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li
b
ra
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ra
te.
Clo
u
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o
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p
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g
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d
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e
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th
e
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d
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y
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lab
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ll
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s,
c
a
se
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ies
,
a
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d
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st
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p
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in
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K
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s
:
Aca
d
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
AL
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
Dig
ital lib
r
ar
ies
Dig
ital r
eso
u
r
ce
s
Dee
p
lear
n
in
g
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
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c
c
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ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Siv
an
k
alai
Siv
an
k
al
a
i
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
Gu
in
d
y
,
An
n
a
Un
i
v
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s
ity
C
h
en
n
ai,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
s
k
y
s
iv
an
k
ali@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
L
ib
r
ar
ies
h
av
e
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
an
e
r
a
wh
e
r
e
d
i
g
ital
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
ates,
ev
o
lv
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
s
tatic
b
r
ick
-
an
d
-
m
o
r
tar
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
d
y
n
am
ic
h
u
b
s
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
em
er
g
e
n
ce
o
f
DL
,
wh
ic
h
g
iv
es
u
s
er
s
ac
ce
s
s
to
v
ast
co
l
lectio
n
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
h
as
f
ac
ilit
ated
th
is
ev
o
lu
tio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
[
2
]
,
DL
ar
e
estab
lis
h
m
en
ts
th
at
o
f
f
er
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
with
s
p
ec
if
ic
s
taf
f
,
to
c
h
o
o
s
e,
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
tellectu
al
ac
ce
s
s
(
IA
)
to
,
allo
ca
t
e,
R
ea
d
,
r
ea
lm
th
e
tr
u
th
o
f
,
an
d
co
n
f
i
r
m
th
e
p
er
s
ev
er
an
ce
ab
o
v
e
tim
e
o
f
g
ath
er
i
n
g
s
o
f
d
ig
ital
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
th
er
ef
o
r
e
th
at
th
ey
a
r
e
ef
f
o
r
tles
s
ly
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
ly
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
aim
ed
a
t
u
s
ag
e
b
y
a
d
ef
in
ite
o
p
en
o
r
estab
lis
h
ed
o
f
s
o
cieties
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
e
n
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
h
as
tak
en
alm
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
s
in
th
e
m
eth
o
d
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ar
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
,
s
to
r
ed
,
an
d
d
is
s
em
in
ated
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
p
o
s
es
n
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
ch
allen
g
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
is
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
s
to
r
ag
e,
p
r
ese
r
v
atio
n
,
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
[
4
]
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
h
as
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
as
an
au
th
o
r
itativ
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
th
ese
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
izin
g
th
e
way
lib
r
ar
ies
o
p
er
ate.
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
o
f
f
e
r
s
lib
r
ar
ies
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
s
to
r
e,
m
an
a
g
e,
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
em
o
tely
o
v
er
th
e
in
ter
n
et,
th
e
r
eb
y
er
ad
icatin
g
t
h
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ex
p
e
n
s
iv
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
in
v
estme
n
ts
an
d
en
ab
li
n
g
g
r
ea
ter
elasticity
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
As
n
o
ted
b
y
[
5
]
,
"Cl
o
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
s
ig
n
if
ies
u
n
iq
u
e
o
f
th
e
g
r
ea
test
im
p
o
r
tan
t
ch
a
n
g
es
in
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
(
IT
)
in
cu
r
r
en
t
y
ea
r
s
,
o
f
f
er
i
n
g
u
n
p
r
ec
e
d
en
ted
o
p
p
o
r
t
u
n
ities
f
o
r
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
r
eso
lv
e
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
p
a
p
er
is
to
ex
p
l
o
r
e
th
e
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
o
f
DL
with
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
(
CC
)
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Dig
ita
l a
n
d
a
ca
d
emic
lib
r
a
r
ie
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
clo
u
d
co
mp
u
tin
g
(
K
a
r
th
ika
S
iva
n
a
n
d
h
a
m
)
897
ex
am
in
in
g
th
e
r
o
le
o
f
C
C
in
m
o
d
er
n
lib
r
ar
ies
a
n
d
its
im
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
[
6
]
.
B
y
an
aly
zin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
tr
e
n
d
s
,
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies,
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
g
o
als
to
d
eliv
er
v
is
io
n
s
k
ee
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
f
its
an
d
en
co
u
n
ter
s
o
f
a
d
o
p
tin
g
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t o
f
AL
.
I
t
is
n
o
ted
th
at
Af
r
ican
lib
r
ar
ian
s
h
av
e
a
lim
ited
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
co
n
ce
p
t.
Alth
o
u
g
h
ce
r
tain
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
n
tin
en
t
h
av
e
u
n
in
te
n
tio
n
ally
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
at
ed
C
C
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
to
its
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es,
m
an
y
o
f
th
ese
lib
r
ar
ies
ar
e
p
r
ev
en
ted
f
r
o
m
u
s
in
g
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ices
b
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
s
to
s
ec
u
r
e
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
in
tellectu
al
asp
ec
t
with
o
u
t
k
n
o
wled
g
e
a
b
o
u
t
C
C
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Af
r
ica
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
h
av
e
v
er
y
lo
wer
a
d
o
p
tio
n
r
ate
s
o
f
C
C
,
d
esp
ite
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
'
s
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
in
v
e
s
tig
atio
n
d
ata.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
aim
e
d
to
estab
lis
h
way
s
to
p
r
o
tect
th
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata
an
d
ass
ets
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
cl
o
u
d
as
well
as
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
an
d
r
ev
iew
f
ea
s
ib
le
p
r
o
tectio
n
s
th
at
u
n
iv
er
s
ity
lib
r
ar
ies
m
ay
tak
e
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
to
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
in
th
e
clo
u
d
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
q
u
er
ie
s
ar
e
ar
ticu
lated
u
n
d
er
th
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es:
−
R
Q1
:
Ho
w
d
o
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
u
s
e
C
C
p
latf
o
r
m
s
to
ar
ch
iv
e
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
th
eir
r
esear
ch
d
ata
co
llectio
n
s
'
?
−
R
Q2
:
W
h
ich
s
ec
u
r
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
es
an
d
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
ca
n
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
p
u
t
in
to
ac
ti
o
n
to
p
r
o
tect
s
en
s
itiv
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata
s
to
r
ed
i
n
clo
u
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
?
−
R
Q3
: Wh
at
ar
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
co
n
ce
r
n
s
f
r
o
m
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
s
t
an
d
ar
d
s
an
d
p
o
licies im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
?
T
h
e
s
ec
tio
n
s
th
at
f
o
llo
w
will
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
b
o
t
h
th
e
ac
tio
n
s
t
ak
en
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
an
d
th
eir
r
e
lev
an
ce
to
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
l
ib
r
ar
ies
th
r
o
u
g
h
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
in
teg
r
atio
n
.
Her
e,
s
ec
ti
o
n
2
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
c
h
o
n
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
an
d
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
.
Sectio
n
3
in
t
r
o
d
u
ce
s
co
r
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
co
n
ce
p
ts
an
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
b
y
estab
lis
h
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
its
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
lib
r
a
r
ies.
T
h
e
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
ex
am
in
es
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
ies
an
d
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
c
lo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
is
ad
o
p
ted
an
d
wh
y
it
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
r
n
lib
r
ar
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
s
ec
tio
n
5
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
s
u
ch
as
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ili
ty
,
wh
ich
en
h
a
n
ce
lib
r
a
r
y
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
Sectio
n
6
o
u
tlin
es th
e
r
esear
ch
d
esig
n
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
s
to
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
.
Sectio
n
7
s
h
o
ws th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
f
c
lo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
o
n
lib
r
a
r
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
en
s
ec
tio
n
8
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
’
s
k
ey
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
,
s
tatin
g
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
th
e
f
ield
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
9
will
ex
p
lo
r
e
e
m
er
g
in
g
tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
in
cl
o
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
em
p
h
asizin
g
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
Fu
tu
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies.
2.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ex
p
lo
r
es
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
with
c
lo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
to
en
h
an
ce
t
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ac
a
d
em
ic
a
n
d
d
i
g
ital
lib
r
ar
ies.
I
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
h
o
w
em
e
r
g
in
g
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
d
ee
p
lear
n
in
g
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
ar
e
b
ein
g
lev
e
r
a
g
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
c
o
n
ten
t
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
,
r
etr
iev
al
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
u
s
er
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
in
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
r
ev
iew
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ativ
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
in
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
r
em
o
te
ac
ce
s
s
,
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
in
tellig
en
t
d
ata
m
an
ag
em
en
t.
2
.
1
.
Def
ini
t
io
n a
nd
cha
ra
ct
e
ristics
o
f
DL
DL
is
o
n
lin
e
r
e
p
o
s
ito
r
ies
o
f
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
o
f
f
e
r
r
i
g
h
t
to
u
s
e
to
a
wid
e
-
r
an
g
in
g
v
ar
iety
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
s
ev
er
al
f
o
r
m
ats,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
tex
t,
im
a
g
es,
au
d
io
,
a
n
d
v
i
d
eo
[
7
]
.
T
h
ese
lib
r
ar
ie
s
ar
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
ei
r
ab
ilit
y
to
s
to
r
e
,
o
r
g
a
n
ize,
an
d
r
et
r
iev
e
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t
ef
f
icien
tly
.
T
h
e
y
o
f
ten
o
f
f
er
f
ea
tu
r
es
s
u
ch
as
s
ea
r
ch
f
u
n
ctio
n
alities
,
m
etad
a
ta
tag
g
in
g
,
an
d
b
r
o
wsi
n
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
u
s
er
ac
ce
s
s
.
Dig
ital
l
ib
r
ar
ies
aim
to
p
r
eser
v
e
c
u
ltu
r
al
h
er
ita
g
e,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t r
esear
ch
a
n
d
ed
u
c
atio
n
,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
k
n
o
wled
g
e
d
is
s
em
in
atio
n
o
n
a
g
lo
b
al
s
ca
le
[
8
]
.
T
h
ey
e
n
ab
le
u
s
er
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
r
em
o
tely
,
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
co
n
v
en
ien
t
a
n
d
eq
u
itab
le
ac
c
ess
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
d
i
g
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
o
f
ten
co
llab
o
r
at
e
with
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
an
d
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
co
llectio
n
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices
[
9
]
.
T
h
ese
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
s
m
ay
in
v
o
l
v
e
d
ig
itizin
g
p
h
y
s
ical
c
o
llectio
n
s
,
s
h
ar
in
g
m
etad
ata,
o
r
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
in
te
r
o
p
er
ab
le
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ov
er
all,
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
s
h
o
w
an
ess
en
ti
al
ch
ar
ac
ter
cu
ttin
g
-
ed
g
e
th
e
d
ig
ital
ag
e
b
y
d
e
m
o
cr
atizin
g
r
ig
h
t
to
u
s
e
to
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
d
p
r
eser
v
in
g
cu
ltu
r
a
l
h
er
itag
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
g
en
er
atio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
2
.
2
.
E
v
o
lutio
n o
f
dig
it
a
l libra
ries
T
h
e
ev
o
lu
tio
n
o
f
DL
co
n
ta
in
er
o
u
tlin
ed
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
to
t
h
e
1
9
8
0
s
with
th
e
ad
v
en
t
o
f
d
ig
ital
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
th
e
in
te
r
n
et.
I
n
itially
,
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
d
ig
itizin
g
p
r
in
t
m
ate
r
ials
to
m
ak
e
th
em
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
elec
tr
o
n
ically
[
1
1
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
with
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
s
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
h
av
e
ex
p
an
d
e
d
to
in
clu
d
e
a
v
ar
ied
ch
o
ice
o
f
d
i
g
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
with
m
u
ltime
d
ia
co
n
ten
t,
d
atasets
,
an
d
b
o
r
n
-
d
ig
ital
m
ater
ials
.
Key
m
iles
to
n
es
in
th
e
g
r
o
wt
h
o
f
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
in
clu
d
e
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
an
d
p
r
o
t
o
co
ls
o
n
b
eh
alf
o
f
d
ig
ital
p
r
eser
v
atio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
o
p
en
ar
ch
iv
al
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
(
OAI
S
)
m
e
n
tio
n
p
er
f
ec
t,
also
t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
896
-
9
0
5
898
e
s
t
a
b
li
s
h
m
e
n
t
o
f
d
i
g
i
t
al
l
i
b
r
a
r
y
i
n
i
t
i
at
i
v
es
b
y
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
i
n
s
ti
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
a
g
e
n
c
i
e
s
[
1
2
]
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws th
at
d
ig
ital lib
r
ar
ies
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dig
ital
lib
r
ar
ies
2
.
3
.
Cha
lleng
es
f
a
ce
d by
t
r
a
ditio
na
l libra
ries
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
lib
r
ar
ies
en
co
u
n
ter
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
in
ad
ap
tin
g
to
th
e
ev
o
lv
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
lan
d
s
ca
p
e
an
d
m
ee
tin
g
t
h
e
ch
an
g
in
g
n
e
ed
s
o
f
u
s
er
s
.
On
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ch
allen
g
e
is
th
e
r
ap
id
d
ig
itiza
tio
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
wh
ich
h
as
led
to
in
cr
ea
s
ed
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
d
ig
it
al
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lib
r
ar
ies
f
ac
e
b
u
d
g
et
c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
f
u
n
d
i
n
g
p
r
ess
u
r
es,
wh
ic
h
lim
it
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
i
n
v
est
i
n
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
[
1
3
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
ch
a
n
g
in
g
u
s
er
p
r
ef
er
en
ce
s
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
p
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
o
r
o
n
lin
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
r
e
m
o
te
ac
ce
s
s
,
p
o
s
e
c
h
allen
g
es
to
tr
ad
itio
n
a
l
lib
r
ar
y
m
o
d
els.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
lib
r
a
r
ies
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
co
m
p
ete
with
o
n
li
n
e
p
latf
o
r
m
s
an
d
co
m
m
er
cial
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
th
at
o
f
f
er
c
o
n
v
e
n
ie
n
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
i
g
ital
co
n
ten
t
an
d
s
er
v
ice
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
p
h
y
s
ical
s
p
ac
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
lim
itatio
n
s
h
in
d
er
th
e
ex
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
co
llectio
n
s
an
d
s
er
v
ices
in
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
lib
r
ar
y
s
ettin
g
s
[
1
4
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
r
eser
v
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical
co
llectio
n
s
p
r
esen
t
o
n
g
o
in
g
ch
allen
g
es,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
i
s
s
u
es
r
elate
d
to
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lib
r
a
r
ies
f
ac
e
ch
allen
g
es
in
k
ee
p
in
g
p
ac
e
with
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
d
ig
ital
liter
ac
y
am
o
n
g
s
taf
f
an
d
u
s
er
s
.
L
astl
y
,
ev
o
l
v
in
g
co
p
y
r
ig
h
t
a
n
d
licen
s
in
g
r
eg
u
latio
n
s
p
r
esen
t
co
m
p
lex
ities
an
d
u
n
ce
r
tain
ties
f
o
r
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
lib
r
ar
ies in
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital c
o
n
ten
t [
1
5
]
.
3.
CL
O
UD
CO
M
P
UT
I
NG
:
A
P
RIM
E
R
3
.
1
.
Def
ini
t
io
n a
nd
k
e
y
co
nc
ept
s
o
f
CC
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
allo
ws
cu
s
to
m
er
s
to
ac
ce
s
s
e
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
s
u
ch
as
s
o
f
twar
e,
d
atab
ases
,
an
d
s
er
v
er
s
,
with
o
u
t
m
ain
tain
in
g
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
as
s
er
v
ices
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
v
ia
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et.
I
t
o
f
f
er
s
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
b
y
en
ab
lin
g
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
o
wer
[
1
6
]
.
User
s
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
s
er
v
ices
f
r
o
m
an
y
wh
er
e
with
an
in
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
v
ia
d
e
v
ices
lik
e
PC
s
an
d
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es.
Pro
v
id
er
s
o
p
tim
ize
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
b
y
p
o
o
lin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
d
y
n
am
ically
allo
ca
tin
g
t
h
em
b
ased
o
n
d
em
a
n
d
,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
r
ap
i
d
s
ca
lin
g
to
m
ee
t
wo
r
k
lo
a
d
ch
a
n
g
es
an
d
b
u
s
in
ess
n
ee
d
s
.
I
ts
m
eter
ed
b
illi
n
g
m
o
d
el
en
s
u
r
es
cu
s
to
m
er
s
o
n
ly
p
ay
f
o
r
wh
at
th
ey
u
s
e,
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
is
p
ar
ad
ig
m
s
h
if
t
in
I
T
m
an
ag
em
en
t
p
r
o
v
id
es u
n
p
ar
al
leled
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
ex
p
an
d
a
b
ilit
y
,
an
d
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
icien
cy
.
3
.
1
.
1
.
Na
t
ures o
f
CC
m
o
del
s
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
m
o
d
els
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
er
v
ices
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
d
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
.
Key
m
o
d
els
in
clu
d
e
i
n
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
as
a
s
er
v
ice
(
I
aa
S),
wh
er
e
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
lik
e
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
Azu
r
e,
AW
S,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Dig
ita
l a
n
d
a
ca
d
emic
lib
r
a
r
ie
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
clo
u
d
co
mp
u
tin
g
(
K
a
r
th
ika
S
iva
n
a
n
d
h
a
m
)
899
an
d
Go
o
g
le
C
lo
u
d
o
f
f
er
v
ir
tu
alize
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
lik
e
s
er
v
er
s
,
s
to
r
ag
e,
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
o
v
er
th
e
in
ter
n
et
[
1
8
]
.
I
aa
S
allo
ws
u
s
er
s
to
m
an
ag
e
th
ese
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
n
d
em
a
n
d
,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
Platfo
r
m
as
a
s
er
v
ice
(
PaaS)
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
f
o
r
b
u
ild
in
g
,
d
ep
lo
y
in
g
,
an
d
m
ain
tain
in
g
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
n
lin
e
with
o
u
t
m
ain
tain
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
asic
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
1
9
]
,
ex
am
p
les
ar
e
Her
o
k
u
,
Azu
r
e
Ap
p
Ser
v
ic
e,
an
d
Go
o
g
le
A
p
p
E
n
g
in
e.
So
f
twar
e
as
a
s
er
v
ice
(
SaaS)
p
r
o
v
id
es
ap
p
licatio
n
s
v
ia
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
,
elim
in
a
tin
g
lo
ca
l
in
s
tallatio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
,
with
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
lik
e
Sale
s
f
o
r
ce
,
Go
o
g
le
W
o
r
k
s
p
ac
e,
an
d
Mic
r
o
s
o
f
t
Of
f
ice
3
6
5
m
an
ag
i
n
g
u
p
d
ates
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
[
2
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
k
ey
asp
ec
ts
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
em
p
h
a
s
izin
g
its
b
en
ef
its
f
o
r
ac
ad
e
m
ic
lib
r
ar
ie
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
o
f
f
er
s
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
an
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
allo
win
g
lib
r
ar
ies
to
d
y
n
a
m
ically
allo
ca
te
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
u
s
e
o
f
co
m
p
u
tin
g
p
o
we
r
.
Key
co
n
ce
p
ts
in
clu
d
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
p
o
o
lin
g
,
d
y
n
am
i
c
allo
ca
tio
n
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
ay
-
as
-
you
-
g
o
b
il
lin
g
.
C
lo
u
d
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
en
h
an
ce
ac
ce
s
s
to
e
-
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
g
r
ea
ter
s
er
v
ice
ex
ten
s
io
n
a
n
d
a
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
u
s
er
e
x
p
er
ie
n
ce
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
d
if
f
er
en
t
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
m
o
d
els:
I
aa
S
o
f
f
e
r
s
v
ir
tu
alize
d
h
ar
d
war
e,
PaaS
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
a
p
p
lic
atio
n
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
SaaS
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
o
f
twar
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
an
d
FaaS
s
im
p
lifie
s
s
er
v
er
less
co
m
p
u
tin
g
.
Fo
r
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
th
ese
m
o
d
els
allo
w
th
em
to
lev
er
ag
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ca
p
ital
in
v
estme
n
t.
T
h
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
f
o
r
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
a
u
to
m
atio
n
,
en
h
an
ce
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
d
i
s
aster
r
ec
o
v
er
y
a
n
d
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
.
C
lo
u
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
en
ab
le
s
ea
m
less
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
m
ak
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
-
s
h
a
r
in
g
ea
s
ier
f
o
r
lib
r
a
r
y
s
taf
f
an
d
u
s
er
s
wo
r
ld
wid
e
wh
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
lib
r
a
r
y
r
em
ain
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
ically
ad
v
an
ce
d
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
icien
t.
Fu
n
ctio
n
as
a
s
er
v
ice
(
FaaS)
o
r
Ser
v
er
less
C
o
m
p
u
tin
g
:
FaaS
en
ab
les
d
esig
n
er
s
to
d
ep
l
o
y
p
a
r
ticu
lar
u
tili
ties
o
r
b
its
o
f
e
n
cr
y
p
ti
o
n
i
n
an
s
wer
to
ac
tio
n
s
,
d
ep
r
iv
e
d
o
f
th
e
ess
en
tial
to
s
u
cc
ee
d
th
e
u
n
d
e
r
ly
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
2
1
]
.
Ser
v
er
less
co
m
p
u
tin
g
is
m
o
r
e
o
f
ten
k
n
o
wn
as
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
.
Pro
v
id
er
s
au
to
m
atica
lly
s
ca
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
d
e
m
an
d
,
an
d
u
s
er
s
ar
e
o
n
ly
ch
ar
g
ed
f
o
r
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
w
h
ile
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
ex
ec
u
ted
u
s
in
g
th
o
s
e
r
eso
u
r
c
es
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
er
e
a
r
e
s
ev
er
al
e
x
am
p
les
o
f
FaaS
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es,
lik
e
Am
az
o
n
W
eb
Ser
v
ices
L
am
b
d
a,
Azu
r
e
Fu
n
ctio
n
s
,
Go
o
g
le
C
lo
u
d
Fu
n
ctio
n
s
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
v
ar
y
in
g
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
ab
s
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
ilit
ies,
en
ab
lin
g
b
u
s
in
ess
es
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
is
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
m
ee
tin
g
th
eir
n
ee
d
s
an
d
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
eir
g
o
als v
ia
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
M
er
it
s
o
f
clo
ud
co
m
pu
t
ing
f
o
r
o
r
g
a
niza
t
io
ns
Sev
er
al
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
th
at
m
ay
b
e
g
ain
e
d
b
y
f
ir
m
s
o
p
er
atin
g
in
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
s
ec
to
r
s
b
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Fo
llo
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ican
t b
en
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es
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er
al
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en
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its
,
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t
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y
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cin
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
o
f
in
v
estme
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ts
in
h
ar
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war
e,
in
f
r
astru
ctu
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e,
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n
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s
o
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twar
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g
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with
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u
s
in
ess
es
o
p
t
in
g
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o
r
p
ay
-
as
-
you
-
g
o
s
er
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ices
to
lo
wer
b
o
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in
it
ial
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d
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g
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g
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p
en
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t
o
f
f
er
s
s
ca
lab
ilit
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lex
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ag
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ee
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izatio
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ased
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o
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em
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d
with
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t
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p
f
r
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n
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h
ar
d
war
e
in
v
estme
n
ts
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en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
s
e
an
d
o
p
tim
a
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
2
4
]
s
h
ar
ed
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ts
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
els.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
2
-
4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
,
No
.
2
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
896
-
9
0
5
900
E
f
f
icien
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ai
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ce
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f
r
ee
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eso
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r
ce
s
f
o
r
s
tr
ateg
ic
p
r
o
jects
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en
h
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cin
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s
er
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ice
lev
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Secu
r
it
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b
o
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ed
as
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p
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id
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in
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est
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ea
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ily
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tectin
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ata
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ct
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r
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o
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en
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o
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g
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ain
s
t
b
r
ea
ch
es
an
d
cy
b
er
-
attac
k
s
[
2
5
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ices
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
d
is
aster
r
ec
o
v
er
y
an
d
b
u
s
in
e
s
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co
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tin
u
ity
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ilt
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n
d
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cy
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d
d
at
a
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ep
licatio
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o
s
s
m
u
ltip
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lo
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tio
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s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
wif
t
r
ec
o
v
er
y
an
d
m
in
im
al
o
p
er
atio
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al
d
is
r
u
p
tio
n
.
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astl
y
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e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
en
a
b
les
ac
ce
s
s
to
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v
an
ce
d
tech
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o
lo
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ies,
s
u
ch
as
b
ig
d
ata
an
aly
tics
an
d
AI
with
o
u
t
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
s
ts
,
f
o
s
ter
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
co
m
p
etitiv
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
[
2
6
]
.
3
.
2
.
T
he
inco
rpo
ra
t
io
n o
f
cl
o
ud
co
m
pu
t
ing
(
CC)
into
a
c
a
dem
ic
lib
ra
ries
(
AL
)
3
.
2
.
1
.
Ado
ptio
n o
f
CC
in AL
AL
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
ad
o
p
tin
g
C
C
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
eir
s
er
v
ices,
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
in
g
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
d
ig
ital
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
,
t
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
C
C
in
AL
o
f
f
er
s
s
ev
er
a
l
ad
v
an
tag
es,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
ed
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
C
lo
u
d
-
b
ased
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
en
ab
le
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
t
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
lim
itatio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
wit
h
tr
ad
itio
n
al
I
T
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
,
s
u
ch
as
h
ig
h
ca
p
ital
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
es,
lim
ited
s
to
r
ag
e
c
ap
ac
ity
,
an
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
v
e
r
h
ea
d
[
2
7
]
.
3
.
2
.
2
.
E
x
a
m
ples
o
f
s
ucce
s
s
f
ul
im
plem
ent
a
t
io
ns
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
ex
p
lan
atio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
r
u
m
m
ag
e
-
s
ale
b
y
a
q
u
an
tity
o
f
AL
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
wo
r
ld
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
m
o
d
er
n
i
ze
th
eir
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
d
eli
v
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
s
er
v
ices
to
th
eir
p
a
tr
o
n
s
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Mi
ch
ig
an
L
i
b
r
ar
y
,
wh
ich
m
o
v
e
d
its
d
ig
ital
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
to
Am
a
zo
n
W
eb
Ser
v
ices
(
AW
S)
in
o
r
d
er
to
en
h
a
n
ce
its
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
2
8
]
.
A
s
im
ilar
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
tak
en
b
y
th
e
C
alif
o
r
n
ia
Dig
ital
L
ib
r
ar
y
(
C
DL
)
,
wh
ich
u
s
ed
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
s
to
r
ag
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
b
etter
m
an
a
g
e
its
ex
ten
s
iv
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
m
ater
ials
an
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
f
o
r
u
s
er
s
with
in
th
e
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
C
alif
o
r
n
ia
s
y
s
tem
(
C
DL
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws th
at
C
lo
u
d
C
o
m
p
u
tin
g
in
to
Aca
d
em
ic
L
ib
r
a
r
ies
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
i
n
to
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
a
r
ies
3
.
2
.
3
.
Cha
lleng
es a
nd
ba
rr
iers t
o
a
do
ptio
n
Desp
ite
th
e
b
en
ef
its
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
a
r
ies
f
ac
e
v
ar
io
u
s
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
b
ar
r
ier
s
to
ad
o
p
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
in
clu
d
e
c
o
n
c
er
n
s
ab
o
u
t
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
p
r
iv
ac
y
,
co
m
p
lian
ce
with
r
eg
u
l
ato
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
v
en
d
o
r
lo
ck
-
in
,
a
n
d
in
te
g
r
atio
n
with
ex
is
tin
g
lib
r
ar
y
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
lim
ited
I
T
ex
p
er
tis
e
an
d
b
u
d
g
e
t
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
m
ay
h
in
d
er
th
e
a
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
C
C
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
in
AL
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
s
m
aller
in
s
ti
tu
tio
n
s
with
f
ewe
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
d
o
n
esian
J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
I
SS
N:
2502
-
4
7
5
2
Dig
ita
l a
n
d
a
ca
d
emic
lib
r
a
r
ie
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
clo
u
d
co
mp
u
tin
g
(
K
a
r
th
ika
S
iva
n
a
n
d
h
a
m
)
901
3
.
3
.
T
he
benef
it
s
o
f
CC
in AL
3
.
3
.
1
.
Im
pro
v
ed
a
cc
ess
ibi
lity
a
nd
s
ca
la
bil
it
y
C
C
o
f
f
er
s
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
to
d
ig
ital r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
B
y
m
ig
r
atin
g
lib
r
ar
y
s
er
v
ices
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
to
th
e
clo
u
d
,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
em
o
tely
f
r
o
m
a
n
y
lo
ca
tio
n
with
i
n
ter
n
et
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
el
im
in
ates
b
ar
r
ier
s
r
elate
d
to
p
h
y
s
ical
d
is
tan
ce
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
tu
d
e
n
ts
,
f
ac
u
lty
,
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
with
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
t
ac
ce
s
s
to
lib
r
ar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
t
h
eir
lo
ca
tio
n
o
r
d
e
v
ice.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
e
n
ab
les lib
r
ar
ies to
s
ca
le
th
eir
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
y
n
am
ically
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
d
em
an
d
s
.
C
lo
u
d
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
o
f
f
er
f
le
x
ib
le
p
r
icin
g
m
o
d
els
th
at
all
o
w
lib
r
ar
ies
to
s
ca
le
d
ig
ital r
eso
u
r
ce
s
u
p
o
r
d
o
wn
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
o
n
u
s
ag
e
p
atter
n
s
,
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
in
g
id
ea
l sh
o
w
an
d
p
r
o
f
it
-
m
ak
in
g
[
3
1
]
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
I
m
pro
v
ed
co
o
pera
t
io
n
a
nd
ef
f
icient
dis
t
ributio
n o
f
re
s
o
urce
s
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
f
ac
ilit
ates
en
h
an
ce
d
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
as
well
as
s
h
ar
in
g
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
am
o
n
g
s
t
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
an
d
th
eir
u
s
er
s
.
C
lo
u
d
-
b
ased
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
to
o
ls
en
ab
le
lib
r
ar
ian
s
an
d
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
co
llab
o
r
ate
o
n
p
r
o
jects,
s
h
a
r
e
d
ata,
a
n
d
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
id
ea
s
in
r
ea
l
tim
e,
r
eg
a
r
d
less
o
f
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
l
o
ca
tio
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
cl
o
u
d
-
b
ased
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
ies
an
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
allo
w
lib
r
ar
ies
to
s
h
ar
e
d
i
g
ital
co
llec
tio
n
s
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
with
o
th
er
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
,
f
o
s
ter
i
n
g
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
a
n
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
with
in
th
e
ac
ad
e
m
ic
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
3
.
3
.
3
.
E
f
f
iciency
a
nd
o
ptim
a
l
us
e
o
f
re
s
o
urce
s
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
o
f
f
er
s
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ed
u
ce
d
ca
p
ital
ex
p
en
d
itu
r
es
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
e
f
f
icien
cy
.
B
y
o
u
ts
o
u
r
cin
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
an
d
s
er
v
ices
to
clo
u
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
er
s
,
lib
r
ar
ies
ca
n
is
ter
r
em
o
v
es
th
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
co
s
tly
h
ar
d
war
e
in
v
estme
n
ts
an
d
ca
r
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
s
.
C
lo
u
d
-
b
ased
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
also
p
r
o
p
o
s
a
l
p
ay
-
as
-
you
-
g
o
v
alu
i
n
g
r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
s
,
p
e
r
m
itti
n
g
lib
r
ar
ies
to
p
ay
o
n
ly
f
o
r
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
th
e
y
co
n
s
u
m
e,
th
e
r
eb
y
o
p
tim
izin
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
u
tili
za
tio
n
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
o
v
er
all
c
o
s
ts
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
en
ab
les
lib
r
a
r
ies
to
allo
ca
te
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
an
d
s
ca
le
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
d
y
n
am
ically
in
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
c
h
an
g
in
g
d
em
an
d
,
m
in
im
izin
g
w
astag
e
an
d
m
ax
im
izin
g
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
[
3
2
]
.
3
.
3
.
4
.
Dig
it
a
l
re
po
s
it
o
ry
im
plem
ent
a
t
io
n in a
ca
de
m
ic
lib
ra
ries
T
h
e
Dig
ital
Pu
b
lic
L
ib
r
ar
y
o
f
Am
er
ica
(
DPLA
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
ac
ce
s
s
to
a
v
ast
co
llectio
n
o
f
d
ig
itized
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
r
o
m
U.
S.
lib
r
a
r
ies,
m
u
s
eu
m
s
,
an
d
ar
c
h
iv
es,
in
clu
d
in
g
im
a
g
es,
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
ts
,
b
o
o
k
s
,
an
d
au
d
i
o
-
v
is
u
al
m
ater
ials
[
3
3
]
.
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
a,
a
d
ig
ital
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
,
a
g
g
r
eg
ates
c
o
llectio
n
s
f
r
o
m
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
m
u
s
eu
m
s
,
lib
r
ar
ies,
an
d
ar
ch
iv
es,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
m
illi
o
n
s
o
f
cu
ltu
r
al
item
s
lik
e
ar
two
r
k
s
an
d
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
I
n
ter
n
et
Ar
ch
iv
e,
a
f
r
ee
d
ig
ital
lib
r
ar
y
,
p
r
eser
v
es
web
s
ites
,
b
o
o
k
s
,
m
u
s
ic,
f
ilm
s
,
an
d
s
o
f
twar
e
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
Hath
iTr
u
s
t
Dig
ital
L
ib
r
a
r
y
(
HT
DL
)
g
r
an
ts
ac
ce
s
s
to
m
illi
o
n
s
o
f
d
ig
itized
b
o
o
k
s
a
n
d
m
ate
r
ials
f
r
o
m
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
lib
r
ar
ies,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
p
u
b
lic
d
o
m
ain
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
Natio
n
al
Dig
ital
L
ib
r
a
r
y
o
f
I
n
d
ia
(
NDL
I
)
p
r
o
v
id
es
ac
ce
s
s
to
d
ig
ital
r
es
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
ch
as
b
o
o
k
s
,
p
a
p
er
s
,
an
d
au
d
io
-
v
is
u
als
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
I
n
d
ian
lib
r
a
r
ies
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t e
d
u
ca
tio
n
.
3
.
4
.
M
et
ho
d
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
a
n
aly
ze
d
d
ata
f
r
o
m
f
if
teen
ac
ad
em
ic
d
atab
ases
,
f
o
c
u
s
in
g
o
n
h
ig
h
l
y
r
e
g
ar
d
e
d
jo
u
r
n
als
f
r
o
m
Af
r
ica,
E
u
r
o
p
e,
th
e
U
SA,
an
d
Asi
a.
R
esear
ch
er
s
,
wh
o
wer
e
eith
er
m
i
d
d
le
-
lev
e
l
o
r
s
en
io
r
lib
r
a
r
y
m
an
ag
er
s
,
p
ar
ticip
ated
in
a
n
o
n
lin
e
s
u
r
v
ey
at
th
e
E
n
ter
p
r
is
e
Un
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
Pre
t
o
r
ia
in
2
0
1
7
,
w
h
ich
ass
ess
ed
d
atasets
in
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
y
ca
talo
g
u
es.
T
h
ey
th
en
v
o
l
u
n
t
ee
r
ed
f
o
r
a
d
etailed
r
ev
iew
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
d
atasets
in
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ie
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
,
a
p
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
Pre
to
r
ia
R
esear
ch
E
th
ics
C
o
m
m
ittee
Un
iv
er
s
ity
,
was
d
escr
ip
tiv
e
an
d
r
ev
is
ed
liter
atu
r
e
f
r
o
m
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
o
o
k
s
an
d
jo
u
r
n
al
ar
ticles
f
r
o
m
Gh
an
a
,
Nig
er
ia,
an
d
T
a
n
za
n
ia.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
f
o
u
r
ar
ea
s
:
cu
r
r
en
t
s
t
ate
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
al
lib
r
ar
ies
as
a
s
er
v
ice,
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
a
d
o
p
tio
n
c
h
allen
g
es.
R
esear
ch
er
s
r
ev
iewe
d
5
9
r
ele
v
an
t a
r
ticles,
with
a
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
5
0
to
c
o
n
clu
d
e
th
e
s
tu
d
y
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
eg
m
en
t
d
ep
icts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
s
y
s
tem
atic
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
(
SLR)
with
f
u
r
th
er
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
u
b
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
tab
le
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
k
ey
s
tu
d
ies,
th
eir
o
b
jectiv
es,
f
in
d
in
g
s
,
ch
allen
g
es
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
I
t
is
e
v
id
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
tab
le
th
at
cl
o
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
,
d
ig
ital
lib
r
a
r
ies
an
d
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
ca
l
p
o
in
ts
in
r
ec
e
n
t
r
esear
c
h
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
a
l
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
ies.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
w
th
at
wh
ile
clo
u
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
f
er
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
b
en
ef
i
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
,
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
d
if
f
icu
lties
lik
e
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
r
eso
u
r
c
e
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t
an
d
tech
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
em
ain
c
r
itical.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
m
etad
ata
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
in
te
r
o
p
er
a
b
ilit
y
an
d
d
ig
ital
co
n
ten
t
ac
ce
s
s
s
u
g
g
ests
th
a
t
th
e
ap
p
r
o
v
al
o
f
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
ac
ad
em
ic
s
ettin
g
s
is
r
is
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
p
er
s
is
ten
t
co
n
ce
r
n
s
ar
o
u
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
an
d
in
s
titu
tio
n
al
r
esis
tan
ce
in
d
icate
th
at
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
th
ese
ar
ea
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
t
o
f
u
lly
le
v
er
ag
e
cl
o
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
'
s
p
o
ten
tial.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
5
0
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4
7
5
2
I
n
d
o
n
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J
E
lec
E
n
g
&
C
o
m
p
Sci
,
Vo
l.
3
9
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.
2
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Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
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0
5
902
T
ab
le
1
s
h
o
ws
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
i
n
s
ec
u
r
i
ty
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
I
o
T
an
d
c
o
s
t
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
R
esear
ch
s
h
o
ws
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
b
r
in
g
s
b
ig
b
en
ef
its
lik
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
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lo
wer
co
s
ts
,
an
d
b
etter
e
-
lear
n
in
g
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
B
u
t
s
o
m
e
b
ig
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
em
ain
with
s
ec
u
r
ity
t
h
r
ea
ts
,
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
m
an
ag
i
n
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
clo
u
d
ex
p
e
r
ts
.
B
ak
er
[
2
]
s
ay
we
n
ee
d
s
tr
o
n
g
er
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
m
a
n
y
lay
er
s
to
p
r
o
tect
ag
ai
n
s
t
clo
u
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
r
is
k
s
.
W
u
an
d
Plak
h
tii
[
7
]
talk
ab
o
u
t
g
r
o
wth
in
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ices
b
u
t
s
ay
we
n
ee
d
to
in
v
est
in
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
m
ak
e
e
-
lea
r
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
wo
r
k
b
etter
all
th
e
tim
e.
Fo
r
ed
u
ca
tio
n
,
Ma
t
th
ew
et
a
l.
[
8
]
a
n
d
Ok
ec
h
u
k
wu
a
n
d
Uk
eh
[
1
1
]
p
o
in
t
o
u
t
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
en
er
g
y
u
s
e
an
d
p
eo
p
le
n
o
t
k
n
o
win
g
m
u
ch
ab
o
u
t
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
.
T
h
ey
s
u
g
g
est
u
s
in
g
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
etter
an
d
tr
ain
in
g
m
o
r
e
p
eo
p
le.
B
elg
au
m
et
a
l.
[
1
6
]
an
d
Patel
[
2
1
]
lo
o
k
at
way
s
to
cu
t c
o
s
ts
an
d
u
s
e
AI
to
r
u
n
clo
u
d
s
y
s
tem
s
b
etter
.
T
o
g
eth
er
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies s
h
o
w
th
e
g
o
o
d
t
h
in
g
s
ab
o
u
t c
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
b
u
t a
ls
o
ca
ll f
o
r
a
n
s
wer
s
to
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
co
s
t,
an
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Pu
b
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
F
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
C
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
R
e
c
o
mm
e
n
d
a
t
i
o
n
s
B
a
k
e
r
[
2
]
C
l
o
u
d
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
I
mp
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
l
o
u
d
sec
u
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4
.
1
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T
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utiliza
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t
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ma
na
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da
t
a
in
a
ca
dem
ic
lib
ra
ries
(
RQ
1
)
Data
lo
s
s
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d
s
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r
ity
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r
ea
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ar
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m
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s
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lleg
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lib
r
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u
s
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g
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p
latf
o
r
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s
.
W
ith
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k
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s
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s
t
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r
e
r
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t
s
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m
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s
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in
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ata
en
cr
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n
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k
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m
en
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a
n
d
s
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d
ata
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s
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m
eth
o
d
s
.
I
m
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tin
g
in
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d
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tio
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s
y
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tem
s
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f
ir
ewa
lls
,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
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n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
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cr
u
cial.
E
s
tab
li
s
h
in
g
a
tr
u
s
t
m
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d
el
with
clo
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p
r
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v
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s
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d
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g
p
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ac
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m
ea
s
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r
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ito
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b
ased
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to
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ag
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f
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r
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en
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itiv
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esear
ch
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4
.
1
.
1
.
Securit
y
m
e
a
s
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a
nd
bes
t
pra
ct
ices
f
o
r
p
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t
ec
t
ing
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it
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re
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rc
h
da
t
a
in
clo
u
d
env
iro
nm
ent
s
in a
ca
dem
ic
lib
ra
ries (
RQ
2
)
Ma
jo
r
clo
u
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
l
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e
Am
az
o
n
AW
S,
Azu
r
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Ad
o
b
e,
Go
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C
lo
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d
Platfo
r
m
,
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VM
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ar
e
ar
e
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eg
ar
d
e
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r
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n
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ata
s
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ety
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er
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ac
ad
e
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ic
lib
r
ar
ies
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f
te
n
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
tr
u
s
t
th
ese
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
d
u
e
to
i
n
ad
eq
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ate
to
o
ls
f
o
r
as
s
ess
in
g
clo
u
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
C
o
n
tai
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er
s
,
wh
i
ch
is
o
late
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
ca
n
p
o
s
e
p
r
iv
ac
y
r
is
k
s
wh
en
s
h
ar
ed
am
o
n
g
u
s
er
s
.
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d
ies
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ices,
wh
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m
ay
ex
ac
er
b
ate
s
ec
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r
ity
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
m
a
k
in
g
it
c
r
u
cial
f
o
r
lib
r
ar
ies
to
h
an
d
le
s
en
s
itiv
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata
ca
r
ef
u
lly
o
n
p
u
b
lic
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
C
h
allen
g
es
in
clu
d
e
lim
ited
c
o
n
tr
o
l,
tr
an
s
p
ar
e
n
cy
is
s
u
es,
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
d
if
f
ic
u
lties
,
an
d
r
e
lian
ce
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
.
W
h
ile
AW
S
an
d
Azu
r
e
o
f
f
er
r
o
b
u
s
t
ac
ce
s
s
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
th
ey
m
ay
lack
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
d
ata
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
.
L
i
b
r
ar
ies
m
u
s
t
im
p
l
em
en
t
s
tr
o
n
g
ac
ce
s
s
co
n
tr
o
ls
,
ad
v
an
ce
d
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
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an
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
to
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
th
eir
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ata.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
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s
h
o
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ld
f
o
cu
s
o
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d
e
v
elo
p
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ec
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o
lu
tio
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s
tailo
r
ed
s
p
ec
if
ically
f
o
r
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies'
n
ee
d
s
.
4
.
1
.
2
.
Co
ns
um
er
co
ncer
ns
re
g
a
rding
t
he
ex
ec
utio
n o
f
cl
o
ud
co
m
pu
t
ing
s
t
a
nd
a
rds
a
nd
po
licies
(
RQ
3
)
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
o
f
ten
q
u
esti
o
n
t
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
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p
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licies
in
clo
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d
co
m
p
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,
p
ar
ticu
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ly
r
e
g
ar
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p
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v
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r
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T
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tan
d
ar
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with
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4
7
5
2
Dig
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r
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d
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d
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t,
esp
ec
ially
f
o
r
SME
s
.
T
o
f
o
s
ter
tr
u
s
t
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
co
m
p
lian
ce
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
a
n
d
leg
al
co
n
ce
r
n
s
,
clo
u
d
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
m
u
s
t
en
h
an
ce
s
af
ety
m
ea
s
u
r
es a
n
d
g
u
id
elin
e
s
.
4
.
1
.
3
.
Adv
a
nta
g
es
o
f
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
re
s
ea
rc
h da
t
a
in t
he
clo
ud
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
r
esu
lt
f
r
o
m
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
ar
ch
i
v
in
g
th
eir
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
'
r
esear
ch
d
ata
o
n
th
e
clo
u
d
:
−
C
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
−
Vis
ib
ilit
y
with
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
−
R
eso
u
r
ce
s
h
ar
in
g
·
I
n
ter
lib
r
a
r
y
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
−
Un
lim
ited
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
/s
ca
lab
ilit
y
4
.
1
.
4
.
Wa
y
s
o
f
pro
t
ec
t
ing
a
c
a
dem
ic
lib
ra
ry
’
s
re
s
ea
rc
h da
t
a
/a
s
s
et
in t
he
clo
ud
R
esear
ch
d
ata
ar
ch
iv
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
clo
u
d
r
eq
u
ir
es
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
to
m
ain
tain
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
as
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
liter
atu
r
e.
T
o
p
r
e
v
en
t
n
ee
d
less
co
n
g
esti
o
n
an
d
d
ata
s
u
s
ce
p
tib
ilit
y
,
th
ese
co
u
ld
b
e
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
ed
b
y
im
p
lem
en
tin
g
s
tr
o
n
g
au
th
e
n
ticatio
n
,
cr
ea
tin
g
r
e
g
u
latio
n
s
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
f
o
r
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ice
ac
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
s
ec
u
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
s
ca
li
n
g
u
p
clo
u
d
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
as n
ee
d
ed
.
4
.
1
.
5
.
Cha
lleng
es in im
plem
ent
ing
clo
ud
co
m
pu
t
ing
f
a
ce
d by
a
ca
dem
ic
lib
ra
ries
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
h
as
m
an
y
ad
v
an
tag
es,
s
ev
e
r
al
o
b
s
tacle
s
h
av
e
p
r
ev
en
te
d
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
u
s
in
g
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
s
to
r
e
r
esear
ch
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
.
So
m
e
d
if
f
icu
lties
ar
e
n
etwo
r
k
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
s
af
ety
,
wo
r
r
ies ab
o
u
t th
e
co
n
tin
u
ity
a
n
d
d
ep
en
d
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
lib
r
ar
y
s
er
v
ices,
an
d
s
k
ill d
ef
icits
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
ex
am
in
es
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
b
y
u
n
iv
e
r
s
ity
lib
r
ar
ies
in
T
an
za
n
ia,
G
h
an
a,
an
d
Nig
er
ia.
I
t
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
lack
o
f
h
an
d
s
-
o
n
r
esear
ch
ab
o
u
t
clo
u
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
in
th
ese
lib
r
ar
ies
ac
r
o
s
s
Af
r
ica.
T
h
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
wh
ile
Af
r
ic
an
lib
r
a
r
ies
h
av
e
s
tar
ted
t
o
u
s
e
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
,
th
ey
h
av
e
n
'
t
m
ad
e
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
its
ab
ilit
y
to
s
to
r
e
an
d
m
an
a
g
e
r
esear
ch
d
ata.
T
h
is
is
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
wh
at
s
ee
in
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
wh
er
e
lib
r
ar
ies
m
ak
e
b
etter
u
s
e
o
f
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ices.
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
h
as
an
in
f
l
u
en
ce
o
n
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
in
m
an
y
p
o
s
itiv
e
way
s
.
I
t
s
av
es
m
o
n
ey
,
k
ee
p
s
d
ata
s
af
er
,
m
ak
es
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ea
s
i
er
to
ac
ce
s
s
,
g
r
o
ws
with
n
ee
d
s
,
an
d
w
o
r
k
s
well
with
o
th
er
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Mo
r
e
p
eo
p
le
m
ay
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
u
s
e
r
esear
c
h
d
ata
g
lo
b
ally
w
h
en
lib
r
ar
ies
s
to
r
e
it
o
n
th
e
clo
u
d
.
E
v
en
with
th
ese
g
o
o
d
p
o
in
ts
Af
r
ican
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies
f
a
ce
s
o
m
e
h
u
r
d
les
in
us
in
g
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ices.
T
h
ese
i
n
clu
d
e
a
d
e
f
icien
cy
i
n
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
p
o
licy
d
ir
ec
tiv
es,
i
n
s
u
f
f
i
cien
t
au
th
en
ticatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
r
o
m
clo
u
d
s
er
v
ice
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
,
p
r
o
b
lem
s
with
tr
u
s
t,
an
d
a
lack
o
f
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
n
th
e
p
o
ten
tial b
en
e
f
its
o
f
clo
u
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
lib
r
ar
ies.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
lo
o
k
s
in
to
w
h
at
is
n
ex
t
f
o
r
co
lleg
e
lib
r
ar
ies
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
n
ew
tech
lik
e
AI
,
VR
an
d
A
R
.
T
h
ese
to
o
ls
co
u
ld
s
h
ak
e
u
p
h
o
w
lib
r
ar
ies o
f
f
er
s
er
v
ices,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
r
esear
ch
an
d
cr
ea
te
lear
n
in
g
s
p
ac
es.
B
u
t a
s
lib
r
ar
ies g
o
d
ig
ital,
th
er
e
ar
e
b
i
g
wo
r
r
ies ab
o
u
t k
ee
p
in
g
d
ata
s
af
e
a
n
d
p
r
iv
ate.
T
o
m
ak
e
th
e
m
o
s
t o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
a
n
d
th
ese
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
Af
r
ican
co
lleg
e
lib
r
a
r
ies n
ee
d
to
tack
le
th
ese
is
s
u
es.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
ca
r
ef
u
l
p
lan
n
in
g
s
ettin
g
u
p
r
u
les
an
d
h
elp
in
g
p
e
o
p
le
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
wh
at
is
at
s
tak
e.
B
y
d
o
in
g
th
ese
lib
r
ar
ies ca
n
r
ea
ch
m
o
r
e
p
eo
p
l
e
wo
r
ld
wid
e,
wo
r
k
b
etter
a
n
d
s
tick
ar
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
lo
n
g
h
a
u
l.
6.
F
UT
UR
E
T
R
E
ND
S AN
D
I
M
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
NS
E
m
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
au
g
m
en
ted
r
ea
lity
,
v
ir
tu
al
r
ea
lity
,
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
,
I
o
T
,
a
n
d
ar
tific
ial
in
tellig
en
ce
(
AI
)
ar
e
s
ig
n
if
ic
an
tly
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
g
ac
ad
em
ic
lib
r
ar
ies.
VR
an
d
AR
o
f
f
er
i
m
m
er
s
iv
e
lear
n
in
g
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
,
wh
ile
b
lo
ck
c
h
ain
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
d
ig
i
tal
ass
et
s
.
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ata
f
o
r
s
er
v
ice
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
an
d
AI
en
h
an
ce
s
a
u
to
m
atio
n
,
s
ea
r
ch
ca
p
a
b
ili
ties
,
an
d
p
er
s
o
n
aliza
tio
n
o
f
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
.
AI
-
d
r
iv
e
n
ch
at
b
o
ts
ass
is
t
with
in
q
u
ir
ies
an
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
,
an
d
d
ee
p
l
ea
r
n
in
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
o
p
tim
ize
r
eso
u
r
ce
allo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
co
llectio
n
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
C
lo
u
d
co
m
p
u
tin
g
is
ce
n
tr
al
to
th
ese
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
o
v
er
co
m
i
n
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
lim
itatio
n
s
,
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
c
o
s
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
ig
r
atio
n
to
clo
u
d
p
latf
o
r
m
s
.
I
t
f
ac
ilit
ates
r
em
o
t
e
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
c
o
llab
o
r
atio
n
,
a
n
d
its
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
e
m
er
g
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
AI
en
h
an
ce
s
lib
r
ar
y
s
er
v
ices.
Ho
wev
er
,
lib
r
ar
ie
s
m
u
s
t
a
d
d
r
ess
eth
ical
co
n
ce
r
n
s
lik
e
d
ata
p
r
i
v
ac
y
a
n
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
ic
b
ias
to
en
s
u
r
e
e
q
u
itab
le
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
m
ain
tain
tr
u
s
t.
Fu
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
f
o
cu
s
o
n
ex
p
er
im
e
n
ts
an
d
ad
o
p
tio
n
b
a
r
r
ier
s
,
d
ev
elo
p
b
est
p
r
ac
tices
f
o
r
clo
u
d
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
,
an
d
p
r
o
m
o
te
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
am
o
ng
lib
r
ar
ies,
clo
u
d
p
r
o
v
id
er
s
,
an
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
d
r
iv
e
in
n
o
v
atio
n
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
er
v
ices.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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J
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t
20
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C
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c
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.
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