eliv
er
y
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
ea
lt
h
r
is
k
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
f
et
u
s
an
d
m
o
th
e
r
[
1
]
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
ca
n
p
lay
a
cr
u
cial
r
o
le
in
elim
in
atin
g
m
a
ter
n
al
an
d
ch
ild
m
o
r
tality
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
W
o
r
ld
wid
e,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
eliv
er
ies
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
v
er
ti
m
e,
an
d
,
b
y
2
0
3
0
,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
at
ely
2
9
%
o
f
b
ir
th
s
ar
e
lik
ely
t
o
o
cc
u
r
b
y
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
er
y
[
4
]
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
u
n
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
m
ate
r
n
al
an
d
n
eo
n
atal
m
o
r
b
id
ity
a
n
d
m
o
r
tality
[
5
]
.
B
esid
es,
it
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
h
e
alth
d
if
f
icu
lties
in
m
o
th
er
s
an
d
ch
ild
b
i
r
th
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Uter
in
e
r
u
p
tu
r
e
,
wr
o
n
g
p
lace
n
tatio
n
,
ec
to
p
ic
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
,
a
n
d
s
till
b
ir
th
ar
e
t
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
co
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
[
6
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
er
s
o
n
al
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
o
f
wo
m
e
n
f
o
r
C
S
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
ain
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
e
r
ies.
W
o
r
ld
Hea
lth
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
HO)
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
s
th
at
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
tan
d
ar
d
r
ate
o
f
C
S d
eliv
er
y
in
a
co
u
n
tr
y
is
1
0
-
15
%
[
8
]
.
B
u
t
ab
o
u
t
2
1
% o
f
all
b
i
r
th
s
wer
e
d
eliv
er
ed
b
y
C
S a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
g
l
o
b
e,
wh
ic
h
h
as b
ec
o
m
e
a
v
er
y
alar
m
in
g
is
s
u
e
[
9
]
.
Fro
m
1
9
9
0
to
2
0
1
4
,
th
e
g
lo
b
al
C
S
r
ate
wen
t
u
p
to
1
2
.
4
%
.
B
esid
es,
b
o
th
L
atin
Am
er
ica
an
d
th
e
C
ar
ib
b
ea
n
h
ad
th
e
h
ig
h
est
r
ate
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
(
1
9
.
4
%
)
,
wh
er
ea
s
Af
r
ica
h
ad
th
e
lo
west
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
r
ate
(
o
n
ly
4
.
5
%
)
[
1
0
]
.
W
ith
in
th
e
p
ast
f
ew
d
ec
ad
es,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
ies
h
as
d
r
am
atica
ll
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
in
b
o
th
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
6
7
-
1
3
7
4
1368
d
ev
elo
p
e
d
an
d
u
n
d
er
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
co
u
n
tr
ies
[
8
]
.
I
n
So
u
th
an
d
So
u
th
ea
s
t
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
ies,
th
e
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
r
ate
is
13
%
,
wh
ich
is
g
r
ad
u
ally
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
th
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
r
e
m
ain
s
h
i
g
h
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
B
an
g
lad
esh
Dem
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
an
d
Hea
lth
Su
r
v
ey
co
n
d
u
cted
in
2
0
1
7
–
20
1
8
,
th
e
r
ate
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
er
ies
was
3
3
%;
h
o
wev
er
,
th
e
Mu
ltip
le
I
n
d
icato
r
C
lu
s
ter
Su
r
v
ey
(
M
I
C
S)
co
n
d
u
cted
in
2
0
1
9
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
r
ate
was
3
6
%.
[
1
2
]
.
Ov
e
r
th
e
p
ast
y
ea
r
s
,
alm
o
s
t
1
3
%
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
e
r
ies
wer
e
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
in
n
i
n
e
So
u
th
an
d
So
u
t
h
ea
s
t
Asi
an
co
u
n
tr
i
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
H
o
wev
er
,
t
h
is
n
u
m
b
er
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
to
1
9
%
wh
e
n
in
clu
d
in
g
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
d
eliv
er
ies
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
Su
s
tain
ab
le
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
Go
al
3
(
SDG
-
3
)
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
r
e
d
u
cin
g
b
o
th
n
eo
n
atal
m
o
r
tality
(
1
2
d
ea
th
s
p
er
1
,
0
0
0
liv
e
b
ir
th
s
)
an
d
u
n
d
e
r
-
5
m
o
r
tality
(
2
5
p
er
1
,
0
0
0
liv
e
b
ir
t
h
s
)
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
SDG
-
3
aim
s
to
d
ec
lin
e
m
ater
n
al
m
o
r
tality
to
les
s
th
an
7
0
p
er
1
0
0
,
0
0
0
liv
e
b
ir
th
s
[
1
3
]
.
Un
s
af
e
ab
o
r
tio
n
,
g
estatio
n
al
d
ia
b
etes,
h
y
p
er
te
n
s
io
n
,
in
f
ec
tio
n
s
(
n
o
r
m
ally
af
ter
c
h
ild
b
ir
th
)
,
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
r
elate
d
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
,
an
d
m
is
tim
ed
lab
o
r
ar
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
ca
u
s
es
o
f
m
ater
n
al
d
ea
th
wo
r
ld
wid
e
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
T
o
a
v
o
id
th
ese
r
is
k
s
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
,
m
o
s
t
wo
m
en
ch
o
o
s
e
C
S
d
el
iv
er
y
with
o
u
t
th
e
ju
s
tific
atio
n
o
f
wh
eth
er
th
ey
ac
tu
ally
n
ee
d
it.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
a
y
b
y
d
a
y
[
1
6
]
.
W
h
en
C
S
p
er
f
o
r
m
with
o
u
t a
n
y
p
r
o
p
er
m
e
d
ical
ju
s
tific
atio
n
,
it a
cc
eler
ates th
e
r
is
k
o
f
m
ater
n
al
a
n
d
n
eo
n
atal
m
o
r
tality
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
wo
m
en
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
a
r
tn
er
’
s
e
d
u
c
atio
n
al
s
tatu
s
,
p
ar
tn
e
r
’
s
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
s
,
b
ir
th
o
r
d
er
,
wea
lth
in
d
ex
,
ag
e
at
f
i
r
s
t
b
ir
th
,
wo
m
en
’
s
b
o
d
y
m
ass
in
d
ex
(
B
MI
)
s
tatu
s
,
m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
r
elig
io
n
,
p
lace
o
f
r
esid
en
ce
,
an
d
d
iv
is
io
n
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
er
e
was
a
n
in
s
u
f
f
icien
cy
to
id
en
tify
th
e
h
o
t
s
p
o
t
an
d
co
ld
s
p
o
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
er
y
a
n
d
its
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
id
en
tify
s
p
atial
v
ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
er
y
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n a
nd
s
a
m
ple size
W
e
u
s
e
d
d
at
a
f
r
o
m
th
e
B
an
g
l
ad
e
s
h
D
em
o
g
r
ap
h
i
c
an
d
H
ea
lth
Su
r
v
ey
(
B
DH
S)
2
0
1
7
–
20
1
8
,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
ta
t
iv
e
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
th
e
to
ta
l
p
o
p
u
la
tio
n
.
T
h
e
M
in
is
tr
y
o
f
He
al
th
a
n
d
Fam
i
ly
W
e
lf
ar
e
an
d
th
e
Na
ti
o
n
a
l I
n
s
ti
tu
t
e
o
f
Po
p
u
l
at
io
n
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
an
d
T
r
ain
in
g
(
NI
PO
R
T
)
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
s
s
i
s
tan
ce
in
co
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
.
T
h
i
s
s
u
r
v
ey
em
p
lo
y
e
d
a
two
-
s
tag
e
s
tr
a
ti
f
i
ed
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e.
6
7
5
en
u
m
er
a
tio
n
ar
ea
s
we
r
e
id
en
tif
ie
d
b
y
a
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
i
li
ty
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
al
to
e
n
u
m
er
a
tio
n
ar
e
a
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tag
e.
Af
t
er
th
r
e
e
r
e
g
io
n
s
wer
e
ex
c
lu
d
ed
b
e
ca
u
s
e
o
f
f
l
o
o
d
in
g
,
6
7
2
en
u
m
er
a
t
io
n
ar
e
as
w
er
e
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
Af
te
r
th
a
t,
s
y
s
t
em
a
ti
c
s
am
p
lin
g
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
s
e
lec
t
3
0
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
p
er
cl
u
s
te
r
.
I
n
to
ta
l,
2
0
,
1
2
7
wo
m
en
ag
ed
1
5
–
4
9
p
ar
t
ic
ip
a
ted
f
o
r
f
in
al
in
te
r
v
i
ew
s
.
5
,
1
2
7
wo
m
en
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
s
a
s
tu
d
y
s
am
p
le
in
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
.
T
h
e
in
c
lu
s
io
n
cr
it
er
io
n
wa
s
at
le
a
s
t
o
n
e
l
iv
e
b
ir
th
in
th
e
l
a
s
t
t
h
r
ee
y
ea
r
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
Da
ta
o
n
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
e
ct
io
n
d
el
iv
e
r
y
wa
s
a
l
s
o
g
at
h
er
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
ey
.
De
ta
i
ls
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
f
o
r
s
am
p
lin
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
el
s
e
wh
e
r
e
[
1
9
]
.
2
.
2
.
O
utc
o
m
e
v
a
ria
ble
T
h
e
o
u
tco
m
e
v
ar
iab
le
was
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
was
co
d
ed
as
1
if
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
to
o
k
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
d
eli
v
er
y
tim
e.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
it
was
co
d
ed
as
0
if
r
esp
o
n
d
en
t
s
d
id
n
o
t
tak
e
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
d
eliv
er
y
.
2
.
2
.
E
x
pla
na
t
o
r
y
v
a
ria
bles
T
h
e
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
a
r
iab
les
wer
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
two
ca
teg
o
r
ie
s
,
n
am
ely
in
d
iv
id
u
al
-
an
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
ity
-
lev
el
f
ac
to
r
s
.
W
e
id
en
tifie
d
th
e
ex
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
ar
ia
b
les
b
ased
o
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
e
v
iew
[
1
]
,
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
2
]
a
n
d
d
ata
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
B
DHS.
W
o
m
en
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
tn
er
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
a
r
tn
er
’
s
o
cc
u
p
ati
o
n
s
,
ag
e
at
f
ir
s
t
b
i
r
th
,
wea
lth
in
d
ex
,
B
MI
s
tatu
s
an
d
m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
wer
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as
in
d
iv
id
u
al
-
le
v
el
f
ac
to
r
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
lev
el
f
ac
to
r
s
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as p
lace
o
f
r
esid
en
ce
,
r
elig
io
n
,
a
n
d
d
iv
is
io
n
.
2
.
3
.
St
a
t
is
t
ica
l a
na
ly
s
is
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
s
tu
d
y
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
id
en
tify
th
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
.
T
o
ass
ess
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
in
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
,
th
e
g
lo
b
al
Mo
r
an
’
s
I
s
tatis
tic
was
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
Getis
-
Or
d
Gen
er
al
G
s
tatis
tic
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
e
x
p
lo
r
e
th
e
clu
s
ter
in
g
d
eg
r
ee
f
o
r
C
S
d
e
liv
er
y
.
W
e
a
p
p
lied
m
u
ltil
ev
el
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
to
ass
es
s
th
e
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
o
d
d
s
r
atio
(
OR
)
with
a
9
5
%
C
I
was
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
r
esu
lt.
E
ac
h
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
in
tr
a
-
class
co
r
r
elatio
n
(
I
C
C
)
,
Ak
aik
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
cr
iter
io
n
(
AI
C
)
,
a
n
d
B
ay
esian
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
cr
ite
r
io
n
(
B
I
C
)
.
Fo
r
all
k
in
d
s
o
f
s
tatis
tical
an
aly
s
i
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
u
s
ed
STAT
A
(
v
er
s
io
n
1
4
.
0
)
an
d
Ar
cGI
S (
v
e
r
s
io
n
1
0
.
4
.
1
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
s
p
a
tia
l v
a
r
ia
tio
n
s
a
n
d
r
is
k
fa
cto
r
s
a
s
s
o
cia
ted
w
ith
ce
s
a
r
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
elive
r
y
…
(
Md
.
S
a
ifu
l I
s
la
m
)
1369
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Resul
t
s
Descr
ip
tiv
e
s
tati
s
tics
,
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
C
S
in
all
ca
teg
o
r
ies,
ar
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
in
T
a
b
le
1
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
eliv
e
r
y
was
3
3
.
0
%
(
9
5
%
C
I
:
3
0
.
6
8
–
3
4
.
6
6
)
.
Ar
o
u
n
d
4
9
.
0
2
%
o
f
wo
m
e
n
w
h
o
co
m
p
leted
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
3
5
.
2
4
%
o
f
w
o
m
en
wh
o
s
e
p
ar
tn
er
s
co
m
p
leted
h
ig
h
e
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
3
4
.
4
7
%
o
f
wo
m
en
wh
o
s
e
p
ar
tn
er
s
wer
e
m
an
u
al
lab
o
r
e
r
s
,
5
5
.
8
1
%
o
f
wo
m
en
wh
o
liv
ed
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
,
6
0
.
5
8
%
o
f
wo
m
en
wh
o
b
el
o
n
g
e
d
to
th
e
r
ich
wea
lth
in
d
ex
,
an
d
1
9
.
3
8
%
o
f
wo
m
en
wh
o
r
esid
ed
in
th
e
D
h
ak
a
d
iv
is
io
n
d
eliv
er
ed
v
ia
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
.
Mu
s
lim
wo
m
en
(
9
0
.
2
2
%),
wo
m
e
n
wh
o
wer
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
t
o
m
ed
ia
(
8
0
.
9
2
%),
an
d
wo
m
e
n
with
n
o
r
m
al
weig
h
t
(
5
4
.
3
8
%)
h
ad
g
r
ea
te
r
p
er
ce
n
tag
es o
f
C
S.
3
.
1
.
1
.
F
a
ct
o
rs a
s
s
o
cia
t
ed
wit
h c
esa
re
a
n sect
io
n deliv
er
y
Mo
d
el
3
s
h
o
wed
t
h
at
wo
m
e
n
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
a
r
tn
er
’
s
e
d
u
c
atio
n
,
p
a
r
tn
er
’
s
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
a
g
e
at
f
ir
s
t
b
ir
th
,
wea
lth
i
n
d
ex
,
wo
m
en
'
s
B
MI
s
tatu
s
,
m
ed
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e,
an
d
d
iv
is
io
n
wer
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
(
T
ab
le
2
)
.
W
o
m
en
with
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
ad
a
2
.
2
4
tim
es
(
9
5
%
C
I
=
1
.
4
9
–
3
.
3
6
)
h
ig
h
e
r
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
d
eliv
er
in
g
b
y
C
S
th
an
wo
m
en
with
n
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
wo
m
e
n
with
u
n
ed
u
ca
te
d
p
ar
tn
er
s
,
wo
m
e
n
with
h
ig
h
e
r
-
ed
u
ca
ted
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ad
2
.
2
4
ti
m
es
(
9
5
%
C
I
=
1
.
6
3
–
3
.
0
7
)
g
r
ea
ter
o
d
d
s
o
f
g
iv
in
g
b
ir
th
v
ia
ca
esar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
C
S
was
1
.
4
3
tim
es
(
9
5
%
C
I
=
1
.
1
0
–
1
.
8
5
)
h
ig
h
er
f
o
r
wo
m
en
wh
o
s
e
p
a
r
tn
er
s
wer
e
en
g
a
g
ed
in
s
er
v
ices
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
o
s
e
wh
o
s
e
p
ar
tn
er
s
wer
e
e
n
g
ag
e
d
in
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
W
o
m
en
’
s
ag
e
at
f
ir
s
t b
ir
th
,
2
5
an
d
a
b
o
v
e
,
h
ad
2
.
7
1
tim
es (
9
5
% C
I
=
1
.
9
5
–
3
.
7
7
)
h
ig
h
er
c
h
an
ce
s
o
f
d
eliv
er
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
C
S
th
an
wo
m
en
’
s
ag
e
at
f
ir
s
t
b
ir
th
,
u
n
d
er
1
8
y
ea
r
s
.
W
o
m
e
n
b
el
o
n
g
i
n
g
to
th
e
r
ich
wea
lth
in
d
ex
h
ad
1
.
7
9
tim
es
(
9
5
%
C
I
=
1
.
4
6
-
2
.
2
0
)
h
ig
h
er
o
d
d
s
o
f
r
ec
eiv
in
g
C
S
th
an
wo
m
en
w
h
o
ca
m
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
o
r
wea
lth
in
d
e
x
.
Ov
e
r
weig
h
t/o
b
ese
wo
m
en
h
ad
2
.
0
7
tim
es
(
9
5
%
C
I
=
1
.
6
3
–
2
.
6
3
)
h
ig
h
er
ch
an
ce
o
f
g
iv
in
g
b
ir
th
th
r
o
u
g
h
C
S
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
u
n
d
er
weig
h
t
wo
m
e
n
.
T
h
e
l
ik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
a
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
er
y
was
1
.
8
7
tim
es
(
9
5
% C
I
=
1
.
3
2
-
2
.
6
4
)
h
ig
h
e
r
f
o
r
wo
m
en
in
th
e
Kh
u
ln
a
d
i
v
is
io
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
th
o
s
e
in
t
h
e
B
ar
is
al
d
iv
is
io
n
.
T
ab
le
1
.
B
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
C
e
sar
e
a
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
N
o
(
%)
Y
e
s (%)
W
o
me
n
’
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
8
.
1
4
%
2
.
9
8
%
P
r
i
mary
3
4
.
2
6
%
1
4
.
9
7
%
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
4
7
.
3
0
%
4
9
.
0
2
%
H
i
g
h
e
r
1
0
.
2
9
%
3
3
.
0
4
%
P
a
r
t
n
e
r
’
s e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
7
.
3
6
%
6
.
8
6
%
P
r
i
mary
3
9
.
5
7
%
2
2
.
8
4
%
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
3
1
.
9
7
%
3
5
.
0
6
%
H
i
g
h
e
r
1
1
.
1
0
%
3
5
.
2
4
%
P
a
r
t
n
e
r
’
s o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
2
3
.
1
0
%
1
2
.
8
8
%
M
a
n
u
a
l
l
a
b
o
r
4
1
.
5
1
%
3
4
.
4
7
%
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss
1
8
.
0
6
%
2
1
.
2
9
%
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
1
2
.
5
5
%
1
3
.
9
5
%
O
t
h
e
r
s
4
.
7
8
%
1
7
.
4
1
%
A
g
e
a
t
f
i
r
st
b
i
r
t
h
<
1
8
4
6
.
0
6
%
2
9
.
7
6
%
18
-
20
3
8
.
5
5
%
3
6
.
5
5
%
21
-
24
1
2
.
7
5
%
2
2
.
3
0
%
>
=
2
5
2
.
6
4
%
1
1
.
3
9
%
W
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
d
e
x
P
o
o
r
5
2
.
1
4
%
2
2
.
3
0
%
M
i
d
d
l
e
1
8
.
5
2
%
1
7
.
1
1
%
R
i
c
h
2
9
.
3
3
%
6
0
.
5
8
%
W
o
me
n
’
s
B
M
I
st
a
t
u
s
U
n
d
e
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
1
8
.
3
8
%
1
0
.
6
7
%
N
o
r
mal
6
5
.
6
2
%
5
4
.
3
8
%
O
v
e
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
/
o
b
e
se
1
6
.
0
0
%
3
4
.
9
4
%
M
e
d
i
a
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
No
4
4
.
7
8
%
1
9
.
0
8
%
Y
e
s
5
5
.
2
2
%
8
0
.
9
2
%
R
e
si
d
e
n
c
e
U
r
b
a
n
2
8
.
9
9
%
4
4
.
1
9
%
R
u
r
a
l
7
1
.
0
1
%
5
5
.
8
1
%
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
M
u
s
l
i
m
9
2
.
2
9
%
9
0
.
2
2
%
N
o
n
–
M
u
sl
i
m
7
.
7
1
%
9
.
7
8
%
D
i
v
i
si
o
n
B
a
r
i
s
a
l
1
1
.
5
7
%
8
.
7
1
%
C
h
i
t
t
a
g
o
n
g
1
7
.
7
7
%
1
3
.
7
7
%
D
h
a
k
a
1
2
.
0
0
%
1
9
.
3
8
%
K
h
u
l
n
a
8
.
4
9
%
1
3
.
7
7
%
M
y
me
n
si
n
g
h
1
2
.
9
6
%
1
0
.
3
2
%
R
a
j
s
h
a
h
i
9
.
7
4
%
1
2
.
3
4
%
R
a
n
g
p
u
r
1
1
.
3
6
%
1
0
.
6
1
%
S
y
l
h
e
t
1
6
.
1
2
%
1
1
.
0
9
%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
6
7
-
1
3
7
4
1370
T
ab
le
2
.
Facto
r
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
eliv
er
y
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
u
s
in
g
m
u
ltil
ev
el
lo
g
is
tic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
(
N=
5
,
1
2
7
)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
M
o
d
e
l
0
O
R
(
9
5
%C
I
)
M
o
d
e
l
1
O
R
(
9
5
%
C
I
)
M
o
d
e
l
2
O
R
(
9
5
%C
I
)
M
o
d
e
l
3
O
R
(
9
5
%
C
I
)
W
o
me
n
’
s
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
P
r
i
mary
0
.
9
6
(
0
.
6
7
-
1
.
3
8
)
0
.
9
5
(
0
.
6
6
-
1
.
3
8
)
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
1
.
5
6
(
1
.
0
9
-
2
.
2
3
)
*
1
.
5
3
(
1
.
0
7
-
2
.
1
9
)
*
H
i
g
h
e
r
2
.
2
8
(
1
.
5
2
-
3
.
4
1
)
*
*
*
2
.
2
4
(
1
.
4
9
-
3
.
3
6
)
*
*
*
P
a
r
t
n
e
r
’
s e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
N
o
e
d
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
P
r
i
mary
1
.
1
4
(
0
.
8
8
-
1
.
4
7
)
1
.
1
5
(
0
.
8
9
-
1
.
4
9
)
S
e
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
1
.
4
1
(
1
.
0
8
-
1
.
8
4
)
*
*
1
.
4
4
(
1
.
1
1
-
1
.
8
8
)
*
*
H
i
g
h
e
r
2
.
2
6
(
1
.
6
5
-
3
.
1
0
)
*
*
*
2
.
2
4
(
1
.
6
3
-
3
.
0
7
)
*
*
*
P
a
r
t
n
e
r
’
s o
c
c
u
p
a
t
i
o
n
A
g
r
i
c
u
l
t
u
r
a
l
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
M
a
n
u
a
l
l
a
b
o
r
1
.
0
3
(
0
.
8
4
-
1
.
2
8
)
1
.
0
5
(
0
.
8
5
-
1
.
3
0
)
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss
1
.
1
2
(
0
.
8
8
-
1
.
4
2
)
1
.
1
6
(
0
.
9
1
-
1
.
4
7
)
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
s
1
.
3
8
(
1
.
0
7
-
1
.
7
8
)
*
*
1
.
4
3
(
1
.
1
0
-
1
.
8
5
)
*
*
O
t
h
e
r
s
1
.
3
2
(
0
.
9
6
-
1
.
8
1
)
1
.
3
5
(
0
.
9
8
-
1
.
8
6
)
A
g
e
a
t
f
i
r
st
b
i
r
t
h
<
1
8
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
18
-
20
1
.
1
1
(
0
.
9
4
-
1
.
3
0
)
1
.
1
3
(
0
.
9
7
-
1
.
3
3
)
21
-
24
1
.
5
1
(
1
.
2
3
-
1
.
8
6
)
*
*
*
1
.
5
3
(
1
.
2
4
-
1
.
8
9
)
*
*
*
>
=
2
5
2
.
6
7
(
1
.
9
2
-
3
.
7
2
)
*
*
*
2
.
7
1
(
1
.
9
5
-
3
.
7
7
)
*
*
*
W
e
a
l
t
h
i
n
d
e
x
P
o
o
r
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
M
i
d
d
l
e
1
.
2
7
(
1
.
0
3
-
1
.
5
6
)
1
.
2
7
(
1
.
0
3
-
1
.
5
6
)
*
R
i
c
h
1
.
8
0
(
1
.
4
8
-
2
.
1
7
)
*
*
*
1
.
7
9
(
1
.
4
6
-
2
.
2
0
)
*
*
*
W
o
me
n
’
s
B
M
I
st
a
t
u
s
U
n
d
e
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
N
o
r
mal
1
.
1
2
(
0
.
9
1
-
1
.
3
8
)
1
.
1
4
(
0
.
9
3
-
1
.
4
1
)
O
v
e
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
/
o
b
e
si
t
y
2
.
0
2
(
1
.
5
6
-
2
.
5
6
)
*
*
*
2
.
0
7
(
1
.
6
3
-
2
.
6
3
)
*
*
*
M
e
d
i
a
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
No
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
Y
e
s
1
.
7
4
(
1
.
4
7
-
2
.
0
7
)
*
*
*
1
.
6
2
(
1
.
3
6
-
1
.
9
2
)
*
*
*
R
e
si
d
e
n
c
e
U
r
b
a
n
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
R
u
r
a
l
0
.
5
0
(
0
.
4
1
-
0
.
6
0
)
*
*
*
0
.
9
3
(
0
.
7
7
-
1
.
1
1
)
R
e
l
i
g
i
o
n
M
u
s
l
i
m
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
N
o
n
–
M
u
sl
i
m
1
.
3
1
(
1
.
0
1
-
1
.
7
1
)
*
1
.
1
5
(
0
.
8
8
-
1
.
4
9
)
D
i
v
i
si
o
n
B
a
r
i
s
a
l
1
.
0
0
1
.
0
0
C
h
i
t
t
a
g
o
n
g
0
.
9
6
(
0
.
6
6
-
1
.
4
0
)
0
.
7
6
(
0
.
5
5
-
1
.
0
6
)
D
h
a
k
a
1
.
8
3
(
1
.
2
6
-
2
.
6
5
)
*
*
*
1
.
4
8
(
1
.
0
6
-
2
.
0
5
)
*
K
h
u
l
n
a
2
.
1
2
(
1
.
4
4
-
3
.
1
2
)
*
*
*
1
.
8
7
(
1
.
3
2
-
2
.
6
4
)
*
*
*
M
y
me
n
si
n
g
h
1
.
0
6
(
0
.
7
2
-
1
.
5
7
)
1
.
1
3
(
0
.
8
0
-
1
.
5
9
)
R
a
j
s
h
a
h
i
1
.
7
6
(
1
.
1
9
-
2
.
5
9
)
*
*
1
.
6
2
(
1
.
1
5
-
2
.
2
8
)
*
*
R
a
n
g
p
u
r
1
.
1
9
(
0
.
8
0
-
1
.
7
6
)
1
.
2
2
(
0
.
8
6
-
1
.
7
4
)
S
y
l
h
e
t
0
.
8
3
(
0
.
5
6
-
1
.
2
3
)
0
.
9
4
(
0
.
6
7
-
1
.
3
4
)
M
o
d
e
l
d
i
a
g
n
o
si
s
V
a
r
i
a
n
c
e
(
C
I
)
0
.
9
7
(
0
.
7
7
-
1
.
2
2
)
0
.
3
6
(
0
.
2
4
-
0
.
5
4
)
0
.
7
0
(
0
.
5
3
-
0
.
9
1
)
0
.
2
8
(
0
.
1
8
-
0
.
4
5
)
I
C
C
(
%)
0
.
2
3
0
.
1
0
0
.
1
8
0
.
0
8
M
o
d
e
l
f
i
t
n
e
ss
Lo
g
-
l
i
k
e
l
i
h
o
o
d
-
3
0
9
7
.
9
4
-
2
7
1
0
.
3
4
-
3
0
4
3
.
5
6
-
2
6
8
4
.
8
5
A
I
C
6
1
9
9
.
8
8
5
4
6
0
.
6
8
6
1
0
9
.
1
3
5
4
2
7
.
7
0
B
I
C
6
2
1
2
.
9
9
5
5
9
1
.
5
3
6
1
8
1
.
0
9
5
6
1
7
.
4
3
N
5
,
1
2
7
5
,
1
2
7
5
,
1
2
7
5
,
1
2
7
N
o
t
e
:
-
M
o
d
e
l
0
:
N
u
l
l
M
o
d
e
l
;
M
o
d
e
l
1
:
a
d
j
u
st
e
d
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
-
l
e
v
e
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s;
M
o
d
e
l
2
:
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
c
o
mm
u
n
i
t
y
-
l
e
v
e
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s;
M
o
d
e
l
3
:
A
d
j
u
st
e
d
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
-
l
e
v
e
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
mu
n
i
t
y
-
l
e
v
e
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
.
-
O
R
:
O
d
d
s
r
a
t
i
o
,
I
C
C
:
I
n
t
r
a
-
c
l
a
ss
c
o
r
r
e
la
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
C
I
:
C
o
n
f
i
d
e
n
c
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
,
A
I
C
:
A
k
a
i
k
e
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
o
n
,
B
I
C
:
B
a
y
e
s
i
a
n
i
n
f
o
r
mat
i
o
n
c
r
i
t
e
r
i
a
.
-
*
p
<
0
.
0
5
;
*
*
p
<
0
.
0
1
;
*
*
*
p
<
0
.
0
0
1
3
.
1
.
2
.
Ra
nd
o
m
ef
f
ec
t
re
s
ults
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
c
e
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
eliv
er
y
was
f
o
u
n
d
in
th
e
n
u
ll
m
o
d
el
(
σ
2
=
0
.
9
7
,
9
5
%
C
I
:
0
.
7
7
,
1
.
2
2
)
.
I
n
th
e
n
u
ll
m
o
d
el
(
Mo
d
el
0
)
,
th
e
i
n
tr
a
-
class
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t
(
I
C
C
)
ex
p
lain
ed
th
at
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
ac
r
o
s
s
clu
s
ter
s
ac
co
u
n
ted
f
o
r
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ately
0
.
2
3
%
o
f
to
tal
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
lo
g
-
lik
elih
o
o
d
an
d
Ak
aik
e
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
C
r
iter
ia
(
AI
C
)
v
alu
es
wer
e
th
e
lo
west
in
Mo
d
el
3
(
lo
g
-
lik
elih
o
o
d
=
2
,
6
8
4
a
n
d
AI
C
=
5
,
4
2
7
)
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
th
er
m
o
d
els.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
m
o
d
el
3
was
id
en
tifie
d
as
th
e
b
est
m
o
d
el
to
ass
ess
th
e
d
eter
m
in
an
ts
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
er
y
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
3.
1.
3
.
Sp
a
t
ia
l a
uto
c
o
rr
ela
t
io
n o
f
ce
s
a
re
a
n sect
io
n deliv
er
y
in B
a
ng
la
des
h
T
h
e
s
p
atial
au
to
co
r
r
elatio
n
wa
s
ap
p
lied
to
ex
am
in
e
wh
eth
e
r
th
e
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
eliv
er
y
i
s
r
an
d
o
m
o
r
n
o
t.
Glo
b
al
Mo
r
an
'
s
I
test
was
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
s
p
atial
au
to
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
C
S
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
is
in
d
ex
(
Glo
b
al
Mo
r
an
’
s
I
v
alu
e
=
0
.
1
9
,
z
-
s
co
r
e
=
7
.
1
4
,
p
<
0
.
0
0
0
)
in
d
i
ca
tes
a
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
au
to
co
r
r
elatio
n
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
s
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
d
eliv
er
ies b
y
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
s
p
a
tia
l v
a
r
ia
tio
n
s
a
n
d
r
is
k
fa
cto
r
s
a
s
s
o
cia
ted
w
ith
ce
s
a
r
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
elive
r
y
…
(
Md
.
S
a
ifu
l I
s
la
m
)
1371
3.
1.
4
.
H
o
t
s
po
t
s
a
nd
co
ld s
po
t
s
o
f
ce
s
a
re
a
n deliv
er
y
in B
a
ng
la
des
h
Ho
t
s
p
o
t
an
d
co
ld
s
p
o
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
er
y
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
u
tili
zin
g
th
e
Getis
-
Or
d
Gi*
s
tatis
t
ic.
T
h
e
h
o
t
s
p
o
ts
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
er
y
wer
e
m
ain
ly
lo
ca
te
d
in
Dh
a
k
a,
Kh
u
ln
a,
R
ajsh
ah
i,
an
d
R
an
g
p
u
r
d
iv
is
io
n
s
,
wh
ich
we
r
e
m
ar
k
ed
in
r
ed
co
l
o
r
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
On
th
e
co
n
t
r
ar
y
,
th
e
co
ld
s
p
o
ts
wer
e
m
ain
ly
in
B
ar
is
al
an
d
Sy
lh
et
d
iv
is
io
n
s
.
R
an
g
p
u
r
d
iv
i
s
io
n
was
b
o
th
th
e
h
o
t
s
p
o
t
a
n
d
co
ld
s
p
o
t
ar
ea
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
d
eliv
er
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sp
atial
au
to
c
o
r
r
elati
o
n
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
eliv
er
y
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ho
t sp
o
ts
an
d
co
l
d
s
p
o
ts
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
eliv
er
y
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
3
.
2
.
Dis
cus
s
io
n
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
was
to
id
e
n
tify
th
e
s
p
atial
v
ar
iatio
n
s
an
d
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
in
B
an
g
la
d
esh
.
T
h
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
was
3
3
.
0
%
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
tu
d
y
,
it
was
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
at
t
h
e
h
o
ts
p
o
t
ar
ea
s
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
wer
e
Dh
ak
a,
Kh
u
ln
a,
R
ajsh
ah
i,
an
d
R
an
g
p
u
r
d
i
v
is
io
n
s
.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
also
id
en
tifie
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
p
atial
v
ar
iatio
n
s
i
n
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Dif
f
er
en
ce
s
i
n
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
an
d
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
wer
e
th
e
m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
eg
io
n
al
v
ar
iatio
n
s
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
all
wea
lth
q
u
in
tiles
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
l
o
r
e
d
th
at
th
e
u
ltima
te
r
is
e
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
in
th
e
r
ich
est
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
g
r
o
u
p
is
q
u
ite
h
ig
h
er
th
an
in
th
e
p
o
o
r
est
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
g
r
o
u
p
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
s
o
m
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
W
o
m
en
with
h
ig
h
er
ed
u
ca
tio
n
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
er
p
r
ev
al
en
ce
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
th
a
n
wo
m
en
with
n
o
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
th
at
th
e
ch
a
n
ce
s
o
f
r
ec
eiv
in
g
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
ar
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
wit
h
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
wo
m
en
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
.
T
h
is
f
i
n
d
in
g
was
also
s
im
ilar
to
th
at
o
f
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
y
[
2
1
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
E
d
u
ca
ted
wo
m
en
ar
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
s
c
io
u
s
o
f
th
eir
h
ea
lth
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
u
n
e
d
u
ca
ted
wo
m
en
.
Als
o
,
th
e
m
ajo
r
ity
o
f
ed
u
c
ated
wo
m
en
ar
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t,
an
d
th
ey
wan
t
to
d
eliv
er
v
ia
C
S
f
o
r
p
ain
less
an
d
s
af
e
d
eliv
er
y
.
An
o
th
er
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
ea
s
o
n
was
th
at
h
ig
h
er
-
e
d
u
ca
ted
wo
m
en
m
ig
h
t
h
av
e
h
ig
h
er
ch
an
ce
s
o
f
d
elay
ed
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
;
as
a
r
esu
lt,
th
ey
ch
o
o
s
e
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
to
av
o
id
th
e
r
is
k
o
f
p
r
e
g
n
an
c
y
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
W
o
m
en
wh
o
s
e
p
ar
t
n
er
s
wer
e
m
o
r
e
ed
u
ca
ted
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
er
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
.
T
h
i
s
f
in
d
in
g
was
also
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
o
th
er
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
r
ea
s
o
n
m
ay
b
e
th
at
e
d
u
ca
ted
p
ar
tn
er
s
wer
e
m
o
r
e
co
n
ce
r
n
e
d
ab
o
u
t
th
e
h
ea
lth
s
tatu
s
o
f
wo
m
en
th
an
u
n
ed
u
ca
te
d
p
ar
tn
er
s
.
Als
o
,
ed
u
ca
ted
p
ar
tn
er
s
u
s
u
ally
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
er
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tatu
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
h
ea
lth
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
h
ea
lth
awa
r
en
ess
ar
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
h
ig
h
er
-
e
d
u
ca
ted
p
ar
tn
er
s
[
3
0
]
.
Ag
e
at
f
ir
s
t
b
ir
th
was
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
r
iv
er
s
o
f
C
S.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
wo
m
en
wh
o
g
av
e
b
ir
th
af
ter
2
5
y
ea
r
s
o
f
ag
e
ch
o
s
e
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
t
o
av
o
id
a
n
y
k
in
d
o
f
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
[
3
1
]
.
Als
o
,
th
ey
wer
e
m
o
r
e
f
r
i
g
h
ten
ed
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
eir
f
ir
s
t
p
r
eg
n
a
n
cy
.
Hig
h
er
C
S
d
eliv
er
ies
wer
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
am
o
n
g
wo
m
e
n
wh
o
s
e
h
u
s
b
an
d
s
en
g
a
g
ed
in
t
h
e
s
er
v
ice
th
a
n
am
o
n
g
th
o
s
e
wh
o
s
e
h
u
s
b
an
d
s
wo
r
k
e
d
in
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e.
W
o
m
en
wh
o
wer
e
o
b
ese
o
r
o
v
er
weig
h
t
h
ad
a
h
ig
h
e
r
ch
a
n
ce
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
was
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
a
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
y
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
[
3
1
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
Ob
ese
wo
m
en
m
ay
s
u
f
f
e
r
f
r
o
m
m
o
r
e
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
-
r
elate
d
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
th
an
n
o
r
m
al
-
we
ig
h
t
wo
m
en
d
u
r
in
g
th
eir
g
estatio
n
p
er
io
d
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
,
o
b
ese
wo
m
en
s
u
f
f
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
6
7
-
1
3
7
4
1372
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
n
o
n
-
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
b
le
d
is
ea
s
es,
n
am
ely
g
estatio
n
al
d
iab
etes,
h
y
p
er
ten
s
iv
e
d
is
o
r
d
er
s
,
p
r
ee
clam
p
s
ia
,
an
d
ex
ce
s
s
ch
o
lest
er
o
l
[
3
2
]
-
[
3
4
]
.
T
o
av
o
i
d
th
ese
v
u
ln
er
ab
ili
ties
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
o
b
ese
wo
m
en
wen
t
f
o
r
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
also
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
m
e
d
ia
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
was
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
s
in
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
.
W
o
m
en
wh
o
w
er
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
t
o
m
ed
ia
h
a
d
h
i
g
h
er
ch
a
n
ce
s
o
f
C
S
d
u
r
in
g
d
eliv
er
y
.
T
h
e
h
ea
lth
s
ec
to
r
r
elies
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
o
n
t
h
e
m
ass
m
ed
ia.
Pre
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
also
id
en
tifie
d
a
s
im
ilar
f
i
n
d
in
g
co
n
d
u
cte
d
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
[
2
1
]
.
I
t
o
f
te
n
ad
v
er
tis
es
th
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
tim
ely
d
eliv
er
y
ca
r
e
an
d
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
d
eliv
er
ies
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
u
n
s
k
i
lled
b
ir
th
atten
d
an
ts
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
wo
m
e
n
wan
t
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
t
o
av
o
id
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
K
h
u
ln
a
Div
is
io
n
h
a
d
th
e
h
ig
h
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
S
d
eliv
er
ies.
T
h
is
m
ig
h
t
b
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
u
e
to
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
L
im
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
q
u
ality
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
d
u
r
in
g
p
r
eg
n
an
cy
,
esp
ec
ially
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
o
f
Kh
u
ln
a
d
iv
i
s
io
n
,
m
ak
es
th
em
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
d
u
e
to
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ab
o
u
t
m
an
y
p
o
ten
t
ial
co
m
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
v
a
g
in
al
d
eliv
er
y
.
Ap
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese,
b
etter
liv
in
g
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
m
ed
ia,
a
n
d
h
ea
lth
ed
u
ca
tio
n
m
ay
b
e
th
e
m
ajo
r
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
C
S
d
eli
v
er
y
i
n
th
e
Dh
ak
a
d
iv
is
io
n
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
o
th
er
d
iv
is
io
n
s
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
B
an
g
lad
esh
,
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
c
e
o
f
ce
s
ar
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
eliv
er
y
r
em
ain
s
h
ig
h
.
T
h
is
r
ate
is
d
r
am
atica
lly
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
ay
b
y
d
ay
,
wh
ic
h
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
a
m
ajo
r
co
n
ce
r
n
f
o
r
b
o
th
m
ater
n
al
an
d
c
h
ild
h
ea
lth
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
at
wo
m
en
'
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
tn
e
r
’
s
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
p
ar
tn
e
r
’
s
o
cc
u
p
atio
n
,
w
o
m
en
’
s
B
MI
s
tatu
s
,
ag
e
at
f
ir
s
t
b
ir
th
,
wea
lth
in
d
e
x
,
ac
ce
s
s
to
m
ed
ia,
an
d
d
iv
is
io
n
s
wer
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
f
o
r
C
S
d
eliv
e
r
y
in
B
an
g
lad
esh
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
it
was
id
en
tifie
d
th
at
C
S
is
m
o
r
e
co
m
m
o
n
in
h
ig
h
e
r
s
o
cio
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
u
p
s
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
d
r
am
atica
lly
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
ate
o
f
C
S
in
B
an
g
la
d
esh
,
th
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
p
o
licy
m
ak
er
s
s
h
o
u
l
d
em
p
h
asize
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
r
is
k
f
ac
to
r
s
an
d
g
o
u
p
awa
r
en
ess
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
etr
im
en
tal
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
u
n
n
ec
ess
ar
y
C
S
d
eliv
er
y
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
rs
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Md
.
Saif
u
l I
s
lam
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Md
.
J
u
n
ay
eth
B
h
u
iy
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Md
.
Sh
ar
if
Mia
h
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Md
.
Ma
m
u
n
u
r
R
ash
id
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
d
atasets
u
s
ed
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
av
ail
ab
le
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
DH
S
web
s
ite:
(
h
ttp
s
://d
h
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
.
co
m
/d
ata/
av
ailab
le
-
d
atasets
.
cf
m
)
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
O
.
F
a
r
u
k
,
S
.
S
u
l
t
a
n
a
,
M
.
A
l
-
N
e
y
ma
,
a
n
d
S
.
H
o
ssa
i
n
,
“
S
o
c
i
o
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
,
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
,
a
n
d
n
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
c
e
sare
a
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
i
e
s
a
m
o
n
g
c
h
i
l
d
b
e
a
r
i
n
g
w
o
m
e
n
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
M
e
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
S
u
r
g
e
r
y
,
a
n
d
Pu
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
,
p
.
1
0
0
0
0
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
g
l
me
d
i
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
0
0
0
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
E
xp
lo
r
in
g
s
p
a
tia
l v
a
r
ia
tio
n
s
a
n
d
r
is
k
fa
cto
r
s
a
s
s
o
cia
ted
w
ith
ce
s
a
r
ea
n
s
ec
tio
n
d
elive
r
y
…
(
Md
.
S
a
ifu
l I
s
la
m
)
1373
[
2
]
A
.
G
e
l
e
t
o
,
C
.
C
h
o
j
e
n
t
a
,
T
.
T
a
d
d
e
l
e
,
a
n
d
D
.
L
o
x
t
o
n
,
“
A
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
m
o
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
c
a
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
E
t
h
i
o
p
i
a
:
a
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
r
o
s
s
-
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
B
M
C
P
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
5
8
8
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
4
-
0
2
0
-
0
3
2
7
6
-
1.
[
3
]
E.
S
.
P
a
i
x
a
o
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
sso
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
c
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
a
n
d
c
h
i
l
d
m
o
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
:
A
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
r
e
c
o
r
d
l
i
n
k
a
g
e
l
o
n
g
i
t
u
d
i
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
o
f
1
7
.
8
mi
l
l
i
o
n
b
i
r
t
h
s
i
n
B
r
a
z
i
l
,
”
PLO
S
Me
d
i
c
i
n
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
.
e
1
0
0
3
7
9
1
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
m
e
d
.
1
0
0
3
7
9
1
.
[
4
]
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
W
H
O
)
,
“
C
a
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
s
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
e
t
o
r
i
s
e
,
a
mi
d
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
i
n
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
i
e
s
i
n
a
c
c
e
ss
,
”
W
H
O
.
[
5
]
A
.
P
.
B
e
t
r
á
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
r
e
d
u
c
e
u
n
n
e
c
e
ss
a
r
y
c
a
e
sar
e
a
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
i
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
y
w
o
me
n
a
n
d
b
a
b
i
e
s,”
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
2
,
n
o
.
1
0
1
5
5
,
p
p
.
1
3
5
8
–
1
3
6
8
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
1
4
0
-
6
7
3
6
(
1
8
)
3
1
9
2
7
-
5.
[
6
]
J.
S
a
n
d
a
l
l
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
a
n
d
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
c
a
e
sare
a
n
sec
t
i
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
h
e
a
l
t
h
o
f
w
o
m
e
n
a
n
d
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
,
”
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t
,
v
o
l
.
3
9
2
,
n
o
.
1
0
1
5
5
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
9
–
1
3
5
7
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
S
0
1
4
0
-
6
7
3
6
(
1
8
)
3
1
9
3
0
-
5.
[
7
]
M
.
R
a
h
m
a
n
,
N
.
K
h
a
n
,
A
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
M
.
A
l
a
m
,
a
n
d
A
.
K
h
a
n
,
“
Lo
n
g
-
t
e
r
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
o
f
c
a
e
sare
a
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
o
n
h
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
b
e
h
a
v
i
o
u
r
a
l
o
u
t
c
o
mes
o
f
t
h
e
mo
t
h
e
r
a
n
d
c
h
i
l
d
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
Po
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
N
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
4
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
4
5
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
4
1
0
4
3
-
022
-
0
0
3
2
6
-
6.
[
8
]
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
W
H
O
)
,
“
W
H
O
st
a
t
e
me
n
t
o
n
c
a
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
se
c
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
s
,
”
W
H
O
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
w
h
o
.
i
n
t
/
p
u
b
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
/
i
/
i
t
e
m/
W
H
O
-
R
H
R
-
1
5
.
0
2
[
9
]
A
.
P
.
B
e
t
r
a
n
,
J.
Y
e
,
A
.
-
B
.
M
o
l
l
e
r
,
J
.
P
.
S
o
u
z
a
,
a
n
d
J.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
Tr
e
n
d
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
j
e
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
c
a
e
sare
a
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
s
:
g
l
o
b
a
l
a
n
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
s,
”
B
MJ
G
l
o
b
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
.
e
0
0
5
6
7
1
,
J
u
n
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
3
6
/
b
mj
g
h
-
2
0
2
1
-
0
0
5
6
7
1
.
[
1
0
]
A
.
P
.
B
e
t
r
á
n
,
J.
Y
e
,
A
.
-
B
.
M
o
l
l
e
r
,
J.
Zh
a
n
g
,
A
.
M
.
G
ü
l
m
e
z
o
g
l
u
,
a
n
d
M
.
R
.
T
o
r
l
o
n
i
,
“
T
h
e
i
n
c
r
e
a
si
n
g
t
r
e
n
d
i
n
c
a
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
s
:
G
l
o
b
a
l
,
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
d
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
e
st
i
ma
t
e
s
:
1
9
9
0
-
2
0
1
4
,
”
PLO
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
.
e
0
1
4
8
3
4
3
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
1
4
8
3
4
3
.
[
1
1
]
V
.
V
e
r
ma
,
R
.
K
.
V
i
s
h
w
a
k
a
r
m
a
,
D
.
C
.
N
a
t
h
,
H
.
T
.
A
.
K
h
a
n
,
R
.
P
r
a
k
a
sh
,
a
n
d
O
.
A
b
i
d
,
“
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
c
a
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
sec
t
i
o
n
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
a
n
d
S
o
u
t
h
-
E
a
st
A
si
a
n
w
o
me
n
,
”
PLO
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
.
e
0
2
2
9
9
0
6
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
2
9
9
0
6
.
[
1
2
]
M
.
M
.
I
sl
a
m
,
M
.
Z
a
k
i
u
l
A
l
a
m,
S
.
H
.
B
i
d
i
sh
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
A
b
d
u
l
l
a
h
,
“
W
h
y
C
-
se
c
t
i
o
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
i
e
s
o
n
t
h
e
r
i
s
e
?
,
”
T
h
e
F
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
Ex
p
r
e
ss.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
t
h
e
f
i
n
a
n
c
i
a
l
e
x
p
r
e
ss.
c
o
m
.
b
d
/
v
i
e
w
s
/
w
h
y
-
c
-
sec
t
i
o
n
-
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
i
e
s
-
on
-
t
h
e
-
r
i
s
e
-
1
6
1
4
9
5
4
8
9
2
[
1
3
]
U
n
i
t
e
d
N
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
“
S
D
G
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s,”
U
n
i
t
e
d
N
a
t
i
o
n
s St
a
t
i
st
i
c
s
D
i
v
i
s
i
o
n
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
u
n
st
a
t
s
.
u
n
.
o
r
g
/
sd
g
s
/
me
t
a
d
a
t
a
/
[
1
4
]
U
n
i
t
e
d
N
a
t
i
o
n
s
C
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
F
u
n
d
(
U
N
I
C
EF)
,
“
M
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
m
o
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
,
”
M
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
si
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
h
i
l
d
r
e
n
a
n
d
w
o
me
n
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s:
/
/
d
a
t
a
.
u
n
i
c
e
f
.
o
r
g
/
t
o
p
i
c
/
ma
t
e
r
n
a
l
-
h
e
a
l
t
h
/
m
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
-
mo
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
/
[
1
5
]
W
o
r
l
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
O
r
g
a
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
(
W
H
O
)
,
“
M
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
m
o
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
,
”
W
H
O
.
[
O
n
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
:
h
t
t
p
s
:
/
/
w
w
w
.
w
h
o
.
i
n
t
/
n
e
w
s
-
r
o
o
m
/
f
a
c
t
-
sh
e
e
t
s
/
d
e
t
a
i
l
/
ma
t
e
r
n
a
l
-
mo
r
t
a
l
i
t
y
[
1
6
]
C
.
S
u
w
a
n
r
a
t
h
,
S
.
C
h
u
n
u
a
n
,
P
.
M
a
t
e
man
o
sa
k
,
a
n
d
S
.
P
i
n
j
a
r
o
e
n
,
“
W
h
y
d
o
p
r
e
g
n
a
n
t
w
o
m
e
n
p
r
e
f
e
r
c
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
b
i
r
t
h
?
A
q
u
a
l
i
t
a
t
i
v
e
st
u
d
y
i
n
a
t
e
r
t
i
a
r
y
c
a
r
e
c
e
n
t
e
r
i
n
S
o
u
t
h
e
r
n
T
h
a
i
l
a
n
d
,
”
B
MC
Pre
g
n
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
2
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
4
-
0
2
0
-
0
3
5
2
5
-
3.
[
1
7
]
N
.
M
i
sel
j
i
c
a
n
d
S
.
I
b
r
a
h
i
m
o
v
i
c
,
“
H
e
a
l
t
h
i
m
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
f
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
d
c
e
sar
e
a
n
sec
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
s,”
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
S
o
c
i
o
M
e
d
i
c
a
,
v
o
l
.
3
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
–
1
2
6
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
5
4
5
5
/
msm
.
2
0
2
0
.
3
2
.
1
2
3
-
1
2
6
.
[
1
8
]
W
.
K
h
a
s
a
w
n
e
h
,
N
.
O
b
e
i
d
a
t
,
D
.
Y
u
sef,
a
n
d
J.
W
.
A
l
s
u
l
a
i
ma
n
,
“
T
h
e
i
mp
a
c
t
o
f
c
e
sare
a
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
n
n
e
o
n
a
t
a
l
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
a
t
a
u
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
-
b
a
s
e
d
t
e
r
t
i
a
r
y
h
o
sp
i
t
a
l
i
n
Jo
r
d
a
n
,
”
BM
C
Pre
g
n
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
3
3
5
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
4
-
0
2
0
-
0
3
0
2
7
-
2.
[
1
9
]
N
I
P
O
R
T,
“
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
sh
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
u
r
v
e
y
,
”
R
o
c
k
v
i
l
l
e
,
M
a
r
y
l
a
n
d
,
U
S
A
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
2
0
]
A
.
A
mj
a
d
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Tr
e
n
d
s
o
f
c
a
e
sar
e
a
n
sec
t
i
o
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
i
e
s
i
n
P
a
k
i
s
t
a
n
:
se
c
o
n
d
a
r
y
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
f
r
o
m
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
n
d
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
u
r
v
e
y
s
,
1
9
9
0
–
2
0
1
8
,
”
B
MC
Pre
g
n
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
7
5
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
4
-
020
-
0
3
4
5
7
-
y.
[
2
1
]
M
.
M
.
R
a
s
h
i
d
,
M
.
S
.
I
sl
a
m,
M
.
R
a
h
man
,
a
n
d
T.
K
.
R
o
y
,
“
R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
s
o
c
i
o
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
sso
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
c
e
sare
a
n
se
c
t
i
o
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
sh
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
p
o
i
sso
n
r
e
g
r
e
ss
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
l
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
C
u
rr
e
n
t
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
Re
v
i
e
w
,
v
o
l
.
0
6
,
n
o
.
0
8
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
4
7
1
9
1
/
i
j
c
sr
r
/
v
6
-
i8
-
1
5
.
[
2
2
]
M
.
N
.
H
a
s
a
n
,
M
.
A
.
B
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
r
y
,
J.
Jah
a
n
,
S
.
Ja
h
a
n
,
N
.
U
.
A
h
me
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
J.
U
d
d
i
n
,
“
C
e
sar
e
a
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
a
n
d
e
a
r
l
y
c
h
i
l
d
h
o
o
d
d
i
s
e
a
se
s
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
sh
:
A
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
u
r
v
e
y
(
B
D
H
S
)
a
n
d
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
su
r
v
e
y
(
M
I
C
S
)
,
”
PLO
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
.
e
0
2
4
2
8
6
4
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
4
2
8
6
4
.
[
2
3
]
M
.
N
.
K
h
a
n
,
M
.
M
.
I
sl
a
m
,
a
n
d
S
.
A
k
t
e
r
,
“
S
p
a
t
i
a
l
d
i
st
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
a
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
i
e
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
:
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
l
i
n
k
e
d
d
a
t
a
o
f
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
su
r
v
e
y
,
”
T
h
e
L
a
n
c
e
t
R
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
H
e
a
l
t
h
-
S
o
u
t
h
e
a
st
Asi
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
p
.
1
0
0
1
5
3
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
l
a
n
se
a
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
0
1
5
3
.
[
2
4
]
S
.
K
u
n
d
u
,
A
.
B
i
n
S
h
a
r
i
f
,
S
.
S
.
A
.
C
h
o
w
d
h
u
r
y
,
S
.
A
f
r
o
z
,
R
.
D
e
y
,
a
n
d
A
.
H
o
s
sai
n
,
“
S
o
c
i
o
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
n
d
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
i
n
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
i
e
s i
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
b
y
c
e
sare
a
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
m
o
n
g
w
o
me
n
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
,
2
0
0
4
–
2
0
1
7
,
”
BM
C
Pr
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
3
1
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
4
-
024
-
0
6
3
2
7
-
z.
[
2
5
]
M
.
M
.
R
a
h
ma
n
,
M
.
R
.
H
a
i
d
e
r
,
M
.
M
o
i
n
u
d
d
i
n
,
A
.
E.
R
a
h
m
a
n
,
S
.
A
h
me
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
M
.
K
h
a
n
,
“
D
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
c
a
e
sarea
n
se
c
t
i
o
n
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
:
C
r
o
ss
-
sec
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
s
u
r
v
e
y
2
0
1
4
D
a
t
a
,
”
PLO
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
.
e
0
2
0
2
8
7
9
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
1
8
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
0
2
8
7
9
.
[
2
6
]
A
.
R
o
y
,
P
.
P
a
u
l
,
P
.
C
h
o
u
h
a
n
,
M
.
R
a
h
a
ma
n
,
a
n
d
N
.
K
a
p
a
si
a
,
“
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
l
v
a
r
i
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
sso
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
c
a
e
sar
e
a
n
sec
t
i
o
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
:
a
c
o
mp
a
r
a
t
i
v
e
a
ss
e
ssm
e
n
t
o
f
B
i
h
a
r
a
n
d
Ta
m
i
l
N
a
d
u
,
”
BM
C
Pu
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
7
1
5
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s1
2
8
8
9
-
0
2
1
-
1
1
7
5
0
-
4.
[
2
7
]
F
.
H
a
sa
n
,
M
.
M
.
A
l
a
m
,
a
n
d
M
.
G
.
H
o
ssa
i
n
,
“
A
ss
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
i
n
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
c
o
n
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
s
t
o
c
a
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
a
m
o
n
g
marr
i
e
d
w
o
me
n
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
:
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
d
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
a
n
d
h
e
a
l
t
h
su
r
v
e
y
d
a
t
a
,
”
BM
C
Pre
g
n
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
b
i
r
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
4
3
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s
1
2
8
8
4
-
0
1
9
-
2
5
8
8
-
9.
[
2
8
]
M
.
M
.
I
sl
a
m
a
n
d
F
.
M
.
N
o
o
r
,
“
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
o
f
c
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
a
m
o
n
g
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
i
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
a
g
e
d
w
o
me
n
:
e
v
i
d
e
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
c
l
u
s
t
e
r
s
u
r
v
e
y
2
0
1
9
d
a
t
a
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
P
u
b
l
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
2
1
0
3
–
2
1
1
2
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s
1
0
3
8
9
-
021
-
0
1
5
5
1
-
9.
[
2
9
]
P
.
K
u
mar
a
n
d
H
.
S
h
a
r
m
a
,
“
P
r
e
v
a
l
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
n
t
s
o
f
s
o
c
i
o
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
i
n
e
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
i
n
c
a
e
s
a
r
e
a
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
i
e
s
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
:
a
n
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
c
r
o
ss
-
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
d
a
t
a
f
r
o
m
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
sh
D
e
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
i
c
H
e
a
l
t
h
S
u
r
v
e
y
,
2
0
1
7
-
1
8
,
”
BM
C
Pr
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
a
n
d
C
h
i
l
d
b
i
rt
h
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
4
9
2
,
Ju
l
.
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
8
6
/
s1
2
8
8
4
-
0
2
3
-
0
5
7
8
2
-
4.
[
3
0
]
M
.
A
k
h
t
a
r
u
l
I
sl
a
m,
M
.
Ta
n
m
i
n
N
a
h
a
r
,
M
.
A
s
h
f
i
k
u
r
R
a
h
ma
n
,
S
.
D
e
y
B
a
r
n
a
,
a
n
d
S
.
M
.
F
a
r
h
a
d
I
b
n
A
n
i
k
,
“
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
a
sso
c
i
a
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
c
e
sare
a
n
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
s
h
:
A
m
u
l
t
i
l
e
v
e
l
mo
d
e
l
i
n
g
,
”
S
e
x
u
a
l
&
Re
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
v
e
H
e
a
l
t
h
c
a
r
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
p
.
1
0
0
7
9
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
sr
h
c
.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
7
9
2
.
[
3
1
]
F
.
A
h
mm
e
d
,
M
.
M
.
R
.
M
a
n
i
k
,
a
n
d
M
.
J.
H
o
ss
a
i
n
,
“
C
a
e
sari
a
n
s
e
c
t
i
o
n
(
C
S
)
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
i
n
B
a
n
g
l
a
d
e
sh
:
A
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
l
y
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
v
e
c
r
o
ss
-
se
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
t
u
d
y
,
”
PLO
S
O
N
E
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
.
e
0
2
5
4
7
7
7
,
J
u
l
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
3
7
1
/
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
.
p
o
n
e
.
0
2
5
4
7
7
7
.
[
3
2
]
C
.
R
e
i
c
h
e
t
z
e
d
e
r
,
“
O
v
e
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
o
b
e
s
i
t
y
i
n
p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
:
t
h
e
i
r
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
e
p
i
g
e
n
e
t
i
c
s,
”
E
u
ro
p
e
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
C
l
i
n
i
c
a
l
N
u
t
r
i
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
7
5
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
1
0
–
1
7
2
2
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
3
8
/
s4
1
4
3
0
-
0
2
1
-
0
0
9
0
5
-
6.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
3
6
7
-
1
3
7
4
1374
[
3
3
]
S
.
C
.
L
a
n
g
l
e
y
‐
E
v
a
n
s
,
J.
P
e
a
r
c
e
,
a
n
d
S
.
El
l
i
s,
“
O
v
e
r
w
e
i
g
h
t
,
o
b
e
si
t
y
a
n
d
e
x
c
e
ssi
v
e
w
e
i
g
h
t
g
a
i
n
i
n
p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
a
s
r
i
sk
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
f
o
r
a
d
v
e
r
se
p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
s:
A
n
a
r
r
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
H
u
m
a
n
N
u
t
ri
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
D
i
e
t
e
t
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
2
5
0
–
2
6
4
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
1
1
/
j
h
n
.
1
2
9
9
9
.
[
3
4
]
I
.
K
u
t
c
h
i
,
P
.
C
h
e
l
l
a
mm
a
l
,
a
n
d
A
.
A
k
i
l
a
,
“
M
a
t
e
r
n
a
l
o
b
e
s
i
t
y
a
n
d
p
r
e
g
n
a
n
c
y
o
u
t
c
o
m
e
:
i
n
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
o
f
n
e
w
A
si
a
n
I
n
d
i
a
n
g
u
i
d
e
l
i
n
e
s,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
O
b
s
t
e
t
ri
c
s
a
n
d
G
y
n
e
c
o
l
o
g
y
o
f
I
n
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
7
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
–
1
4
4
,
A
p
r
.
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
0
7
/
s1
3
2
2
4
-
019
-
0
1
3
0
1
-
8.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Md
.
S
a
ifu
l
Is
la
m
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
stu
d
e
n
t
a
t
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
P
o
p
u
latio
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
t
Ja
ti
y
a
Ka
b
i
Ka
z
i
Na
z
ru
l
Isla
m
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Tr
ish
a
l,
M
y
m
e
n
sin
g
h
,
sin
c
e
2
0
1
7
.
He
is
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
stu
d
e
n
t
o
r
g
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
a
t
th
e
u
n
i
v
e
rsity
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
s
a
re
m
a
tern
a
l
a
n
d
c
h
i
ld
h
e
a
lt
h
a
n
d
re
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
v
e
h
e
a
lt
h
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
sa
ifu
li
sla
m
jk
k
n
iu
d
p
s@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Md
.
J
u
n
a
y
e
th
Bh
u
i
y
a
n
is
a
re
se
a
rc
h
stu
d
e
n
t
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
o
f
P
o
p
u
lati
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
t
Ja
ti
y
a
Ka
b
i
Ka
z
i
Na
z
ru
l
Isla
m
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Tri
sh
a
l,
M
y
m
e
n
sin
g
h
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
i
n
ter
e
sts
a
re
m
a
tern
a
l
h
e
a
lt
h
,
c
h
il
d
h
e
a
lt
h
,
wo
m
e
n
'
s
re
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
v
e
h
e
a
lt
h
,
d
e
m
o
g
ra
p
h
y
,
a
n
d
wo
m
e
n
'
s
e
m
p
o
we
rm
e
n
t.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
b
h
u
i
y
a
n
7
1
5
@g
m
a
i.
c
o
m
.
Md
.
S
h
a
r
if
Mi
a
h
is a res
e
a
rc
h
stu
d
e
n
t
,
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
P
o
p
u
lati
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
S
o
c
ial
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
t
Ja
ti
y
a
Ka
b
i
Ka
z
i
Na
z
ru
l
Isla
m
Un
i
v
e
rsity
,
Tri
s
h
a
l,
M
y
m
e
n
sin
g
h
.
Hi
s
fo
c
u
s
a
re
a
s
a
re
d
e
m
o
g
ra
p
h
y
,
p
u
b
li
c
h
e
a
lt
h
,
m
a
tern
a
l
a
n
d
c
h
il
d
h
e
a
lt
h
,
re
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
e
h
e
a
lt
h
,
a
n
d
n
u
tri
t
io
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
d
.
sh
a
rifmia
h
d
p
s@
g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Md
.
M
a
m
u
n
u
r
R
a
shi
d
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
in
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
P
o
p
u
latio
n
S
c
ien
c
e
a
t
Ja
ti
y
a
Ka
b
i
Ka
z
i
Na
z
ru
l
Isla
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Tri
sh
a
l,
M
y
m
e
n
sin
g
h
,
sin
c
e
2
0
2
1
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
a
re
a
s
a
re
m
a
tern
a
l
a
n
d
c
h
il
d
h
e
a
lt
h
,
re
p
r
o
d
u
c
ti
v
e
h
e
a
lt
h
,
n
u
tri
ti
o
n
,
a
n
d
h
e
a
lt
h
y
li
fe
e
x
p
e
c
tan
c
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
p
s.r
u
.
m
a
m
u
n
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.