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J
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Vo
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39
,
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2
,
Au
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t
20
25
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80
7
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808
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r
elay
'
s
co
il,
an
d
th
e
co
il
in
s
u
latio
n
d
eter
io
r
ates.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
it
b
u
r
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
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o
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ile
ch
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g
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to
th
e
n
o
n
-
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
s
tatu
s
[
1
2
]
-
[
1
6
]
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
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an
s
ien
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er
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o
ltag
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ile
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e
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o
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th
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ac
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it.
W
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tr
ain
d
ep
ar
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f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ac
k
,
th
e
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ec
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is
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lay
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e
tr
ac
k
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r
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T
h
er
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o
r
e,
th
er
e
is
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e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
at
1
.
1
k
V
an
d
th
e
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e
a
t
1
3
6
/2
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4
µS.
Sin
ce
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
u
es
ar
e
s
till
u
n
s
o
lv
ed
,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
an
aly
s
is
m
u
s
t
r
ely
o
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
s
tate.
T
r
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
ca
u
s
in
g
d
am
ag
e
to
th
e
B
R
9
6
6
F2
r
elay
in
th
e
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
h
am
p
er
s
th
e
tr
a
in
o
p
er
atio
n
co
m
m
an
d
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tics
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
es o
f
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
f
r
o
m
2
0
2
2
to
2
0
2
3
ar
e
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Th
e
d
esig
n
o
f a
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
fo
r
mitig
a
tin
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t o
ve
r
vo
lta
g
e
in
th
e
tr
a
ck
…
(
Ukrit
K
o
r
n
ka
n
o
k
)
809
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
r
an
s
ien
t o
v
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ile
ch
an
g
in
g
to
n
o
n
-
o
cc
u
p
ied
s
tatu
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Statis
tics
o
f
th
e
ca
u
s
es o
f
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
T
r
ac
k
o
cc
u
p
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cy
o
r
lin
e
ca
p
ac
ity
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es th
e
s
to
p
tim
e
at
th
e
s
tatio
n
to
allo
w
th
e
tr
ain
o
n
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
tr
ac
k
to
p
ass
,
an
d
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
tim
e
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
,
th
e
d
elay
s
ch
ed
u
les,
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
4
0
%
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
tim
e.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
lin
e
ca
p
ac
ity
u
s
in
g
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
f
th
e
State
R
ailway
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
as
sh
o
wn
in
th
e
(
1
)
[
5
]
.
L
in
e
c
ap
ac
ity
=
+
×
70%
(
1
)
E
lectr
ical
q
u
ality
p
er
tain
s
to
th
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
its
im
p
ed
in
g
tr
ain
o
p
er
atio
n
co
m
m
an
d
s
.
R
esear
ch
an
d
d
ata
co
llectio
n
o
n
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
its
o
f
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
d
am
ag
e
to
th
e
B
R
9
6
6
F
2
r
elay
,
was
co
n
d
u
cted
[
17]
-
[
1
9
]
;
it d
etec
ts
th
e
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e,
th
e
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
to
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
lt
ag
e,
an
d
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
ien
t o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
af
ety
tr
an
s
ien
t v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
o
r
s
(
STVS)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it d
o
es n
o
t d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
a
p
er
m
an
en
t so
lu
tio
n
o
r
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
p
r
ac
tice.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
in
g
an
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
to
r
ed
u
ce
tr
an
s
ien
t o
v
er
v
o
l
tag
e
in
th
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
its
o
f
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
is
aim
s
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
d
am
ag
e
to
elec
tr
ical
ap
p
lian
ce
s
an
d
elec
tr
o
n
ics
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
its
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
elec
tr
ical
q
u
ality
is
s
u
e
to
m
in
im
ize
th
e
d
am
ag
e
to
th
e
B
R
9
6
6
F2
r
elay
.
T
h
e
in
s
u
late
g
ate
b
ip
o
lar
ju
n
ctio
n
tr
an
s
is
to
r
(
I
GB
T
)
h
as r
ep
lace
d
th
e
s
u
r
g
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
r
g
e
(
T
VS)
was
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
with
h
ig
h
watt
p
o
wer
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
d
er
th
e
s
af
ety
f
ailu
r
e
m
o
d
e
to
h
an
d
le
th
e
tr
an
s
i
en
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e.
wh
ich
is
in
th
e
s
af
ety
f
ailu
r
e
1
.
1
k
V
T
2
T
1
T
T
2
=
2
8
4
m
i
c
r
o
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
T
1
=
1
3
6
m
i
c
r
o
s
e
c
o
n
d
s
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
80
7
-
82
0
810
m
o
d
e
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
m
o
r
e
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
with
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
m
o
d
es
an
d
ef
f
ec
t
an
aly
s
is
(
FME
A)
,
th
e
s
af
ety
in
teg
r
ity
lev
el
(
SIL
)
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
co
m
m
an
d
v
ia
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
in
ter
lo
ck
in
g
m
eth
o
d
o
f
th
e
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
is
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
,
wh
ich
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
with
th
e
I
E
C
1
6
5
0
8
-
4
s
tan
d
ar
d
o
f
th
e
State
R
ailway
o
f
T
h
ailan
d
.
2.
PR
INC
IPL
E
O
F T
H
E
T
R
A
C
K
C
IRC
U
IT F
U
N
C
T
IO
N
T
h
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it
ex
h
ib
its
th
e
tr
ac
k
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
at
th
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
cir
cu
it
is
s
ep
ar
ated
with
in
s
u
latio
n
.
On
e
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
tr
ac
k
is
a
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
,
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
is
th
e
s
ig
n
al
r
ec
eiv
er
with
th
e
B
R
9
6
6
F2
r
elay
.
T
h
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it
s
h
o
ws
tr
ac
k
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
.
Vo
ltag
e
ab
n
o
r
m
ality
an
d
s
ig
n
al
d
etec
tio
n
ar
e
s
en
t
to
th
e
B
R
9
6
6
F2
r
elay
o
f
th
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it
to
d
etec
t
th
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
n
o
r
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tate,
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
tes
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
p
o
wer
(
DC
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it
)
to
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
tr
ac
k
,
with
a
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
5
.
6
Vp
,
to
tr
an
s
m
it
th
e
s
ig
n
al
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
ac
k
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
.
I
f
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
r
ec
eiv
es
a
s
ig
n
al,
it
in
d
icate
s
th
e
tr
ac
k
is
clea
r
.
I
f
a
tr
ain
co
m
es
in
b
etwe
en
th
e
tr
an
s
m
itter
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
,
th
e
ax
le
an
d
wh
ee
l
ar
e
ir
o
n
in
d
u
cto
r
s
,
s
o
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
t,
o
r
a
s
h
o
r
t
cu
r
r
en
t
o
cc
u
r
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
th
e
tr
ac
k
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
s
in
ce
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
at
th
e
ax
le
an
d
th
e
wh
ee
l
f
lo
ws
b
ac
k
to
th
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
.
I
t
in
d
icate
s
th
e
tr
ac
k
is
o
cc
u
p
ied
in
th
is
b
lo
ck
,
o
r
th
er
e
is
th
e
o
cc
u
p
an
cy
o
f
th
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fu
n
d
am
en
tal
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
th
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it
T
h
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it'
s
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
p
r
in
cip
le
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
v
alu
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
ac
ts
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
in
th
e
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
b
allast
r
esis
tan
ce
is
ad
ju
s
ted
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
B
R
9
6
6
F2
r
elay
.
T
h
e
b
al
last
r
esis
tan
ce
cir
cu
it is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
allast r
esis
tan
ce
cir
cu
it
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
b
allast r
esis
tan
ce
(
R
B
):
=
(
2
)
B
l
oc
k
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
l
o
w
I
ns
ul
a
t
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d
R
a
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r
r
e
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t
R
e
l
a
y
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R
966F
2
A
xl
e
C
o
m
NC
NO
T
r
a
i
n
a
xl
e
s
hor
t
c
i
r
c
ui
t
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ng
t
he
t
r
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t
V
a
r
a
b
l
e
F
e
e
d
R
e
s
i
s
t
or
R
B
R
Y
L
Z
B
l
o
c
k
A
x
l
e
T
r
a
i
n
a
x
l
e
s
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
r
a
c
k
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
V
F
V
R
I
B
R
B
I
F
I
R
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Th
e
d
esig
n
o
f a
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
fo
r
mitig
a
tin
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t o
ve
r
vo
lta
g
e
in
th
e
tr
a
ck
…
(
Ukrit
K
o
r
n
ka
n
o
k
)
811
w
h
er
e
:
=
1
2
(
+
)
(
3
)
wh
ich
m
ak
es th
e
R
B
to
,
=
1
2
(
+
)
−
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
:
=
(
5
)
a
nd
,
=
(
6
)
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iaten
ess
o
f
th
e
tr
a
ck
cir
cu
it'
s
ac
cu
r
ate
o
p
er
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
I
f
it d
o
es n
o
t f
o
llo
w
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it is
ad
ju
s
tab
le
t
o
g
ain
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
allast r
esis
tan
ce
f
o
r
th
e
co
r
r
ec
t o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
3.
P
RINCI
P
L
E
O
F
D
E
SI
G
N
I
NG
T
H
E
T
R
ANS
I
E
N
T
O
V
E
RVO
L
T
AG
E
P
RO
T
E
CT
I
O
N
SYST
E
M
3
.
1
.
Rela
t
io
ns
hip
bet
wee
n t
he
s
urg
e
pro
t
ec
t
io
n dev
ices
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
u
r
g
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ice
(
SP
D)
u
s
ed
in
th
e
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
tects
th
e
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
lig
h
tn
in
g
im
p
u
ls
e
o
r
s
u
r
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
(V
S
)
to
elim
in
ate
th
e
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
lig
h
tn
in
g
g
ettin
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
tr
ac
k
cir
cu
it u
s
in
g
th
e
GDT
.
Su
r
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
(V
S
)
g
ets th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
ail
(
Z
R
)
,
an
d
a
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
o
cc
u
r
s
(
Vcl_
GDT
)
.
Ho
wev
er
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
I
E
E
E
Std
6
2
.
4
1
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
i
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
ca
u
s
e
an
y
d
am
ag
e
[
2
7
]
-
[
2
9
]
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
e
n
th
e
SPD
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
th
e
SP
D
with
th
e
GDT
is
ar
r
an
g
ed
,
th
e
s
u
r
g
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
S
)
in
th
e
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
(
V
cl_G
DT
)
ar
e
s
till
at
a
h
ig
h
r
ate.
Fu
r
th
er
,
th
er
e
is
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
wh
ile
ch
an
g
in
g
th
e
tr
ac
k
clea
r
s
tatu
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
s
tallin
g
o
n
e
s
et
o
f
GDT
s
u
r
g
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
d
ev
ices
ca
n
n
o
t
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
p
r
ev
en
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
am
ag
e
to
th
e
B
R
9
6
6
F2
r
elay
if
th
e
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
r
em
ain
s
o
r
is
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
lev
el.
T
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
tr
an
s
ien
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
d
io
d
e
(
T
VS)
,
th
e
q
u
ick
-
r
esp
o
n
s
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t to
m
itig
ate
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e,
en
ab
les
t
h
e
c
l
a
m
p
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
C
L_TVS
)
t
o
p
r
e
v
e
n
t
t
h
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
f
r
o
m
b
e
i
n
g
o
v
e
r
t
h
e
T
V
S
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
t
h
e
(
7
)
-
(
9
)
:
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
T
V
S
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
V
S
G
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
V
C
L_
TV
S
GDT
V
C
L
_
G
D
T
Z
R
C
l
a
m
p
i
n
g
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
<
13
0
0
V
(
a
t
1
k
V
/
µ
s)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
80
7
-
82
0
812
≈
_
(
7
)
C
alcu
latio
n
o
f
m
ax
im
u
m
p
u
ls
e
cu
r
r
en
t (
I
TVSD
):
=
+
(
8
)
C
alcu
latio
n
o
f
clam
p
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
CL_TVS
):
_
=
+
(
9
)
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
g
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
d
ev
ice
en
ab
les
th
e
clam
p
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
in
th
e
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
as th
e
(
1
0
)
:
_
<
_
(
10)
Alth
o
u
g
h
u
s
in
g
T
VS
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
q
u
ick
ly
,
an
d
th
e
clam
p
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
(V
CL_TVS
)
is
at
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lev
el
th
at
will
n
o
t
d
am
ag
e
th
e
B
R
9
6
6
F2
r
elay
,
its
d
u
r
ab
ilit
y
is
v
er
y
lo
w.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
if
th
e
d
ev
ice
is
im
p
air
ed
an
d
f
in
ally
lead
s
to
o
p
er
atio
n
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
.
3
.
2
.
Desig
nin
g
t
he
dev
ice
t
o
m
it
ig
a
t
e
t
he
t
ra
ns
ient
o
v
er
v
o
lt
a
g
e
us
ing
t
he
elec
t
ro
nic lo
a
d
T
h
e
d
ev
ice'
s
d
esig
n
m
itig
ates
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
,
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
s
witch
p
u
llin
g
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
an
d
ad
o
p
ti
n
g
th
e
I
GB
T
an
d
T
VS
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
n
ew
d
ev
ice,
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
I
GB
T
d
ev
ice
(
T
VS
IG
BT
)
was
in
v
en
ted
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
I
GB
T
’
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Diag
r
a
m
b
lo
c
k
o
f
all
tr
an
s
ien
t o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
d
e
v
ices w
ith
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
3
.
3
.
Desig
nin
g
s
a
f
et
y
elec
t
ro
nic lo
a
d su
pp
re
s
s
io
n
(
SE
L
S)
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
SEL
S
is
to
m
itig
ate
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
ch
an
g
e
o
f
tr
ac
k
clea
r
s
tatu
s
af
ter
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
SEL
S
is
a
s
er
ies
cir
cu
it
with
th
e
2
o
o
3
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
m
o
d
e
(
T
wo
o
u
t o
f
T
h
r
ee
Vo
tin
g
)
[
3
0
]
,
[
3
1
]
,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
SEL
S
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
T
VS
1
,
T
VS
2
,
an
d
T
VS
3
,
wh
ich
d
etec
t th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t v
o
ltag
e
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
d
ev
ice.
I
GB
T
1
,
I
GB
T
2
,
I
GB
T
3
,
an
d
I
GB
T
4
wo
r
k
as
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
ad
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
d
ir
ec
t
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
f
lo
w
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
;
its
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
T
VS
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e.
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
C
l
a
m
p
i
n
g
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
e
d
e
q
u
i
p
m
e
n
t
G
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
r
a
n
s
i
e
n
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
E
L
S
GDT
GDT
V
S
Z
R
V
C
L_
S
EL
S
Z
S
E
L
S
<
13
0
0
V
(
a
t
1
k
V
/
µ
s)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Th
e
d
esig
n
o
f a
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
fo
r
mitig
a
tin
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t o
ve
r
vo
lta
g
e
in
th
e
tr
a
ck
…
(
Ukrit
K
o
r
n
ka
n
o
k
)
813
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Saf
ety
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
s
u
p
p
r
ess
io
n
cir
c
u
it
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
SEL
S
is
to
o
u
tlin
e
th
e
cir
cu
it
to
in
clu
d
e
th
e
f
ail
-
s
af
e
to
p
r
ev
en
t
h
ar
m
f
u
l
f
ailu
r
e
b
y
th
e
v
o
ter
lo
g
ic
b
lo
ck
2
o
o
3
o
r
th
e
f
ail
d
etec
tio
n
2
o
u
t o
f
3
.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
m
o
d
e
o
f
th
e
T
VS in
th
e
SEL
S,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
r
elea
s
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
T
VS
(
L
et
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
Vo
ltag
e:
V
lt_TVS
)
to
d
r
o
p
at
th
e
r
esis
to
r
(
R
)
;
it
is
th
e
tr
ig
g
er
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
I
GB
T
(
Vg
)
to
d
ir
ec
t
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
I
GB
T
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
SEL
S
with
th
e
v
o
ter
lo
g
ic
b
lo
ck
2
o
o
3
co
m
p
r
is
es AN
D
lo
g
ics
an
d
OR
lo
g
i
cs,
as
sh
o
wn
in
th
e
(
1
1
)
:
_
=
(
1
×
2
)
+
(
2
×
3
)
+
(
1
×
3
)
+
(
1
×
2
×
3
)
(
11)
T
h
e
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
er
r
o
r
an
d
cir
cu
it
f
ailu
r
e
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ev
ices
in
th
e
cir
cu
it.
Fewer
d
ev
ices
will
r
ed
u
ce
er
r
o
r
s
an
d
f
ailu
r
es
ef
f
icien
tly
.
Fo
r
th
i
s
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
SEL
S
with
th
e
two
s
ets
o
f
STVS
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
th
e
s
er
ies
cir
cu
it
wo
u
ld
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
SEL
S’s
r
esis
tan
ce
to
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
ex
p
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ia
th
e
SEL
S
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
o
f
all
m
o
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
it
wo
u
ld
allo
w
th
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
f
lo
w
to
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
(
L
C
)
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
as sh
o
wn
in
th
e
(
1
2
)
.
=
(
1
×
2
)
+
(
3
×
4
)
+
(
1
×
4
×
1
)
+
(
1
×
2
×
3
×
4
×
1
)
(
12)
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
2
o
o
3
f
ailu
r
e
ch
ec
k
is
to
d
etec
t
two
o
u
t
o
f
th
r
ee
f
ailu
r
es
s
o
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
I
GB
T
an
d
th
e
clam
p
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
SEL
S
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
d
ev
ice.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
9
,
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
SEL
S
cir
cu
it
ar
e
d
etailed
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
SEL
S
cir
cu
it
in
clu
d
es
I
GB
T
1
an
d
I
GB
T
2
;
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
I
GB
T
3
an
d
I
GB
T
4
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
cir
cu
it
f
ea
tu
r
es
I
GB
T
1
,
I
GB
T
4
,
an
d
D1
,
wh
ile
th
e
f
o
u
r
th
cir
cu
it
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
I
GB
T
1
,
I
GB
T
2
,
I
GB
T
3
,
I
GB
T
4
,
an
d
D1
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
at
th
e
f
ir
s
t SE
L
S c
ir
cu
it o
f
I
GB
T
1
an
d
I
GB
T
2
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
B
esid
es,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
av
er
ag
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
is
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ice
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice'
s
to
tal
f
ailu
r
e
r
ate
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
1
3
)
:
_
=
_
/
1
0
6
(1
3)
t
h
e
SEL
S to
tal
f
ailu
r
e
is
:
_
2
3
=
+
+
+
_
/
1
0
6
(
14)
t
h
e
av
er
ag
e
tim
e
o
f
th
e
SEL
S f
ailu
r
e
is
:
=
1
_
2
3
_
/
1
0
6
(
15)
R
1
I
G
B
T
2
T
V
S
1
I
G
B
T
1
R
2
T
V
S
3
R
3
V
c
c
T
V
S
2
I
G
B
T
3
I
G
B
T
4
D
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
80
7
-
82
0
814
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
C
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
ien
t o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
s
a
t th
e
SEL
S o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t set
4.
P
E
RF
O
RM
A
NCE
T
E
ST
R
E
SU
L
T
O
F
T
H
E
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
NIC L
O
AD
D
E
VI
CE
T
h
e
SEL
S
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
test
co
m
p
r
is
es
th
r
ee
p
a
r
ts
:
r
eliab
ilit
y
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
FME
A
[
3
2
]
-
[
3
4
]
,
an
d
t
h
e
o
v
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
wav
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
test
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
ien
t
o
v
er
v
o
ltag
e
is
1
k
V,
an
d
th
e
w
av
e
is
1
3
6
/2
8
4
µS,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
test
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
SEL
S's
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
is
ex
h
ib
ited
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
SEL
S p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
test
4
.
1
.
Relia
bil
it
y
predict
io
n f
o
r
elec
t
ro
nic c
o
m
po
nents
I
t
is
th
e
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
th
e
m
ea
n
o
p
er
atin
g
tim
e
b
etwe
en
f
ailu
r
es
(
MT
B
F),
as sh
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Failu
r
es o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
N
o
.
N
o
t
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
F
a
i
l
u
r
e
r
a
t
e
(
1
0
6
h)
1
D
i
o
d
e
0
.
9
7
2
8
2
TV
S
0
.
2
5
6
3
I
G
B
T
2
6
.
1
4
R
e
si
st
o
r
0
.
0
8
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Th
e
d
esig
n
o
f a
n
elec
tr
o
n
ic
lo
a
d
fo
r
mitig
a
tin
g
tr
a
n
s
ien
t o
ve
r
vo
lta
g
e
in
th
e
tr
a
ck
…
(
Ukrit
K
o
r
n
ka
n
o
k
)
815
T
ab
le
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
f
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
r
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
f
th
e
SEL
S.
T
h
e
f
ailu
r
e
r
ate
o
f
th
e
SEL
S is
f
r
o
m
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
:
_
2
3
=
106
.
3838
_
/
1
0
6
(
16)
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
to
f
in
d
th
e
m
ea
n
tim
e
b
ef
o
r
e
f
ailu
r
es is
f
r
o
m
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
:
=
9
,
399
(
17)
T
h
e
m
ea
n
tim
e
b
ef
o
r
e
f
ailu
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
r
th
e
SEL
S f
ailu
r
e
is
9
,
3
9
9
h
o
u
r
s
.
4
.
2
.
F
a
ilu
re
m
o
des
a
nd
ef
f
ec
t
s
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
FME
A
is
co
n
d
u
cted
with
th
e
SEL
S
as
th
e
to
o
l
to
in
d
icate
th
e
s
af
ety
f
ail
an
aly
s
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
d
am
ag
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
.
I
n
ac
co
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
I
E
E
E
C
6
2
.
4
1
.
1
:2
0
0
2
s
tan
d
ar
d
[
1
1
]
,
th
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
p
r
in
cip
l
es
o
f
th
e
f
ailu
r
e
m
o
d
e:
Sh
o
r
t,
Op
en
,
an
d
Deg
r
ad
ed
(
o
u
ts
id
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
lim
its
)
.
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lt
wo
u
ld
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
in
v
en
ted
cir
cu
it
will
f
u
n
ctio
n
in
f
ail
-
s
af
e
m
o
d
e,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
FME
A
o
f
th
e
SEL
S
in
th
e
r
ailway
s
ig
n
alin
g
s
y
s
tem
an
aly
z
es
th
e
f
ailu
r
es
an
d
ef
f
ec
ts
th
at
ten
tativ
ely
o
cc
u
r
with
an
y
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
cir
cu
it,
s
u
ch
as
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
its
an
d
b
u
r
n
in
g
.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es
ca
u
s
e
th
e
cir
cu
it
to
m
alf
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
wo
u
ld
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
th
e
av
ai
lab
ilit
y
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
u
s
ab
ilit
y
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Failu
r
e
m
o
d
es a
n
d
ef
f
ec
ts
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
D
e
v
i
c
e
s
F
a
i
l
u
r
e
mo
d
e
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
t
h
e
S
E
LS
Ef
f
e
c
t
o
f
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
TV
S
1
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
TV
S
2
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
TV
S
3
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
R
2
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
R
2
*
2
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
R
2
*
0
.
5
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
I
G
B
T
1
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
O
u
t
p
u
t
V
d
c
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
b
∆
N
o
t
e
(
(
*
0
.
5
)
,
(
*
2
)
,
S
h
o
r
t
a
n
d
O
p
e
n
r
e
f
e
r
t
o
t
h
e
st
a
n
d
a
r
d
v
a
l
u
e
s
o
f
I
EC
6
1
4
9
6
-
1
:
(
a
)
:
O
u
t
p
u
t
i
s
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
0
,
(
b
)
:
N
o
r
mal
o
u
t
p
u
t
,
(
c
)
:
A
b
n
o
r
mal
o
u
t
p
u
t
∆
n
o
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
c
o
n
se
q
u
e
n
c
e
s▲
a
b
n
o
r
ma
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
4
.
3
.
E
lect
ro
nic lo
a
d per
f
o
rm
a
nce
t
est
4
.
3
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
rm
a
nce
t
est
wit
h t
he
1
k
V
t
ra
ns
ient
o
v
er
v
o
lt
a
g
e
wa
v
e
T
h
e
SEL
S
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
test
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I
SS
N
:
2
5
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2
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4
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I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
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n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
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Vo
l.
39
,
No
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2
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u
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t
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cted
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ates
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n
ic
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4
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to
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ates
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t
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r
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m
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g
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s
f
u
n
ctio
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u
r
e
1
4
.
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er
m
al
o
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th
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o
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ic
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atin
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th
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o
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er
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at
50
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DC
I
S
EL
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g
_
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T2
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g
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S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.