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1.
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D
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s
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d
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f
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cu
s
,
esp
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f
o
r
p
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tab
le
d
ev
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[
1
]
-
[
3
]
.
Mo
d
er
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p
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tab
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telec
o
m
m
u
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s
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s
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d
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to
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DACs
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s
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p
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,
a
n
d
o
cc
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m
in
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al
s
p
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[
4
]
.
Am
o
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g
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
DAC
ty
p
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s
,
th
e
cu
r
r
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t
-
s
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DAC
(
C
S
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DA
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s
tan
d
s
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t f
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r
its
h
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p
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r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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DAC
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6
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[
7
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r
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atch
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1
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to
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T
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b
en
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its
o
f
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is
ar
ch
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e
in
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m
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er
s
i
ze
,
a
n
d
a
g
r
ea
ter
d
i
g
ital p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
4
]
,
[
8
]
,
an
d
[
9
]
.
W
ith
th
e
s
eg
m
en
ted
c
u
r
r
en
t
-
s
teer
in
g
DAC,
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
b
o
th
b
in
a
r
y
a
n
d
u
n
ar
y
d
esig
n
s
co
m
b
in
ed
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
g
litch
p
o
wer
,
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
its
(
MSB
s
)
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
th
er
m
o
m
eter
co
d
in
g
,
wh
ile
th
e
least
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
its
(
L
SB
s
)
u
s
e
b
in
ar
y
weig
h
ted
d
esig
n
to
s
av
e
p
o
wer
an
d
ch
ip
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
i
s
r
esu
lts
in
f
ewe
r
I
NL
/DNL
er
r
o
r
s
,
a
s
m
aller
B
T
d
ec
o
d
er
,
an
d
less
g
litch
en
er
g
y
[
4
]
,
[
9
]
.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
s
eg
m
en
ted
cu
r
r
e
n
t
-
s
teer
in
g
DACs
h
av
e
a
lar
g
er
ch
ip
ar
ea
,
h
ig
h
e
r
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
s
lo
wer
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ec
a
u
s
e
th
e
d
ig
ital
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
B
T
d
ec
o
d
er
,
latch
,
a
n
d
d
r
iv
in
g
cir
cu
its
[
5
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
4
-
b
it
B
T
d
ec
o
d
er
,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
r
o
w
-
co
lu
m
n
d
ec
o
d
er
th
at
u
s
e
s
les
s
p
o
wer
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
d
e
B
T
d
ec
o
d
er
in
s
tead
o
f
a
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
d
e
o
n
e.
T
h
is
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
ch
ip
,
lo
we
r
s
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
in
c
r
ea
s
es
s
p
ee
d
b
y
d
o
in
g
awa
y
with
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
latch
an
d
d
r
i
v
er
ci
r
c
u
its
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
a
2
-
b
it
B
T
d
ec
o
d
er
f
u
r
th
er
r
ed
u
ce
s
ch
ip
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
an
d
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
[
8
]
o
f
an
8
-
b
it
s
eg
m
en
ted
D
AC
in
1
8
0
n
m
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
ac
h
iev
es
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
lev
els.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
[
1
2
]
e
x
am
in
es
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
o
n
th
e
DNL
an
d
I
NL
.
T
h
is
wo
r
k
d
is
cu
s
s
es
[
1
3
]
an
8
-
b
it
s
eg
m
en
ted
C
S
-
DAC
[
1
4
]
.
W
ith
m
in
im
al
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
I
NL
er
r
o
r
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
p
ar
tially
s
eg
m
en
ted
C
S
-
DAC.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
[
1
5
]
,
a
4
-
b
it
h
i
g
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
in
ar
y
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
in
g
C
N
T
FET
S.
T
h
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
in
g
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
DAC
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
d
esig
n
in
g
an
o
p
tim
ized
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ce
ll
[
9
]
-
[
1
1
]
.
A
s
witch
-
co
n
tr
o
lled
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
b
iased
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
l
o
ad
c
u
r
r
en
t,
is
k
n
o
wn
as
a
cu
r
r
en
t
ce
ll
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
to
ta
l
DAC
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
is
d
esig
n
e
d
u
s
in
g
PMOS
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
PMOS
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
v
er
NM
OS
co
u
n
ter
p
ar
ts
is
m
o
tiv
ated
b
y
ad
v
an
ta
g
es
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
h
ea
d
r
o
o
m
,
s
u
p
er
io
r
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
in
g
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
en
h
an
ce
d
n
o
is
e
m
ar
g
in
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
s
tab
ilit
y
,
co
m
p
atib
ilit
y
with
ce
r
tain
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
v
ar
iatio
n
s
,
an
d
a
h
ig
h
e
r
o
u
tp
u
t
im
p
ed
an
ce
,
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
i
n
g
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
a
ju
d
icio
u
s
ch
o
ice
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
esig
n
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
cir
cu
it p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ices
:
T
h
e
DAC's
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
ev
al
u
ated
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
cr
iter
ia:
=
−
−
1
−
1
1
(
1
)
=
−
1
(
2
)
=
10
.
10
(
)
(
3
)
=
10
.
10
(
)
(
4
)
=
−
1
.
76
6
.
02
(
5
)
2.
DE
S
I
G
N
O
F
T
H
E
P
RO
P
O
S
E
D
S
E
G
M
E
NT
E
D
DA
C
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
etails
th
e
s
eg
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
b
its
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
DAC.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
cu
r
r
en
t
-
s
teer
in
g
DACs
co
m
m
o
n
ly
d
iv
id
e
d
ig
ital
in
p
u
t
b
its
in
to
m
o
s
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
its
(
MSB
s
)
an
d
least
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
b
its
(
L
SB
s
)
.
B
in
ar
y
co
d
e
is
ty
p
ic
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
L
S
B
s
,
wh
ile
th
er
m
o
m
eter
c
o
d
e
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
e
MSB
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Desig
n
o
f a
s
eg
men
ted
c
u
r
r
en
t steeri
n
g
d
ig
ita
l to
a
n
a
lo
g
c
o
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
P
MOS
…
(
A
s
h
o
k
K
u
ma
r
A
d
ep
u
)
823
[4
]
,
[
9
]
.
I
n
b
in
ar
y
c
o
d
in
g
,
ea
c
h
b
it
h
as
a
weig
h
t
to
th
e
p
o
wer
o
f
two
,
wh
ich
ac
tiv
ates
its
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
weig
h
t
o
f
b
0
is
2
0
wh
ich
is
1
,
an
d
th
is
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
I
LSB
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
Similar
ly
,
b
1
,b
2
,b
3
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
cu
r
r
en
ts
o
f
2
I
LSB
,
4
I
LSB
,
8
I
LSB
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
I
n
b
in
ar
y
-
co
d
in
g
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
if
co
d
e
ch
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
1
11
to
1
0
00
,
th
en
th
e
r
e
is
a
h
u
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
g
litch
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
in
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
th
is
ar
c
h
itectu
r
e.
Her
e,
b
0
,b
1
,b
2
will
s
witch
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
o
n
to
o
f
f
,
an
d
b
3
will
s
witch
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
f
r
o
m
o
f
f
to
o
n
.
I
n
th
is
ex
am
p
le,
all
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
a
r
e
ch
an
g
in
g
th
eir
s
tates,
wh
ic
h
lead
s
to
a
h
u
g
e
g
litch
.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
b
in
ar
y
to
th
er
m
o
m
ete
r
(
B
T
)
d
ec
o
d
er
aim
s
to
o
v
er
c
o
m
e
th
is
g
litch
b
y
s
witch
in
g
o
n
ly
o
n
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
wh
ich
th
e
th
er
m
o
m
eter
-
c
o
d
ed
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
u
tili
ze
s
to
elim
in
ate
it.
T
h
e
B
T
d
ec
o
d
er
c
o
n
v
er
ts
th
e
b
in
ar
y
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
v
alu
e
in
to
an
eq
u
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
u
n
it
elem
en
ts
,
th
er
eb
y
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
1
I
LSB
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t.
Fo
r
an
n
-
b
it
B
T
d
ec
o
d
er
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
u
tp
u
t
b
its
is
2
n
-
1.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
b
in
ar
y
v
a
lu
es
f
r
o
m
0
0
to
1
1
,
as
well
as
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
th
er
m
o
m
eter
c
o
d
es f
r
o
m
t
3
to
t
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
2
-
b
it B
T
d
ec
o
d
er
an
d
its
tr
u
th
tab
le
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
ted
DAC
i
s
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
wh
er
e
b
0
is
th
e
L
SB
an
d
b
7
is
th
e
MSB
.
A
2
-
b
it
B
T
d
ec
o
d
er
is
u
s
ed
to
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
4
-
b
it
MSB
b
its
in
to
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
d
es
o
n
ce
th
e
8
-
in
p
u
t
b
its
ar
e
d
iv
id
ed
in
t
o
two
g
r
o
u
p
s
(
4
-
b
it
b
in
ar
y
a
n
d
4
-
b
it
u
n
ar
y
)
.
A
2
-
3
B
T
d
ec
o
d
er
c
o
n
v
e
r
ts
b
its
[
b
7
,
b
6
]
a
n
d
[
b
5
,
b
4
]
in
t
o
th
er
m
o
m
eter
co
d
e.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
t
h
r
ee
o
u
tp
u
ts
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
d
ec
o
d
er
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
co
n
tr
o
l
th
r
ee
r
o
ws
an
d
th
r
ee
c
o
lu
m
n
s
o
f
a
lo
ca
l
d
ec
o
d
er
.
An
am
alg
am
o
f
b
in
a
r
y
an
d
u
n
ar
y
s
y
s
tem
s
is
th
e
s
eg
m
en
ted
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
h
e
B
in
ar
y
weig
h
ted
cu
r
r
en
t
s
teer
in
g
DAC
r
ec
ei
v
es
f
o
u
r
b
its
a
n
d
th
e
Un
a
r
y
DAC
r
ec
eiv
es
f
o
u
r
b
its
i
n
t
h
e
4
:4
s
eg
m
e
n
tatio
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
I
t
is
a
s
s
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
s
eg
m
en
te
d
D
AC
'
s
f
u
ll
s
ca
le
v
o
ltag
e
is
4
2
0
m
V
an
d
its
L
SB
cu
r
r
e
n
t is 2
µA
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ar
c
h
itectu
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
8
-
b
it seg
m
en
te
d
CS
-
DAC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
82
1
-
8
3
0
824
Ho
wev
er
,
f
o
r
th
e
Un
ar
y
wei
g
h
ted
DAC,
th
er
e'
s
an
ad
d
iti
o
n
al
cir
cu
itry
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
s
o
m
e
d
elay
.
T
o
co
u
n
ter
ac
t
th
is
d
elay
an
d
r
ec
tify
tim
in
g
d
is
p
ar
ities
with
i
n
th
e
DAC,
a
d
elay
ci
r
cu
it
is
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
is
d
elay
cir
cu
it,
d
e
p
icted
in
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
is
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ed
u
s
in
g
D
-
f
lip
f
lo
p
s
,
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
izin
g
th
e
tim
in
g
s
ig
n
als
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
alig
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
s
ea
m
less
DA
C
o
p
er
atio
n
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
we
ca
n
s
ee
th
e
8
-
b
it
Seg
m
en
ted
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
ei
g
h
t
I
L
SB
,
f
o
u
r
I
L
SB
,
two
I
L
SB
,
a
n
d
o
n
e
I
L
SB
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
with
d
if
f
er
en
tial
s
witch
in
g
(
C
SDS
)
ce
lls
in
th
e
4
-
b
it
b
in
ar
y
C
S
-
DAC
u
n
it.
A
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
etwe
en
two
PMOS c
a
s
co
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t so
u
r
ce
s
y
ield
s
two
tim
es
th
e
I
L
SB
c
u
r
r
en
t.
Fo
u
r
tim
es th
e
I
L
SB
c
u
r
r
en
t is o
b
tain
ed
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
f
o
u
r
PMOS
ca
s
co
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
p
ar
allel.
Similar
ly
,
f
o
r
eig
h
t
I
L
SB
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
eig
h
t
PMOS
ca
s
co
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
c
es
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
te
d
in
ta
n
d
em
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
!
T
h
er
e
was
n
o
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
u
n
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
d
ep
icts
th
e
C
S
-
DAC,
a
4
-
b
it
th
er
m
o
m
eter
-
co
d
ed
d
e
v
ice
with
1
5
cu
r
r
e
n
t
ce
lls
an
d
1
6
x
I
L
SB
cu
r
r
en
t
p
er
.
2
.
1
.
P
M
O
S Ca
s
co
de
Curre
nt
So
urce
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
a
p
m
o
s
ca
s
co
d
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
d
esig
n
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
.
I
n
itially
th
e
cir
c
u
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
p
r
o
p
er
ly
b
iased
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
i.e
.
,
2
µA
.
Her
e
th
e
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
th
at
d
eter
m
i
n
es
th
e
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
is
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
o
f
b
iasi
n
g
v
o
ltag
es.
T
h
e
two
t
r
an
s
is
to
r
s
'
b
ias
v
o
ltag
es
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
ls
Vcb
an
d
Vb
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
wh
er
e
Vb
is
th
e
d
o
wn
tr
an
s
is
to
r
's
g
ate
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
Vcb
is
th
e
to
p
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
PMOS Cas
co
d
e
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t so
u
r
ce
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
its
litt
le
s
ig
n
al
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t im
p
ed
a
n
ce
is
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
s
co
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
'
s
s
m
all
s
ig
n
al
m
o
d
el
as
:
(
1
)
:
−
−
2
=
0
=
−
2
(
2
)
:
−
(
−
)
1
−
2
=
0
−
(
1
+
2
)
+
1
=
0
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t im
p
ed
a
n
ce
R
out
is
o
b
tain
ed
as
=
1
+
(
1
+
1
1
)
2
2
.
2
.
Ca
s
co
de
B
ia
s
ing
Str
uture
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
C
asco
d
e
b
iass
in
g
cir
cu
it is
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
i
s
s
u
es with
d
ir
ec
t b
ia
s
s
in
g
b
y
b
iass
in
g
th
e
C
asco
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
e
C
asco
d
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
ch
em
atic
with
C
asco
d
e
b
iass
in
g
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
C
ir
cu
it d
iag
r
am
f
o
r
C
asco
d
e
B
iasi
n
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Desig
n
o
f a
s
eg
men
ted
c
u
r
r
en
t steeri
n
g
d
ig
ita
l to
a
n
a
lo
g
c
o
n
ve
r
ter u
s
in
g
P
MOS
…
(
A
s
h
o
k
K
u
ma
r
A
d
ep
u
)
825
3.
CURR
E
NT
C
E
L
L
A
R
o
w
-
C
o
lu
m
n
d
ec
o
d
er
is
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
th
e
1
5
cu
r
r
en
t
ce
lls
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
4
-
b
it
Un
ar
y
weig
h
te
d
cu
r
r
en
t
s
teer
in
g
DAC.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
ad
d
s
a
l
o
ca
l
d
ec
o
d
er
t
o
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
ce
ll.
As
s
ee
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
th
e
lo
ca
l
d
ec
o
d
er
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
b
in
ar
y
d
ata
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ce
ll.
A
d
d
itio
n
al
p
in
s
f
o
r
t
h
is
cir
cu
it
a
r
e
R
(
r
o
w
p
in
)
,
C
(
co
lu
m
n
p
in
)
,
an
d
R
N
(
r
o
w
p
i
n
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ce
ll)
in
th
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t c
ell
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
1
5
c
u
r
r
en
t
ce
lls
o
f
ea
c
h
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
1
6
x
I
LSB
cu
r
r
en
t
s
p
e
cif
ied
f
o
r
DAC
i.e
.
,
3
2
µA
a
r
e
ar
r
an
g
e
d
in
a
4
x
4
ar
r
a
y
an
d
th
e
last
c
u
r
r
en
t
ce
ll
is
a
d
u
m
m
y
cu
r
r
e
n
t
c
ell
wh
ich
is
alwa
y
s
in
o
f
f
s
tate.
T
h
e
R
,
C
an
d
R
N
p
in
s
o
f
ea
ch
cu
r
r
e
n
t c
ell
in
ar
r
ay
ar
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
r
o
w
b
its
(
R
0
, R
1
an
d
R
2
)
an
d
C
o
lu
m
n
b
it
s
(
C
0
, C
1
an
d
C
2
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
. C
u
r
r
e
n
t
ce
ll with
lo
c
al
d
ec
o
d
er
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
4
.
1
.
P
M
O
S
Ca
s
co
de
curr
ent
s
o
urce
wit
h
B
ia
s
i
ng
circ
uit
Fig
u
r
e
6
d
is
p
lay
s
th
e
s
u
g
g
este
d
ca
s
co
d
e
b
iass
in
g
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e'
s
s
ch
em
atic
d
esig
n
f
o
r
th
e
ca
s
co
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
f
o
r
2
µA
.
T
h
e
PVT
a
n
aly
s
is
is
d
o
n
e
with
th
e
wit
h
f
ast
-
f
ast
an
d
s
lo
w
-
s
lo
w
as
it
h
as
o
n
ly
p
m
o
s
tr
an
s
is
to
r
s
.
An
d
also
,
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
is
v
ar
ied
f
r
o
m
th
e
-
1
0
to
5
0
d
e
g
r
ee
s
.
C
o
n
s
tan
t
v
o
l
tag
es
8
0
0
m
V
an
d
7
0
0
m
V
wer
e
a
p
p
lied
as b
iasi
n
g
v
o
ltag
es to
ca
s
co
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
o
b
tain
ed
an
I
LSB
c
u
r
r
en
t o
f
2
.
0
6
µ
A
in
n
o
m
in
al
a
n
aly
s
is
,
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
H
o
wev
er
,
I
LSB
v
a
r
ies
f
r
o
m
4
.
1
2
µA
to
1
.
0
3
µA
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
c
o
r
n
er
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
m
o
r
e
d
ev
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
v
alu
e
.
Desig
n
in
g
a
cu
r
r
en
t
ce
ll
f
o
r
a
DAC
b
ec
o
m
es
im
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
.
T
h
is
c
an
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
b
y
g
en
er
atin
g
th
e
b
iasi
n
g
v
o
ltag
e
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
ca
s
co
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
an
d
a
p
p
ly
in
g
it
to
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
ca
s
co
d
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
is
,
th
e
o
b
tain
ed
I
LSB
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
2
.
0
1
µA
in
n
o
m
in
al
an
aly
s
is
an
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
r
n
er
s
,
I
LSB
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
2
.
5
4
µA
to
1
.
7
µA
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
l
e
1
.
T
h
is
d
ev
iatio
n
is
in
th
e
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
an
g
e.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
PMOS
ca
s
co
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
wer
e
b
iased
u
s
in
g
th
e
ca
s
co
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
m
ir
r
o
r
b
i
asin
g
cir
cu
it.
Fro
m
all
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
cir
cu
its
f
o
r
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
b
iasi
n
g
n
et
wo
r
k
s
as sh
o
wn
in
th
e
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
lo
a
d
cu
r
r
en
t is v
er
y
less
f
o
r
th
e
ca
s
co
d
e
b
iasi
n
g
c
u
r
r
en
t so
u
r
ce
b
iased
u
s
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t m
ir
r
o
r
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sch
em
atic
d
esig
n
o
f
C
asco
d
e
B
iasi
n
g
cir
cu
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
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esian
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g
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o
m
p
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No
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2
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g
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s
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:
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n
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m
en
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S
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th
at
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ly
r
e
q
u
ir
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two
2
-
b
it
B
T
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o
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er
s
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r
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in
th
is
wo
r
k
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y
d
o
in
g
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t
h
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d
d
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c
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its
th
at
a
r
e
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s
u
ally
f
o
u
n
d
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
CS
-
DA
C
s
,
th
is
d
esig
n
r
ed
u
ce
s
th
e
s
ize
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f
th
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ch
ip
an
d
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s
e
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less
p
o
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A
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2
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s
u
p
p
ly
v
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e
a
n
d
6
5
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m
C
MO
S
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
r
ep
licate
th
is
DAC.
E
ac
h
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
tial
DAC
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
two
r
esis
to
r
s
.
s
ev
er
al
k
ey
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
an
d
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ad
d
r
ess
ed
a
n
d
an
aly
z
ed
.
Firstl
y
,
a
h
ig
h
-
im
p
ed
an
ce
cu
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
an
aly
ze
d
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
its
ef
f
icac
y
in
p
r
o
v
i
d
in
g
s
tab
le
an
d
r
eliab
le
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
ts
.
Seco
n
d
,
cu
s
to
m
is
ed
b
iass
in
g
cir
cu
its
h
av
e
b
ee
n
cr
ea
te
d
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
v
ar
io
u
s
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
o
u
r
ce
s
'
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t
n
ee
d
s
.
E
ac
h
b
iasi
n
g
ci
r
cu
it
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
ef
u
lly
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
an
aly
ze
d
to
o
p
tim
ize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ig
ital
b
l
o
ck
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
DAC
d
esig
n
h
av
e
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
an
d
s
ea
m
less
in
teg
r
atio
n
in
to
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
ar
ch
itectu
r
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
b
o
th
4
-
b
it
u
n
ar
y
an
d
b
in
a
r
y
ar
c
h
itectu
r
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
eticu
lo
u
s
ly
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
e
v
alu
ated
.
T
h
ese
DAC
s
s
er
v
e
as
cr
u
cia
l
b
u
ild
in
g
b
lo
ck
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
s
eg
m
en
ted
DAC.
Fin
ally
,
th
e
cu
lm
i
n
atio
n
o
f
t
h
ese
ef
f
o
r
ts
is
th
e
cr
ea
tio
n
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