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W
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Ma
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k
ar
[
1
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th
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v
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I
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[
3
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.
Vij
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[
4
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p
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till
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[
5
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,
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6
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,
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o
lar
s
till
's
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
d
is
co
v
er
ed
t
h
at
th
e
id
ea
l
an
g
le
f
o
r
th
e
g
la
s
s
co
v
er
was
r
o
u
g
h
ly
3
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
.
B
ec
au
s
e
ac
r
y
li
c
h
as lo
w
h
ea
t c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
it
was selec
ted
a
s
th
e
r
aw
m
ater
i
al
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
in
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t.
Alu
m
in
iu
m
f
in
s
wer
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
d
as
a
s
t
o
r
ag
e
m
ater
ial
to
en
h
a
n
ce
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
tu
d
ies
b
y
Viv
ek
et
a
l.
[
9
]
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
a
s
o
lar
s
till
in
a
p
y
r
a
m
id
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
h
ea
t
p
ip
es
with
in
ev
ac
u
ated
tu
b
es.
Aswath
i
an
d
R
ajesh
[
1
0
]
u
s
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
p
a
r
ab
o
lic
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
s
(
C
PC
)
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
c
o
llectio
n
ar
ea
,
an
d
co
atin
g
th
e
in
s
id
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
b
asin
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
with
th
e
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
b
lack
s
to
n
es
in
s
id
e
th
e
b
asin
.
Par
v
ath
y
et
al
.
[
1
1
]
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
s
im
p
lifie
d
an
d
co
n
v
en
ien
t
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
r
e
g
u
latin
g
t
h
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
in
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
,
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
a
r
y
g
o
als
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
ar
e
t
o
b
u
ild
an
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ta
l
s
etu
p
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
lo
p
e
s
o
la
r
s
till
,
u
s
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
to
tu
r
n
s
alty
wate
r
in
to
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
,
m
o
n
ito
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
in
g
th
er
m
o
c
o
u
p
les
an
d
a
d
i
g
ital
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
d
icato
r
,
an
d
ass
es
s
th
e
s
o
lar
s
ti
ll
'
s
ef
f
icie
n
cy
,
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
to
tal
wate
r
d
is
till
atio
n
p
er
d
ay
,
an
d
ev
al
u
atin
g
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
.
2.
CO
NVEN
T
I
O
NA
L
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
ass
ess
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
s
lo
p
e
s
o
lar
s
t
il
l is
s
ettin
g
u
p
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
ex
p
er
im
en
t to
g
au
g
e
its
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
2
]
.
A
tr
an
s
p
a
r
en
t
g
las
s
o
r
p
last
ic
s
h
ee
t
tilt
ed
at
t
h
e
id
ea
l
an
g
le
f
o
r
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
co
v
er
s
th
e
h
ea
t
-
ab
s
o
r
b
in
g
m
ater
ial
b
asin
,
wh
ich
is
u
s
u
ally
p
ain
ted
b
lack
to
o
p
t
im
is
e
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
is
th
e
s
till
's
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
with
i
n
s
u
latio
n
to
r
ed
u
ce
h
ea
t
lo
s
s
an
d
ca
r
e
f
u
lly
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
r
ec
o
r
d
t
h
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
wate
r
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
ep
th
s
,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
g
lass
co
v
er
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
air
.
T
h
e
in
ten
s
ity
o
f
th
e
in
c
id
en
t
s
u
n
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
th
e
s
till
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
a
p
y
r
an
o
m
eter
.
T
em
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
s
u
n
r
a
d
iatio
n
d
ata
ar
e
co
llected
at
r
eg
u
lar
in
ter
v
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
,
an
d
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wat
er
is
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
o
n
a
p
er
i
o
d
ic
b
asis
u
s
in
g
a
co
llectin
g
jar
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
o
le
ar
n
m
o
r
e
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
d
y
n
am
ics
o
f
t
h
e
s
till
,
ex
p
e
r
im
en
ts
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
an
d
wate
r
d
ep
th
s
.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
to
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
s
u
g
g
ested
m
eth
o
d
s
,
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
as
s
ev
er
al
d
r
awb
ac
k
s
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
it
o
f
f
er
s
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
s
in
g
le
s
lo
p
e
s
o
lar
s
till
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
lack
s
in
-
d
ep
th
ex
am
i
n
atio
n
o
f
h
ea
t
tr
an
s
f
e
r
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
an
d
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
ch
an
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
at
a
m
o
r
e
g
r
an
u
lar
lev
el,
in
s
tead
co
n
ce
n
tr
atin
g
m
o
s
tly
o
n
s
im
p
le
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
[
2
3
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
Usu
a
lly
,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
cl
u
d
e
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
m
ater
ials
o
r
cr
ea
tiv
e
d
esig
n
ch
a
n
g
es
th
at
c
o
u
ld
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
5
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
s
o
lar
s
till
s
with
o
th
er
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
d
esig
n
s
th
at
ca
n
f
u
n
cti
o
n
in
lo
w
s
u
n
r
ad
iatio
n
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
en
ts
m
ay
n
o
t
b
e
as
f
ea
s
ib
le
u
s
in
g
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
ese
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
an
aly
s
es
an
d
in
teg
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
in
clu
d
ed
i
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
an
d
o
p
tim
i
s
atio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
s
till
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
e
r
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
.
3.
PR
O
POSE
D
MET
H
O
D
O
L
O
G
Y
A
s
in
g
le
-
b
asin
s
o
lar
s
till
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
b
asin
with
a
f
i
n
-
eq
u
ip
p
ed
b
lack
-
p
ai
n
ted
alu
m
i
n
iu
m
p
late.
A
tr
an
s
lu
ce
n
t
g
lass
co
v
er
en
s
u
r
es
a
h
er
m
etic
s
ea
l
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
.
So
lar
in
ten
s
ity
,
w
in
d
s
p
ee
d
,
am
b
ie
n
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
wate
r
-
to
-
g
lass
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
ial,
wate
r
'
s
f
r
ee
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
,
ab
s
o
r
b
er
p
late
ar
ea
,
an
d
in
let
wate
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iab
les
th
at
af
f
ec
t
h
o
w
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
a
s
o
lar
s
till
is
.
T
h
is
s
im
p
le
wate
r
d
is
till
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
p
tu
r
es
s
o
lar
h
ea
t.
T
h
e
co
n
tain
e
r
is
f
illed
with
co
n
tam
in
ate
d
wat
er
,
an
d
s
u
n
lig
h
t
ca
u
s
es
th
e
wate
r
t
o
ev
a
p
o
r
ate,
h
el
p
ed
alo
n
g
b
y
clea
r
p
last
ic
o
r
g
lass
.
T
h
e
clea
n
wate
r
v
ap
o
u
r
th
a
t
r
esu
lts
co
n
d
e
n
s
es
o
n
th
e
u
p
p
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
a
n
d
f
all
s
to
th
e
s
id
e,
wh
er
e
it
is
g
ath
er
ed
an
d
r
e
m
o
v
e
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
an
d
2
illu
s
tr
ates
a
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
an
d
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
b
asic
s
o
lar
s
till
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
an
in
s
u
lated
,
b
lack
-
p
ain
ted
alu
m
i
n
u
m
p
an
c
o
n
tain
in
g
s
h
allo
w,
im
p
u
r
e
wate
r
.
A
s
lo
p
in
g
g
lass
co
v
er
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
a
s
u
itab
le
f
r
am
e,
s
ec
u
r
ely
s
ea
ls
th
e
p
an
to
m
in
im
ize
v
a
p
o
u
r
le
ak
ag
e.
3
.
1
.
M
o
delin
g
o
f
s
o
la
r
s
t
ill
A
C
AT
I
A
m
o
d
el
was
cr
ea
ted
f
o
r
th
e
ef
f
icien
t
b
asin
ar
ea
,
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
0
.
6
5
m
eter
s
b
y
0
.
7
5
m
eter
s
,
with
a
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
4
m
m
.
T
h
e
lo
wer
v
er
tical
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
s
t
ill
was
s
et
at
a
h
eig
h
t
o
f
0
.
3
0
m
eter
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
h
ig
h
er
v
e
r
tical
s
id
e
was
elev
a
ted
to
0
.
7
1
m
ete
r
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
e
n
s
in
g
co
v
er
was
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
at
a
3
0
-
d
eg
r
ee
an
g
le,
an
d
its
th
ick
n
ess
was
m
ain
tain
ed
at
4
m
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
d
ep
ict
s
th
e
im
p
o
r
ted
C
AT
I
A
m
o
d
el
with
in
th
e
ANSYS
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
850
-
8
5
9
852
wo
r
k
b
en
c
h
.
So
lar
s
till
lo
s
s
es c
an
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
th
r
ee
m
ain
ty
p
es.
Firstl
y
,
wate
r
l
ea
k
ag
e
o
cc
u
r
s
o
v
er
tim
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
ju
n
ctio
n
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o
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walls
a
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th
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o
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th
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tto
m
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ac
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s
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m
etim
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lead
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to
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ig
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if
ican
t
leak
s
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T
h
is
is
s
u
e
ca
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b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
ap
p
ly
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-
p
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o
f
m
ater
ial
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to
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ab
le
ar
ea
s
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Seco
n
d
ly
,
v
ap
o
u
r
lo
s
s
es
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
m
ajo
r
c
h
allen
g
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
en
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
ca
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
lo
s
s
is
th
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
in
let
an
d
o
u
tlet
h
o
les,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
av
en
u
es
f
o
r
v
ap
o
u
r
to
escap
e.
L
astl
y
,
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t
v
ap
o
r
izatio
n
is
n
o
t
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
an
d
ev
en
i
n
g
,
wh
e
r
e
th
er
e
is
an
in
a
d
e
q
u
ate
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
wate
r
d
r
o
p
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to
f
l
o
w
o
v
er
th
e
g
lass
.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
wastag
e
o
f
in
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t w
ater
d
r
o
p
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
So
lar
s
till
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
So
lar
s
till
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
AT
I
A
m
o
d
el
o
f
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o
l
ar
s
till
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
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J
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lec
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&
C
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m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
n
a
lytica
l stu
d
y
o
f
a
s
in
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le
s
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p
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s
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la
r
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till
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p
erimen
ta
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va
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a
tio
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s
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2
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M
a
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l
s
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T
ab
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1
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h
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ws th
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m
ater
ial
s
el
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tio
n
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
m
ater
ials
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ma
ter
ial
s
elec
tio
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
P
a
r
t
n
a
m
e
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
S
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z
e
P
u
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o
f
s
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t
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t
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B
a
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A
l
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u
m
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a
c
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i
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i
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s
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l
a
t
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6
5
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7
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c
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w
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h
2
mm
t
h
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Lo
w
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c
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d
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o
f
a
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l
i
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a
n
d
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o
r
r
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s
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st
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d
h
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t
1
2
c
m
H
i
g
h
t
h
e
r
mal
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
C
o
r
r
o
si
o
n
r
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s
t
a
n
c
e
W
a
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o
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4
mm
t
h
i
c
k
Lo
w
t
h
e
r
mal
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
3
.
3
.
Da
t
a
a
na
ly
s
is
T
o
ass
es
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
d
ata
an
aly
s
is
f
o
r
a
s
in
g
le
s
lo
p
e
s
o
lar
s
till
en
tail
s
lo
o
k
in
g
at
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
p
r
o
f
iles
,
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
an
d
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
y
ield
.
R
eg
u
lar
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ar
e
m
ad
e
o
f
t
h
e
wate
r
,
th
e
air
with
in
th
e
s
till
,
th
e
g
lass
co
v
er
,
an
d
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
h
ea
tin
g
an
d
co
o
lin
g
c
y
cles
ar
e
m
ad
e
v
is
ib
le
b
y
p
l
o
ttin
g
th
es
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
to
d
eter
m
in
e
p
ea
k
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
an
d
wh
e
n
th
ey
o
cc
u
r
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
d
iv
id
i
n
g
th
e
to
t
al
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
in
ci
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
s
till
b
y
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
d
is
till
atio
n
.
T
h
is
r
eq
u
ir
es
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
laten
t
h
ea
t
o
f
v
ap
o
r
is
atio
n
an
d
th
e
m
ass
o
f
d
is
til
led
wate
r
.
Du
e
t
o
th
e
b
ig
g
er
th
e
r
m
al
m
ass
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
m
o
r
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
to
h
ea
t,
e
f
f
icien
cy
tr
en
d
s
s
h
o
w
a
d
r
o
p
with
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
wate
r
d
ep
th
an
d
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
n
s
u
n
n
y
d
ay
s
w
ith
s
tr
o
n
g
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
in
ten
s
ity
o
n
wate
r
y
ield
is
also
ex
am
in
ed
in
t
h
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
A
d
ir
ec
t
ass
o
ci
atio
n
is
estab
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
co
llected
an
d
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
,
in
d
icat
in
g
lar
g
er
y
ield
s
o
n
d
ay
s
with
p
r
o
lo
n
g
ed
s
u
n
s
h
in
e.
A
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
wate
r
d
ep
th
s
r
ev
ea
ls
th
e
id
ea
l
d
ep
th
f
o
r
o
p
tim
u
m
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
s
in
g
le
s
lo
p
e
s
o
lar
s
till
s
in
h
ar
n
ess
in
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
wate
r
p
u
r
i
f
icatio
n
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
is
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
o
f
f
er
s
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
o
p
tim
is
in
g
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
o
p
er
atin
g
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
ese
u
n
its
.
3
.
4
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
pro
ce
du
r
e
A
p
r
ed
eter
m
in
e
d
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
alin
e
o
r
d
ir
ty
wate
r
is
p
o
u
r
e
d
in
to
th
e
b
asin
.
T
h
e
wate
r
'
s
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
th
e
air
a
r
o
u
n
d
it,
an
d
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
a
r
e
all
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
itially
.
Su
n
r
ad
i
atio
n
in
ten
s
ity
a
n
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
am
b
ie
n
t,
g
lass
co
v
e
r
,
a
n
d
wate
r
)
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
d
ay
at
r
eg
u
lar
in
ter
v
als.
P
er
io
d
ically
,
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
c
o
llected
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
is
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
u
n
in
ten
s
ity
,
th
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
is
c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
ettin
g
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
wate
r
d
ep
t
h
s
,
d
a
y
s
,
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
f
ac
to
r
s
.
3
.
5
.
F
a
brica
t
io
n
pro
ce
s
s
Alu
m
in
iu
m
s
h
ee
ts
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
at
th
e
b
ase
o
f
th
e
b
asin
,
an
d
a
s
et
o
f
2
5
alu
m
in
iu
m
r
o
d
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
as
f
in
s
.
E
ac
h
f
in
h
as
a
d
iam
eter
o
f
1
8
m
m
an
d
a
h
eig
h
t
o
f
1
2
cm
.
T
h
e
b
o
tto
m
o
f
th
e
b
o
wl
is
p
ain
ted
b
lack
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
v
is
u
ally
d
ep
icts
th
e
alu
m
in
iu
m
f
in
s
s
er
v
in
g
as h
ea
t sto
r
a
g
e
m
ater
ial
in
th
e
s
etu
p
.
T
h
e
wate
r
c
o
llecto
r
i
n
th
e
m
o
d
el
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
in
g
ac
r
y
lic
s
h
ee
ts
.
T
h
ese
s
h
ee
ts
ar
e
cu
t
in
to
two
l
o
n
g
b
ar
s
,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
en
af
f
ix
ed
to
t
h
e
lo
wer
v
er
tical
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
,
f
o
r
m
in
g
an
L
s
h
ap
e
.
Acr
y
lic
ce
m
en
t
s
o
lv
en
t
is
u
s
ed
in
th
e
attac
h
m
en
t
p
r
o
c
ess
to
s
ec
u
r
e
th
e
b
ar
s
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
wate
r
co
llectio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
ac
r
y
lic
b
o
x
es
ar
e
cr
af
ted
f
r
o
m
ac
r
y
lic
s
h
e
ets,
v
ar
y
in
g
in
s
izes,
an
d
as
s
em
b
led
u
s
in
g
ac
r
y
lic
ce
m
e
n
t
s
o
lv
en
t
to
cr
ea
te
f
u
n
ctio
n
al
b
o
x
es.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
is
s
etu
p
,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
d
r
illed
h
o
les
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
A
2
0
m
m
d
iam
eter
h
o
le
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
w
ater
in
let,
a
1
6
m
m
d
iam
eter
h
o
le
f
ac
ilit
ates
th
e
p
ass
ag
e
o
f
th
e
th
er
m
o
c
o
u
p
le,
an
d
a
1
0
m
m
d
iam
eter
h
o
le
is
d
esig
n
ated
f
o
r
th
e
o
u
tlet o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
.
I
n
th
is
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
,
t
h
r
ee
K
-
ty
p
e
th
e
r
m
o
co
u
p
les
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
.
T
y
p
e
K
th
e
r
m
o
c
o
u
p
les
ar
e
wid
ely
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
th
eir
p
r
ev
alen
ce
an
d
v
er
s
atility
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
ey
a
r
e
v
alu
ed
f
o
r
th
eir
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
,
h
ig
h
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
a
n
d
r
elia
b
ilit
y
ac
r
o
s
s
d
iv
e
r
s
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
es.
W
ith
a
b
r
o
a
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
an
g
e
,
T
y
p
e
K
t
h
er
m
o
co
u
p
les
p
r
o
v
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
an
d
s
cien
tific
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
T
h
ese
th
er
m
o
c
o
u
p
les
wer
e
s
tr
ateg
ically
in
s
er
ted
in
t
o
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
b
y
cr
ea
tin
g
h
o
les
o
n
th
e
r
ea
r
s
id
e,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
A
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
d
icato
r
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
tak
es
in
p
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
K
-
ty
p
e
th
e
r
m
o
co
u
p
l
es
an
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
ea
d
in
g
s
with
a
n
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
0
.
0
1
d
eg
r
ee
s
C
elsi
u
s
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
d
er
i
v
ed
f
r
o
m
a
9
-
v
o
lt
DC
b
atter
y
.
T
h
e
i
n
itial
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t,
co
n
d
u
cte
d
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
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-
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5
9
854
Feb
r
u
ar
y
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,
2
0
1
9
,
y
ield
ed
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esu
lts
:
wate
r
in
p
u
t:
8
liter
s
;
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
:
2
0
0
m
l;
m
ax
im
u
m
wate
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e:
6
4
°C
.
A
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
was
t
h
e
n
o
ticea
b
le
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
o
f
wa
ter
o
n
th
e
s
id
e
an
d
r
ea
r
walls,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
c
o
llectio
n
.
T
h
is
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
h
eld
th
e
p
r
o
m
is
e
o
f
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
s
till
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
v
is
u
ally
c
ap
t
u
r
es
wate
r
d
r
o
p
lets
ac
cu
m
u
latin
g
o
n
th
e
g
lass
co
v
er
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial f
o
r
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Alu
m
i
n
iu
m
f
i
n
s
as h
ea
t sto
r
ag
e
m
ater
ial
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Acr
y
lic
b
o
x
an
d
L
s
h
ap
ed
wate
r
c
o
llecto
r
with
g
la
s
s
co
v
er
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
er
m
o
c
o
u
p
le
’
s
in
s
o
lar
s
till
F
i
g
u
r
e
7
.
W
at
e
r
d
r
o
p
l
e
ts
a
c
c
u
m
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
g
l
as
s
c
o
v
e
r
Fo
llo
win
g
th
e
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
to
th
e
s
etu
p
,
f
o
u
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
in
cl
in
ed
wate
r
co
llecto
r
s
wer
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
ate
d
in
to
all
th
e
walls,
an
d
in
s
u
lati
o
n
u
s
in
g
m
-
s
ea
l w
as a
p
p
lied
to
all
ed
g
es.
T
h
is
r
esu
lted
in
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
b
o
th
th
e
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
y
ield
an
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
t,
c
o
n
d
u
cted
o
n
Feb
r
u
a
r
y
2
2
,
y
ield
ed
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esu
lts
:
(
i)
wate
r
in
p
u
t:
8
liter
s
;
(
ii
)
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
:
4
2
0
m
l;
(
ii
i)
m
ax
im
u
m
wate
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e:
6
9
°C
;
(
iv
)
to
tal
l
o
s
s
es:
7
2
0
m
l;
(
v
)
r
em
ain
in
g
wate
r
:
6
.
8
liter
s
.
A
n
o
tab
l
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
th
e
ac
c
u
m
u
l
atio
n
o
f
s
u
f
f
icien
t
wate
r
o
n
th
e
s
id
e
an
d
r
ea
r
walls,
wh
ich
was
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
co
llected
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
er
e
was
an
o
b
s
er
v
ab
le
r
is
e
i
n
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
wate
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
M
u
ltip
le
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
with
b
o
th
8
liter
s
an
d
2
liter
s
o
f
s
alin
e
wate
r
f
r
o
m
9
am
to
6
p
m
,
wh
e
r
ein
th
e
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
was
co
llected
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
h
e
wate
r
,
g
lass
co
v
er
,
an
d
f
i
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
wer
e
all
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
.
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
ca
l
l
y
,
f
o
r
t
h
e
8
L
w
a
t
e
r
i
n
p
u
t
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
al
u
m
i
n
u
m
f
i
n
h
e
i
g
h
t
w
a
s
1
2
c
m
,
T
a
b
l
e
2
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
s
t
h
e
c
o
ll
e
c
t
e
d
d
a
t
a
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
n
a
lytica
l stu
d
y
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
s
lo
p
e
s
o
la
r
s
till
:
ex
p
erimen
ta
l e
va
lu
a
tio
n
(
M.
B
h
a
n
u
P
r
a
ka
s
h
S
h
a
r
ma
)
855
T
ab
le
2
.
Data
co
llected
f
o
r
8
L
wate
r
in
p
u
t
Ti
me
d
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
A
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m
f
i
n
t
e
m
p
.
(
i
n
d
e
g
r
e
e
C
)
W
a
t
e
r
t
e
mp
.
(
i
n
d
e
g
r
e
e
c
)
D
i
st
i
l
l
e
d
w
a
t
e
r
(
i
n
m
l
)
G
l
a
ss
c
o
v
e
r
Te
m
p
.
(
i
n
d
e
g
r
e
e
C
)
9
a
m
t
o
1
0
a
m
33
29
-
30
1
0
a
m
t
o
1
1
a
m
52
41
10
38
1
1
a
m
t
o
1
2
p
m
63
53
40
45
1
2
p
m
t
o
1
p
m
71
60
55
51
1
p
m
t
o
2
p
m
76
67
75
55
2
p
m
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o
3
p
m
75
69
80
53
3
p
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4
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67
59
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49
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p
m
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o
5
p
m
58
49
55
40
5
p
m
t
o
6
p
m
43
39
35
38
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
S
4
.
1
.
Cha
ng
e
in t
he
t
e
m
pera
t
ure
o
f
t
he
a
lum
ini
um
f
in wit
h t
im
e
Fig
u
r
e
s
8
a
n
d
9
d
ep
ict
th
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
in
al
u
m
in
iu
m
f
in
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
v
e
r
tim
e.
T
h
e
alu
m
in
iu
m
f
i
n
s
er
v
es
as
a
r
eser
v
o
ir
f
o
r
h
ea
t
en
er
g
y
,
d
is
s
ip
atin
g
it
wh
en
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
r
ad
iatio
n
is
at
its
lo
west.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
wate
r
'
s
u
p
p
er
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ca
n
th
e
n
b
e
r
aised
b
y
th
is
s
t
o
r
ed
h
ea
t,
wh
ich
ca
n
s
p
ee
d
u
p
th
e
ev
a
p
o
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
C
h
an
g
e
in
th
e
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
alu
m
in
i
u
m
f
in
with
tim
e
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
C
h
an
g
es in
wate
r
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
v
er
tim
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
850
-
8
5
9
856
4
.
3
.
Cha
ng
es in
g
la
s
s
co
v
er
t
em
pera
t
ure
o
v
er
t
im
e
T
h
e
tem
p
o
r
al
v
a
r
iatio
n
in
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
g
lass
co
v
er
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Af
ter
ev
ap
o
r
atio
n
,
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
in
a
s
o
lar
s
till
,
an
d
th
e
in
n
er
g
lass
co
v
er
h
elp
s
with
th
is
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
tial
b
etwe
en
th
e
wate
r
an
d
th
e
g
lass
co
v
er
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
h
o
w
well
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
wo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
u
n
eq
u
i
v
o
ca
lly
s
h
o
ws
th
at
a
l
ar
g
er
d
is
till
ate
y
ield
is
d
ir
ec
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
with
a
g
r
ea
ter
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ial
b
etwe
en
th
e
wate
r
an
d
th
e
g
lass
co
v
er
s
.
On
to
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
es o
f
g
lass
,
wate
r
,
an
d
alu
m
in
i
u
m
f
in
s
ar
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
in
a
c
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
C
h
an
g
es in
g
lass
co
v
er
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
v
er
tim
e
4
.
4
.
Co
m
pa
riso
n a
mo
ng
t
e
mp
er
a
t
ure
o
f
Al
f
in,
wa
t
er
a
nd
G
la
s
s
t
em
pera
t
ure
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
s
h
o
ws,
th
at
th
e
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
am
o
n
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
Al
f
in
,
wate
r
an
d
g
lass
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
am
o
n
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
Al
f
in
,
wate
r
a
n
d
g
lass
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
4
.
5
.
Cha
ng
es in dis
t
illed wa
t
er
o
v
er
t
i
m
e
T
h
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
in
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
o
v
er
tim
e
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
ws
th
at
th
er
e
is
a
n
o
tab
le
y
ield
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
th
at
o
cc
u
r
s
m
o
s
tly
b
etw
ee
n
2
:0
0
PM
an
d
4
:0
0
PM.
At
th
is
tim
e,
t
h
e
g
lass
is
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
li
g
h
t,
wh
ich
r
aises
th
e
alu
m
in
iu
m
f
in
s
'
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
I
n
tu
r
n
,
th
is
ca
u
s
es
th
e
b
r
ac
k
is
h
o
r
s
alin
e
wate
r
's
h
ea
t
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
to
in
cr
ea
s
e.
No
tab
ly
,
f
r
o
m
2
:0
0
P
M
to
3
:0
0
PM,
th
e
lar
g
est
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
—
8
0
m
l
—
is
ac
q
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
h
o
w
s
u
n
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
th
e
m
ater
ial
u
s
ed
f
o
r
h
ea
t a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
af
f
ec
t t
h
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
A
n
a
lytica
l stu
d
y
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
s
lo
p
e
s
o
la
r
s
till
:
ex
p
erimen
ta
l e
va
lu
a
tio
n
(
M.
B
h
a
n
u
P
r
a
ka
s
h
S
h
a
r
ma
)
857
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
C
h
an
g
es in
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
o
v
e
r
tim
e
C
ase
(
i)
: Wh
en
th
e
wate
r
in
p
u
t w
as 8
litre
s
W
ater
d
is
till
ed
o
n
th
e
1
s
t
d
a
y
=
4
2
0
m
L
;
W
ater
d
is
till
ed
o
n
th
e
2
n
d
d
ay
=
2
7
0
m
L
;
W
ater
d
is
till
ed
o
n
th
e
3
r
d
d
ay
=
1
0
5
m
L
; Water
d
is
till
ed
o
n
th
e
4
th
d
a
y
=
4
5
m
L
; Water
d
is
till
ed
o
n
th
e
5
t
h
d
ay
=
2
5
m
L
; T
o
tal
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
=
8
6
5
m
L
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
is
0
.
1
0
8
1
2
5
,
o
r
1
0
.
8
1
8
%.
C
ase
(
ii):
W
h
en
wate
r
in
p
u
t w
as 2
L
W
ater
d
is
till
ed
o
n
th
e
1
s
t
d
ay
=
2
0
0
m
L
;
wate
r
d
is
till
ed
o
n
th
e
2
n
d
d
a
y
=
5
5
m
L
;
wate
r
d
is
till
ed
o
n
th
e
3
r
d
d
ay
=
2
0
m
L
; T
o
tal
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
=
2
7
5
m
L
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
is
0
.
1
3
7
5
,
o
r
1
3
.
7
5
%.
Qu
ality
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
:
Af
ter
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
in
g
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
:
PH o
f
th
e
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
=
6
.
8
; c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
=
0
.
2
1
m
S.
5.
C
O
N
C
L
U
SIO
N
T
h
e
m
ain
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
is
i
n
v
e
s
tig
atio
n
,
wh
ich
in
v
o
l
v
es
an
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
lo
p
e
s
o
lar
s
till
,
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ed
u
p
as
f
o
llo
ws:
i)
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
led
a
d
is
till
ate
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
4
2
0
m
l
p
er
0
.
4
9
m
²
p
er
d
ay
.
ii)
I
n
t
h
e
s
o
lar
s
till
,
th
e
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
itiates
af
ter
ev
ap
o
r
a
tio
n
,
an
d
t
h
e
in
n
e
r
g
lass
co
v
er
f
ac
ilit
ates
it.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
tial
b
etwe
en
th
e
wate
r
an
d
t
h
e
g
lass
co
v
er
is
s
till
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
u
n
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
en
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at
a
h
ig
h
e
r
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
d
is
till
ate
o
u
tp
u
t.
(
iii)
T
h
e
s
o
la
r
s
y
s
tem
'
s
ef
f
icien
cy
is
s
till
co
n
tin
g
en
t
u
p
o
n
th
e
wate
r
in
p
u
t.
Fo
r
a
n
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
8
liter
s
o
f
wate
r
,
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
was
1
0
.
8
%.
(
iv
)
As
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
its
lo
w
th
e
r
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
,
th
e
ac
r
y
lic
s
h
ee
t
u
s
ed
as
th
e
ca
s
in
g
in
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
r
ate
at
wh
ich
wate
r
e
v
ap
o
r
atio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
b
y
r
e
d
u
cin
g
h
ea
t
lo
s
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
till
to
th
e
b
o
tto
m
.
(
v
)
T
h
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
wate
r
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
ac
h
iev
ed
was
6
9
d
eg
r
ee
s
C
elsi
u
s
f
o
r
8
liter
s
o
f
s
alin
e
wate
r
.
(
v
i)
I
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
till
was
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
attac
h
in
g
ad
d
itio
n
al
g
u
id
ewa
y
s
to
c
o
llect
wate
r
ac
cu
m
u
latin
g
o
n
th
e
s
id
e
walls.
(
v
ii)
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
th
e
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
o
b
tain
e
d
in
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
at
0
.
2
1
µS/cm
,
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
th
an
th
at
o
f
s
ea
wate
r
(
5
6
,
0
0
0
µS/cm
)
an
d
clo
s
er
to
v
er
y
p
u
r
e
wate
r
(
0
.
0
5
µS/cm
)
.
(
v
iii)
T
h
e
p
H
o
f
th
e
d
is
till
ed
wate
r
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
is
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
w
as
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
6
.
8
,
f
a
l
l
i
n
g
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
n
o
r
m
a
l
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
6
.
5
t
o
8
.
5
f
o
r
p
H
i
n
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
w
a
t
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
wi
t
h
p
u
r
e
w
a
te
r
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
p
H
o
f
7
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
A
.
M
.
M
a
n
o
k
a
r
,
K
.
K
.
M
u
r
u
g
a
v
e
l
,
a
n
d
G
.
Es
a
k
k
i
m
u
t
h
u
,
“
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
a
f
f
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
a
t
e
o
f
e
v
a
p
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
e
n
sa
t
i
o
n
o
n
p
a
ssi
v
e
s
o
l
a
r
st
i
l
l
-
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
Re
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
E
n
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
3
8
,
p
p
.
3
0
9
–
3
2
2
,
O
c
t
.
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser.
2
0
1
4
.
0
5
.
0
9
2
.
[
2
]
P
.
I
.
C
o
o
p
e
r
a
n
d
W
.
R
.
W
.
R
e
a
d
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
p
h
i
l
o
s
o
p
h
y
a
n
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
e
x
p
e
r
i
e
n
c
e
f
o
r
A
u
st
r
a
l
i
a
n
s
o
l
a
r
s
t
i
l
l
s
,
”
S
o
l
a
r
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
–
8
,
A
u
g
.
1
9
7
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
0
0
3
8
-
0
9
2
X
(
7
4
)
9
0
0
3
7
-
1.
[
3
]
J.
A
.
D
u
f
f
i
e
,
“
N
e
w
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
i
n
s
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
1
4
–
1
1
8
,
J
u
l
.
1
9
6
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
0
0
3
8
-
0
9
2
X
(
6
2
)
9
0
0
4
1
-
5.
[
4
]
B
.
V
i
j
a
y
a
sara
t
h
y
,
D
.
K
u
mar,
K
.
V
i
j
a
y
a
k
r
i
s
h
n
a
n
,
A
.
K
u
m
a
r
,
a
n
d
V
.
K
o
t
e
b
a
v
i
,
“
S
o
l
a
r
d
i
s
t
i
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
h
e
a
t
p
i
p
e
s
a
n
d
h
e
a
t
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
e
r
,
”
I
O
P
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
S
e
r
i
e
s:
Ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
7
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
.
1
2
0
2
5
,
N
o
v
.
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
8
8
/
1
7
5
7
-
8
9
9
X
/
5
7
7
/
1
/
0
1
2
0
2
5
.
[
5
]
M
.
K
ö
h
l
,
G
.
Jo
r
g
e
n
se
n
,
S
.
B
r
u
n
o
l
d
,
B
.
C
a
r
l
ss
o
n
,
M
.
H
e
c
k
,
a
n
d
K
.
M
ö
l
l
e
r
,
“
D
u
r
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
o
l
y
mer
i
c
g
l
a
z
i
n
g
mat
e
r
i
a
l
s
f
o
r
so
l
a
r
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
7
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
6
1
8
–
6
2
3
,
D
e
c
.
2
0
0
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
o
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
0
5
.
0
4
.
0
1
1
.
[
6
]
G
.
Y
.
D
.
,
“
S
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
o
c
k
e
t
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
”
Y
D
,
G
o
sw
a
m
i
,
p
p
.
2
–
7
,
2
0
0
5
.
[
7
]
V
.
S
.
K
o
r
a
d
a
,
M
.
O
v
i
n
i
s,
a
n
d
S
.
B
.
H
a
ss
a
n
,
“
N
a
t
u
r
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
c
t
i
o
n
-
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
f
r
o
m
a
v
e
r
t
i
c
a
l
b
a
se
-
f
i
n
a
r
r
a
y
w
i
t
h
e
m
i
ssi
v
i
t
y
d
e
t
e
r
mi
n
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
M
ATEC
We
b
o
f
C
o
n
f
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