I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
I
nfo
rm
a
t
ics a
nd
Co
m
m
un
ica
t
io
n T
ec
hn
o
lo
g
y
(
I
J
-
I
CT
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
7
6
0
~
7
7
1
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/iji
ct
.
v14
i
3
.
pp
760
-
7
7
1
760
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ict.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Att
i
tude
a
n
d
int
e
ntion to use
chatb
o
ts in
e
-
co
mm
erc
e:
the
mo
dera
ti
ng
r
o
le of person
a
l in
no
v
a
tivenes
s
I
nd
a
h O
k
t
a
v
ia
ni H
a
rdi,
Ahm
a
d M
a
k
i,
E
v
i R
ina
wa
t
i Si
m
a
njunt
a
k
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
B
I
N
U
S
B
u
s
i
n
e
ss S
c
h
o
o
l
M
a
st
e
r
P
r
o
g
r
a
m,
B
i
n
a
N
u
s
a
n
t
a
r
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
,
Ja
k
a
r
t
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Ma
y
1
8
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Dec
2
8
,
2
0
2
4
Acc
ep
ted
J
an
1
9
,
2
0
2
5
In
tern
e
t
-
b
a
se
d
re
tailers
e
m
p
lo
y
a
rti
ficia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
c
e
(
AI
)
c
h
a
tb
o
ts
to
fa
c
il
it
a
te
c
u
sto
m
e
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
Th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
e
n
d
e
a
v
o
re
d
t
o
e
v
a
lu
a
te
c
o
n
su
m
e
rs'
in
ten
ti
o
n
s
re
g
a
rd
i
n
g
th
e
u
ti
l
iza
ti
o
n
o
f
c
h
a
tb
o
ts
fo
r
c
u
sto
m
e
r
se
rv
ice
in
tera
c
ti
o
n
s,
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
u
p
o
n
th
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
c
c
e
p
tan
c
e
m
o
d
e
l
(TAM
).
TAM
-
b
a
se
d
c
h
a
tb
o
t
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
is
th
e
su
b
jec
t
o
f
a
n
a
b
u
n
d
a
n
c
e
o
f
re
se
a
rc
h
.
Co
n
v
e
rse
ly
,
t
h
e
e
x
te
n
t
t
o
w
h
ich
u
se
rs'
p
e
rc
e
p
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
c
h
a
tb
o
t'
s
re
sp
o
n
se
q
u
a
li
t
y
in
flu
e
n
c
e
s
th
e
ir
in
ten
ti
o
n
to
a
d
o
p
t
re
m
a
in
s
u
n
c
e
rtain
.
In
a
d
d
it
i
o
n
to
in
v
e
stig
a
t
in
g
th
e
p
o
te
n
ti
a
l
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
c
h
a
tb
o
t
re
sp
o
n
se
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
n
e
ss
o
n
u
se
rs'
in
ten
ti
o
n
t
o
a
d
o
p
t
t
h
e
s
y
ste
m
,
t
h
is
st
u
d
y
e
x
p
lo
re
d
t
h
e
re
latio
n
sh
i
p
b
e
twe
e
n
u
se
rs'
p
e
rso
n
a
l
in
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
a
n
d
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
in
ten
ti
o
n
.
A
to
tal
o
f
3
1
2
u
sa
b
le
re
sp
o
n
se
s
we
re
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
with
P
LS
-
S
EM
fr
o
m
su
rv
e
y
d
a
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ted
v
ia
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
c
e
sa
m
p
li
n
g
fro
m
e
-
c
o
m
m
e
rc
e
c
u
sto
m
e
rs.
P
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
u
se
fu
l
n
e
ss
,
c
o
n
v
e
n
ien
c
e
o
f
u
se
,
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
l
e
ten
e
ss
a
ll
in
flu
e
n
c
e
d
a
tt
it
u
d
e
s
to
wa
rd
c
h
a
tb
o
ts,
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
b
y
h
y
p
o
th
e
sis
tes
ti
n
g
re
su
lt
.
Atti
tu
d
e
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
t
o
wa
rd
c
h
a
tb
o
ts
is
m
o
st
str
o
n
g
ly
i
n
flu
e
n
c
e
d
b
y
p
e
rc
e
iv
e
d
c
o
m
p
lete
n
e
ss
.
P
e
rso
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
h
a
s
a
n
e
g
a
ti
v
e
in
fl
u
e
n
c
e
,
wh
ich
c
o
n
trad
icts
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
sis
d
e
sp
it
e
th
e
fa
c
t
th
a
t
it
s
m
o
d
e
ra
ti
n
g
e
ffe
c
t
is
sta
ti
stica
ll
y
sig
n
ifi
c
a
n
t.
F
u
rt
h
e
r
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
sio
n
o
f
th
e
k
e
y
d
e
ter
m
in
a
n
ts
o
f
a
tt
it
u
d
e
t
o
wa
rd
s
c
h
a
tb
o
ts
is
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
se
fin
d
i
n
g
s.
It
is
a
d
v
isa
b
le
fo
r
o
rg
a
n
iza
ti
o
n
s
to
e
m
p
o
we
r
t
h
e
c
h
a
tb
o
t
wit
h
th
e
c
a
p
a
b
i
li
ty
t
o
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
d
p
re
c
ise
re
sp
o
n
se
s t
o
in
q
u
iri
e
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Per
ce
iv
ed
ac
cu
r
ac
y
Per
ce
iv
ed
co
m
p
leten
ess
Per
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
Per
c
eiv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
Per
s
o
n
al
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
E
v
i Ri
n
awa
ti Sim
an
ju
n
tak
Dep
ar
tm
en
t
o
f
Ma
n
ag
em
e
n
t,
B
I
NUS
B
u
s
in
ess
Sch
o
o
l M
ast
er
Pro
g
r
am
,
B
in
a
Nu
s
an
tar
a
U
n
iv
er
s
ity
J
ak
ar
ta,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: e
s
im
an
ju
n
tak
@
b
in
u
s
.
ed
u
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
t
i
l
i
za
t
i
o
n
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
a
t
io
n
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
a
r
t
if
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
ll
i
g
en
c
e
(
A
I
)
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
s
a
n
d
s
e
r
v
ic
e
s
a
r
e
g
a
in
in
g
p
r
ev
a
l
e
n
c
e
i
n
s
o
c
i
e
t
y
[
1
]
.
I
n
t
e
g
r
a
t
i
n
g
A
I
in
to
m
e
d
i
a
f
a
c
i
l
i
ta
t
e
s
r
e
m
o
te
h
u
m
an
co
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
b
y
p
u
s
h
in
g
v
ar
i
o
u
s
h
u
m
an
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
i
e
s
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
.
T
h
e
d
ev
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
A
I
i
s
u
n
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
ab
l
y
a
c
c
e
l
er
a
t
i
n
g
.
N
u
m
e
r
o
u
s
e
m
er
g
in
g
te
c
h
n
o
lo
g
i
c
a
l
tr
e
n
d
s
,
in
c
l
u
d
i
n
g
ch
a
tb
o
t
s
,
h
av
e
en
h
an
c
ed
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
io
n
a
n
d
a
d
m
ir
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
c
u
t
t
in
g
-
ed
g
e
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
i
es
l
i
k
e
a
r
t
i
f
ic
i
a
l
in
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
[
2
]
.
C
o
n
v
en
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
g
e
n
t
s
t
h
a
t
r
ep
l
i
c
a
t
e
h
u
m
an
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
io
n
i
n
w
r
i
t
in
g
o
r
o
r
a
l
ly
a
r
e
m
o
s
t
a
c
cu
r
a
tel
y
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
ed
b
y
c
h
a
t
b
o
t
s
[
3
]
.
C
h
atb
o
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
o
n
lin
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
b
y
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
tim
ely
s
er
v
ice
an
d
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
s
taf
f
p
r
esen
ce
[
4
]
.
C
u
s
to
m
er
s
er
v
ice
ef
f
icac
y
c
an
b
e
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
s
tr
ea
m
lin
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
v
e
r
s
atio
n
s
in
v
o
lv
in
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
ch
atb
o
ts
[
5
]
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
to
b
en
ef
itin
g
cu
s
to
m
er
s
,
en
h
an
ce
d
r
elev
a
n
ce
an
d
a
s
tr
ea
m
lin
e
d
cu
s
t
o
m
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
e
n
ab
le
o
n
lin
e
b
u
s
in
ess
es
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
wi
th
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
p
r
o
f
itab
ly
[
6
]
.
Un
d
o
u
b
ted
l
y
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
b
u
s
in
ess
es'
p
r
o
l
if
er
atio
n
o
f
d
i
g
ital
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
ttit
u
d
e
a
n
d
i
n
ten
tio
n
t
o
u
s
e
c
h
a
tb
o
ts
in
e
-
c
o
mme
r
ce
:
th
e
mo
d
era
tin
g
r
o
le
o
f
…
(
I
n
d
a
h
Ok
ta
via
n
i H
a
r
d
i
)
761
s
er
v
ices
is
in
ex
tr
icab
ly
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
tim
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
s
p
en
d
o
n
lin
e
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
wth
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
in
ter
n
et
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
ed
in
d
i
v
id
u
als
'
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
an
d
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
b
eh
av
io
r
s
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
em
p
lo
y
ed
b
y
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
[
8
]
.
E
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
o
r
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
m
m
er
ce
,
h
as
b
ee
n
s
u
b
s
tan
tially
b
r
o
ad
en
e
d
,
p
r
o
f
o
u
n
d
l
y
af
f
ec
tin
g
co
n
te
m
p
o
r
ar
y
b
u
s
in
ess
p
r
ac
tices.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
r
esear
ch
,
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
is
r
ep
lacin
g
h
u
m
a
n
in
ter
ac
tio
n
with
s
e
r
v
ice
ag
en
ts
as
th
e
cu
s
to
m
er
s
er
v
ice
ex
p
er
ien
ce
e
v
o
lv
es
[
9
]
.
On
lin
e
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
i
s
f
av
o
r
ed
b
y
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
f
o
r
p
u
r
ch
asin
g
p
r
o
d
u
cts
an
d
s
er
v
ices d
u
e
t
o
its
p
r
ac
ticality
,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
ex
ten
s
iv
e
s
elec
tio
n
[
1
0
].
I
n
ad
d
i
t
io
n
t
o
t
h
e
e
f
f
i
c
i
en
c
y
o
f
o
n
l
in
e
p
l
a
t
f
o
r
m
s
,
p
a
r
t
i
cu
la
r
ch
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
en
s
u
r
in
g
q
u
a
l
i
t
y
a
n
d
s
e
r
v
i
c
e,
r
eq
u
i
r
e
s
i
g
n
if
i
ca
n
t
t
i
m
e
t
o
r
e
s
o
lv
e
.
An
o
th
er
c
r
u
c
i
a
l
i
s
s
u
e
i
s
t
h
e
h
e
ig
h
te
n
e
d
a
wa
r
en
e
s
s
o
f
c
o
n
t
em
p
o
r
ar
y
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
in
g
t
h
e
ir
r
i
g
h
t
s
.
T
h
e
y
s
e
ek
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
s
th
a
t
e
x
c
e
ed
th
e
i
r
ex
p
e
c
ta
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
d
e
s
i
r
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
t
o
a
w
id
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
g
o
o
d
s
an
d
s
er
v
i
ce
s
[
1
1
]
.
S
e
r
v
ic
e
f
a
i
l
u
r
e
s
i
n
e
-
co
m
m
er
c
e
,
s
u
ch
a
s
d
e
l
a
y
s
in
d
e
l
iv
e
r
y
o
r
r
e
c
e
iv
in
g
g
o
o
d
s
t
h
a
t
d
o
n
o
t
m
a
tc
h
t
h
e
d
e
s
c
r
i
p
t
io
n
o
r
a
r
e
d
a
m
ag
e
d
,
c
a
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
co
m
p
la
i
n
t
s
.
W
h
e
n
c
u
s
t
o
m
er
s
n
e
ed
to
v
o
i
ce
o
u
t
th
e
i
r
c
o
n
c
er
n
s
,
t
h
ey
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
e
x
p
e
c
t
a
t
io
n
f
o
r
p
r
o
m
p
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
.
H
o
we
v
er
,
c
a
l
l
c
e
n
t
er
s
c
a
n
o
n
ly
c
a
t
er
t
o
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
n
e
e
d
s
an
d
m
ay
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
e
l
a
y
e
d
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
.
C
h
atb
o
ts
o
f
f
er
a
v
ia
b
le
way
f
o
r
o
r
g
an
i
za
tio
n
s
t
o
en
h
an
ce
th
eir
ab
ilit
y
t
o
m
a
n
ag
e
clien
t
co
m
p
lain
ts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
tly
b
y
u
tili
zin
g
AI
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
d
eliv
e
r
p
r
o
m
p
t
an
d
p
r
ec
is
e
an
s
wer
s
to
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
in
q
u
ir
ies.
T
h
ey
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
au
t
o
m
atic
r
esp
o
n
s
es
with
o
u
t
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
an
o
f
f
ice
o
r
s
to
r
e'
s
o
p
er
atin
g
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
is
en
h
an
ce
s
th
e
v
alu
e
p
e
r
ce
p
tio
n
am
o
n
g
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
a
n
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
en
s
a
f
av
o
r
ab
le
im
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
ir
m
.
C
h
atb
o
ts
ca
n
r
ap
id
ly
a
n
d
ef
f
icien
tly
an
al
y
ze
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
s
to
m
an
a
g
e
s
ev
er
al
clien
t
in
q
u
ir
ies
o
r
co
m
p
lain
ts
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
with
o
u
t n
ee
d
in
g
ex
tr
a
s
taf
f
.
A
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
m
a
n
y
e
-
c
o
m
m
e
r
ce
c
o
m
p
a
n
i
e
s
a
lr
e
ad
y
i
n
v
e
s
te
d
i
n
ch
a
t
b
o
t
s
,
s
o
m
e
c
u
s
to
m
e
r
s
ar
e
r
e
l
u
c
t
an
t
t
o
u
t
i
l
iz
e
th
e
m
.
T
h
ey
m
a
y
f
in
d
ch
a
t
b
o
t
s
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
ex
c
i
t
i
n
g
.
H
o
w
ev
e
r
,
th
ey
e
x
p
ec
t
th
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
t
o
b
e
a
c
cu
r
a
t
e
an
d
co
v
er
a
l
l
th
e
i
r
i
n
q
u
ir
i
e
s
.
P
r
ev
i
o
u
s
s
t
u
d
ie
s
a
b
o
u
t
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
ad
o
p
t
i
o
n
f
o
c
u
s
m
o
r
e
o
n
t
h
e
b
e
n
ef
i
t
s
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
b
u
t
f
e
w
er
s
t
u
d
ie
s
co
v
er
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
s
p
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
I
n
a
d
d
i
t
i
o
n
,
p
len
t
y
o
f
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
ad
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
t
u
d
ie
s
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
ep
t
i
o
n
o
f
wh
a
t
th
e
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
c
a
n
d
o
;
h
o
we
v
er
,
t
h
ey
n
e
ed
to
c
o
n
s
i
d
er
w
h
at
t
h
e
u
s
er
c
an
d
o
.
T
h
i
s
p
er
s
o
n
a
l
ch
ar
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c,
h
o
w
ev
e
r
,
m
a
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
r
h
in
d
e
r
t
h
e
a
d
o
p
ti
o
n
,
e
s
p
e
c
i
a
l
ly
d
u
r
in
g
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
f
a
i
lu
r
e
i
n
w
h
ic
h
cu
s
t
o
m
e
r
s
f
o
cu
s
o
n
th
e
i
r
d
i
s
s
a
t
i
s
f
a
c
t
io
n
t
o
b
e
h
a
n
d
l
e
d
r
a
th
e
r
t
h
a
n
p
u
t
t
in
g
t
h
e
e
a
g
e
r
n
e
s
s
t
o
l
ea
r
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
e
w
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
s
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
.
T
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
a
i
m
s
t
o
a
n
a
ly
z
e
f
a
c
t
o
r
s
t
h
a
t
i
n
f
lu
e
n
c
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
s
'
a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
ch
a
t
b
o
t
s
b
y
l
o
o
k
i
n
g
in
t
o
t
h
e
r
o
l
e
o
f
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
’
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
in
m
o
d
u
la
t
i
n
g
th
e
r
e
l
a
t
io
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
e
e
n
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
an
d
i
n
t
e
n
t
io
n
t
o
u
s
e
ch
a
t
b
o
t
s
in
e
-
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
e.
On
e
th
eo
r
y
ab
o
u
t
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
is
th
e
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
m
o
d
el
(
T
AM
)
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
was
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
u
r
t
h
er
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
s
ev
er
al
n
ew
ad
o
p
t
io
n
f
ac
to
r
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
Un
if
ied
T
h
eo
r
y
o
f
Acc
ep
tan
ce
an
d
Use
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
UT
AUT
)
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
latest
m
o
d
el
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
f
o
u
r
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
:
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ex
p
ec
tan
cy
,
e
f
f
o
r
t
ex
p
ec
tan
cy
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
an
d
s
o
cial
in
f
lu
en
ce
.
I
t
also
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
e
m
o
d
er
atin
g
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
u
s
er
s
’
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
ag
e
,
g
e
n
d
er
,
v
o
lu
n
teer
is
m
in
u
s
e,
an
d
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
ev
er
al
b
en
ef
its
to
u
s
in
g
T
AM
th
eo
r
y
in
s
tu
d
y
in
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
.
First,
it
h
as
co
n
s
is
ten
t
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
in
s
tr
u
m
e
n
ts
,
em
p
ir
i
ca
l
v
alid
ity
,
an
d
co
n
cisen
ess
.
Seco
n
d
,
it
ex
p
lai
n
s
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
in
i
n
ten
t
o
f
u
s
e.
T
h
ir
d
,
its
ap
p
licatio
n
in
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
p
r
io
r
s
tu
d
ies
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
q
u
esti
o
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
ea
ch
f
ac
to
r
,
t
h
er
eb
y
en
h
an
cin
g
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
r
elev
an
ce
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
T
A
M
m
o
d
el
h
as g
r
o
wn
to
b
e
th
e
m
o
s
t w
id
ely
u
s
ed
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictin
g
t
h
e
ac
c
ep
tan
ce
o
f
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies [
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
T
A
M
th
e
o
r
y
s
t
a
t
e
s
th
a
t
an
i
n
d
i
v
id
u
a
l
's
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
to
a
cc
ep
t
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
i
t
s
v
a
l
u
e
.
B
e
l
i
e
f
i
n
t
h
e
v
a
l
u
e
o
f
th
i
s
o
b
j
e
c
t
i
s
a
l
s
o
c
o
g
n
i
t
iv
e
l
y
r
e
l
at
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
n
o
b
j
e
c
t.
T
h
u
s
,
an
o
b
j
e
c
t
's
p
e
r
c
e
iv
ed
u
s
e
f
u
ln
e
s
s
(
P
U
)
w
il
l
s
t
i
m
u
l
a
te
th
e
in
t
en
t
i
o
n
to
u
s
e
i
t
.
Pr
e
v
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
h
av
e
em
p
i
r
i
ca
l
l
y
p
r
o
v
e
n
t
h
a
t
in
th
e
t
e
ch
n
o
l
o
g
y
s
e
c
t
o
r
,
P
U
i
s
a
c
r
i
t
i
ca
l
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
n
t
in
f
l
u
e
n
c
in
g
t
h
e
ad
o
p
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
t
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
o
t
h
er
wo
r
d
s
,
s
o
m
e
o
n
e
wh
o
f
in
d
s
c
h
a
tb
o
t
s
u
s
e
f
u
l
a
n
d
h
e
l
p
s
t
h
em
in
m
a
n
y
w
a
y
s
w
i
l
l
u
s
e
th
i
s
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
.
M
a
n
y
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
ep
t
i
o
n
o
f
b
en
ef
i
ts
a
s
a
f
a
c
t
o
r
th
a
t
l
a
r
g
e
ly
d
e
te
r
m
i
n
e
s
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
t
o
wa
r
d
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
t
h
e
in
t
en
t
i
o
n
o
f
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
u
s
e
[
1
6
]
.
E
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
s
t
u
d
i
e
s
h
av
e
c
o
n
f
ir
m
ed
t
h
a
t
T
A
M
c
o
n
s
t
a
n
t
ly
d
e
s
c
r
ib
e
s
a
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
o
f
v
a
r
i
a
t
io
n
i
n
u
s
a
g
e
in
t
e
n
t
an
d
b
e
h
av
i
o
r
(
e.
g
.
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
)
.
T
h
e
r
e
f
o
r
e
,
w
e
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
i
z
e
:
H1
: Per
ce
iv
ed
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
p
o
s
i
tiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
c
h
atb
o
ts
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
(
PE
U)
is
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
u
s
er
s
b
eliev
e
th
at
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
r
s
y
s
tem
r
eq
u
ir
es
less
ef
f
o
r
t f
r
o
m
u
s
er
s
[
1
2
]
an
d
h
e
n
ce
will b
e
h
ass
le
-
f
r
ee
;
in
o
th
e
r
wo
r
d
s
,
PEU
m
ea
n
s
f
r
ee
d
o
m
f
r
o
m
d
if
f
icu
lt
y
an
d
c
o
m
p
lex
it
y
,
s
im
p
licity
,
o
r
less
ef
f
o
r
t
wh
en
u
s
in
g
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ical
d
ev
ice
s
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
ce
n
tr
al
v
ar
iab
les
in
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
a
d
o
p
tio
n
.
PEU
m
ea
n
s
p
eo
p
le'
s
im
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
h
o
w
m
u
c
h
ef
f
o
r
t
it
tak
es to
lear
n
a
n
ew
u
s
ab
le
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ct
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
wee
n
PEU
an
d
PU
h
as
b
ee
n
well
estab
lis
h
ed
;
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
will
ac
ce
p
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
e
y
ca
n
ea
s
ily
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
an
d
u
s
e
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
ex
is
tin
g
liter
atu
r
e
r
ep
o
r
ts
th
at
PEU
p
o
s
itiv
ely
in
f
lu
en
ce
s
u
s
er
attit
u
d
es a
n
d
b
e
h
av
io
r
al
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies [
2
2
]
.
R
esear
ch
co
n
f
ir
m
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
760
-
7
7
1
762
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
f
PEU
o
n
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
attitu
d
es
to
war
d
s
ad
o
p
tin
g
m
-
c
o
m
m
er
ce
[
2
3
]
.
W
h
en
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
s
ee
th
at
m
-
co
m
m
er
ce
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
th
eir
s
h
o
p
p
in
g
ex
p
e
r
ien
ce
,
it
will
cr
ea
te
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
lin
g
s
to
war
d
s
th
em
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
h
y
p
o
th
esize:
H2
: Per
ce
iv
ed
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
c
h
atb
o
ts
.
W
h
en
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
th
in
k
th
ey
ca
n
u
tili
ze
c
h
atb
o
ts
to
g
et
p
r
ec
is
e
ad
v
ice
o
n
c
o
n
s
u
ltatio
n
,
p
er
ce
iv
e
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
p
p
ly
in
g
a
ch
atb
o
t
to
o
b
tain
th
e
d
esire
d
r
esu
lt
s
will
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
e
em
p
ir
ical
f
in
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
w
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
will
m
ak
e
p
eo
p
le
m
o
r
e
lik
ely
to
f
o
r
m
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
es
to
w
ar
d
c
h
atb
o
ts
.
I
n
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e
a
ch
atb
o
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
alo
n
g
with
th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
its
r
esp
o
n
s
es,
wh
ich
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
s
p
ec
if
icity
,
a
n
d
lik
in
g
(
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
)
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e
o
f
ch
at
b
o
ts
'
ac
cu
r
ac
y
m
u
s
t
also
b
e
co
u
p
led
with
th
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
v
alu
e
p
o
s
s
ess
ed
b
y
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
o
n
ly
s
o
m
e
th
i
n
g
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
b
y
ch
atb
o
ts
will
b
e
ac
ce
p
ted
b
y
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
e
ar
e
co
g
n
itiv
e
v
al
u
es
in
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
[
2
7
]
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
r
esear
c
h
er
s
ar
g
u
e
th
at
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
o
f
q
u
ality
an
d
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
ar
e
th
e
m
ain
s
y
m
b
o
ls
th
at
n
ee
d
to
b
e
a
d
o
p
ted
in
ch
atb
o
t
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
p
r
i
n
cip
le
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t
is
th
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
u
itab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
b
y
ch
atb
o
ts
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
n
ee
d
s
[
2
9
]
.
B
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
atio
n
s
,
ch
atb
o
ts
ca
n
h
elp
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
o
lv
e
th
eir
p
r
o
b
lem
with
an
o
r
d
er
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
v
al
u
e
o
f
c
h
atb
o
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
in
cr
ea
s
es
wit
h
h
ig
h
er
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
as it p
r
o
v
id
es m
o
r
e
d
etailed
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
f
o
r
ta
k
in
g
co
r
r
ec
tiv
e
ac
tio
n
[
3
1
]
th
at
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
ty
an
d
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
attitu
d
e
s
to
war
d
ch
atb
o
ts
.
W
e
h
y
p
o
th
esize:
H3
: Per
ce
iv
ed
ac
cu
r
ac
y
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
ch
atb
o
ts
.
C
o
m
p
leten
ess
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
esp
o
n
d
to
u
s
er
s
with
s
u
f
f
icien
t
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
th
e
to
tal
ca
t
eg
o
r
ies
o
f
d
ata
in
an
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
[
2
5
]
.
I
f
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
r
ec
eiv
e
th
e
wr
o
n
g
m
ess
ag
e
f
r
o
m
ch
at
b
o
ts
,
th
is
will
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
t
th
e
c
r
ed
ib
i
lity
o
f
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
th
e
co
m
p
eten
ce
o
f
ch
atb
o
ts
is
ev
alu
ated
b
y
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
b
ased
o
n
a
ce
r
tai
n
lev
e
l
an
d
th
e
e
x
ten
t
to
w
h
ich
ch
at
b
o
ts
h
av
e
th
e
s
k
ills
an
d
k
n
o
wled
g
e
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
b
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
.
C
o
n
s
u
m
er
s
'
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
s
o
f
ch
atb
o
ts
ar
e
s
p
ec
if
i
c
to
th
e
m
ess
ag
es
d
eliv
er
ed
s
o
th
at
th
e
y
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
d
lis
ten
to
th
eir
co
n
ce
r
n
s
an
d
d
iag
n
o
s
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
p
r
o
b
lem
s
[
1
9
]
.
C
u
s
to
m
er
im
p
r
ess
io
n
s
o
f
s
k
ills
an
d
co
m
p
eten
cies
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
ch
atb
o
t
s
er
v
ices
an
d
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
ch
atb
o
ts
r
ef
lect
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
s
u
b
s
titu
tes
f
o
r
h
u
m
a
n
ass
is
tan
ce
.
Ho
wev
er
,
h
u
m
an
s
e
r
v
ice
ass
is
tan
ce
i
s
ess
en
tial
wh
en
clien
ts
h
av
e
u
n
u
s
u
al
o
r
co
m
p
lex
q
u
esti
o
n
s
[
3
2
]
.
Su
cc
ess
f
u
l
cu
s
to
m
e
r
s
er
v
ice
d
e
m
an
d
s
in
d
iv
id
u
alize
d
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
atio
n
s
.
C
h
atb
o
ts
ca
n
ca
p
tu
r
e
c
u
s
to
m
er
p
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
s
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
s
u
g
g
esti
o
n
s
b
y
co
llectin
g
an
d
a
n
aly
zi
n
g
cu
s
to
m
er
o
n
lin
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
d
ata
[
3
3
]
:
H4
: Per
ce
iv
ed
co
m
p
leten
ess
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
ch
atb
o
ts
.
Attitu
d
e
r
ef
er
s
to
a
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
in
ten
tio
n
to
b
e
h
av
e
in
ce
r
tain
s
itu
atio
n
s
[
3
4
]
.
W
h
en
a
ch
at
b
o
t
m
ee
ts
a
clien
t's
b
asic
n
ee
d
s
,
th
is
cir
cu
m
s
tan
ce
ca
u
s
es
cu
s
to
m
er
s
to
h
av
e
a
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
atio
n
to
war
d
th
e
ch
at
b
o
t
a
n
d
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
ten
t
to
u
s
e
th
e
c
h
atb
o
t.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
u
s
er
s
'
in
ten
ti
o
n
to
u
s
e
c
h
atb
o
ts
ca
n
b
e
d
r
a
s
tically
r
ed
u
ce
d
if
th
ey
ar
e
u
n
s
atis
f
ied
with
th
e
d
ialo
g
u
e
o
r
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
3
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
,
attitu
d
es
ar
e
r
elate
d
to
co
n
s
u
m
er
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
to
war
d
s
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ad
o
p
tio
n
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
in
th
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
o
f
u
s
ab
il
ity
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e
[
3
5
]
.
A
p
er
s
o
n
'
s
attitu
d
e
f
o
r
m
s
b
eh
av
io
r
al
in
te
n
tio
n
s
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
T
AM
,
ev
er
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
al'
s
ac
tio
n
s
o
r
b
eh
av
io
r
s
h
av
e
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
th
at
im
p
ac
t
th
eir
attitu
d
e
to
wa
r
d
s
s
o
m
eth
in
g
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
attitu
d
es
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
in
f
lu
en
c
e
i
n
d
iv
i
d
u
al
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
war
d
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
h
y
p
o
t
h
esize:
H5
: A
ttit
u
d
e
to
war
d
s
C
h
atb
o
ts
p
o
s
itiv
ely
af
f
ec
ts
in
ten
tio
n
to
u
s
e.
Per
s
o
n
al
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
is
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
to
wh
ich
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
ar
e
r
elativ
ely
ea
r
ly
in
ad
o
p
tin
g
a
n
ew
id
ea
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
th
e
r
m
em
b
er
s
o
f
th
eir
s
o
cial
s
y
s
tem
[
3
7
]
.
Per
s
o
n
al
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
ca
n
in
clu
d
e
co
n
s
u
m
e
r
p
r
o
f
iles
o
r
p
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
f
o
r
n
e
w
ch
an
n
els
an
d
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
[
3
8
]
.
Dif
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
t
h
eo
r
y
s
tates
th
at
f
o
r
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
to
ar
r
iv
e
an
d
b
e
a
cc
ep
ted
b
y
in
d
iv
id
u
als,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
th
at
s
tim
u
lates
in
d
iv
id
u
als
to
ad
o
p
t
it
o
v
er
tim
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
p
ec
if
ic
ch
an
n
els
am
o
n
g
s
o
cial
s
y
s
tem
m
em
b
e
r
s
[
3
9
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
c
o
n
s
is
t
o
f
r
elativ
e
ad
v
an
tag
es,
c
o
m
p
lex
ity
,
c
o
m
p
atib
ilit
y
,
an
d
ab
ilit
y
to
s
h
ar
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
I
n
s
h
o
r
t,
th
is
m
o
d
el
attem
p
ts
to
ex
p
lain
th
at
th
e
way
u
s
er
s
cr
ea
te
b
elief
s
a
b
o
u
t
th
e
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
in
n
o
v
atio
n
b
ased
o
n
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
is
ad
o
p
ted
o
r
r
ejec
ted
b
y
u
s
er
s
[
4
0
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
r
esear
ch
er
s
ag
r
ee
d
th
at
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
n
ess
d
r
iv
es
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
ac
ce
p
tan
ce
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
y
will
e
x
h
ib
it
s
p
ec
if
i
c
b
eh
a
v
io
r
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
s
u
ch
as
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
ac
h
iev
em
en
t
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
etr
iev
al
an
d
a
m
o
r
e
o
b
jecti
v
e
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
ed
.
Hig
h
ly
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
in
d
iv
id
u
als
ca
n
co
p
e
with
in
cr
ea
s
ed
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
,
ar
e
m
o
r
e
cr
is
is
-
p
r
o
n
e,
an
d
ta
k
e
m
o
r
e
r
is
k
s
[
4
3
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
n
o
v
ativ
en
ess
will
im
p
ac
t
attitu
d
es
an
d
in
ten
tio
n
s
to
u
s
e
n
ew
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
lik
e
ch
atb
o
ts
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
we
h
y
p
o
th
esize:
H6
: Per
s
o
n
al
I
n
n
o
v
ativ
en
ess
m
o
d
er
ates th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
attitu
d
e
to
war
d
s
ch
atb
o
ts
o
n
th
e
in
te
n
tio
n
o
f
u
s
e.
W
e
d
r
aw
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
ce
p
t
u
al
m
o
d
el
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
er
iv
e
d
h
y
p
o
th
eses
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
ttit
u
d
e
a
n
d
i
n
ten
tio
n
t
o
u
s
e
c
h
a
tb
o
ts
in
e
-
c
o
mme
r
ce
:
th
e
mo
d
era
tin
g
r
o
le
o
f
…
(
I
n
d
a
h
Ok
ta
via
n
i H
a
r
d
i
)
763
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
ce
p
tu
al
m
o
d
el
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
u
n
i
t
o
f
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
e
-
c
o
m
m
e
r
c
e
u
s
e
r
s
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
w
h
o
h
a
v
e
e
x
p
e
r
ie
n
c
e
d
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
s
e
r
v
i
c
e
f
ai
l
u
r
es
,
d
i
s
s
a
tis
f
a
c
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
d
i
f
f
i
c
u
l
t
i
es
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
u
s
es
q
u
a
n
t
it
at
i
v
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
m
e
t
h
o
d
.
D
at
a
wa
s
c
o
ll
e
c
t
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
o
n
l
i
n
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
v
i
a
G
o
o
g
l
e
F
o
r
m
s
a
n
d
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
v
i
a
s
o
c
i
al
m
e
d
i
a
(
I
n
s
t
a
g
r
a
m
,
W
h
at
s
A
p
p
,
L
i
n
e
,
a
n
d
L
i
n
k
e
d
I
n
)
.
R
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
s
w
e
r
e
f
i
lt
e
r
e
d
b
e
f
o
r
e
f
i
l
l
i
n
g
o
u
t
t
h
e
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
c
a
m
e
f
r
o
m
a
s
u
i
t
a
b
l
e
t
ar
g
e
t
r
e
s
p
o
n
d
e
n
t
.
W
e
u
s
e
d
n
o
n
-
pr
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
s
a
m
p
l
i
n
g
(
i
.
e
.
,
p
u
r
p
o
s
i
v
e
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
)
t
o
co
l
l
e
c
t
3
1
2
u
s
a
b
l
e
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
s
.
T
h
e
q
u
e
s
ti
o
n
n
a
i
r
e
m
e
as
u
r
e
d
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
'
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
L
i
k
e
r
t
s
c
al
e
.
T
h
e
s
c
a
l
e
r
a
n
g
e
s
f
r
o
m
1
=
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
t
o
5
=
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
a
g
r
e
e
.
P
U
a
n
d
P
E
U
w
e
r
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
wi
t
h
f
i
v
e
i
t
e
m
s
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
[
1
2
]
,
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
a
c
c
u
r
a
c
y
a
n
d
p
e
r
c
e
i
v
e
d
c
o
m
p
l
et
e
n
ess
w
e
r
e
m
e
as
u
r
e
d
b
y
f
i
v
e
i
t
e
m
s
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
[
2
5
]
,
p
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
i
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
w
as
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
w
i
t
h
f
i
v
e
i
te
m
s
a
d
o
p
t
ed
f
r
o
m
[
4
4
]
,
a
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
i
s
m
e
as
u
r
e
d
b
y
f
i
v
e
i
t
e
m
s
a
d
o
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
[
4
5
]
,
a
n
d
i
n
t
e
n
t
i
o
n
t
o
u
s
e
is
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
f
i
v
e
it
e
m
s
ad
o
p
t
e
d
f
r
o
m
[
4
6
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
u
s
es
th
e
p
ar
tial
least
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
el
(
PLS
-
SEM
)
m
eth
o
d
.
PLS
-
SEM
is
wid
ely
r
eg
ar
d
ed
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
ad
v
an
ce
d
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
v
ar
ia
n
ce
-
b
ased
SEM
.
I
t
em
p
lo
y
s
a
g
en
e
r
al
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
PLS
-
SEM
is
al
s
o
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
as
a
ca
u
s
al
-
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
p
r
io
r
itizes
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
wh
ic
h
is
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t
with
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
w
h
ich
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
in
ten
tio
n
o
f
ch
atb
o
t
u
s
ag
e.
T
h
e
d
ata
was
an
aly
ze
d
in
a
two
-
s
tag
e
ap
p
r
o
a
c
h
u
s
in
g
PLS
-
SEM
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
m
o
d
el,
th
e
in
itial st
ag
e,
ev
alu
ates th
e
v
alid
ity
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t item
s
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
al
m
o
d
el,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tag
e,
test
s
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
A
lis
t
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
item
s
an
d
th
eir
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
in
Ap
p
en
d
i
x
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
r
ee
h
u
n
d
r
e
d
th
ir
ty
-
f
iv
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
es
wer
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
u
r
v
ey
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
2
3
we
r
e
o
m
itted
b
ec
au
s
e
th
ey
wer
e
n
o
t
in
v
o
l
v
ed
wh
en
f
illi
n
g
o
u
t
th
e
s
u
r
v
e
y
.
Fin
ally
,
3
1
2
r
esp
o
n
s
es
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
.
T
h
ese
r
esp
o
n
s
es
r
ep
r
esen
t
a
d
iv
er
s
ity
o
f
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
u
s
er
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
T
h
e
d
em
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
an
d
p
s
y
ch
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
r
esp
o
n
d
e
n
ts
,
s
u
ch
as
g
en
d
er
,
a
g
e,
e
d
u
c
atio
n
lev
el,
p
er
io
d
o
f
u
s
in
g
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
,
a
n
d
u
s
e
o
f
ch
atb
o
ts
wh
en
co
m
m
u
n
icat
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
s
,
ar
e
s
u
m
m
a
r
ized
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
ab
le
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
7
6
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Dec
em
b
er
20
25
:
760
-
7
7
1
764
3
.
1
.
O
u
t
er
m
o
d
el
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
:
r
eli
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
v
a
lid
i
t
y
T
h
e
o
u
te
r
m
o
d
el
is
p
ar
t
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
eq
u
atio
n
m
o
d
elin
g
(
SEM
)
an
aly
s
is
,
wh
ich
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
laten
t
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
v
ar
iab
les.
E
v
a
lu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
o
u
te
r
m
o
d
el
was
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
f
ir
m
ato
r
y
f
ac
t
o
r
an
al
y
s
is
.
C
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
is
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cte
d
m
o
d
el
ca
n
ac
c
u
r
ately
d
escr
ib
e
laten
t v
ar
iab
les ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
th
e
o
r
y
u
s
ed
[
4
7
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
o
f
th
e
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t item
s
is
ass
es
s
ed
u
s
in
g
f
ac
to
r
lo
a
d
in
g
,
with
an
ex
p
ec
ted
r
esu
lt
o
f
0
.
7
0
8
i
n
d
icatin
g
v
alid
ity
.
C
r
o
n
b
ac
h
'
s
Alp
h
a
(
C
A)
an
d
c
o
m
p
o
s
ite
r
eliab
ilit
y
(
C
R
)
s
co
r
es
wer
e
co
m
p
u
ted
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
r
eliab
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y
o
f
th
e
m
ea
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r
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en
t
item
s
.
C
A
test
s
h
o
ws
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
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y
if
th
e
v
alu
e
is
>0
.
7
,
wh
ile
a
C
R
v
alu
e
o
f
>0
.
7
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
4
8
]
.
W
e
as
s
ess
ed
co
n
v
er
g
en
t
v
alid
ity
b
y
ex
am
in
in
g
AVE
v
alu
e
s
o
f
0
.
5
0
o
r
h
ig
h
er
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
th
e
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n
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tr
u
ct
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p
lain
s
5
0
p
er
ce
n
t
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r
m
o
r
e
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f
th
e
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct'
s
i
tem
s
[
4
9
]
.
T
ab
le
3
in
d
icate
s
th
at
ea
ch
v
a
r
iab
le
h
as
a
C
A
an
d
C
R
v
alu
es
ar
e
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.
7
,
co
n
clu
d
in
g
th
at
all
v
ar
iab
les
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
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eliab
le
an
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
r
esear
ch
.
All
item
s
h
av
e
f
ac
to
r
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ad
in
g
>0
.
7
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
v
alid
ity
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
.
T
h
e
AVE
v
alu
es
f
o
r
all
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
ar
e
>0
.
5
,
co
n
f
ir
m
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct'
s
co
n
v
er
g
en
t v
alid
ity
.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
v
alid
ity
test
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
R
eliab
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an
d
v
alid
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test
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lt
C
o
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n
d
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v
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d
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b
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h
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l
p
h
a
C
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(
r
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_
a
)
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(
r
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c
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1
0
.
7
3
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8
2
5
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5
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7
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TU
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7
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7
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0
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7
5
8
3
.
2
.
Dis
cr
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ina
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v
a
lid
it
y
W
e
test
ed
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e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
u
s
in
g
th
e
Hete
r
o
tr
ait
-
Mo
n
o
tr
ait
(
HT
MT
)
m
eth
o
d
,
wh
ich
ca
lcu
lates
th
e
r
atio
b
etwe
en
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
o
th
er
v
a
r
iab
l
es
an
d
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etw
ee
n
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
th
em
s
elv
es.
I
f
th
is
r
atio
is
less
th
an
0
.
8
5
,
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
i
ty
is
s
atis
f
ied
[
4
9
]
.
B
ased
o
n
T
ab
le
4
,
th
e
HT
MT
v
alu
e
o
f
ea
ch
v
ar
ia
b
le
<0
.
8
5
0
,
s
o
ea
c
h
v
a
r
iab
le
m
ee
ts
th
e
d
is
cr
im
in
an
t
v
alid
ity
r
e
q
u
ir
em
en
t.
T
h
e
HT
MT
v
alu
e
o
f
ea
c
h
v
a
r
iab
le
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
.
3
.
3
.
I
nn
e
r
mo
d
el
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
T
h
e
in
n
er
m
o
d
el
an
aly
s
es
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
laten
t
v
a
r
iab
les
an
d
test
s
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
h
y
p
o
th
esis
test
in
g
r
elate
d
to
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
etwe
en
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cts
in
th
e
m
o
d
el.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J I
n
f
&
C
o
m
m
u
n
T
ec
h
n
o
l
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
7
6
A
ttit
u
d
e
a
n
d
i
n
ten
tio
n
t
o
u
s
e
c
h
a
tb
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in
e
-
c
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mme
r
ce
:
th
e
mo
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I
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ta
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a
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765
W
e
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
all
h
y
p
o
th
eses
.
Ho
wev
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,
th
e
f
o
u
r
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
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les
s
h
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w
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
s
in
th
eir
im
p
ac
t
o
n
attitu
d
es
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war
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ch
atb
o
ts
.
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ce
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co
m
p
leten
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s
h
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e
m
o
s
t
s
u
b
s
tan
tial
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f
ec
t
in
f
o
r
m
in
g
attitu
d
e,
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
h
ig
h
est
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
2
9
6
,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
p
e
r
ce
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ed
u
s
e
f
u
ln
ess
with
0
.
2
6
3
.
T
h
e
wea
k
est
im
p
ac
t
t
o
war
d
attitu
d
e
is
g
iv
en
b
y
PEU,
with
a
co
e
f
f
icien
t
o
f
0
.
1
3
7
.
Pe
r
ce
iv
ed
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
’
s
im
p
ac
t
is
m
o
r
e
v
ital
th
an
PEU,
h
av
in
g
a
c
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f
icien
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o
f
0
.
1
9
2
.
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e
f
o
u
n
d
s
u
p
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t
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o
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th
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d
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atin
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al
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n
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v
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ess
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f
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to
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n
ten
tio
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to
u
s
e.
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it
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s
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o
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g
a
n
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ativ
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im
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t (
-
0
.
1
1
1
)
.
T
ab
le
4
.
Hete
r
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tr
ait
-
m
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tr
ait
r
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lt
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o
n
st
r
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c
t
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TU
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EU
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TU
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3
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P
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x
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2
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[
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2
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[
5
3
]
-
[
5
5
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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[
1
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[
1
2
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[
2
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y
[
2
5
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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Vo
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14
,
No
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3
,
Dec
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b
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20
25
:
760
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768
T
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1
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(
co
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)
Q
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n
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1
2
3
4
5
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3
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su
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P
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s.
[
4
4
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A
t
t
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o
w
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s c
h
a
t
b
o
t
A
1
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3
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A
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.
[
4
5
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,
[
4
6
]
I
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I
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1
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s.
I
TU
2
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[
4
6
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F
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