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p
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le
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0
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n
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ti
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s m
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c
h
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s 8
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K
ey
w
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d
s
:
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An
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ased
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C
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A
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Ap
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Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
Pu
b
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Hea
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Facu
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o
f
Hea
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Scien
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s
,
Un
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s
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Pem
b
an
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an
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Vete
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I
n
d
o
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E
m
ail:
ap
r
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in
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s
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@
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p
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c.
i
d
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
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Acc
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2
0
2
1
Glo
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Nu
tr
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R
ep
o
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t,
5
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1
m
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ag
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l
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wid
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wh
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ay
i
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f
lu
en
ce
m
ater
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m
o
r
tality
an
d
in
f
an
t
n
u
t
r
itio
n
al
s
tatu
s
[1
]
.
T
h
e
W
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ld
Hea
lth
Ass
em
b
ly
(
W
HA)
a
im
s
to
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p
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ev
alen
ce
o
f
an
em
ia
b
y
f
if
ty
p
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ce
n
t
b
y
2025
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
p
r
o
g
r
am
to
im
p
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o
v
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f
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d
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iv
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s
if
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,
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tific
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FAS)
to
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lescen
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m
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ep
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W
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im
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s
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p
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lo
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[
4
]
.
Fo
r
th
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s
u
p
p
lie
d
in
ter
v
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tio
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s
to
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is
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co
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s
id
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t o
f
lo
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h
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s
[
5
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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b
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Hea
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Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
4
1
9
-
1
4
2
7
1420
B
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r
m
atio
n
f
o
r
we
e
k
l
y
ir
o
n
f
o
late
s
u
p
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
(
W
I
FAS
)
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
at
s
ch
o
o
l
p
lay
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
o
le
in
W
I
FAS co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
ad
h
er
en
ce
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic
h
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
t
h
e
W
I
FAS
p
r
o
g
r
am
i
n
th
e
s
ch
o
o
ls
.
T
h
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
o
f
s
o
cial
d
is
tan
ce
h
as
r
es
u
lted
in
a
lack
o
f
clo
s
ed
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
ea
ch
e
r
s
an
d
class
m
ates
f
o
u
n
d
it
ch
allen
g
in
g
t
o
m
o
tiv
ate
f
e
m
ale
teen
ag
er
s
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
W
I
FAS.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
a
f
ew
s
c
h
o
o
l
d
is
tr
icts
h
av
e
m
ax
im
ized
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia
an
d
W
h
atsAp
p
ap
p
licatio
n
s
as
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
al
ch
an
n
els
to
m
o
tiv
ate
f
o
late
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tatio
n
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
s
u
ch
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
was
u
n
av
ailab
le
in
s
ev
er
al
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
[
1
0
]
.
W
ith
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
f
teac
h
er
s
an
d
p
ee
r
s
,
lim
ited
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
s
o
cial
m
ed
ia,
a
n
d
r
u
r
al
ad
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
ex
p
er
ie
n
ci
n
g
a
h
ig
h
er
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
an
e
m
ia
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
ad
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
liv
in
g
in
u
r
b
an
ar
ea
s
,
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
i
n
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
B
asic
Hea
lth
R
esear
ch
2
0
1
8
,
th
er
e
is
a
p
r
ess
in
g
n
ee
d
to
ex
p
lo
r
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
in
itiativ
es
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
p
r
ev
alen
ce
o
f
an
e
m
ia
am
o
n
g
f
e
m
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
6
]
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
is
a
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
b
etwe
en
a
ca
d
em
ician
s
an
d
r
u
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
(
C
B
O)
,
n
am
ely
y
o
u
th
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
(
ka
r
a
n
g
ta
r
u
n
a
)
an
d
in
teg
r
ated
h
ea
lth
s
er
v
ic
es
(
p
o
s
p
ela
ya
n
a
n
terp
a
d
u
/p
o
s
ya
n
d
u
)
ca
d
r
es,
to
mo
tiv
ate
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
ir
o
n
-
f
o
lic
ac
i
d
r
e
g
u
l
ar
ly
.
L
ik
ewise,
r
esear
c
h
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
B
an
g
la
d
esh
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
h
ea
lth
an
d
n
u
tr
itio
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
tailo
r
ed
f
o
r
ad
o
lescen
ts
,
alo
n
g
with
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
s
er
v
ic
es,
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
g
r
o
wth
,
c
o
u
ld
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
o
v
er
all
h
e
alth
an
d
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
awa
r
en
ess
an
d
s
tatu
s
o
f
r
u
r
al
a
d
o
lescen
ts
[
1
1
]
.
W
h
ile
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ar
ticles
h
av
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
en
g
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
s
u
ch
as
y
o
u
th
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
o
r
ca
d
r
es,
in
th
e
W
I
FAS
p
r
o
g
r
am
an
d
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
m
all
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
aim
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
'
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
a
n
em
ia,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
ir
s
t
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
eir
r
o
le
in
m
itig
atin
g
an
em
ia
r
ates
am
o
n
g
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
an
d
em
ic.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
s
o
u
g
h
t t
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
C
B
Os c
o
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
ka
r
a
n
g
ta
r
u
n
a
a
n
d
p
o
s
ya
n
d
u
ca
d
r
es
wh
o
wer
e
tr
ain
ed
in
ca
p
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
t
o
in
c
r
ea
s
e
W
I
FAS
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
m
in
im
ize
an
em
ia
am
o
n
g
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
Sirn
a
g
alih
v
illag
e,
B
o
g
o
r
,
W
est
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
am
id
s
t
th
e
ch
allen
g
es p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic
[
1
2
]
.
Sev
er
al
ar
ticles
h
av
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
th
e
in
v
o
lv
em
e
n
t
o
f
o
n
e
ty
p
e
o
f
s
o
cial
g
r
o
u
p
,
n
a
m
ely
y
o
u
th
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
o
r
ca
d
r
es,
in
th
e
W
I
FAS
p
r
o
g
r
am
an
d
s
ev
er
al
s
m
all
wo
r
k
s
h
o
p
s
tar
g
eti
n
g
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
’
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
an
em
ia,
to
d
ate,
th
is
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tu
d
y
th
at
wr
o
te
ab
o
u
t
th
eir
r
o
le
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
an
em
ia
r
ate
in
g
ir
l
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
th
e
p
an
d
e
m
ic
s
ettin
g
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Du
r
i
n
g
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
an
d
em
ic,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
ten
d
s
to
ex
am
i
n
e
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
C
B
Os
co
m
p
r
is
ed
o
f
ka
r
a
n
g
ta
r
u
n
a
an
d
p
o
s
ya
n
d
u
ca
d
r
es
wh
o
wer
e
tr
ain
ed
i
n
c
ap
ac
ity
b
u
ild
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
W
I
FAS
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
m
in
im
ize
an
em
ia
am
o
n
g
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
Sirn
ag
alih
v
illag
e,
B
o
g
o
r
,
W
est
J
av
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Study
des
ig
n,
s
it
e,
a
nd
s
a
m
ple
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
u
tili
ze
d
a
p
r
e
-
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
d
esig
n
with
a
s
in
g
le
-
g
r
o
u
p
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
y
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
s
im
p
lest
g
r
o
u
p
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
p
e
o
p
l
e
r
ec
eiv
in
g
s
o
cial
wo
r
k
s
er
v
i
ce
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
o
p
u
latio
n
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
Sirn
a
g
alih
Villag
e,
B
o
g
o
r
,
W
est
J
a
v
a,
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
.
T
h
e
in
clu
s
io
n
cr
iter
ia
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
in
v
o
lv
e
d
s
elec
tin
g
8
9
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
,
n
am
ely
f
em
ale
a
d
o
lescen
ts
r
esid
in
g
in
Sirn
ag
alih
Villag
e
wh
o
ex
p
er
ien
ce
m
en
s
t
r
u
atio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
r
ess
willin
g
n
e
s
s
to
p
ar
ticip
ate.
Usi
n
g
t
h
e
L
e
m
m
esh
o
w
f
o
r
m
u
la
to
ca
lcu
late
s
am
p
le
s
ize
in
a
p
r
e
-
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
tu
d
y
d
esig
n
with
σ
2
=
9
.
8
5
an
d
a
p
r
e
-
po
st
-
test
d
if
f
er
en
ce
(
D)
o
f
8
.
1
,
a
m
in
im
u
m
s
am
p
le
s
ize
o
f
6
2
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
is
,
th
e
m
i
n
im
u
m
s
am
p
l
e
s
ize
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
et.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
a
r
e
th
e
s
tag
es
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
wh
ich
ar
e
r
ef
lecte
d
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
2
.
2
.
I
nte
rv
ent
io
n
T
h
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
was c
a
r
r
ied
o
u
t b
y
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
e
n
g
ag
em
e
n
t a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
,
in
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
wh
ich
was
in
v
o
lv
in
g
C
B
Os
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
6
y
o
u
th
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
an
d
1
0
p
o
s
ya
n
d
u
ca
d
r
es.
T
h
e
1
6
C
B
Os
m
em
b
er
s
wer
e
g
iv
en
f
ac
e
-
to
-
f
ac
e
tr
ain
i
n
g
f
o
r
5
h
o
u
r
s
f
o
r
2
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
d
ay
s
with
a
tr
ain
e
r
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
3
tr
ain
er
s
wh
o
wer
e
lectu
r
er
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
u
tr
itio
n
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lth
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
,
an
d
m
ed
ical
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
g
r
am
at
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Pem
b
an
g
u
n
an
Nasio
n
al
Vete
r
an
J
ak
ar
ta
(
UPNVJ
)
.
T
h
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
u
s
ed
le
ctu
r
es,
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
s
,
q
u
esti
o
n
s
an
d
an
s
wer
s
,
an
d
r
o
le
-
p
lay
u
tili
zin
g
v
ir
tu
al
b
o
o
k
m
ed
ia,
v
id
eo
s
,
an
d
m
ater
ials
r
elate
d
to
ad
o
lescen
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
8
0
6
Th
e
r
o
le
o
f c
o
mmu
n
ity
-
b
a
s
ed
o
r
g
a
n
iz
a
tio
n
s
in
imp
r
o
vin
g
r
u
r
a
l fe
ma
le
…
(
A
p
r
in
in
g
s
ih
A
p
r
in
in
g
s
ih
)
1421
h
ea
lth
an
d
n
u
tr
itio
n
.
T
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
,
a
p
r
e
-
p
o
s
t stu
d
y
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
n
th
e
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
e
o
f
C
B
O
s
r
elate
d
to
an
em
ia
p
r
e
v
e
n
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
in
ad
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
.
Yo
u
th
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
a
n
d
ca
d
r
es
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
y
o
u
n
g
wo
m
e
n
in
th
eir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
d
o
m
icile
ar
ea
s
an
d
m
an
ag
ed
to
g
ath
er
as
m
an
y
as
8
9
y
o
u
n
g
wo
m
en
.
T
h
e
n
th
e
C
B
Os
f
o
r
m
ed
m
e
n
to
r
in
g
g
r
o
u
p
s
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
7
t
o
2
0
ad
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
.
E
ac
h
g
r
o
u
p
was
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
o
n
e
C
B
O
an
d
o
n
e
ac
a
d
em
ic
f
r
o
m
UPNVJ.
C
B
Os
p
r
o
v
id
ed
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
co
u
n
s
elin
g
,
a
n
d
h
eld
W
I
FAS
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
to
g
eth
er
o
n
ce
a
wee
k
f
o
r
3
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
ac
tiv
ities
s
p
an
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
J
an
u
a
r
y
2
0
2
2
t
o
Ma
r
ch
2
0
2
2
.
Prio
r
to
th
e
co
m
m
en
ce
m
en
t
o
f
ass
is
tan
ce
b
y
C
B
Os,
an
ass
es
s
m
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
t
o
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ab
o
u
t
an
em
ia,
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
an
em
ia
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
am
o
n
g
a
d
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
,
an
d
th
eir
h
em
o
g
lo
b
in
lev
els.
T
h
e
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
a
v
alid
ated
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
,
wh
ich
r
e
p
o
r
ted
r
v
alu
es
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
b
ein
g
>0
.
3
6
1
an
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
a
lp
h
a
≥
0
.
6
0
[1
5
]
.
T
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
co
r
es
r
a
n
g
ed
f
r
o
m
a
m
i
n
im
u
m
o
f
0
to
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
1
8
.
Fo
r
th
e
attitu
d
e
v
a
r
iab
le,
th
e
s
co
r
es r
an
g
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
m
in
im
u
m
o
f
1
2
to
a
m
a
x
im
u
m
o
f
4
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Stu
d
y
f
lo
w
c
h
ar
t
2
.
3
.
Resea
rc
h
v
a
ria
bles
T
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
ia
b
le
is
ad
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
'
h
em
o
g
lo
b
in
(
Hb
)
lev
el,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
eir
n
u
tr
itio
n
a
l
s
tatu
s
.
Hb
lev
els
wer
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
o
th
b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
ter
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
E
asy
T
o
u
ch
GcH
b
ty
p
e
E
T
-
3
2
1
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
in
T
aiwa
n
,
MG
2
0
6
-
3
E
,
Pev
A.
0
3
/1
0
,
P/
N
2
0
1
1
9
8
.
Kem
en
k
es
R
I
AK
L
N0
.
2
0
1
0
1
7
1
0
0
0
9
.
T
h
e
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
t v
a
r
iab
les en
c
o
m
p
ass
ed
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
t'
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
in
clu
d
in
g
ag
e
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
attitu
d
e,
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
,
m
ed
ia
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
,
a
d
h
er
en
ce
t
o
tak
i
n
g
W
I
FAS,
an
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
a
m
em
b
er
f
r
o
m
a
C
B
O.
Data
co
llectio
n
was
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
Go
o
g
le
Fo
r
m
.
Qu
esti
o
n
s
wer
e
ad
o
p
ted
f
r
o
m
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
es
ea
r
c
h
wh
ich
h
ad
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
s
co
r
e
>0
.
3
6
1
a
n
d
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
al
p
h
a
≥
0
.
6
0
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
k
n
o
wled
g
e
s
co
r
e
v
ar
iab
le
was
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
s
u
m
m
in
g
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
1
2
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
en
co
m
p
ass
ed
v
ar
io
u
s
ar
ea
s
in
clu
d
in
g
a
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
f
em
ale
a
d
o
lescen
ts
an
d
th
e
d
ef
in
itio
n
o
f
an
e
m
ia
in
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
,
th
e
d
ia
g
n
o
s
is
o
f
an
em
ia
in
f
e
m
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
,
th
e
b
e
n
ef
its
an
d
co
n
ten
t
o
f
W
I
FAS,
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
o
f
W
I
FAS
as
a
d
r
u
g
o
r
a
s
u
p
p
lem
en
t,
t
h
e
r
u
le
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
th
e
W
I
FAS,
s
id
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
W
I
FAS,
th
e
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
W
I
FAS
s
id
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
f
o
o
d
s
th
at
p
r
ev
e
n
t
an
e
m
ia
,
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
o
f
an
em
ia
a
n
d
id
en
tify
s
o
m
e
f
o
o
d
s
th
at
in
h
ib
it
ir
o
n
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
attitu
d
e
v
ar
iab
les
wer
e
ass
ess
ed
u
s
in
g
a
L
ik
er
t
Scale
wh
ich
ad
d
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
1
2
s
tatem
en
t
item
s
.
T
h
is
v
ar
iab
le
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
6
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
W
I
FAS
tak
en
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
b
eh
av
i
o
r
s
wh
en
r
ec
ei
v
in
g
W
I
FAS,
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
r
em
e
m
b
er
in
g
to
tak
e
th
e
W
I
FAS.
T
h
e
ad
h
er
en
ce
v
a
r
iab
le
was
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
6
q
u
esti
o
n
s
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
W
I
FAS
tak
en
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
b
eh
av
io
r
s
wh
en
g
ettin
g
th
e
W
I
FAS,
an
d
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
o
f
r
em
em
b
er
in
g
to
ta
k
e
W
I
FAS.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
o
f
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
f
o
r
C
B
O
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
3
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ask
ed
wh
eth
er
th
e
p
ar
ticip
an
ts
co
n
s
u
m
ed
W
I
FAS
to
g
eth
er
,
wh
eth
er
th
ey
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
t
h
ei
r
a
d
h
er
en
ce
to
I
FAS
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
wh
eth
er
W
I
FAS
was
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
to
th
e
h
o
m
es
o
f
th
o
s
e
wh
o
wer
e
a
b
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
g
r
o
u
p
W
I
FAS
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
s
ess
io
n
s
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
alr
ea
d
y
h
av
e
v
alid
it
y
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
test
s
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
1
6
]
.
Data
o
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
e
atin
g
h
ab
its
th
at
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
ir
o
n
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
(
ir
o
n
en
h
an
ce
r
f
o
o
d
)
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
3
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
p
e
r
tain
ed
to
h
a
b
its
o
f
ea
tin
g
r
e
d
m
ea
t,
p
o
u
ltr
y
,
f
is
h
,
an
d
s
h
r
im
p
in
th
e
p
ast
m
o
n
th
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
n
th
e
f
o
o
d
o
r
d
r
in
k
th
at
ca
n
in
h
ib
it
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
ir
o
n
we
r
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
4
q
u
esti
o
n
s
.
T
h
ese
q
u
esti
o
n
s
as
k
ed
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
h
a
b
its
o
f
tea
,
c
o
f
f
ee
,
m
ilk
,
an
d
p
ep
tic
u
lcer
m
ed
icin
e
clo
s
e
to
th
e
tim
e
o
f
W
I
FAS
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
th
e
last
m
o
n
th
.
T
h
e
d
ata
f
o
r
t
h
ese
two
v
a
r
iab
les
o
f
ea
tin
g
h
a
b
its
wer
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
a
f
o
o
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
q
u
esti
o
n
n
ai
r
e
(
FF
Q)
[
1
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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:
2
2
5
2
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8
8
0
6
I
n
t J Pu
b
lic
Hea
lth
Sci
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
4
1
9
-
1
4
2
7
1422
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
u
n
iv
ar
iate
d
ata
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
d
i
s
p
lay
in
g
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
f
o
r
ca
teg
o
r
ical
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ata
,
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iat
io
n
(
SD)
,
m
in
i
m
u
m
,
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
f
o
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n
u
m
er
ical
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ata.
Usi
n
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lin
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r
e
g
r
ess
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e
T
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test
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th
e
Mc
Nem
ar
test
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e
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iv
ar
iate
test
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co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
ex
a
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
an
d
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
les.
A
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
o
b
tain
a
s
tatis
t
ical
m
o
d
el
eq
u
atio
n
th
at
f
its
th
e
Hb
lev
el
s
o
f
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
af
ter
f
o
llo
win
g
a
3
-
m
o
n
th
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
b
y
C
B
O.
Data
o
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
e
atin
g
h
ab
its
th
at
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
ir
o
n
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
(
ir
o
n
en
h
an
ce
r
f
o
o
d
)
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
3
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
c
o
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
th
e
h
ab
it
o
f
ea
tin
g
r
ed
m
ea
t,
p
o
u
ltry
,
f
is
h
,
an
d
s
h
r
im
p
in
th
e
p
ast
m
o
n
th
.
T
h
e
d
ata
o
n
th
e
f
o
o
d
o
r
d
r
in
k
th
at
ca
n
in
h
ib
it
th
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
ir
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
4
q
u
esti
o
n
s
,
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
th
e
h
ab
it
o
f
c
o
n
s
u
m
in
g
tea,
co
f
f
ee
,
m
ilk
,
a
n
d
u
lcer
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ep
tic
m
e
d
icin
e
clo
s
e
to
t
h
e
tim
e
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
W
I
FAS in
th
e
last
m
o
n
th
.
T
h
e
two
v
ar
iab
les o
f
ea
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g
h
a
b
its
wer
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llected
u
s
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g
a
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Q.
T
h
e
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
u
n
iv
ar
iate
d
ata
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
d
i
s
p
lay
in
g
th
e
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r
eq
u
e
n
cy
d
is
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ib
u
tio
n
,
an
d
p
er
ce
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tag
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o
r
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teg
o
r
ical
d
ata
,
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
,
s
tan
d
a
r
d
d
ev
iat
io
n
(
SD)
,
m
in
im
u
m
,
an
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
f
o
r
n
u
m
er
ical
d
ata.
Usi
n
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lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
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,
th
e
T
-
test
,
an
d
th
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Mc
Nem
ar
test
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th
e
b
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ar
iate
test
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co
n
d
u
cted
t
o
ex
a
m
in
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elatio
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s
h
ip
b
etwe
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th
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d
ep
en
d
en
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an
d
in
d
ep
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n
d
en
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v
a
r
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les.
A
m
u
lt
iv
ar
iate
an
aly
s
is
was
co
n
d
u
cted
to
o
b
tain
a
s
tatis
tical
m
o
d
el
eq
u
a
tio
n
th
at
was
f
it
r
elate
d
to
th
e
Hb
lev
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o
f
f
em
ale
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lescen
ts
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ter
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o
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a
3
-
m
o
n
t
h
in
ter
v
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tio
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b
y
C
B
O.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Cha
ra
c
t
er
is
t
ics o
f
a
do
le
s
ce
nt
g
irls
in Sir
na
g
a
lih
Vill
a
g
e,
B
o
g
o
r
,
West
J
a
v
a
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
’
last
ed
u
ca
tio
n
lev
el
was
ju
n
io
r
h
ig
h
s
ch
o
o
l
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
(
4
2
.
7
%)
w
ith
a
m
ea
n
o
f
ag
e
was
1
6
.
0
5
y
ea
r
s
o
ld
.
T
h
i
s
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
i
s
r
e
i
n
f
o
r
c
e
d
b
y
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
t
h
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
n
ts
o
f
s
c
h
o
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l
e
n
r
o
l
m
e
n
t
r
a
te
s
i
n
W
es
t
J
a
v
a
i
n
2
0
1
4
w
h
i
c
h
s
t
at
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
a
v
e
r
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l
e
n
g
t
h
o
f
s
c
h
o
o
l
i
n
g
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
1
5
y
e
a
r
s
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
i
n
W
es
t
J
a
v
a
w
as
o
n
l
y
7
.
9
y
e
a
r
s
an
d
t
h
e
s
c
h
o
o
l
e
n
r
o
l
m
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
i
n
W
es
t
J
a
v
a
w
as
t
h
e
l
o
w
e
s
t
o
f
a
ll
p
r
o
v
i
n
c
e
s
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
l
i
n
e
m
e
as
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
,
th
e
m
e
a
n
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
s
c
o
r
e
w
as
1
1
.
3
4
(
S
D
±
6
.
2
3
)
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
n
i
tia
l
a
tt
i
t
u
d
e
s
c
o
r
e
w
as
3
8
.
5
6
(
S
D
±
7
.
3
1
)
.
B
e
f
o
r
e
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
ti
o
n
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
(
6
0
.
7
%
)
r
e
p
o
r
te
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
u
s
e
d
t
o
e
a
t
f
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o
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s
t
h
a
t
f
a
c
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li
t
at
e
t
h
e
a
b
s
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r
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
r
o
n
(
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
r
f
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o
d
)
,
w
h
i
l
e
6
7
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4
%
a
d
m
i
t
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
y
u
s
e
d
t
o
c
o
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s
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m
e
i
r
o
n
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i
n
h
i
b
i
t
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n
g
f
o
o
d
s
o
r
d
r
i
n
k
s
.
T
h
e
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
H
b
l
e
v
e
l
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
i
n
t
e
r
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
w
as
1
1
.
8
8
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
B
aselin
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
(n
=
8
9
)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
M
e
a
n
±
S
D
n
%
A
g
e
1
6
.
0
5
±
2
.
0
8
-
10
-
1
4
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
23
2
5
.
8
-
15
-
2
0
y
e
a
r
s
o
l
d
66
7
4
.
2
Ed
u
c
a
t
i
o
n
-
P
r
i
mary
sc
h
o
o
l
16
18
-
Ju
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
S
c
h
o
o
l
38
4
2
.
7
-
S
e
n
i
o
r
h
i
g
h
s
c
h
o
o
l
25
28
-
A
c
a
d
e
m
y
10
1
1
.
3
H
e
mo
g
l
o
b
i
n
l
e
v
e
l
1
1
.
8
8
±
1
.
5
2
-
<
1
2
g
r
/
d
l
24
23
-
>
1
2
g
r
/
d
l
65
73
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
1
1
.
3
4
±
6
.
2
3
-
P
o
o
r
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
42
4
7
.
2
-
G
o
o
d
k
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
47
5
2
.
8
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
3
8
.
5
6
±
7
.
3
1
-
P
o
o
r
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
43
4
8
.
3
-
G
o
o
d
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
46
5
1
.
7
C
o
n
s
u
me
i
r
o
n
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
r
f
o
o
d
h
a
b
i
t
-
N
o
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
35
3
9
.
3
-
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
54
6
0
.
7
C
o
n
s
u
me
i
r
o
n
i
n
h
i
b
i
t
i
n
g
f
o
o
d
h
a
b
i
t
-
N
o
t
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
29
3
2
.
6
-
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
60
6
7
.
4
T
h
e
m
ea
n
s
co
r
e
o
f
in
itial k
n
o
wled
g
e
was 1
1
.
3
4
(
SD±
6
.
2
3
)
,
an
d
in
itial a
ttit
u
d
e
was
3
8
.
5
6
(
SD±
7
.
3
1
)
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
a
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Sirn
ag
alih
V
illag
e
in
2
0
2
2
[
19
]
.
B
ef
o
r
e
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
em
(
6
0
.
7
%)
ad
m
itted
th
at
th
ey
u
s
ed
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
i
r
o
n
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
en
h
an
ce
r
f
o
o
d
s
b
u
t
6
7
.
4
%
s
tated
th
ey
u
s
ed
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
f
o
o
d
o
r
d
r
in
k
s
th
a
t
in
h
ib
it
i
r
o
n
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
Hb
lev
el
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ts
b
ef
o
r
e
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
was
1
1
.
8
8
g
r
/d
l
(
SD±
1
.
5
2
)
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
as
m
ild
ir
o
n
a
n
em
ia
.
I
n
itial
h
e
m
o
g
lo
b
in
lev
el
s
ca
n
af
f
ec
t
h
em
o
g
lo
b
in
lev
els af
ter
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
with
W
I
FAS an
d
m
en
t
o
r
in
g
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
ass
is
tan
ce
.
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p
in
es,
a
n
d
i
n
Yo
g
y
a
k
ar
ta,
th
e
f
em
ale
a
d
o
lescen
t
wh
o
r
ec
eiv
e
d
ass
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
m
teac
h
er
s
,
p
ee
r
s
,
a
n
d
y
o
u
th
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
ex
p
er
ie
n
c
ed
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
Hb
lev
els as a
n
in
d
icato
r
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
an
e
m
ia
s
tatu
s
[
20
]
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Fem
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
ab
ilit
y
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
th
e
m
ed
i
a
ab
o
u
t
a
n
em
ia
an
d
C
B
O
s
u
p
er
v
is
e
wh
ile
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
W
I
FAS (
n
=
89)
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
n
%
C
B
O
s
u
p
e
r
v
i
ses
w
h
i
l
e
c
o
n
su
mi
n
g
W
I
F
A
S
-
Y
e
s
71
7
9
.
8
-
No
18
2
0
.
2
A
b
i
l
i
t
y
t
o
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
me
d
i
a
a
b
o
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t
a
n
e
mi
a
-
G
o
o
d
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n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
75
8
4
.
3
-
P
o
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
st
a
n
d
i
n
g
14
1
5
.
7
T
ab
le
3
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
s
b
etw
ee
n
s
co
r
es o
f
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
‘
k
n
o
wled
g
e,
attitu
d
e,
a
n
d
Hb
lev
e
l b
ef
o
r
e
a
n
d
af
te
r
th
e
C
B
O’
s
as
s
is
tan
ce
V
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
B
a
se
l
i
n
e
(
M
e
a
n
±
S
D
)
P
o
st
l
i
n
e
(
M
e
a
n
±
S
D
)
D
e
l
t
a
M
e
a
n
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
1
1
.
3
4
±
6
.
2
3
1
7
.
9
±
3
.
4
6
.
5
6
0
.
0
0
0
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
3
8
.
5
6
±
7
.
3
1
4
6
.
7
0
±
5
.
9
1
8
.
1
4
0
.
0
0
0
H
b
l
e
v
e
l
1
1
.
8
9
±
1
.
5
2
1
3
.
7
±
2
.
0
8
1
.
8
1
0
.
0
0
0
A
d
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
sc
o
r
e
-
5
.
6
±
9
.
4
-
-
T
ab
le
4
s
h
o
ws
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
a
t
co
r
r
elate
with
Hb
lev
els
af
t
er
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
e
latio
n
test
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
f
ac
to
r
s
th
at
co
r
r
elate
d
with
Hb
lev
els
af
ter
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
wer
e
in
itial
Hb
lev
els,
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
W
I
FAS,
an
d
ag
e
(
p
<0
.
0
5
)
.
W
h
ile
o
t
h
er
f
ac
t
o
r
s
s
u
ch
as
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
n
d
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
an
em
ia
an
d
W
I
FAS
d
id
n
o
t
c
o
r
r
elate
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
(
p
>
0
.
0
5
)
.
Ad
h
e
r
e
n
ce
to
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
W
I
FAS
is
an
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
an
em
ia
p
r
ev
e
n
tio
n
p
r
o
g
r
am
am
o
n
g
f
e
m
ale
ad
o
lescen
t
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
I
n
d
o
n
esia
B
asic
Hea
l
th
R
esear
ch
2
0
1
8
an
d
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
in
B
o
g
o
r
an
d
B
ek
asi
s
h
o
w
th
at
t
h
e
lo
w
ad
h
er
en
ce
t
o
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
W
I
FAS
r
eg
u
lar
ly
is
a
f
ac
to
r
i
n
h
ib
itin
g
th
e
s
u
cc
es
s
o
f
r
e
d
u
cin
g
th
e
p
r
ev
ale
n
ce
o
f
an
em
ia
in
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
6
]
,
[
2
0
]
-
[2
2
]
.
Ou
r
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
a
s
s
o
ciatio
n
b
etwe
en
ad
h
er
e
n
ce
to
I
FAS
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
with
p
o
s
t
-
Hb
.
T
h
is
is
in
lin
e
with
th
e
s
y
s
tem
atic
r
ev
iew
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
Sil
ito
n
g
a
wh
ich
r
ev
ea
led
p
ee
r
ed
u
ca
to
r
i
n
ter
v
en
ti
o
n
s
tu
d
ies
in
cr
ea
s
e
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
I
FAS
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
b
y
as
m
u
c
h
as
8
0
%
[
2
3
]
.
Peer
ed
u
ca
to
r
s
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
in
clu
d
ed
in
C
B
O
n
am
ely
ka
r
a
n
g
ta
r
u
n
a
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
an
o
th
er
f
in
d
in
g
th
at
y
o
u
th
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
ka
r
a
n
g
ta
r
u
n
a
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
eir
p
a
r
ticip
atio
n
in
k
a
r
a
n
g
ta
r
u
n
a
ac
tiv
ities
[2
4
]
.
H
o
wev
er
,
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
C
B
O
s
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
eir
r
ea
d
i
n
ess
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
ass
is
tan
ce
to
m
o
tiv
ate
an
d
ed
u
c
ate
ad
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
ir
o
n
f
o
late
an
d
ea
t
b
alan
ce
d
n
u
tr
itio
n
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Facto
r
s
co
r
r
elate
d
to
Hb
lev
el
af
ter
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
(n
=
8
9
)
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
R
R2
p
-
v
a
l
u
e
A
d
h
e
r
e
n
c
e
t
o
c
o
n
s
u
mi
n
g
W
I
F
A
S
0
.
6
6
2
0
.
4
3
8
0
.
0
0
0
A
g
e
0
.
2
5
6
0
.
0
6
6
0
.
0
0
8
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
H
b
l
e
v
e
l
0
.
7
6
5
0
.
5
8
5
0
.
0
0
0
K
n
o
w
l
e
d
g
e
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
.
9
9
9
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
0
.
0
2
8
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
7
9
3
Alth
o
u
g
h
i
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
e
a
d
h
er
en
ce
f
ac
to
r
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
an
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
f
ac
to
r
,
it
m
u
s
t
s
till
b
e
p
r
esen
t
in
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
Hb
lev
els,
to
g
et
h
er
with
th
e
f
ac
to
r
o
f
f
em
ale
a
d
o
lescen
ts
’
h
ab
its
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
ir
o
n
en
h
an
ce
r
f
o
o
d
a
n
d
s
u
p
e
r
v
is
io
n
f
r
o
m
k
a
r
a
n
g
ta
r
u
n
a
an
d
p
o
s
ya
n
d
u
ca
d
r
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
in
lin
e
with
R
is
o
n
ar
et
a
l.
[1
8
]
s
tu
d
y
in
B
an
d
ar
L
am
p
u
n
g
an
d
L
u
tf
iasar
i
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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I
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Hea
lth
Sci
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l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
1
4
1
9
-
1
4
2
7
1424
A
m
u
ltiv
ar
iate
test
with
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
was
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
a
f
it
s
tatis
t
ical
m
o
d
el
r
elate
d
to
th
e
Hb
lev
els
o
f
a
d
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
in
Sirn
ag
alih
Villag
e,
B
o
g
o
r
,
W
est
J
av
a
af
ter
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
T
a
b
le
5
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
in
cl
u
d
ed
in
t
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
e
l
ar
e
ag
e,
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
f
r
o
m
C
B
O,
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
W
I
FAS,
b
ein
g
ab
le
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
m
ed
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m
ess
ag
es
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o
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t
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p
r
e
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ae
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h
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its
o
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n
s
u
m
in
g
ir
o
n
en
h
a
n
ce
r
s
f
o
o
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h
e
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
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(
R
s
q
u
ar
e)
s
h
o
ws
a
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
6
7
4
wh
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
at
t
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el
ca
n
e
x
p
lain
8
2
%
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
a
r
iab
le
o
f
Hb
le
v
el
am
o
n
g
ad
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
af
ter
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
I
n
o
th
er
wo
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d
s
,
th
e
f
iv
e
in
d
ep
en
d
en
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ab
les
ca
n
ex
p
lain
th
e
Hb
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el
s
as
m
u
ch
as
6
7
%.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
F
test
s
h
o
w
a
p
-
v
alu
e
=
0
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0
0
0
,
m
ea
n
in
g
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at
at
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alp
h
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th
e
r
e
g
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d
el
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th
e
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g
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ata,
an
d
t
h
e
f
o
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r
v
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r
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ican
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ed
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th
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J
o
n
g
g
o
l,
B
o
g
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r
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W
est J
av
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M
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t
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F
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S
+
0
.
6
4
4
p
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e
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b
L
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+
1
.
4
9
5
H
a
b
i
t
s
o
f
c
o
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su
m
i
n
g
i
r
o
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e
n
h
a
n
c
e
r
s f
o
o
d
s.
Alth
o
u
g
h
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
f
o
u
n
d
s
u
p
er
v
is
io
n
o
f
C
B
O
is
n
o
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
Hb
lev
el,
th
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
C
B
O
as
a
p
ee
r
g
r
o
u
p
in
cr
ea
tin
g
awa
r
e
n
ess
o
f
an
em
ia
h
ad
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
ed
to
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
.
C
o
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
wid
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
(
e.
g
.
s
o
cial
m
ar
k
etin
g
ca
m
p
aig
n
s
)
a
n
d
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
c
h
an
g
es
(
e.
g
.
B
u
ild
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
i
p
s
)
,
ar
e
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
b
y
W
HO
as a
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
d
u
r
a
b
le
way
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t
h
ea
lth
is
s
u
es in
ad
o
lescen
ts
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
A
n
o
th
er
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
en
g
ag
in
g
C
B
O
as
a
h
ea
lth
in
te
r
v
en
tio
n
in
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
er
a
n
em
ia
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
am
o
n
g
a
d
o
lescen
t
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Utam
i
et
a
l.
[
2
8
]
wh
ic
h
th
eir
k
n
o
wled
g
e
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
af
te
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
b
u
t
with
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
in
p
o
s
t
-
Hb
.
A
d
o
lescen
ts
’
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
is
a
s
k
ill
o
f
liter
ac
y
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
i
g
h
lig
h
te
d
th
e
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
t
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
at
th
is
s
tag
e
of
life
w
h
ich
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
b
en
ef
icial
as
ad
o
lescen
ts
’
ch
ar
ac
ter
s
ar
e
in
d
icate
d
b
y
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
of
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
alu
es
an
d
s
k
ill
s
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
lim
itatio
n
o
f
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
ad
h
e
r
en
ce
to
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
I
FAS
d
id
n
o
t
r
ev
ea
l
its
d
eter
m
in
an
t.
I
t
i
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
Kam
au
et
a
l.
[
3
0
]
wh
er
e
n
u
tr
itio
n
ed
u
ca
tio
n
ca
n
ele
v
ate
th
e
co
m
p
lian
ce
o
f
I
FAS
in
th
e
in
ter
v
e
n
tio
n
g
r
o
u
p
r
ath
er
th
an
t
h
e
I
FAS
-
o
n
ly
g
r
o
u
p
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
th
at,
o
u
r
s
tu
d
y
d
i
d
n
o
t
ass
ess
th
e
ad
h
er
e
n
ce
to
I
FAS co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
e
f
o
r
e
i
n
ter
v
en
tio
n
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
f
ir
o
n
n
u
tr
itio
n
al
an
em
ia
am
o
n
g
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
is
h
ig
h
ly
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
n
u
tr
i
tio
n
al
s
tatu
s
o
f
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
to
p
r
ep
ar
e
f
o
r
th
eir
m
o
th
er
h
o
o
d
.
T
h
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
e
n
t
co
u
ld
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
ir
o
n
s
u
p
p
lem
en
tatio
n
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
es
r
e
g
u
lar
an
d
co
m
p
lete
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
ir
o
n
-
f
o
lic
ac
id
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ts
.
Ad
h
er
e
n
ce
r
eq
u
i
r
es
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
th
e
ass
is
tan
t
a
s
an
ed
u
ca
to
r
an
d
m
o
tiv
ato
r
.
T
h
e
C
B
O
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
y
o
u
th
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
a
n
d
p
o
s
ya
n
d
u
ca
d
r
es
ca
n
b
e
i
n
v
o
l
v
ed
as
ass
is
tan
ts
to
g
r
o
u
p
s
o
f
ad
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
in
r
u
r
al
a
r
ea
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
w
h
en
teac
h
er
s
ca
n
n
o
t
p
la
y
a
d
ir
ec
t
r
o
le
d
u
e
to
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
lik
e
th
e
C
OVI
D
-
1
9
p
a
n
d
em
ic.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
C
B
O
p
lay
s
a
r
o
le
i
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
Hb
lev
el
o
f
ad
o
lescen
t
g
ir
ls
,
b
esi
d
es
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
m
ed
ia
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
i
n
itial
Hb
lev
el,
a
d
h
er
en
ce
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
I
FAS,
an
d
h
ab
its
to
co
n
s
u
m
e
ir
o
n
en
h
an
ce
r
f
o
o
d
o
f
f
em
ale
ad
o
lescen
ts
in
Sirn
ag
alih
Villag
e,
B
o
g
o
r
,
W
est
J
av
a.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ap
p
r
ec
iate
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
f
r
o
m
p
a
r
tn
er
s
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
th
e
Hea
d
o
f
Sirn
ag
al
ih
Villag
e
in
J
o
n
g
g
o
l,
B
o
g
o
r
,
W
est
J
av
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T
h
e
au
t
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o
r
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RE
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NC
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[
1
]
M
.
M
.
H
a
sa
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
n
e
mi
a
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me
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n
t
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s:
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5
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o
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[
2
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y
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[
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l
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e
]
.
A
v
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a
b
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e
:
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:
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m/
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Sep
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20
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