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id
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DC
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DC
c
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v
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E
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icles
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ity
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ed
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s
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d
im
p
r
o
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y
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h
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y
b
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e
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g
in
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astr
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e.
E
Vs
ar
e
co
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s
i
d
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ed
h
ig
h
ly
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f
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in
en
g
in
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p
er
f
o
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m
an
ce
s
in
ce
th
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en
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ate
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o
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f
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el
ev
ap
o
r
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n
o
r
r
ef
in
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
I
n
teg
r
atin
g
E
Vs
with
p
o
wer
g
r
id
s
th
r
o
u
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h
v
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h
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to
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g
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(
V2
G)
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
en
ab
les
b
id
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ec
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
f
lo
w,
o
p
tim
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g
r
id
s
tab
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y
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
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tili
za
tio
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.
E
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
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s
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s
(
E
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s
er
v
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a
v
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f
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n
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in
th
is
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to
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ly
.
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f
f
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f
E
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in
s
u
p
p
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g
E
V
in
f
r
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e
d
e
p
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d
s
o
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th
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o
f
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ir
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D
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s
(
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DC
)
,
wh
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m
in
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ly
p
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f
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lo
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ca
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b
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d
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.
R
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s
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r
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V
2
G
s
y
s
tem
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p
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d
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s
,
h
ig
h
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f
r
en
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b
le
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n
er
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y
s
o
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ce
s
an
d
th
e
p
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ten
tial
b
e
n
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its
o
f
E
SS
in
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
[
3
]
–
[
5
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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5
0
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I
n
d
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n
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J
E
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n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
78
3
-
79
6
784
R
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ely
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o
f
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h
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g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
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r
e,
esp
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ially
DC
ch
ar
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er
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
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atter
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lay
s
a
cr
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cial
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a
v
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r
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tly
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f
l
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en
cin
g
o
v
e
r
all
E
V
p
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f
o
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m
an
ce
.
As
th
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s
tr
ess
o
f
g
r
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will
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
E
Vs
to
c
h
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
y
,
t
h
e
E
SS
is
a
b
a
ck
u
p
f
o
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c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
th
e
b
atter
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.
T
h
e
B
DC
was
ch
o
s
en
d
u
e
to
its
r
o
b
u
s
t
d
esig
n
[
6
]
–
[
1
1
]
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
,
h
ig
h
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to
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n
d
le
f
lu
c
tu
atin
g
p
o
wer
lev
els
d
u
r
i
n
g
b
o
th
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cles.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
E
V
an
d
E
SS
b
atter
ies
o
n
DC
c
h
ar
g
er
s
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
B
DC
,
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
id
e
n
tify
in
g
o
p
tim
al
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
in
f
r
as
tr
u
ctu
r
e
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
in
tr
o
d
u
c
es n
o
v
el
B
DC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
[
1
2
]
h
as b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
b
atter
y
E
V
an
d
E
SS
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
m
ajo
r
b
atter
ies
in
p
o
wer
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
lea
d
-
ac
id
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
a
r
e
n
o
ta
b
le
is
s
u
es
with
E
SS
b
atter
ies
th
at
m
u
s
t
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
T
h
ese
is
s
u
es
in
clu
d
e
lim
ited
b
atter
y
life
s
p
an
,
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
v
er
tim
e,
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
5
]
–
[
1
7
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
E
SS
b
a
tter
y
'
s
h
ig
h
in
itial
co
s
t
an
d
m
ai
n
ten
an
ce
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
ca
n
p
o
s
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
ar
r
ie
r
s
to
wid
esp
r
ea
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
ch
allen
g
es
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
ized
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
E
SS
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
E
V
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
tac
k
le
th
ese
is
s
u
es
b
y
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
E
SS
b
atter
ies
alo
n
g
s
id
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
B
DC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
wit
h
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
.
A
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
y
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
with
lead
-
b
ased
elec
tr
o
d
es
an
d
g
r
i
d
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
lead
o
x
id
e
in
th
e
b
atter
y
is
cr
u
cial
in
e
n
ab
lin
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
elec
tr
o
ch
em
i
ca
l
r
ea
ctio
n
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
l
v
es
u
s
in
g
An
elec
tr
o
ly
te,
alo
n
g
with
b
o
th
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
,
to
f
a
cilitate
th
e
b
atter
y
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
r
ea
cti
o
n
s
[
1
9
]
.
A
n
o
p
e
n
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
is
d
escr
ib
ed
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
atio
n
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
es.
T
h
en
,
th
e
b
atter
y
-
p
o
wer
ed
E
V
is
lin
k
ed
to
th
is
B
DC
to
E
SS
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
A
B
.
T
h
is
ar
ticle
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
r
e
lim
in
ar
y
s
im
u
latio
n
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
b
atter
ies
u
tili
ze
d
i
n
E
Vs
an
d
E
SS
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
an
aly
ze
s
th
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
an
d
ch
a
r
g
in
g
r
ate,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
v
alu
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
i
m
u
latio
n
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
en
h
an
ce
d
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
ef
f
ic
ien
cy
.
T
h
e
n
o
v
elty
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
lies
i
n
its
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
a
B
DC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
s
p
ec
if
ically
d
esig
n
ed
t
o
en
ab
le
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
f
l
o
w
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
f
E
V’
s
an
d
E
SS
.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
h
o
w
th
is
B
D
C
to
p
o
lo
g
y
f
ac
ilit
ates
s
ea
m
le
s
s
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
E
Vs
an
d
E
SS
,
r
ev
ea
lin
g
th
at
lead
-
ac
i
d
b
atter
ies,
wh
en
i
n
teg
r
ated
with
s
u
ch
a
co
n
v
er
ter
,
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
en
h
an
ce
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
B
y
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
an
d
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
b
atter
y
b
eh
a
v
io
r
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
im
u
latio
n
,
t
h
e
r
ese
ar
ch
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
cr
itical
r
o
le
o
f
B
DC
s
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
b
atter
y
u
s
ag
e
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
im
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
f
e
r
n
ew
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
b
r
o
ad
er
a
d
o
p
t
io
n
o
f
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
er
ter
s
in
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
p
av
in
g
th
e
way
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
a
d
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
an
d
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies.
B
y
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
k
ey
lim
i
tatio
n
s
in
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
ef
f
ici
en
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
E
V’
s
with
E
S
S,
co
n
t
r
ib
u
tin
g
to
th
e
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
t
o
f
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
g
ap
s
b
y
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
lead
-
ac
i
d
b
atter
ies
in
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
c
h
ar
g
e
-
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
A
n
o
v
el
B
DC
to
p
o
lo
g
y
with
g
alv
a
n
ic
is
o
lat
io
n
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
f
ac
ilit
ate
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
E
Vs
an
d
E
SS
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
MA
T
L
AB
-
b
ased
s
im
u
latio
n
s
,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ass
es
s
es
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
tr
a
n
s
f
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
T
h
e
k
ey
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
a
s
im
u
latio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
to
an
aly
z
e
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
y
d
y
n
am
ics
in
E
V
an
d
E
SS
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
m
t
o
v
alid
ate
B
DC
p
u
s
h
-
p
u
ll
co
n
v
er
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
t
r
an
s
f
er
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
O
v
er
a
ll f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
s
y
s
t
em
a
rc
hite
ct
ure
A
s
im
u
latio
n
s
tu
d
y
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
to
ass
ess
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
lea
d
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies
f
o
r
E
Vs
an
d
E
SS
.
I
n
itially
,
th
e
g
r
id
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
was
m
o
d
eled
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
g
r
id
s
o
u
r
ce
,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
Nex
t
,
th
e
DC
ch
ar
g
er
was
m
o
d
elled
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
c
h
ar
g
in
g
r
ate,
as
well
a
s
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
wer
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
e
o
n
b
o
a
r
d
E
V
ch
ar
g
er
was
th
en
in
teg
r
ated
,
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
r
ec
tifie
r
,
a
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
an
d
a
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
th
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
B
DC
wa
s
ev
alu
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ate,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
s
imu
la
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
i
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
in
to
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l c
h
a
r
g
e
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
ima
n
N
o
o
r
Zela
n
)
785
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
lim
itatio
n
s
.
B
DC
i
s
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
allo
win
g
en
e
r
g
y
to
f
lo
w
in
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
with
in
th
e
co
n
tex
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atter
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etu
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ch
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n
d
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h
e
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er
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n
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atter
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o
r
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ir
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en
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y
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an
s
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er
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e
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y
s
tem
atica
lly
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am
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ed
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e
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n
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ality
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e
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ter
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le
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n
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r
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er
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n
d
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SS
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atter
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t
en
s
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h
e
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ter
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e
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ee
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ed
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r
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r
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V
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n
d
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SS
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Fig
u
r
e
1
p
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th
e
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er
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im
u
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f
l
o
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y
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tem
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e
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r
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m
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atter
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eg
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1
5
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g
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ts
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o
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th
en
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ir
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o
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ch
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atter
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.
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h
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att
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atter
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atter
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t
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tr
o
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ic
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ev
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th
at
ca
n
co
n
v
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t
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o
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r
o
m
o
n
e
v
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to
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er
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[
2
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]
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te
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en
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o
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u
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1
.
MA
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atter
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th
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atter
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ased
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ile
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atter
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atter
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atter
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ely
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atter
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atter
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2
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3
.
Sim
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Fig
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ates
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J
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3
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2.
3
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1
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Co
nv
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T
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e
p
u
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p
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2
2
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ab
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2
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V
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m
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th
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latio
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s
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
p
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en
ti
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in
s
ig
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to
th
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p
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m
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ter
is
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d
ca
p
ab
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ch
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g
s
y
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tem
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le
2
.
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s
tem
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
im
u
latio
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s
etu
p
P
a
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me
t
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s
D
C
C
h
a
r
g
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r
O
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r
d
EV
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D
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k
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1
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k
H
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T
h
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s
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latio
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d
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n
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V
ch
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DC
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tab
le
4
8
V
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s
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th
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ter
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t
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d
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ch
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s
s
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h
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ap
p
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g
en
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n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
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p
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atin
g
o
f
th
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s
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eter
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ased
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s
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m
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d
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3
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ased
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r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
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4
7
5
2
I
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d
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J
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C
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2
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g
u
s
t
20
25
:
78
3
-
79
6
788
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
to
E
SS
s
h
o
wn
E
V
will
b
e
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
E
S
S
d
is
ch
ar
g
e,
d
etailin
g
th
e
s
am
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
b
u
t
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
E
V
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
a
n
d
E
SS
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
es.
T
h
is
d
elin
ea
tio
n
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
,
as
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
a
r
am
eter
s
alig
n
with
th
o
s
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
.
Su
ch
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
ity
f
ac
ilit
ates
co
n
tr
o
lled
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
with
in
E
V
a
n
d
E
SS
s
y
s
tem
s
,
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
ei
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
T
a
b
l
e
3
.
L
e
a
d
a
c
i
d
s
i
z
e
f
o
r
E
V
a
n
d
E
S
S
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
o
n
c
h
a
r
g
e
&
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
m
o
d
e
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
f
o
r
ESS
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
t
o
EV
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
f
o
r
EV
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
t
o
ESS
EV
(
C
h
a
r
g
e
)
ESS
(
D
i
sch
a
r
g
e
)
EV
(
D
i
sc
h
a
r
g
e
)
ESS
(
C
h
a
r
g
e
)
N
o
mi
n
a
l
D
C
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
4
3
V
5
0
V
5
0
V
4
3
V
P
e
a
k
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
5
0
.
0
5
V
5
8
.
1
9
V
5
8
.
1
9
V
5
0
.
0
5
V
C
u
t
-
o
f
f
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
3
2
.
2
5
V
3
7
.
5
V
3
7
.
5
V
3
2
.
2
5
V
R
a
t
e
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
,
A
h
5
0
A
h
5
0
A
h
5
0
A
h
5
0
A
h
N
o
mi
n
a
l
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
2
1
.
7
4
A
2
1
.
7
4
A
2
1
.
7
4
A
2
1
.
7
4
A
2
.
3
.
3
.
C
o
ntr
o
l st
ra
t
e
g
y
a
nd
t
heo
re
t
ica
l f
o
r
m
ula
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
s
witch
in
g
cy
cl
e
o
f
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
two
p
r
im
a
r
y
s
tep
s
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
e
o
f
mode
1
an
d
mode
2
is
s
h
o
ws
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fo
r
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
is
th
e
m
o
d
e
1
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
ac
tiv
atio
n
o
f
s
witch
es
M1
(
Sw1
)
an
d
M3
(
Sw3
)
,
wh
ile
M2
(
S
w2
)
an
d
M4
(
Sw4
)
r
em
ain
o
f
f
.
Du
r
in
g
th
is
p
h
ase,
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
win
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
in
d
u
ci
n
g
a
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
win
d
in
g
.
T
h
is
en
ab
les
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
f
r
o
m
th
e
E
SS
to
th
e
E
V
o
r
v
ice
v
er
s
a,
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
f
lo
w.
T
h
is
s
tep
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
f
ir
s
t h
alf
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
p
er
i
o
d
.
I
n
s
tep
2
s
h
o
w
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
,
th
e
s
witch
in
g
r
o
les
r
ev
er
s
e,
with
Sw2
an
d
Sw4
tu
r
n
in
g
o
n
wh
ile
Sw1
an
d
Sw3
tu
r
n
o
f
f
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
win
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
co
m
p
letin
g
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
in
th
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
p
o
lar
ity
.
T
h
is
cr
ea
tes th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
h
alf
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
cy
cle.
T
o
g
et
h
er
,
th
ese
two
s
tep
s
f
o
r
m
a
c
o
m
p
lete
c
y
cle
(
T
)
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
b
id
ir
e
ctio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
b
etwe
en
th
e
E
V
an
d
E
S
S,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
b
o
th
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
alter
n
atin
g
s
witch
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
,
co
m
b
in
ed
with
th
e
ce
n
ter
-
tap
p
ed
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
e
n
s
u
r
es
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
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a
n
s
f
er
with
g
alv
an
ic
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o
latio
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
s
id
es
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
le
an
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
f
l
o
w
in
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Op
e
r
atio
n
m
o
d
e
(
a
)
m
o
d
e
1
(
SOC
)
an
d
(
b
)
m
o
d
e
2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
s
imu
la
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
i
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
in
to
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l c
h
a
r
g
e
…
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Mu
h
a
mma
d
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ima
n
N
o
o
r
Zela
n
)
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T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
g
iv
e
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
e
w
h
ich
is
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
1
Sw1
an
d
Sw3
is
tu
r
n
ed
o
n
t
r
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
to
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
win
d
in
g
.
Mo
d
e
2
wh
ich
is
Sw2
an
d
Sw4
is
tu
r
n
o
n
th
e
r
ev
er
s
in
g
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
o
cc
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
e
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
witch
in
g
o
f
th
e
B
D
C
.
T
h
e
ce
n
ter
tap
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
g
iv
en
in
(
1
)
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
1
an
d
(
2
)
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
2
.
=
1
=
(
)
(
1
)
=
2
=
(
)
(
2
)
W
h
er
e
N
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
u
r
n
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d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
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d
u
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r
,
is
g
iv
en
in
(
3
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f
o
r
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o
d
e
1
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d
(
4
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f
o
r
m
o
d
e
2
.
=
1
−
=
[
(
)
]
−
(
3
)
=
2
−
=
[
(
)
]
−
(
4
)
T
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t f
o
r
in
d
u
cto
r
is
g
iv
en
in
(
5
)
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
1
a
n
d
(
6
)
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
2
.
=
1
−
(
5
)
=
2
−
(
6
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
W
h
ile
ea
r
lier
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
an
aly
ze
d
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
en
e
r
g
y
f
l
o
w
in
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies,
th
ey
h
av
e
n
o
t
ex
p
licitly
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
e
im
p
a
ct
o
f
B
DC
o
n
ch
ar
g
in
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
th
at
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies
m
ain
tain
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
f
iles
ac
r
o
s
s
b
o
th
E
V
a
n
d
E
SS
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
f
ac
ilit
ated
ef
f
icien
t
e
n
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
e
r
,
w
ith
m
in
im
al
en
e
r
g
y
lo
s
s
.
L
ea
d
Acid
b
atter
ies
ex
p
er
ien
ce
ch
a
r
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
c
y
cles
th
at
f
lo
w
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
B
DC
,
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
f
l
o
w
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
p
a
r
am
eter
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
E
V
an
d
E
SS
o
n
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
ab
le
4
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
t
h
e
b
eh
av
io
u
r
o
f
th
e
b
atter
ies
in
ter
m
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e,
c
u
r
r
en
t,
p
o
wer
,
th
e
in
itial
s
tate
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
SO
D)
-
in
itial
(
SOC
)
,
an
d
th
e
s
tatu
s
o
f
b
atter
y
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
(
B
E
Vs)
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t.
T
h
e
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies
u
n
d
er
g
o
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
cy
cles
,
as
d
etailed
in
T
a
b
le
3
.
T
o
ev
alu
ate
th
e
B
DC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
m
u
ltip
le
s
im
u
latio
n
tr
ial
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
w
er
e
d
esig
n
ed
.
T
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
s
im
u
latio
n
r
an
f
o
r
6
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
p
er
tr
ial,
r
e
co
r
d
i
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
et
r
ics,
wh
ich
ar
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
b
eh
av
io
r
d
u
r
in
g
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
cy
cles.
T
h
e
tr
ials
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
b
atter
y
b
eh
a
v
io
r
d
u
r
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
d
es,
with
f
o
u
r
tr
ials
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
in
to
tal.
T
r
ials
1
an
d
4
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
,
wh
i
le
T
r
ials
2
an
d
3
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
Fo
r
th
e
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
co
llected
v
o
ltag
e,
cu
r
r
e
n
t a
n
d
p
o
wer
d
at
a
was a
n
aly
ze
d
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
A
B
to
d
eter
m
in
e
B
DC
ef
f
icien
cy
.
L
ea
d
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies
u
n
d
er
g
o
c
h
ar
g
in
g
cy
cles.
N
o
tab
ly
,
th
e
i
n
itial
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
E
V
b
atter
y
in
t
r
ial
1
is
4
3
V,
with
a
n
eg
ativ
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
2
.
9
0
A,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
1
2
4
.
7
0
W
.
Simi
lar
ly
,
in
t
r
ial
3
,
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
e
x
h
ib
its
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
,
with
a
n
in
itial
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
0
V
an
d
a
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
3
.
8
1
A,
y
ield
in
g
a
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
1
9
0
.
5
0
W
.
T
h
ese
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
s
u
g
g
est
lea
d
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies'
ef
f
icien
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
a
n
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
in
E
V
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
as
th
ey
m
ain
tain
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
ts
d
u
r
in
g
th
ese
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t d
u
r
in
g
c
h
ar
g
in
g
in
d
icate
s
m
in
i
m
al
en
er
g
y
lo
s
s
an
d
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
in
th
e
E
SS
tr
ials
,
th
e
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
en
er
g
y
to
p
o
wer
ex
te
r
n
a
l
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
r
ial
2
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
f
th
e
E
SS
b
atter
y
,
with
an
in
itial v
o
ltag
e
o
f
5
0
V
an
d
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
6
.
0
2
A,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
3
0
1
.
0
0
W
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
ly
,
t
r
ial
4
illu
s
tr
ates
ch
ar
g
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
,
wh
er
e
t
h
e
E
SS
b
atter
y
ex
h
ib
its
an
in
itial
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
4
3
V
an
d
a
n
eg
ativ
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
1
.
4
3
A,
g
en
e
r
atin
g
a
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
6
1
.
4
9
W
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
e
t
h
e
v
e
r
s
atility
o
f
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies
in
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
p
o
wer
to
ex
ter
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
r
in
g
E
SS
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
ac
ce
p
tin
g
e
n
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
ch
a
r
g
in
g
cy
cles
,
as
th
ey
a
d
ap
t
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ov
er
all,
th
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
tal
r
esu
lts
af
f
ir
m
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
lead
-
ac
id
b
atter
ies
f
o
r
b
o
th
E
V
an
d
E
S
S
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
t
h
eir
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
icien
tly
u
n
d
er
g
o
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
cy
cles
wh
ile
m
ain
tain
in
g
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
f
iles
.
T
h
ese
in
s
ig
h
ts
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
v
alu
ab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
o
th
e
o
n
g
o
in
g
r
esear
c
h
an
d
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
78
3
-
79
6
790
T
ab
le
4
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lt
Ty
p
e
s
o
f
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
Ti
me
(
sec
s)
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
A
)
P
o
w
e
r
(
W
)
S
O
D
-
S
O
C
B
EV
s
s
t
a
t
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s
Le
a
d
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c
i
d
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i
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l
1
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EV
0
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60
43
(
-
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2
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9
0
1
2
4
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7
0
7
0
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h
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r
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i
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2
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9
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sch
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a
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3
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1
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9
0
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9
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8
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4
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ESS
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C
h
a
r
g
e
Fig
u
r
es
5
an
d
6
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
SOC
tr
en
d
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
th
e
E
V
a
n
d
E
SS
.
Fig
u
r
es
5
(
a
)
-
(
d
)
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
ch
a
r
g
in
g
m
o
d
e.
M
o
n
ito
r
in
g
th
e
s
e
SOC
tr
en
d
s
is
cr
itica
l
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
.
Fi
g
u
r
es 6
(
a)
–
(
d
)
p
r
esen
t th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
E
SS
b
atter
y
i
n
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
SOC
tr
en
d
s
h
elp
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
M
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
th
ese
SOC
tr
en
d
s
is
cr
itic
al
f
o
r
en
s
u
r
in
g
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
lo
n
g
ev
ity
o
f
b
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Fo
r
E
Vs,
tr
ac
k
in
g
SOC
h
elp
s
p
r
ev
en
t
o
v
e
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
o
r
d
ee
p
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
wh
ich
ca
n
d
eg
r
a
d
e
b
atter
y
life
.
Fo
r
E
SS
,
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
i
ate
SOC
b
alan
ce
is
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
r
ea
d
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
ac
k
u
p
p
o
wer
o
r
a
b
s
o
r
b
e
x
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
wh
e
n
n
ee
d
ed
,
th
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
o
v
er
all
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a)
,
th
e
SOC
is
s
h
o
wn
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
h
ases
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
th
e
b
atter
y
is
s
to
r
in
g
en
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
SOC
r
ef
lects
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
ac
ce
p
t
an
d
s
to
r
e
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
ef
f
icien
tly
,
wh
ic
h
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ex
ten
d
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
an
g
e
o
f
E
V
s
an
d
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
E
SS
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
Fig
u
r
e
6
(
a
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
SOC
d
u
r
in
g
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
h
ases
,
wh
er
e
th
e
s
to
r
ed
en
e
r
g
y
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
p
o
w
er
ex
ter
n
al
s
y
s
tem
s
o
r
th
e
E
V
its
elf
.
T
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
SOC
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
in
d
icate
s
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
eliv
er
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
atter
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
ab
ili
ty
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
eliab
le
p
o
we
r
wh
en
n
ee
d
ed
.
T
h
ese
SOC
tr
en
d
s
ar
e
cr
itical
in
d
icato
r
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
h
ea
lth
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
i
n
to
its
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
ca
p
ac
ity
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
esu
lt o
f
(
a
)
SOC
,
(
b
)
b
atter
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
A)
,
(
c)
b
att
er
y
v
o
ltag
e
(
V)
,
a
n
d
(
d
)
p
o
wer
(
W
)
f
o
r
EV
b
atter
y
wh
ile
in
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
s
imu
la
tio
n
-
b
a
s
ed
i
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
in
to
th
e
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
a
l c
h
a
r
g
e
…
(
Mu
h
a
mma
d
A
ima
n
N
o
o
r
Zela
n
)
791
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
R
esu
lt o
f
(
a
)
SOC
,
(
b
)
b
atter
y
c
u
r
r
e
n
t (
A)
,
(
c)
b
att
er
y
v
o
ltag
e
(
V)
,
a
n
d
(
d
)
po
wer
(
W
)
f
o
r
E
SS
b
atter
y
wh
ile
in
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e.
Fig
u
r
es
7
an
d
8
p
r
esen
t
a
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
d
u
r
in
g
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
es,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
f
o
r
th
e
E
V
an
d
th
e
E
SS
.
T
h
ese
p
a
r
en
t
f
i
g
u
r
es
illu
s
tr
ate
h
o
w
th
e
B
DC
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
en
er
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
E
V
an
d
E
SS
b
y
d
is
p
lay
in
g
tr
en
d
s
in
f
o
u
r
k
e
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
wh
ich
is
SOC
,
b
atter
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
,
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fig
u
r
es
7
(
a)
–
(
d
)
f
u
r
th
er
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
E
V
b
atter
y
’
s
b
eh
a
v
i
o
r
d
u
r
in
g
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
e
m
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e
r
eg
u
latio
n
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
Fig
u
r
es
8
(
a)
–
(
d
)
p
r
esen
t
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
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s
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a)
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(
c)
(
d
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Fig
u
r
e
7
.
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f
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a
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SOC
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b
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atter
y
cu
r
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att
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n
d
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d
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wer
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W
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o
r
E
V
b
atter
y
wh
ile
in
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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2
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t
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78
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Similar
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Fig
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ir
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atin
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r
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h
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u
r
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tr
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atter
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ates
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ativ
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atin
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v
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o
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ce
.
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h
e
im
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lem
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tatio
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o
f
a
B
DC
u
s
in
g
p
u
s
h
p
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ll
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v
e
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ter
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ep
r
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n
o
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el
a
p
p
r
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ch
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th
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esear
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h
e
p
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im
a
r
y
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i
n
d
in
g
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i
n
d
icate
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at
th
e
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ig
n
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ican
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h
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ce
s
th
e
ef
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icien
c
y
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d
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
en
e
r
g
y
tr
an
s
f
er
b
etwe
en
E
Vs
an
d
E
SS
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.