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tec
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m
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t
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m
o
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s,
v
iz.
Ap
ril
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M
a
y
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a
n
d
J
u
n
e
w
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e
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re
lati
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t).
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o
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stu
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ls
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n
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re
su
lt
:
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in
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n
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f
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ste
m
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Par
af
f
in
wax
Pas
s
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e
co
o
lin
g
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
n
h
an
ce
m
en
t
Ph
ase
ch
an
g
e
m
ater
ial
Ph
o
to
v
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ltaic
R
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
Su
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
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T
h
is i
s
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n
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
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r th
e
CC B
Y
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SA
li
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e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Pallav
i Ro
y
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
,
Gir
ijan
a
n
d
a
C
h
o
wd
h
u
r
y
Un
iv
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r
s
ity
Hath
k
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o
wap
r
a
,
Aza
r
a,
Gu
wah
ati,
Ass
am
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail: p
allav
i_
ee
@
g
cu
n
iv
er
s
i
ty
.
ac
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
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N
An
ess
en
tial c
o
m
p
o
n
en
t o
f
a
n
atio
n
'
s
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
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o
wth
is
th
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er
g
y
in
d
u
s
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Po
p
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latio
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r
o
wth
h
as
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aised
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g
y
d
em
an
d
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wh
ic
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led
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wid
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d
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m
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am
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p
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o
f
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s
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I
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s
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lar
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s
to
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m
p
r
o
v
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d
PV
o
u
tp
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t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
[
1
]
.
Sev
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al
en
v
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n
m
e
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tal
co
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d
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
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g
h
u
m
i
d
ity
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d
u
s
t,
an
d
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in
f
l
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ce
th
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d
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r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
s
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lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
ce
lls
.
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t
h
as
b
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o
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s
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v
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t
h
at
in
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d
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h
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u
m
id
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ar
e
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o
ciate
d
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
PV
ce
ll o
u
tp
u
t [
2
]
.
R
esear
ch
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
h
u
m
i
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PV
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el
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4
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d
e
cr
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in
p
an
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tem
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r
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[
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
it
h
as
b
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d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
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th
at
th
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u
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t
o
f
s
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lar
PV
s
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s
tem
s
is
s
ig
n
if
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tly
af
f
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d
b
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h
u
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with
in
cr
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lead
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to
d
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in
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r
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v
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an
d
p
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s
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cr
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h
u
m
id
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an
d
PV
p
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f
o
r
m
an
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[
4
]
.
T
h
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ef
f
icien
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o
f
PV
p
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d
r
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p
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as
th
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p
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an
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r
eq
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th
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m
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co
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tr
o
l,
an
d
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s
in
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p
h
ase
ch
an
g
e
m
ater
ia
ls
(
PC
Ms)
i
s
o
n
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
:
2
5
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I
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d
o
n
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J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
737
-
7
4
6
738
p
r
o
m
is
in
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s
tr
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y
.
T
h
e
a
b
i
lity
o
f
PC
M
to
ab
s
o
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b
an
d
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s
[
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wax
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ased
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ak
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ater
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o
r
s
o
lar
th
er
m
al
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
[
6
]
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
PC
M
s
an
d
m
etal
f
o
am
s
to
s
to
r
e
an
d
r
eg
u
late
en
er
g
y
in
co
ld
e
r
clim
ates
h
as
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
7
]
.
I
n
n
o
v
a
tiv
e
m
eth
o
d
s
lik
e
f
r
o
n
t
co
o
l
in
g
with
wate
r
an
d
ac
tiv
e
ce
ll
s
u
r
f
ac
e
co
o
lin
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
an
ce
s
o
lar
P
V
p
an
els'
ef
f
icien
cy
[
8
]
.
I
m
m
er
s
in
g
s
o
lar
PV
p
a
n
els
in
w
ater
to
a
d
ep
th
o
f
2
0
m
m
r
aised
ef
f
icien
cy
to
1
5
.
5
4
%,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
b
etter
co
o
lin
g
a
n
d
p
o
ten
tial
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
in
en
e
r
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
lo
o
k
s
in
t
o
h
o
w
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
o
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as wa
ter
im
m
er
s
io
n
an
d
ac
tiv
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es,
m
ig
h
t
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
PV
p
an
els.
I
t
s
h
o
ws
t
h
at
wate
r
im
m
er
s
io
n
,
r
ef
lecto
r
s
,
an
d
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
ca
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
0
]
.
Activ
e
co
o
li
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
PV
p
an
els,
in
clu
d
in
g
wate
r
s
p
r
ay
in
g
,
c
an
y
ield
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ef
f
icien
cy
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
u
n
d
er
s
ev
er
al
s
itu
atio
n
s
b
y
lo
we
r
in
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t,
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
r
ef
lectio
n
lo
s
s
es
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
o
lin
g
tech
n
i
q
u
es
s
u
ch
as
ap
p
ly
in
g
PC
Ms
to
r
ed
u
ce
h
e
at
-
r
elate
d
lo
s
s
es
ar
e
ess
en
tial
to
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
els
[
1
2
]
.
I
t
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
u
s
tain
ab
ly
p
r
o
d
u
ce
en
h
an
ce
d
p
er
ca
p
ita
en
er
g
y
b
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
PV c
ell
ef
f
icie
n
cy
u
s
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
c
o
o
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es [
1
1
]
.
Par
af
f
i
n
wax
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
a
s
u
p
er
io
r
PC
M
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
g
r
ea
t
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
in
th
er
m
al
s
to
r
ag
e,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
co
m
b
in
ed
with
n
a
n
o
-
a
d
d
itiv
es
s
u
ch
as
MWC
NT
s
.
Ap
p
ly
in
g
m
etal
f
o
am
s
with
ex
ce
llen
t
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
it
y
im
p
r
o
v
es
h
ea
t
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
PC
Ms.
D
if
f
er
en
t
k
in
d
s
o
f
m
etal
f
o
am
ar
e
in
teg
r
ated
with
PC
Ms
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
3
].
Ma
n
y
s
i
m
u
latio
n
wo
r
k
s
ar
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
g
am
b
it
an
d
f
lu
en
t
f
o
r
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
al
y
s
is
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
p
a
r
af
f
in
wax
,
s
o
d
i
u
m
ac
etate
tr
i
-
hyd
r
ate,
an
d
p
h
en
o
l
p
h
th
alein
in
e
n
g
in
e
c
o
o
lan
t
h
e
at
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
ap
p
licati
o
n
s
u
s
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
co
n
v
e
ctio
n
in
laten
t
h
ea
t
s
to
r
ag
e
[
1
4
]
.
T
o
m
ax
im
ize
s
o
l
ar
en
er
g
y
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
p
h
ase
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
s
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
laten
t
h
ea
t
th
er
m
al
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
(
L
HE
S).
M
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as
s
alt
h
y
d
r
ates,
p
ar
af
f
i
n
,
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
p
ar
af
f
in
o
r
g
an
ics
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
v
esti
g
ated
f
o
r
d
en
s
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
in
h
ea
tin
g
,
co
o
lin
g
,
an
d
o
th
er
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
eu
tectics
o
f
in
o
r
g
an
ic
a
n
d
o
r
g
an
ic
c
o
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
[
1
5
]
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
s
er
v
ed
t
h
at
Ma
lay
s
ia'
s
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
id
ea
l
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
an
n
u
al
av
er
a
g
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
f
4
.
2
1
–
5
.
5
6
k
W
h
/m
².
Sti
ll,
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
r
ad
iatio
n
lev
els
ca
u
s
e
PV
p
an
els
to
o
v
er
h
ea
t,
wh
ich
c
o
u
ld
r
ed
u
ce
th
eir
ef
f
icien
cy
[
1
6
]
.
PC
M
co
o
lin
g
d
ev
ic
es
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
s
h
o
wn
in
o
u
td
o
o
r
s
tu
d
ies
to
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
ef
f
icien
cy
;
n
ev
e
r
th
eless
,
p
an
el
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
o
win
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
le
v
els
[
1
0
].
So
lar
e
n
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
is
p
r
io
r
itized
in
Ni
g
er
ia
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
its
co
n
s
tan
t
s
u
n
s
h
in
e,
an
d
co
o
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
lik
e
h
ea
t
s
in
k
s
an
d
wate
r
s
p
r
ay
i
n
g
h
av
e
s
h
o
w
n
p
r
o
m
is
e
in
p
r
eser
v
in
g
PV
m
o
d
u
le
e
f
f
icien
cy
ev
e
n
in
th
e
f
ac
e
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
is
es
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
o
n
b
y
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
s
u
n
lig
h
t
[
1
7
].
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
in
clu
d
in
g
less
ce
ll
d
eter
io
r
atio
n
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
th
er
m
al
an
d
elec
tr
ical
ef
f
icien
cy
,
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
co
o
lin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ex
p
lo
r
ed
[
18
].
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
PC
Ms
in
to
d
o
m
esti
c
h
ea
ti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
,
ex
am
in
in
g
h
o
w
th
ey
m
ig
h
t
r
ed
u
ce
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
les
s
en
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
o
n
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
els,
an
d
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
to
a
m
o
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
f
r
ien
d
ly
f
u
t
u
r
e
[
1
9
]
.
A
y
ea
r
-
lo
n
g
e
v
alu
atio
n
in
th
e
UAE
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
ta
n
ce
o
f
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
id
ea
l
PC
M
ty
p
e
an
d
m
eltin
g
p
o
in
t
to
o
p
tim
ize
PV
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
[
2
0
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
s
to
r
ag
e
o
f
s
u
r
p
lu
s
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
co
llecte
d
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
d
ay
b
y
p
ar
a
f
f
in
wax
PC
Ms
h
as
en
ab
led
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
ex
ten
d
e
d
e
n
er
g
y
at
n
ig
h
t.
T
h
ese
m
ater
ials
'
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
c
h
ar
g
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
l
o
n
g
e
d
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
d
u
r
atio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
r
ein
f
o
r
c
ed
as
r
eliab
le
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
2
1
]
.
Ad
d
in
g
PC
Ms
R
T
3
5
an
d
R
T
3
5
HC
to
h
o
llo
w
cla
y
b
r
ick
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
in
d
o
o
r
co
o
lin
g
b
y
1
3
%.
I
t
in
c
r
ea
s
ed
h
ea
tin
g
e
n
er
g
y
s
av
in
g
s
b
y
9
.
5
%,
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
a
s
tu
d
y
d
o
n
e
in
J
ed
d
ah
,
Sau
d
i
Ar
ab
ia.
I
t
was
r
ep
o
r
te
d
th
at
PC
M
R
T
3
5
s
av
ed
0
.
5
3
3
k
W
h
p
er
wall,
wh
ile
PC
M
R
T
3
5
HC
s
av
ed
0
.
8
k
W
h
,
p
o
ten
tially
r
e
d
u
cin
g
HVAC e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
u
p
to
1
4
6
k
W
h
/m
²
an
n
u
ally
[
2
2
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
i
d
ity
,
wh
ich
is
lin
k
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
lev
els
[
2
3
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
h
u
m
id
ity
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
im
p
ac
t
P
V
o
u
tp
u
t
n
eg
ativ
ely
,
it
also
im
p
r
o
v
es
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
PV
b
y
in
cr
e
asin
g
th
e
th
er
m
al
c
o
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
p
a
r
af
f
in
wa
x
an
d
d
elay
in
g
its
p
h
ase
tr
an
s
itio
n
,
wh
ich
d
elay
s
th
e
r
elea
s
e
o
f
la
ten
t
h
ea
t.
T
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
t
h
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
v
ital,
as
it
en
ab
les
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
to
b
e
m
an
ag
ed
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
tly
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
r
ea
c
h
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
,
wh
ich
ca
n
d
e
g
r
ad
e
t
h
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
s
h
o
ws
th
at
o
n
ly
a
f
ew
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
wo
r
k
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
an
aly
s
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
PV
p
an
els
b
y
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
PC
M
an
d
m
ain
ly
f
o
cu
s
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
n
PC
M.
Ho
wev
er
,
lim
ited
r
esear
ch
in
v
esti
g
at
es
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
o
n
PC
M.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
t
o
ex
am
in
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
em
p
l
o
y
in
g
PC
M
as
a
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
li
n
g
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
PV
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystem
w
ith
p
h
a
s
e
ch
a
n
g
e
ma
teri
a
l in
G
u
w
a
h
a
ti
(
P
a
ll
a
vi
R
o
y
)
739
s
y
s
tem
s
in
h
u
m
id
s
u
b
tr
o
p
ica
l
clim
ates
s
u
ch
as
Gu
wah
ati
to
wn
.
T
h
e
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
a
s
u
m
m
er
tim
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t:
two
p
an
els,
o
n
e
with
PC
M
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
with
o
u
t,
m
ad
e
u
p
th
e
s
etu
p
.
T
h
e
PV
p
an
el'
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
an
d
s
ev
er
al
o
th
er
elec
tr
ica
l
d
ata
wer
e
d
ep
icted
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
er
in
Ap
r
il,
Ma
y
,
an
d
J
u
n
e.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
d
v
an
ce
s
o
u
r
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
h
o
w
t
em
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
af
f
ec
t th
e
PC
M
u
s
ed
in
PV sy
s
tem
s
.
2.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
N
T
A
L
SE
T
UP
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
PC
M
co
o
lin
g
s
y
s
tem
o
n
PV
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
a
n
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
was
d
esig
n
ed
a
n
d
c
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
at
Gir
ijan
an
d
a
C
h
o
wd
h
u
r
y
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
,
Gu
wah
ati,
Ass
am
,
I
n
d
ia,
lo
ca
ted
at
(
2
6
.
1
3
3
2
°
No
r
th
an
d
9
1
.
6
2
1
4
°
E
ast).
E
x
p
er
im
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
f
o
r
th
r
ee
m
o
n
th
s
:
Ap
r
il,
Ma
y
,
an
d
J
u
n
e
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
d
escr
ib
e
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
'
s
d
esig
n
elem
en
ts
a
s
wel
l
as
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
2
.
1
.
Desig
n o
f
t
est
s
et
up
I
n
th
is
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
ad
d
in
g
PC
M
to
PV
m
o
d
u
les
o
n
th
eir
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
wer
e
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
td
o
o
r
test
in
g
as
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
wo
d
is
tin
ct
PV
p
an
el
d
esig
n
s
,
ea
ch
with
a
2
0
W
r
atin
g
,
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
in
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
:
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
PV
s
y
s
tem
an
d
a
PV
s
y
s
tem
with
PC
M
th
at
u
s
ed
an
alu
m
in
u
m
c
o
n
tain
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
d
e
p
icts
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
l
s
etu
p
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
is
m
u
ltime
ter
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
is
in
f
r
ar
ed
th
er
m
o
m
eter
.
W
h
ile
s
im
ilar
wea
th
er
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
s
co
n
tin
u
ed
,
th
e
elec
tr
ical
an
d
th
er
m
al
ca
p
ac
ities
o
f
th
e
two
s
ets
wer
e
co
m
p
u
te
d
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e.
T
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
l
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
ar
e
o
u
tlin
e
d
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
PC
M
in
th
is
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
is
R
T
4
2
p
ar
af
f
in
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
its
ad
v
an
tag
eo
u
s
th
er
m
al
an
d
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
in
clu
d
in
g
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
,
life
s
p
an
,
n
o
n
-
c
o
r
r
o
s
iv
en
ess
,
an
d
r
elativ
ely
h
ig
h
en
th
alp
y
o
f
f
u
s
io
n
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
er
PC
M
k
in
d
s
.
T
ab
le
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
ata
a
b
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
PC
M
'
s
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics.
B
elo
w
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
an
al
u
m
in
u
m
c
o
n
tain
er
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
0
.
2
9
5
×
0
.
2
6
6
×
0
.
1
m
with
a
1
.
3
7
m
m
th
ic
k
n
ess
was in
teg
r
ated
.
T
h
e
p
ar
af
f
in
wax
R
T
-
4
2
PC
M
was
s
to
r
ed
with
in
f
o
r
p
ass
iv
e
co
o
lin
g
.
T
h
e
co
n
tain
e
r
is
f
illed
with
5
0
0
g
r
am
s
o
f
p
ar
af
f
in
wax
.
B
o
th
p
an
els
ar
e
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
f
ac
in
g
s
o
u
th
o
n
a
p
latf
o
r
m
at
a
2
6
°
in
clin
atio
n
an
g
le
b
ased
o
n
Gu
wah
ati
city
'
s
latitu
d
e
to
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
s
o
lar
in
s
o
latio
n
,
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
tak
en
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
eg
io
n
al
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
ce
n
ter
[
2
5
].
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
ad
d
i
n
g
PC
M
to
PV m
o
d
u
les o
n
th
ei
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
(
a)
a
p
h
o
t
o
g
r
ap
h
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
,
(
b
)
m
u
lti
m
eter
,
an
d
(
c
)
in
f
r
ar
ed
th
er
m
o
m
eter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
737
-
7
4
6
740
T
ab
le
1
.
Sp
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
N
o
.
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
u
s
e
d
2
R
a
t
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
(
P
max
)
2
0
W
p
R
a
t
e
d
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
mp
)
1
9
.
6
V
R
a
t
e
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
mp
)
0
.
5
9
A
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
oc
)
2
1
.
6
V
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
(
I
sc
)
0
.
6
5
A
F
i
l
l
f
a
c
t
o
r
(
F
F
)
0
.
8
2
3
P
a
n
e
l
l
e
n
g
t
h
0
.
0
7
7
m
P
a
n
e
l
w
i
d
t
h
0
.
0
2
4
m
A
r
e
a
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
n
e
l
0
.
0
6
6
5
2
8
m
2
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
er
m
o
-
p
h
y
s
ical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
p
ar
a
f
f
in
wax
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
V
a
l
u
e
s
M
e
l
t
i
n
g
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
(
T
m
)
[
⁰C
]
5
3
.
7
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
h
e
a
t
o
f
s
o
l
i
d
p
h
a
s
e
(
C
ps
)
[
k
J
/
k
g
.
K
]
2
.
0
S
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
h
e
a
t
o
f
l
i
q
u
i
d
p
h
a
se
(
C
pf
)
[
k
J/
k
g
.
K
]
2
.
1
5
Th
e
r
m
a
l
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
so
l
i
d
p
h
a
se
(
k
s
)
[
W
/
m.
K
]
0
.
2
4
Th
e
r
m
a
l
C
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
o
f
l
i
q
u
i
d
p
h
a
se
(
k
f
)
[
W
/
m
.
K
]
0
.
2
2
D
e
n
si
t
y
o
f
so
l
i
d
p
h
a
s
e
(
ρ
s
)
[
k
g
/
m
3
]
9
1
0
D
e
n
si
t
y
o
f
l
i
q
u
i
d
p
h
a
s
e
(
ρ
f
)
[
k
g
/
m
3
]
7
9
0
La
t
e
n
t
h
e
a
t
o
f
f
u
si
o
n
[
k
J
/
k
g
]
1
9
0
2
.
2
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
m
ea
s
ure
m
ent
s
T
wo
id
en
tical
2
0
-
watt
PV
p
a
n
els
wer
e
u
s
ed
;
o
n
e
was
wax
ed
,
wh
ile
th
e
o
th
er
s
er
v
ed
as
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
T
h
e
g
o
al
was
to
d
eter
m
in
e
h
o
w
p
ar
af
f
in
wax
a
f
f
ec
ted
th
e
p
an
el'
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
.
A
d
ig
ital
m
u
ltime
ter
UNI
-
T
UT
3
3
D
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
).
was
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
I
s
c
an
d
Vo
c
f
o
r
p
a
n
el
s
at
an
in
ter
v
al
o
f
o
n
e
h
o
u
r
f
r
o
m
9
a
.
m
.
to
3
p
.
m
.
ev
er
y
d
ay
f
o
r
th
r
ee
m
o
n
th
s
,
viz
Ap
r
il,
Ma
y
,
an
d
J
u
n
e
.
An
in
f
r
ar
ed
th
e
r
m
o
m
eter
,
B
en
etec
h
GM
3
2
0
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
c
)
was
u
s
ed
to
r
ec
o
r
d
th
e
p
an
el
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
at
th
e
f
r
o
n
t
an
d
r
ea
r
.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
,
an
d
a
m
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
eg
i
o
n
al
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
ce
n
ter
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
an
d
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
o
f
th
e
s
et
u
p
wer
e
th
en
ca
l
cu
lated
in
teg
r
atin
g
th
e
h
u
m
id
ity
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
t
o
r
i
n
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
ca
lc
u
latio
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ac
q
u
ir
ed
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
p
er
io
d
was
b
en
ef
icial
in
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
h
o
w
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
e
n
ess
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
p
an
el
wer
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
p
ar
af
f
i
n
wax
co
atin
g
as we
llth
e
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
.
2
.
3
.
H
u
m
idi
t
y
f
a
c
t
o
r
Hu
m
i
d
ity
ca
n
h
ea
v
ily
im
p
ac
t e
f
f
icien
cy
b
y
lo
wer
in
g
it
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
ca
tter
in
g
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
a
n
d
ca
u
s
in
g
co
n
d
en
s
atio
n
,
w
h
ich
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
am
o
u
n
t o
f
s
u
n
lig
h
t
r
ea
c
h
in
g
th
e
ce
ll.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
l
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
ce
ll
u
n
d
er
h
u
m
id
ity
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
a
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
D
h
g
iv
en
in
(
1
)
as
m
en
tio
n
ed
b
y
L
awr
en
ce
[
2
5
]
y
,
wh
ich
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
R
H
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
D
h
=
1
−
RH
−
Hr
ef
Hm
ax
−
Hr
ef
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
:
D
h
(
H)
=
h
u
m
id
ity
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
,
wh
ich
in
c
r
ea
s
es with
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
.
R
H
=
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
.
Hm
ax
=
m
ax
im
u
m
h
u
m
id
ity
.
Hr
ef
=
h
u
m
id
it
y
wh
en
o
u
tp
u
t
id
o
p
tim
al
.
(
)
=
,
0
×
(
1
−
ℎ
(
)
)
(
2
)
W
h
er
e:
η
PV(
H)
=
PV e
f
f
icien
cy
at
a
g
iv
en
h
u
m
id
ity
.
η
PV,0
=
b
aselin
e
PV e
f
f
icien
cy
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
ar
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
,
an
aly
s
is
,
an
d
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
PV
-
PC
M
with
PV.
T
h
ee
x
p
er
im
e
n
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
ea
ch
d
ay
f
r
o
m
Ap
r
il
th
r
o
u
g
h
J
u
n
e
o
f
2
0
2
3
an
d
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystem
w
ith
p
h
a
s
e
ch
a
n
g
e
ma
teri
a
l in
G
u
w
a
h
a
ti
(
P
a
ll
a
vi
R
o
y
)
741
3
.
1
.
Wea
t
her
da
t
a
Gu
wah
ati
city
in
th
e
I
n
d
ian
s
tate
o
f
As
s
am
h
as
a
h
u
m
id
s
u
b
tr
o
p
ical
clim
ate.
W
ea
th
e
r
d
ata
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Hen
ce
,
th
e
wea
th
er
d
ata
o
n
th
e
d
ay
s
wh
en
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
wer
e
ca
r
r
i
ed
o
u
t
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
.
Fig
u
r
es
2
-
4
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
a
m
b
ien
t
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
s
u
n
in
ten
s
ity
,
an
d
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
t
d
a
y
s
.
B
etwe
en
6
0
%
an
d
8
8
%
is
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
.
I
n
Ap
r
il,
Ma
y
,
an
d
J
u
n
e
,
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
u
n
in
ten
s
ity
v
alu
es
wer
e
7
7
6
W
/m
2
,
8
0
6
W
/m
2
,
an
d
7
4
3
W
/m
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
o
u
ts
id
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
Ap
r
i
l,
Ma
y
,
an
d
J
u
n
e
was
3
3
°C
,
3
7
°C
,
an
d
3
8
°C
.
T
h
e
d
ata
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
e
g
io
n
al
m
e
teo
r
o
lo
g
ical
ce
n
te
r
[
2
5
].
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
R
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
v
s
t
im
e
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
So
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
v
s
tim
e
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
v
s
tim
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
737
-
7
4
6
742
3
.
2
.
T
herm
a
l per
f
o
rm
a
nce
3
.
2
.
1
.
P
V
t
e
m
pera
t
ures
Op
tim
izin
g
ce
ll
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e,
wh
ich
is
im
p
ac
ted
b
y
t
h
e
r
i
s
e
in
m
o
d
u
le
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
,
is
cr
u
cial
to
m
ax
im
ize
PV
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
as
ev
er
y
d
eg
r
ee
r
is
e
in
c
ell
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
0
.
5
%.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
p
r
o
l
o
n
g
e
d
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es c
an
lea
d
to
th
er
m
al
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
,
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
life
s
p
an
o
f
PV
ce
lls
[
2
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
es
5
-
7
.
s
h
o
w
th
e
m
o
d
u
lel
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e
ch
an
g
es
f
o
r
PV
an
d
PV
-
PC
M
s
etu
p
s
in
th
e
s
aid
m
o
n
th
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
in
cr
ed
ib
le
a
v
er
ag
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
t
e
m
p
er
atu
r
es
o
f
th
e
PV
-
PC
M
s
y
s
tem
wer
e
3
9
.
4
⁰C
,
3
8
.
2
⁰C
,
an
d
4
0
.
3
⁰C
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
f
o
r
Ap
r
i
l,
Ma
y
,
an
d
J
u
n
e,
wh
ile
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
o
f
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
PV
s
y
s
tem
wer
e
4
8
.
3
⁰C
,
4
7
.
5
⁰C
,
an
d
4
9
.
1
⁰C
.
I
n
all
th
ese
th
r
ee
m
o
n
th
s
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
tem
p
er
a
t
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
was
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
lo
wer
ed
b
y
2
6
.
1
3
%
.
T
h
is
is
a
v
e
r
y
r
em
ar
k
ab
le
o
u
tco
m
e
as
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
PC
M
h
as
lo
wer
ed
tem
ep
er
atu
r
es
in
n
o
n
h
u
m
id
p
lace
s
o
n
ly
b
y
an
av
er
ag
e
o
f
8
.
2
%
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
PV
-
PC
M
s
y
s
tem
'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
tay
ed
b
elo
w
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
PV
's
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
PC
M'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
d
is
s
ip
ate
h
ea
t
an
d
also
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
e
h
ig
h
h
u
m
id
ity
o
f
th
e
r
eg
io
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
b
ac
k
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
o
u
t
P
C
M,
b
ac
k
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
PC
M
f
o
r
A
p
r
il
m
o
n
th
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
b
ac
k
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
o
u
t
P
C
M,
b
ac
k
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
PC
M
f
o
r
M
ay
m
o
n
th
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Am
b
ien
t
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e,
b
ac
k
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
o
u
t
P
C
M,
b
ac
k
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
with
PC
M
f
o
r
J
u
n
e
m
o
n
th
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f a
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
s
ystem
w
ith
p
h
a
s
e
ch
a
n
g
e
ma
teri
a
l in
G
u
w
a
h
a
ti
(
P
a
ll
a
vi
R
o
y
)
743
3
.
3
.
E
lect
rica
l per
f
o
r
m
a
nce
T
h
e
two
m
o
s
t
cr
u
cial
m
etr
ics
f
o
r
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
'
s
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ar
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
(
I
SC
)
an
d
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c)
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
a
PV
p
a
n
el
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
t
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
an
d
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
in
cid
e
n
t
s
o
lar
in
s
o
latio
n
.
Var
iatio
n
s
in
th
ese
v
ar
iab
les
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
Vo
c
an
d
th
e
I
s
c
f
o
r
PV
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
ca
u
s
es
th
e
b
an
d
g
ap
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e,
wh
ich
r
aises
th
e
I
s
c
s
o
m
ewh
at.
On
ly
VOC
f
o
r
b
o
t
h
s
y
s
tem
s
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
i
n
th
is
p
ar
t,
as
p
r
e
s
en
ted
in
th
e
f
ig
u
r
es
b
elo
w.
T
h
e
v
ar
iati
o
n
in
th
e
ir
I
SC
is
n
o
t
v
er
y
s
ig
n
if
ican
t.
A
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
ei
r
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
O
pen
-
circ
uit
v
o
lt
a
g
e
R
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
an
d
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
V
o
c
o
f
PV.
Sti
ll,
ad
d
i
n
g
p
a
r
af
f
in
wax
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
is
ef
f
ec
t'
s
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
as
h
u
m
id
ity
en
h
an
ce
s
its
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
[
2
7
]
.
R
ela
tiv
e
h
u
m
id
ity
h
as
a
n
eg
lig
ib
le
im
p
ac
t
o
n
V
o
c
as
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
tem
p
er
atu
r
e.
As
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
es,
b
an
d
g
a
p
en
er
g
y
in
c
r
ea
s
es,
wh
ich
lead
s
to
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
Vo
c.
Fig
u
r
e
8
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
V
o
c
v
alu
es
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
th
e
PV
-
PC
M
s
etu
p
'
s
Vo
c
is
h
ig
h
er
th
an
t
h
e
PV
s
etu
p
'
s
u
n
til
s
o
lar
n
o
o
n
o
r
n
o
o
n
.
As
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
Vo
c
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
etu
p
s
u
r
p
a
s
s
es
th
e
PV
-
PC
M
s
etu
p
b
ec
au
s
e
h
ea
t
is
r
elea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
PC
M
in
to
th
e
PV
p
a
n
el,
r
aisi
n
g
its
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
ca
u
s
in
g
a
r
a
p
id
r
is
e
in
r
e
v
er
s
e
s
atu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
a
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t d
r
o
p
in
ce
ll v
o
ltag
e.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Op
e
n
cir
cu
it
v
o
ltag
e
(
Vo
c)
v
s
tim
e
g
r
ap
h
3
.
3
.
2
.
P
o
wer
o
utput
I
t
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
with
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
h
u
m
id
ity
lev
el
b
y
5
0
.
1
5
%
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
b
y
3
4
.
2
2
%
[
3
]
.
F
ig
u
r
e
9
d
ep
icts
th
e
p
o
we
r
o
u
tp
u
t
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
b
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
co
u
r
s
e
o
f
th
e
d
ay
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
th
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
t
u
n
til
s
o
lar
n
o
o
n
,
th
e
g
en
er
ated
p
o
we
r
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
ely
g
r
ew
an
d
f
in
ally
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
I
t
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
P
V
-
PC
M
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
was
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
th
at
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
PV
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
PV
in
teg
r
ated
with
PC
M'
s
av
er
ag
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
was
9
.
8
%,
1
3
.
1
%,
a
n
d
1
0
.
3
%
h
ig
h
er
t
h
an
th
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
m
o
d
el
in
Ap
r
il,
Ma
y
,
a
n
d
J
u
n
e,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
s
u
m
m
er
s
ea
s
o
n
in
I
n
d
ia
s
tar
ts
in
Ap
r
il
an
d
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
lo
ca
ti
o
n
,
last
s
u
n
til
J
u
n
e
o
r
J
u
ly
.
T
h
e
m
o
n
th
o
f
Ma
y
o
f
ten
s
ee
s
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
es,
an
d
wh
en
t
h
e
m
o
n
s
o
o
n
s
ea
s
o
n
b
eg
in
s
in
J
u
n
e,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
g
r
ad
u
ally
b
e
g
i
n
s
to
d
ec
lin
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Po
wer
v
s
tim
e
g
r
ap
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
39
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
737
-
7
4
6
744
3
.
3
.
3
.
E
f
f
iciency
R
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
is
ty
p
ically
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
h
av
e
a
d
etr
im
en
ta
l
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as
in
cr
ea
s
ed
m
o
is
tu
r
e
ca
n
cr
ea
te
an
in
s
u
latin
g
la
y
er
o
n
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
ca
lcu
latio
n
s
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
th
e
h
u
m
id
ity
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
as
g
iv
en
(
2
)
.
I
t
is
well
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
th
at
th
is
in
s
u
latio
n
lo
wer
s
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
'
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
im
p
ed
in
g
th
eir
ca
p
ac
ity
to
d
is
p
er
s
e
h
ea
t,
wh
ich
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
o
p
tim
u
m
o
p
er
atio
n
.
As
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
r
i
s
e,
a
d
ec
lin
e
in
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
is
n
o
ted
,
le
ad
in
g
to
lo
wer
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
.
Ho
wev
er
,
n
o
ta
b
le
alter
atio
n
s
ar
e
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t
in
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
s
e
PC
M
.
T
h
e
PC
M
'
s
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
b
y
h
u
m
id
ity
,
wh
ich
m
ak
es
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
f
o
r
h
ea
t
t
o
b
e
ab
s
o
r
b
ed
,
s
to
r
e
d
,
an
d
r
elea
s
ed
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
th
an
o
th
e
r
m
ater
ials
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
PV
an
d
PV
-
PC
M
s
y
s
tem
s
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
tr
ial.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
wed
th
at
PV
-
PC
M
was
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
th
an
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
PV.
I
n
Ap
r
il,
Ma
y
,
a
n
d
J
u
n
e
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
ef
f
icien
c
y
g
e
n
er
at
ed
b
y
tr
ad
itio
n
al
PV
was
2
0
.
2
%,
1
8
.
6
8
%,
an
d
2
3
.
6
8
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
n
c
o
n
t
r
ast,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
f
ig
u
r
e
f
o
r
PV
-
PC
M
was
2
3
.
4
4
%,
2
3
.
7
%,
an
d
2
5
.
1
5
%,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
2
.
5
% in
cr
ea
s
e
in
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
E
f
f
icien
c
y
v
s
tim
e
g
r
ap
h
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
wo
r
k
,
an
ex
p
er
im
en
t
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
Gu
wah
ati,
I
n
d
ia,
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
s
u
m
m
er
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
v
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
it
with
PC
M.
T
wo
s
y
s
tem
s
wer
e
th
e
s
u
b
ject
o
f
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ts
:
o
n
e
h
ad
a
PV
in
teg
r
ated
with
PC
M
in
an
alu
m
in
u
m
co
n
ta
in
er
,
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
was
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
s
y
s
tem
th
at
in
clu
d
ed
o
n
ly
PV.
Fo
r
Ap
r
i
l,
Ma
y
,
an
d
J
u
n
e,
th
e
tem
p
er
a
tu
r
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
n
th
e
PV
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
th
e
Vo
c,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
,
a
n
d
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
b
o
th
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
.
Th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
lo
w
er
ed
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
u
e
to
PC
M
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
is
co
u
n
ter
in
tu
itiv
e
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
is
illu
s
tr
ated
b
y
th
e
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
PC
M,
wh
ich
m
itig
ates
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
an
d
lev
er
ag
es
h
u
m
id
ity
to
en
h
an
ce
th
er
m
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
u
tili
ze
P
C
M
is
ac
h
iev
ed
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
g
en
er
al
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
th
at
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
h
u
m
i
d
ity
n
eg
ativ
ely
af
f
ec
ts
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
s
o
lar
p
an
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
i
s
s
y
n
er
g
y
b
etwe
en
h
u
m
id
ity
an
d
PC
M
th
er
m
al
p
r
o
p
er
ties
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
in
teg
r
atin
g
PC
M
in
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
eg
io
n
s
ex
p
er
ien
cin
g
h
ig
h
a
m
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
an
d
h
u
m
id
ity
le
v
e
ls
.
B
y
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
in
g
h
ea
t,
PC
M
-
eq
u
ip
p
ed
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
ac
h
iev
e
h
ig
h
e
r
en
er
g
y
y
ield
s
an
d
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
t
h
e
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
o
lar
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
in
h
u
m
id
clim
ates.
R
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
h
as b
ee
n
f
o
u
n
d
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
th
er
m
al
co
n
d
u
ctiv
ity
in
p
ar
af
f
in
wax
,
wh
ich
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
v
ital
as
it
en
ab
les
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
to
b
e
m
an
ag
ed
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
ex
ce
s
s
iv
ely
h
ig
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
f
r
o
m
b
ein
g
r
ea
ch
e
d
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
,
wh
ich
ca
n
d
eg
r
a
d
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tly
,
ev
e
n
in
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
h
ig
h
r
elativ
e
h
u
m
id
ity
,
lo
wer
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
lls
ca
n
b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
b
y
th
e
PC
M,
lead
in
g
to
im
p
r
o
v
ed
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
.
I
t
is
ev
id
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
is
th
at
th
e
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
PC
M
h
as
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
lly
co
n
tr
o
lled
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
les'
th
er
m
al
s
ta
te,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
b
y
2
.
5
%
an
d
d
e
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
o
v
e
r
all
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
b
y
2
6
.
1
%.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
d
v
an
ta
g
es
o
f
in
te
g
r
atin
g
PC
M
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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DATA AV
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Der
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RE
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NC
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[
1
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[
4
]
Z.
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.
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.
[
5
]
I
.
O
.
H
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mai
l
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l
,
S
.
M
.
S
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,
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.
P
.
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o
,
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.
F
u
d
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,
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.
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o
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mm
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d
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.
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b
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.
[
6
]
G
.
R
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g
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e
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i
,
L.
D
o
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t
t
i
,
C
.
Zi
l
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.
A
.
Lo
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,
a
n
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.
M
a
n
c
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,
“
Ex
p
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[
7
]
M
.
S
h
a
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a
f
,
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.
S
.
H
u
z
a
y
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n
,
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.
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o
u
sef,
“
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(
P
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[
8
]
P
.
P
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v
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a
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.
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.
S
a
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,
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[
9
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B
.
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1
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.
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