I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
I
nfo
rm
a
t
ics a
nd
Co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
(
I
J
-
I
CT
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
7
9
1
~
8
0
1
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/iji
ct
.
v14
i
3
.
pp
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1
-
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0
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State spa
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ires
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ig
h
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su
p
p
l
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g
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lar
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ic
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re
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se
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g
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e
ra
te
p
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r.
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a
x
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m
p
o
we
r
p
o
in
t
trac
k
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
(
M
P
P
T
)
g
iv
e
s
u
n
re
g
u
late
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
fro
m
so
lar
p
a
n
e
l
.
T
h
i
s
u
n
re
g
u
late
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
is
c
o
n
v
e
rted
in
to
re
g
u
late
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
e
r
p
u
lse
wi
d
t
h
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
(P
W
M
)
sig
n
a
l
to
se
lf
-
li
ft
c
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
rter
(S
LCC)
.
In
c
o
m
p
a
riso
n
wi
th
c
las
sic
c
u
k
c
o
n
v
e
rter,
S
LCC
re
d
u
c
e
s
lo
a
d
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
c
u
rre
n
t
ri
p
p
les
.
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
fo
c
u
se
s
o
n
sta
te
sp
a
c
e
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
imp
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
S
LCC
u
se
d
in
M
P
P
T
b
a
se
d
P
V
sy
ste
m
.
T
h
e
sw
it
c
h
i
n
g
p
u
lse
o
f
S
LCC
c
a
n
b
e
g
e
n
e
ra
ted
b
y
p
e
rtu
r
b
a
n
d
o
b
se
rv
e
(P
&
O),
i
n
c
re
m
e
n
tal
c
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
(IC)
a
n
d
a
lso
u
sin
g
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
tro
l.
T
h
e
sim
u
lati
o
n
o
f
S
LCC
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
e
rf
o
rm
e
d
u
sin
g
M
ATLAB/S
imu
li
n
k
a
n
d
it
s
s
p
e
c
ifi
c
a
ti
o
n
s
i
n
ti
m
e
d
o
m
a
in
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Fu
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
l
IC
MPPT
P&
O
Self
-
lift
cu
k
co
n
v
er
ter
State
s
p
ac
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
J
ey
ap
r
ak
ash
Nata
r
ajan
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
in
ee
r
i
n
g
,
St.J
o
s
ep
h
’
s
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
OM
R
,
C
h
en
n
ai,
T
am
iln
ad
u
,
I
n
d
ia
E
m
ail:
r
ea
ch
jey
ap
r
a
k
ash
@
g
m
ail.
co
m
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
is
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
o
n
th
e
r
is
e,
p
r
o
m
p
tin
g
an
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
i
n
ter
est
in
alter
n
ativ
e
an
d
alter
n
ativ
e
en
e
r
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
b
io
f
u
el,
b
io
-
m
ass
,
tid
al,
win
d
a
n
d
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
.
Am
o
n
g
th
ese
alter
n
ativ
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
s
tan
d
o
u
t
as
a
h
ig
h
ly
f
lex
ib
le
o
p
tio
n
d
u
e
t
o
th
eir
u
b
iq
u
ito
u
s
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
n
E
ar
th
[
1
]
.
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV
)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
also
k
n
o
wn
as
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
te
m
s
co
n
v
er
ts
lig
h
t
en
er
g
y
to
elec
tr
ical
en
e
r
g
y
,
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
clea
n
a
n
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
p
o
we
r
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
.
C
o
n
v
er
ter
s
p
lay
an
im
p
o
r
tan
t r
o
le
in
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
ef
f
icien
t a
n
d
r
eliab
le
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
b
asic
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
b
o
o
s
t,
b
u
c
k
-
b
o
o
s
t
)
b
ec
o
m
es
cr
u
cial,
n
ec
ess
itatin
g
h
ig
h
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
g
ai
n
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
[
4
]
.
T
h
is
is
ess
en
tia
l
f
o
r
h
an
d
lin
g
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
in
p
u
t
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
s
tr
ess
at
lo
ad
s
id
e.
T
h
ese
d
r
aw
b
ac
k
s
ca
n
b
ee
n
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
b
y
s
elf
-
lift
cu
k
co
n
v
er
ter
(
SLCC
)
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
SLCC
k
n
o
wn
f
o
r
its
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
h
ig
h
g
ain
with
g
r
ea
te
r
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
,
im
p
r
o
v
ed
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
lo
we
r
r
ip
p
le
cu
r
r
en
t
[
5
]
-
[
1
0
]
h
as
b
e
en
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
SLCC
s
h
o
w
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
eir
o
u
tp
u
t
d
u
e
to
c
h
an
g
e
in
s
u
p
p
ly
as
well
as
lo
ad
.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
y
im
p
lem
e
n
tin
g
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
s
u
ch
as
v
o
ltag
e
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
,
a
n
d
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
al
-
in
te
g
r
al
(
PI
)
co
n
tr
o
ller
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
T
o
o
b
tain
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
PV
s
y
s
tem
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
s
u
ch
as
p
er
tu
r
b
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
(
P&
O
)
,
an
d
in
cr
em
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
I
C
)
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
f
o
r
b
asic
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
State
s
p
ac
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
ei
n
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
co
n
t
r
o
ller
h
as
g
ain
ed
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
th
er
class
ical
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
[
1
5
]
-
[
1
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
b
ee
n
im
p
lem
en
ted
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
791
-
8
0
1
792
an
d
tim
e
d
o
m
ai
n
s
p
ec
if
i
c
atio
n
s
o
f
SLCC
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
t
r
ac
k
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
(
MPPT
)
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
as b
e
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
.
T
h
e
p
ap
er
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
is
o
u
tlin
ed
as:
s
ec
t
io
n
2
ex
p
lo
r
es
d
if
f
er
en
t
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es
.
S
ec
t
io
n
3
an
d
s
ec
tio
n
4
ela
b
o
r
ate
o
n
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
SLCC
.
Fin
ally
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
cl
u
d
es
th
e
p
ap
er
b
y
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
SLCC
with
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
tr
o
l
s
tr
ateg
ies,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
P&
O,
I
C
,
an
d
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
2.
DIFF
E
R
E
N
T
M
P
P
T
T
E
CH
NIQU
E
S
E
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
wh
ich
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
c
o
n
v
e
r
tin
g
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
b
y
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
PV
is
ar
o
u
n
d
3
0
-
4
0
%.
PV c
ells
ef
f
icien
cy
is
m
ax
im
u
m
wh
e
n
th
e
T
h
ev
en
in
im
p
ed
an
ce
e
q
u
als th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
lo
ad
as p
er
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
tr
a
n
s
f
er
th
eo
r
em
u
s
in
g
MPPT.
ASLCC
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
at
s
o
u
r
ce
s
id
e
wh
ich
is
lin
k
ed
to
a
p
an
el
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
Ad
j
u
s
tin
g
th
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M
)
s
ig
n
al
o
f
th
e
SLCC
in
a
s
u
itab
le
m
an
n
er
en
ab
les th
e
m
atch
i
n
g
o
f
s
o
u
r
ce
im
p
ed
an
ce
t
o
lo
ad
im
p
ed
an
ce
.
2
.
1
.
P
er
t
urba
t
io
n a
nd
o
bs
er
v
a
t
io
n
a
lg
o
rit
hm
T
h
e
P&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
wid
el
y
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
tr
ac
k
in
g
th
e
m
a
x
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
a
s
o
lar
c
ell
.
As
th
e
n
am
e
s
u
g
g
ests
,
th
e
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
r
ef
)
ca
n
b
e
eith
er
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
o
r
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
to
p
er
t
u
r
b
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
r
b
y
m
an
ip
u
la
tin
g
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
o
f
t
h
e
SLCC
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
p
o
wer
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
b
y
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
ca
n
b
e
m
ain
tain
ed
wh
en
th
e
P(k
)
(
p
o
wer
v
alu
e
at
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate)
o
f
th
e
p
an
el
is
h
ig
h
er
P(k
-
1
)
(
p
o
wer
v
alu
e
at
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tate)
,
o
th
er
wis
e,
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
r
ev
er
s
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
cy
cle.
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
ep
ic
ts
th
e
P&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
lo
wch
a
r
t.
Fig
u
r
e1
.
Flo
w
d
iag
r
am
o
f
P&
O
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
2
.
2
.
I
ncre
m
ent
a
l
c
o
nd
uct
a
nce
a
lg
o
rit
hm
T
h
e
P&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
av
e
a
d
r
awb
ac
k
o
f
o
s
cillatio
n
o
f
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
tr
ac
k
in
g
in
PV
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
o
v
er
co
m
e
b
y
I
C
m
eth
o
d
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
I
C
m
eth
o
d
d
eter
m
in
e
s
th
e
ch
an
g
e
i
n
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
(
d
i/d
v
)
o
f
t
h
e
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
.
I
n
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
lo
a
d
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
ar
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
b
y
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
=
−
(
=
0
)
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
S
ta
te
s
p
a
ce
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f S
LC
C
a
n
d
d
esig
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
w
ith
M
P
P
T a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
es
(
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ya
p
r
a
ka
s
h
N
a
ta
r
a
ja
n
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793
I
n
(
1
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,
th
e
lef
t
-
h
an
d
s
id
e
(
L
HS
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
I
C
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
r
ig
h
t
h
a
n
d
s
id
e
(
R
HS
)
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
in
s
tan
tan
eo
u
s
v
alu
es
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctan
ce
in
PV
p
an
el.
Usi
n
g
(
2
)
a
n
d
(
3
)
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
ca
n
be
ca
lcu
lated
an
d
th
e
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws th
e
s
tep
-
by
-
s
tep
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
f
o
r
I
C
.
>
−
(
>
0
)
(
2
)
<
−
(
<
0
)
(
3
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
w
d
ia
g
r
am
o
f
I
C
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
2
.
3
.
F
uzzy
l
o
g
ic
M
P
P
T
T
h
e
f
u
zz
y
MPPT
s
h
o
ws
b
etter
o
p
er
atio
n
al
ch
ar
a
c
ter
is
tics
li
k
e
s
p
ee
d
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
an
d
a
d
ap
ta
b
ilit
y
[
1
9
]
th
an
P&
O
an
d
I
C
m
eth
o
d
s
.
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
-
b
ased
co
n
tr
o
l
(
FLC)
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
p
o
p
u
lar
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
to
im
p
r
ec
is
e
in
p
u
ts
an
d
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
ce
f
r
o
m
p
r
e
cise
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
els
an
d
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
m
an
a
g
in
g
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
ity
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
B
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
t
k
n
o
wl
ed
g
e,
r
u
le
f
r
am
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
zz
y
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
its
o
u
tco
m
es,
th
e
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
.
(
)
=
−
(
4
)
I
n
(
4
)
,
t
h
e
FLC
tak
es
er
r
o
r
v
alu
e
(
e)
as
in
p
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
a
n
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
d
u
ty
cy
cle
(
k
)
as
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iab
le
wh
ich
tack
t
h
e
MPP.
I
n
th
is
m
eth
o
d
,
b
y
s
ep
a
r
atin
g
th
e
u
n
iv
er
s
e
o
f
d
is
co
u
r
s
e
in
to
eq
u
al
in
ter
v
als
an
d
ass
o
ciatin
g
lin
g
u
is
tic
v
alu
es
with
th
ese
in
ter
v
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
e
a
ch
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
f
u
zz
y
v
ar
iab
le
is
d
o
n
e.
T
r
ian
g
u
lar
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1.
T
h
e
lin
g
u
is
tic
ter
m
s
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
with
h
elp
o
f
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
v
a
r
iab
le,
allo
win
g
th
e
FLC
to
m
ak
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
t r
u
les an
d
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
r
ea
s
o
n
in
g
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Fu
zz
y
m
em
b
e
r
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
M
e
m
b
e
r
s
h
i
p
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
s
NM
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
m
e
d
i
u
m
NS
N
e
g
a
t
i
v
e
s
ma
l
l
z
Ze
r
o
PS
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
m
e
d
i
u
m
PM
P
o
si
t
i
v
e
s
ma
l
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
791
-
8
0
1
794
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
f
o
r
m
e
d
in
to
a
s
et
o
f
r
u
les.
Ou
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
u
s
in
g
1
5
I
F
-
T
HE
N
r
u
les.
Fig
u
r
es
3
to
5
g
iv
es
th
e
FLC
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
in
p
u
t
p
o
we
r
an
d
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
(
o
u
tp
u
t)
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
etwe
en
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
FLC
is
tak
en
as
in
p
u
t
er
r
o
r
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
d
u
ty
r
atio
f
o
r
r
eg
u
latin
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
Fig
u
r
e
4.
I
n
p
u
t
p
o
wer
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
Fig
u
r
e
5.
Du
t
y
cy
cle
(
o
u
tp
u
t)
m
em
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
3.
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
AND
D
E
SI
G
N
O
F
SL
CC
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
o
f
SLCC
an
d
it
s
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
its
d
u
r
in
g
s
witch
-
o
n
an
d
s
witch
o
f
f
p
e
r
io
d
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
es
6
to
8
.
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
h
as
b
ee
n
an
aly
z
ed
f
o
r
SLCC
.
Op
er
atin
g
m
o
d
es
o
f
SLCC
,
t
h
e
C
C
M
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
is
d
escr
ib
ed
b
y
two
d
is
tin
ct
m
o
d
es
,
1
)
s
witch
ON
p
er
io
d
a
n
d
2
)
s
witch
OFF
p
er
io
d
.
1)
Switch
ON
p
er
io
d
:
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
SLCC
s
witch
ON
p
e
r
io
d
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
W
h
en
MO
SF
E
T
is
s
witch
ed
ON,
Di
o
d
e
D
1
is
ON
an
d
D
2
is
OFF.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
C
1
lifts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
V
co
to
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
V
C
.
2)
Switch
OFF
p
er
io
d
:
t
h
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
SLCC
s
w
itc
h
OFF
p
er
io
d
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
W
h
e
n
MO
SF
E
E
T
is
s
witch
ed
OF
F,
Dio
d
e
D
1
is
in
OFF
co
n
d
itio
n
an
d
D
2
b
ec
o
m
es
ON.
C
ap
ac
ito
r
C
1
lifts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
a
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
V
co
to
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
v
o
ltag
e
V
C
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
ir
cu
it d
iag
r
am
o
f
SLCC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
S
ta
te
s
p
a
ce
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f S
LC
C
a
n
d
d
esig
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
w
ith
M
P
P
T a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
es
(
Je
ya
p
r
a
ka
s
h
N
a
ta
r
a
ja
n
)
795
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
SLCC
s
witch
in
g
ON
p
er
io
d
Fig
u
r
e
8.
SLCC
OFF p
er
io
d
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
n
e
g
ativ
e
o
u
tp
u
t
SLCC
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
with
f
o
llo
win
g
c
o
n
s
id
er
a
tio
n
s
an
d
tab
u
lated
in
T
ab
le
2
.
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e:
9
6
V,
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
:
5
0
KHz
,
lo
a
d
r
esis
tan
ce
:
1
0
0
Oh
m
s
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
d
esig
n
o
u
t
p
u
t is o
b
tain
e
d
as
-
320
V
.
T
ab
le
2
.
Desig
n
v
alu
es
V
a
l
u
e
s
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
96V
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
-
3
2
0
V
D
0
.
7
S
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
(
F
)
5
0
K
H
z
L
2
.
5
mH
L
o
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C
1
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Ω
4.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
4
.
1
.
St
a
t
e
s
pa
ce
co
ntr
o
ller
d
esig
n
I
n
th
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
e
s
ig
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tates
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
u
s
in
g
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
av
er
a
g
in
g
(
SS
A)
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
2
2
]
-
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
g
ai
n
m
atr
ix
K
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ch
o
s
en
p
r
o
p
er
ly
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ed
b
ac
k
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s
u
c
h
th
at
it
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
s
tates
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
t
o
th
e
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
s
tate
v
ec
to
r
x
m
u
ltip
lied
with
th
e
g
ain
v
ec
to
r
K
i.e
.
,
u
=−
Kx
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
in
p
u
t,
u
=−
Kx
is
r
e
p
lace
d
in
(
5
)
to
d
e
r
iv
e
th
e
ad
ap
ted
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
eq
u
atio
n
s
f
o
r
s
tate
s
p
ac
e.
.
=
+
=
+
(
−
)
=
(
−
)
(
5
)
Usi
n
g
SS
A,
o
b
tain
ed
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
m
atr
ices
o
f
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ar
e
g
iv
en
b
elo
w
,
A=
[
0
0
−
(
1
−
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0
0
0
0
0
1
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0
1
0
1
−
+
1
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)
+
1
(
+
1
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1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
−
1
0
]
B=
[
(
1
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)
+
(
1
−
)
0
0
(
1
−
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2
0
+
1
1
−
)
0
0
]
C=
[
0
0
0
0
1
]
D=
(
0
)
w
h
er
e
A
-
s
tate
m
atr
ix
,
B
-
in
p
u
t m
atr
ix
o
f
d
u
ty
cy
cle
an
d
C
an
d
D
-
o
u
tp
u
t m
atr
ix
.
T
h
e
eig
en
v
alu
es o
f
m
atr
ix
(
A
-
B
K)
g
o
v
er
n
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
an
d
tim
e
d
o
m
ain
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
th
e
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
e
ig
en
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
ca
n
b
e
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
u
s
i
n
g
MA
T
L
AB
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
SLCC
with
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
es
9
an
d
1
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
I
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t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
791
-
8
0
1
796
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
t
ate
s
p
ac
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
SLCC
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
with
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
4
.
2
.
P
&O
a
lg
o
rit
hm
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
a
r
e
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
o
b
tain
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t o
u
t
p
u
t o
f
PV b
y
d
ir
ec
tl
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
o
f
th
e
SLCC
u
s
in
g
th
is
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
g
iv
es
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
lar
p
a
n
el.
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
,
th
e
en
tire
PV
s
y
s
tem
in
teg
r
ated
with
MPPT
an
d
th
e
SLCC
,
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
elled
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
.
T
h
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
o
f
th
e
SLCC
ca
n
b
e
d
y
n
am
icall
y
tu
n
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
th
e
P&
O
alg
o
r
it
h
m
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
1
2
a
n
d
13.
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
SLCC
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
with
P&
O
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
S
ta
te
s
p
a
ce
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f S
LC
C
a
n
d
d
esig
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
w
ith
M
P
P
T a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
es
(
Je
ya
p
r
a
ka
s
h
N
a
ta
r
a
ja
n
)
797
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
SLCC
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
with
P&
O
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
.
SLCC
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t w
ith
P&
O
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
4
.
3
.
I
C
a
lg
o
rit
hm
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
MPPT
is
s
im
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
an
d
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
o
f
th
e
SLCC
is
d
y
n
am
ically
c
o
n
tr
o
lled
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
I
C
al
g
o
r
ith
m
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
s
15
a
n
d
1
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
4
.
SLCC
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
with
I
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
5
.
SLCC
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
with
I
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
Fig
u
r
e
1
6
.
SLCC
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t
with
I
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
4
.
4
.
F
uzzy
c
o
ntr
o
ller
T
h
e
s
im
u
lated
m
o
d
el
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
MPPT
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
7
an
d
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
o
f
th
e
SLCC
ca
n
b
e
d
y
n
am
ically
v
ar
ied
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
c
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
in
g
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
s
18
an
d
19.
T
ab
le
3
s
h
o
ws th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
f
o
r
tim
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
SLCC
wit
h
v
ar
io
u
s
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
791
-
8
0
1
798
Fig
u
r
e
17.
SLCC
Simu
lin
k
m
o
d
el
with
f
u
zz
y
co
n
t
r
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
1
8
.
SLCC
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
with
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
Fig
u
r
e
1
9
.
SLCC
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t w
ith
f
u
zz
y
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
T
ab
le
3
.
T
im
e
d
o
m
ain
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
o
f
SLCC
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
S
t
a
t
e
s
p
a
c
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
P
&O
IC
F
LC
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
V
in
)
i
n
v
o
l
t
s
96
96
96
96
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
e
a
k
o
v
e
r
sh
o
o
t
(M
P
)
i
n
(
%
)
0
0
20
0
S
e
t
t
l
i
n
g
t
i
me
(
t
s
)
i
n
s
e
c
0
.
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
5
R
i
se
t
i
me
(
t
r
)
i
n
se
c
0
.
0
5
0
.
0
2
5
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
1
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
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n
v
o
l
t
s
-
3
1
9
.
3
-
3
6
6
-
3
0
9
.
6
-
3
1
9
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
wo
r
k
,
th
e
i
m
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
SLCC
with
v
ar
io
u
s
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
an
d
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
b
ee
n
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
aim
s
to
ev
alu
ate
an
d
d
is
ce
r
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
d
if
f
er
en
t
MPPT
tech
n
iq
u
es
in
o
p
tim
izin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
SLCC
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
th
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
r
o
b
u
s
t
in
n
atu
r
e
b
u
t
th
e
s
te
ad
y
s
tate
er
r
o
r
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
eli
m
ated
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fro
m
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
SLCC
with
P&
O,
I
C
,
an
d
F
L
C
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
in
f
er
r
ed
th
at
th
e
f
u
zz
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
o
th
e
r
two
m
eth
o
d
s
an
d
h
as less
s
ettin
g
ti
m
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
W
e
wis
h
to
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
th
e
St.J
o
s
ep
h
’
s
C
o
lleg
e
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
OM
R
,
C
h
en
n
ai
f
o
r
t
h
e
ir
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
to
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
S
ta
te
s
p
a
ce
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f S
LC
C
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n
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d
esig
n
a
n
a
lysi
s
w
ith
M
P
P
T a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
es
(
Je
ya
p
r
a
ka
s
h
N
a
ta
r
a
ja
n
)
799
F
UNDING
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NF
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Au
th
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tate
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Vo
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14
,
No
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3
,
Dec
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b
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20
25
:
791
-
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g
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n
d
Tec
h
n
o
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g
y
,
Ka
ra
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u
d
i,
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n
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n
n
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.
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2
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0
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h
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p
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d
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tec
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u
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li
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rre
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.
d
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rsity
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n
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d
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it
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o
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o
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p
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rtme
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t
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e
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tri
c
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l
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e
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tro
n
ics
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g
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o
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a
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d
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c
o
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v
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rters
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re
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t
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a
s o
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tere
st.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
re
a
c
h
jey
a
p
ra
k
a
sh
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m
a
il
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c
o
m
.
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e
th
ith
a
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n
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h
a
r
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r
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fro
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rg
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tro
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a
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d
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m
m
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r
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a
t
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u
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y
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tr
o
l
a
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d
In
stru
m
e
n
tati
o
n
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g
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g
.
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o
w
sh
e
is
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
fe
ss
o
r
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t
h
e
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p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
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fo
rm
a
ti
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Tec
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n
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o
m
a
teria
l
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d
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c
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tr
o
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h
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o
f
in
tere
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.
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h
e
c
a
n
b
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c
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tac
ted
a
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m
a
il
:
n
iv
e
j
p
2
0
1
1
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Mo
h
a
n
a
s
a
n
th
o
sh
M
u
r
u
g
a
n
re
c
e
iv
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d
h
is
b
a
c
h
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l
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re
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tri
c
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n
d
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lec
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g
in
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t.
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se
p
h
’
s
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ll
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g
e
o
f
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n
g
in
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rin
g
,
Ch
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n
n
a
i
–
6
0
0
1
1
9
,
A
n
n
a
Un
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e
rsity
,
Ch
e
n
n
a
i
in
2
0
2
4
.
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w
h
e
is
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
n
En
g
in
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r
(G
ET
)
in
p
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we
rtrain
e
n
g
in
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m
b
ly
su
p
p
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y
c
h
a
in
m
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n
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n
t
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lt
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n
Au
to
m
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ti
v
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I
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d
ia
P
ri
v
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te
Li
m
it
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d
(RNA
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L),
Ch
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n
n
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a
re
a
o
f
in
tere
st
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rd
s
d
e
sig
n
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g
a
n
d
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m
p
ro
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g
t
h
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sta
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d
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r
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s
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f
m
a
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fa
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tu
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fo
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h
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p
ro
d
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c
t
s
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n
d
th
e
ir
v
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h
icle
s
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
m
sa
n
th
o
sh
2
0
0
3
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
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