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A
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20
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4
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v
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lt
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n
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l
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n
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lati
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m
s
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term
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o
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a
c
c
u
ra
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re
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isio
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re
c
a
ll
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-
m
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a
su
re
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n
siti
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n
d
sp
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ficity
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p
ro
v
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e
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ts
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n
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c
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u
r
n
a
ro
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n
d
ti
m
e
,
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
t
h
ro
u
g
h
p
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t
d
e
m
o
n
stra
te
t
h
e
fra
m
e
wo
rk
'
s
su
c
c
e
ss
.
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is
sc
a
lab
le
a
n
d
a
d
a
p
ti
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t
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c
h
n
o
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rd
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ize
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teg
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u
t
u
re
n
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two
rk
in
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stru
c
tu
re
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
E
n
er
g
y
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awa
r
e
r
o
u
tin
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Secu
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ata
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s
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is
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R
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en
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Sib
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tim
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So
f
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in
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T
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s
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u
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CC B
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SA
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C
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r
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s
p
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A
uth
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r
:
Nag
ar
aju
T
u
m
a
k
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r
u
An
d
a
n
aiah
Dep
ar
tm
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t
o
f
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n
g
in
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Facu
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AI
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(
Dee
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Un
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s
ity
)
Kan
ak
ap
u
r
a
Ma
in
R
o
ad
,
B
en
g
alu
r
u
,
5
6
2
1
1
2
,
Kar
n
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I
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d
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m
ail: n
ag
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aju
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g
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co
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I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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N
T
h
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p
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life
r
atio
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f
5
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co
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m
u
n
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,
ar
tific
ial
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tellig
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(
AI
)
,
an
d
in
ter
n
et
o
f
th
in
g
s
(
I
o
T
)
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
h
as
r
esu
lted
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
s
u
r
g
e
in
n
etwo
r
k
d
ata
[
1
]
.
T
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e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
d
ata
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lu
m
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h
as
c
au
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r
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r
r
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k
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astru
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in
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u
ce
d
e
f
f
icien
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in
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s
m
itti
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d
ata
[
2
]
.
C
o
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v
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tio
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n
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r
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in
g
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y
s
tem
s
,
wh
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ea
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ily
d
ep
en
d
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n
m
a
n
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al
m
a
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ag
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co
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in
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v
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T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
4
2
2
7
-
4238
4228
f
o
r
th
eir
h
ig
h
v
a
r
iab
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d
u
n
p
r
e
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f
twar
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-
d
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in
ed
n
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(
SDN)
h
as
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as
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m
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[
3
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ates
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[
4
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r
o
u
tin
g
,
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
,
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
it
y
,
co
m
p
r
is
e
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
la
y
er
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lay
er
co
n
tain
s
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
,
wh
ic
h
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
ak
i
n
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
tr
af
f
i
c
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
d
ata
lay
er
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
s
u
ch
as
s
witch
es
an
d
r
o
u
ter
s
,
th
at
ca
r
r
ies
o
u
t
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
g
i
v
en
b
y
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
lan
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
d
ev
ices,
s
u
ch
as
s
witch
es
an
d
r
o
u
te
r
s
,
is
a
co
r
e
asp
ec
t
o
f
SDN.
T
h
e
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
d
escr
ib
ed
en
ab
les
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
p
lan
e
to
o
p
er
ate
as
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
en
tity
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
iv
en
ess
to
d
y
n
am
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ma
n
y
d
o
m
ain
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
b
ig
d
ata
a
n
aly
tics
,
b
lo
ck
ch
ai
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
clo
u
d
c
o
m
p
u
tin
g
,
in
d
u
s
tr
i
al
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
er
v
ices,
wid
el
y
ac
k
n
o
wled
g
e
SDN
as
a
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
s
o
lu
tio
n
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
.
Ne
v
er
th
eless
,
th
e
SDN
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
n
o
t
d
ev
o
id
o
f
v
u
ln
er
ab
ilit
ies.
An
im
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
is
th
e
v
u
ln
e
r
ab
i
lity
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
d
ata
to
attac
k
s
,
esp
ec
ially
th
o
s
e
o
r
i
g
in
atin
g
f
r
o
m
in
s
id
er
th
r
ea
ts
.
T
o
ad
d
r
ess
th
ese
r
is
k
s
,
it
is
cr
u
cial
to
im
p
lem
en
t
s
tr
o
n
g
au
th
en
ticatio
n
an
d
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
.
SDN
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
h
av
e
i
m
p
lem
en
ted
v
ar
i
o
u
s
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
d
ata
s
ec
u
r
ity
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
r
e
in
clu
d
ed
:
th
e
d
ata
en
cr
y
p
ti
o
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
(
DE
S),
wh
ich
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
s
y
m
m
etr
ic
k
ey
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
d
ata
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
[
8
]
;
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
e
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
(
E
C
C
)
,
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
its
s
tr
o
n
g
s
ec
u
r
it
y
d
esp
ite
u
s
in
g
r
elativ
ely
s
m
all
k
ey
s
izes
[
9
]
;
an
d
th
e
R
iv
est
-
Sh
am
ir
-
Ad
lem
an
(
R
SA)
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
ex
ten
s
iv
el
y
em
p
l
o
y
ed
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
[
1
0
]
.
Simp
lis
tic
r
o
u
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
f
ailed
to
f
u
lly
u
tili
ze
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
lan
e
lim
ited
ea
r
ly
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
s
o
f
SDN.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
wer
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
th
e
ir
s
tatic
n
a
tu
r
e
an
d
lim
ited
ab
ilit
y
to
d
y
n
am
ically
ad
ju
s
t
to
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
th
at
wa
s
f
o
u
n
d
s
h
o
ws h
o
w
im
p
o
r
tan
t
it
is
to
h
av
e
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
ce
d
r
o
u
tin
g
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
ce
n
tr
alize
d
in
tellig
en
ce
o
f
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
alwa
y
s
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
r
u
n
b
etter
.
Ultim
ately
,
th
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
S
DN
is
a
h
u
g
e
s
tep
f
o
r
war
d
in
th
e
r
ac
e
to
b
u
il
d
s
af
er
,
m
o
r
e
ad
a
p
tab
le,
a
n
d
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Mo
r
e
d
u
r
ab
le
an
d
ad
ap
tab
le
in
ter
n
et
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es
th
at
ca
n
h
an
d
le
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
esen
t
d
ig
ital
er
a
ar
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
th
an
k
s
to
SDN,
wh
ich
in
teg
r
ates n
ew
cr
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
ic
tech
n
iq
u
es a
n
d
f
i
x
es th
e
in
ad
eq
u
ac
ies o
f
o
ld
e
r
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
-
aw
ar
e
r
o
u
tin
g
in
to
SDN
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
ly
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
,
b
u
t
also
s
u
s
tain
ab
l
e.
T
h
e
in
co
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
s
in
to
SDN
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
s
ad
d
r
ess
es
two
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
ch
allen
g
es:
th
e
escalatin
g
e
n
er
g
y
c
o
s
ts
lin
k
ed
to
ex
p
an
d
i
n
g
d
ata
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
an
d
th
e
ec
o
lo
g
ical
c
o
n
s
eq
u
en
ce
s
o
f
h
eig
h
ten
ed
e
n
er
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
[
1
1
]
.
W
ith
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
n
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e,
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
elian
ce
o
n
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
h
av
e
b
ec
o
m
e
m
o
r
e
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t.
T
h
is
ca
lls
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
i
n
n
o
v
ativ
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
e
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
b
o
th
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tally
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le.
I
n
SDN,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
r
e
v
o
lv
es
ar
o
u
n
d
o
p
t
im
izin
g
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
s
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
m
etr
ics
alo
n
g
s
id
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
laten
cy
a
n
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
in
to
t
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
SDN
h
as
th
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
to
g
r
ea
tly
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
d
ev
ices,
i
n
clu
d
in
g
s
witch
es,
r
o
u
ter
s
,
an
d
s
er
v
er
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
r
esu
lts
in
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
ts
b
u
t
also
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
th
e
m
itig
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
t
p
r
in
t a
s
s
o
ciate
d
with
ex
ten
s
iv
e
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
ap
id
in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
d
ata
an
d
co
n
n
e
ctiv
ity
d
em
an
d
s
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
u
s
e
o
f
I
o
T
d
ev
ices,
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
5
G
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
an
d
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
p
o
p
u
lar
ity
o
f
AI
-
d
r
iv
en
ap
p
licatio
n
s
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
.
T
h
e
r
ap
id
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
as
led
to
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
th
at
h
av
e
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
to
g
r
ea
t
ly
im
p
ac
t
n
etwo
r
k
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
T
h
ese
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
ts
n
ec
ess
itate
th
at
n
etwo
r
k
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
es
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
a
n
d
r
eliab
le
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
,
b
u
t
al
s
o
m
ain
tain
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
,
wh
ic
h
p
r
io
r
itize
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
o
u
t
tak
i
n
g
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t,
a
r
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
ad
eq
u
ate
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
o
f
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
s
tr
ateg
ies
in
to
th
e
SDN
p
ar
ad
ig
m
is
cr
itic
al
to
esta
b
lis
h
n
etwo
r
k
s
th
at
a
r
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
.
A
co
m
m
o
n
s
tatis
tical
tech
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
m
o
d
ellin
g
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ictin
g
d
ata
with
n
o
n
-
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
is
ex
p
o
n
en
tial
s
p
lin
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
(
E
SR
)
.
Sp
lin
es
ar
e
a
ty
p
e
o
f
m
ath
em
atica
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
c
o
m
p
lex
cu
r
v
es
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
y
ar
e
c
o
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
m
u
ltip
le
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
,
ea
ch
d
ef
in
e
d
o
v
er
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
te
r
v
al.
T
h
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allo
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s
p
lin
es
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
f
lex
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le
an
d
ac
c
u
r
ate
r
e
p
r
esen
t
atio
n
o
f
c
u
r
v
es
with
v
ar
y
in
g
d
eg
r
ee
s
o
f
co
m
p
le
x
ity
.
Sp
lin
e
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
d
if
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
tr
ad
itio
n
al
lin
ea
r
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
in
th
at
it
u
tili
ze
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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C
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I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
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8
E
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ed
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4229
m
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le
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
s
eg
m
en
ts
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
in
ts
,
k
n
o
wn
as k
n
o
ts
,
in
s
tead
o
f
f
itti
n
g
a
s
in
g
le
s
tr
aig
h
t
lin
e
th
r
o
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g
h
th
e
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ata.
T
h
e
k
n
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in
th
is
co
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tex
t
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
en
s
u
r
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th
at
t
h
e
f
u
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ctio
n
r
em
ain
s
s
m
o
o
th
a
n
d
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ec
is
e
alig
n
m
e
n
t
with
th
e
g
iv
en
d
ata.
R
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
l
ea
r
n
in
g
(
R
L
)
is
a
s
u
b
f
ield
o
f
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
in
g
th
at
is
s
p
ec
if
ically
co
n
ce
r
n
ed
with
th
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
ag
e
n
ts
to
m
ak
e
a
s
er
ies
o
f
d
ec
is
io
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
eir
in
ter
a
ctio
n
with
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
ag
e
n
t
ac
q
u
ir
es
th
e
ab
i
lity
to
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
b
jectiv
e
b
y
r
ec
eiv
in
g
eith
er
r
ewa
r
d
s
o
r
p
en
alties
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
m
ax
im
ize
th
e
to
tal
r
ewa
r
d
s
o
b
tain
ed
o
v
er
a
p
er
io
d
.
R
L
is
d
i
s
tin
ct
f
r
o
m
s
u
p
er
v
is
ed
lear
n
in
g
in
th
at
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
lab
elled
tr
ai
n
in
g
d
ata.
I
n
s
tead
,
R
L
in
v
o
lv
es
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
lear
n
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
u
tco
m
es
o
f
ac
tio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
e
p
ea
ted
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
tio
n
an
d
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t.
E
x
p
o
n
en
tial
s
p
lin
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
a
n
d
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lea
r
n
i
n
g
(
E
SR
-
R
L
)
co
m
b
in
e
th
e
s
tr
en
g
th
s
o
f
b
o
t
h
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
tack
le
ch
allen
g
e
s
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
in
tr
icate
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
d
y
n
am
ics.
I
n
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
p
r
ec
is
e
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
o
f
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
r
ea
ctio
n
s
an
d
ad
a
p
tab
l
e
d
ec
is
io
n
-
m
ak
in
g
ar
e
cr
itical,
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ad
v
an
tag
es.
T
h
e
E
SR
-
R
L
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
e
x
h
ib
its
a
h
ig
h
d
e
g
r
e
e
o
f
v
er
s
atility
,
m
ak
i
n
g
it
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
ac
r
o
s
s
a
d
iv
er
s
e
ar
r
ay
o
f
d
o
m
ain
s
.
E
SR
-
R
L
is
u
s
ed
in
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
to
ef
f
ici
en
tly
m
an
ag
e
tr
af
f
ic
f
lo
ws
b
y
p
r
ed
ictin
g
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
g
esti
o
n
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ically
ad
ju
s
tin
g
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
W
ith
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
f
in
an
ce
,
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
m
o
d
ellin
g
m
ar
k
et
tr
e
n
d
s
an
d
m
ak
i
n
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
in
v
estme
n
t
d
ec
is
i
o
n
s
in
f
in
an
ce
ca
n
g
r
e
atly
ass
is
t in
o
p
tim
izin
g
tr
a
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
T
r
ad
itio
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
els
f
r
eq
u
en
tly
lack
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
c
ap
ab
ilit
ies
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
etwo
r
k
p
atter
n
an
aly
s
is
an
d
o
f
ten
h
av
e
lim
it
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
th
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
SDN,
it
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
v
er
if
icatio
n
o
f
h
o
s
t
id
en
t
ities
d
u
r
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
ailu
r
e
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
an
y
ex
is
tin
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ten
d
to
o
v
er
lo
o
k
th
is
cr
u
cial
asp
ec
t.
T
h
e
ex
is
ten
ce
o
f
th
ese
lim
itatio
n
s
em
p
h
asizes
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
o
r
e
s
o
p
h
is
ticated
an
d
r
esil
ien
t so
lu
tio
n
s
.
T
o
o
v
e
r
co
m
e
th
e
lim
i
tatio
n
s
m
en
tio
n
ed
,
th
e
p
a
p
er
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
ew
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
T
h
e
I
o
T
h
as
em
er
g
ed
as
a
r
e
v
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
r
ec
e
n
t
y
ea
r
s
,
r
ev
o
lu
tio
n
izin
g
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ec
to
r
s
b
y
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
d
e
v
ices,
in
clu
d
in
g
c
o
m
m
o
n
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
item
s
an
d
s
o
p
h
i
s
ti
ca
ted
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
m
ac
h
in
er
y
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
d
e
v
ices
h
av
e
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
estab
lis
h
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
ex
c
h
an
g
e
d
ata
with
o
n
e
an
o
th
er
,
as
well
as
with
lar
g
er
s
y
s
tem
s
v
ia
th
e
in
ter
n
et.
T
h
is
g
r
ea
tly
im
p
r
o
v
es
co
n
n
ec
tiv
i
ty
an
d
au
to
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
d
iv
er
s
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
SDN
W
SN
-
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
p
r
esen
ts
ch
allen
g
es
s
u
ch
as
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
d
e
p
lo
y
m
en
t
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
SDN
W
SN
-
I
o
T
is
o
f
u
tm
o
s
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
.
I
t
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
eliab
le
p
latf
o
r
m
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
ese
co
n
ce
r
n
s
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
to
SDN
W
SN
h
as
r
ec
en
tly
g
ar
n
er
e
d
co
n
s
id
er
ab
le
atten
ti
o
n
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
e
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
tech
n
iq
u
es,
s
u
ch
as
class
if
icatio
n
,
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
a
n
d
r
u
le
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
b
ased
o
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
n
etwo
r
k
d
ata.
Usi
n
g
ML
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
lets
y
o
u
l
o
o
k
at
p
a
s
t
r
o
u
tin
g
p
atter
n
s
an
d
g
u
ess
wh
at
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
will
b
e
lik
e
in
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e,
wh
ic
h
m
ak
es
in
tellig
en
t
d
ata
r
o
u
tin
g
p
o
s
s
ib
le
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
i
th
m
s
co
n
s
id
er
v
ar
io
u
s
f
ac
to
r
s
,
s
u
ch
as
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
,
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
n
g
esti
o
n
,
an
d
n
o
d
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
,
to
ch
o
o
s
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
s
th
at
ar
e
ef
f
i
cien
t.
T
h
i
s
h
elp
s
to
m
in
im
ize
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
an
d
e
n
s
u
r
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
d
ata.
A
d
y
n
am
ic
task
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
an
d
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
tili
zin
g
d
ee
p
R
L
(
DR
L
)
was
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
a
s
tu
d
y
to
m
ee
t
th
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
em
en
ts
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
n
etwo
r
k
laten
cy
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
in
a
SDN
wh
ile
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
t
ask
ass
ig
n
m
en
t
an
d
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
ch
allen
g
e
b
y
tr
ea
tin
g
it
as
an
en
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
DL
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
h
as
s
h
o
wn
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
r
esu
lts
in
te
r
m
s
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
y
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
was
to
in
v
esti
g
ate
a
SDN
m
o
d
el
th
at
in
teg
r
ate
s
a
Q
-
r
o
u
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
was
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
d
a
ta
r
o
u
tin
g
in
la
r
g
e
-
s
ca
le
I
o
T
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
r
o
a
ch
h
as
s
h
o
wn
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
ter
m
s
o
f
d
eliv
er
y
laten
cy
,
p
ac
k
et
d
el
iv
er
y
r
atio
,
a
n
d
en
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
er
e
b
y
estab
lis
h
in
g
its
elf
as a
h
ig
h
ly
ef
f
icien
t so
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
itti
n
g
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
ts
o
f
d
ata.
A
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
[
2
1
]
in
tr
o
d
u
c
ed
a
n
o
v
el
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
e
f
f
icien
cy
with
i
n
an
en
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
cl
o
u
d
-
e
d
g
e
ter
m
in
al
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
teg
r
ates
m
o
b
ile
-
ed
g
e
co
m
p
u
tin
g
an
d
SDN
ar
ch
itectu
r
es.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
tio
n
em
p
lo
y
s
a
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
ased
o
n
R
L
to
allo
ca
te
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
an
d
c
o
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
in
a
jo
in
t
m
an
n
er
.
Sev
e
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
h
av
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
e
n
h
an
ci
n
g
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
SDN
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
a
u
th
o
r
s
in
[
2
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
y
n
am
ic
o
b
ject
iv
e
s
elec
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
th
at
u
tili
ze
s
R
L
to
o
p
tim
ize
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
r
o
u
tin
g
in
S
DN
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
eir
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
el
y
ac
h
iev
e
d
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
av
er
a
g
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
b
y
0
.
9
1
%,
s
h
o
wca
s
in
g
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
a
r
a
p
i
d
lear
n
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
th
e
an
aly
s
is
d
id
n
o
t
en
co
m
p
ass
th
e
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
with
in
th
e
SDN
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t,
a
cr
u
c
ial
elem
en
t
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
.
I
n
th
ei
r
r
esear
ch
,
C
asas
-
V
elasco
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
h
o
w
a
d
ee
p
-
Q
n
etwo
r
k
(
DQN)
an
d
L
STM
m
o
d
els
co
u
l
d
b
e
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
tr
af
f
ic
p
r
ed
ictio
n
an
d
r
o
u
tin
g
in
SDN
s
ettin
g
s
.
I
m
p
lem
en
tin
g
th
is
m
eth
o
d
g
r
ea
tly
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
R
MSE
o
f
0
.
9
.
No
twith
s
tan
d
in
g
th
ese
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
ted
elev
ated
laten
cy
an
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
b
o
th
o
f
wh
ich
ar
e
cr
itical
f
ac
to
r
s
i
m
p
ac
tin
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
4
2
2
7
-
4238
4230
C
h
en
et
a
l.
[
2
4
]
u
s
ed
DR
L
as
a
r
o
u
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
i
n
SDN.
T
h
eir
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
a
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
f
ea
s
ib
le
an
d
o
p
tim
al
p
ath
s
,
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
in
an
av
er
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
o
f
5
,
8
9
5
Kb
p
s
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
id
en
tifie
d
a
n
o
tab
le
s
ec
u
r
ity
is
s
u
e
in
its
f
ailu
r
e
to
p
r
o
tect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
in
s
id
er
attac
k
s
,
wh
ich
is
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
tr
u
s
two
r
th
i
n
ess
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
[
2
5
]
,
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
a
r
o
u
tin
g
m
ec
h
an
is
m
b
ased
o
n
d
ee
p
-
Q
lear
n
i
n
g
in
SDN
th
at
aim
s
to
f
in
d
th
e
wid
est
p
ath
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
ex
h
i
b
ited
ex
ce
llen
t
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
q
u
ality
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
m
ax
im
u
m
b
an
d
wid
th
o
f
7
.
5
m
b
it/s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
lar
g
e
s
tate
s
p
ac
es
r
ed
u
ce
d
its
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
r
estrictin
g
its
ab
ilit
y
t
o
s
ca
le
an
d
ap
p
l
y
in
m
o
r
e
in
tr
icate
n
etwo
r
k
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
.
Au
th
o
r
s
[
2
6
]
h
av
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
a
r
o
u
tin
g
s
ch
em
e
f
o
r
SDN
u
tili
zin
g
DR
L
.
T
h
eir
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
lo
y
ed
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
th
at
r
esu
lted
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
tim
e,
b
r
in
g
in
g
it
d
o
wn
t
o
ju
s
t
5
0
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
o
p
tim
ized
C
PU
u
s
ag
e,
r
e
d
u
cin
g
it
to
a
m
er
e
1
5
%.
T
h
ese
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
ts
h
av
e
led
to
a
n
en
h
an
ce
d
f
ile
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
an
d
o
v
e
r
all
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
Nev
er
t
h
eless
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
en
co
u
n
ter
ed
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tial
m
em
o
r
y
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
t
c
h
allen
g
es
th
at
m
ay
h
in
d
er
its
p
r
ac
tical
im
p
lem
e
n
t
atio
n
in
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
with
lim
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
3.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
is
an
e
s
s
en
tial
n
etwo
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
p
lay
s
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
p
ath
b
etwe
en
a
s
o
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
an
d
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
n
o
d
e.
SDN
ca
n
g
r
ea
tly
en
h
an
ce
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
b
ec
a
u
s
e
it
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
,
s
e
es
th
e
wh
o
l
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
h
as
lo
g
ically
ce
n
tr
alize
d
co
n
tr
o
l,
an
d
k
ee
p
s
n
etwo
r
k
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
ep
ar
ate
f
r
o
m
p
ac
k
et
f
o
r
war
d
in
g
.
T
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
SDN
e
n
ab
le
it
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
v
ar
io
u
s
lim
itatio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el’
s
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
3
.
1
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
s
et
up
An
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
o
r
d
er
to
e
v
alu
ate
th
e
en
er
g
y
-
ef
f
icien
t
s
e
cu
r
e
SDN
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
th
e
co
n
c
ep
t
o
f
R
L
a
n
d
W
eier
s
tr
ass
c
r
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
y
.
A
n
etwo
r
k
is
cr
e
ated
in
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
v
ir
tu
alize
d
SDN
test
b
ed
b
y
d
e
f
in
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
av
ailab
le
n
o
d
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
s
in
clu
d
in
g
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
ca
n
b
e
cu
s
to
m
ize
d
.
T
h
is
en
ab
les
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
i
o
s
.
T
h
e
SDN
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
u
s
ed
in
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
is
th
e
m
u
lti
-
lay
er
SDN
ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
wh
ich
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
la
y
er
s
.
T
h
is
is
wh
er
e
s
o
f
twar
e
-
b
a
s
ed
n
etwo
r
k
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
s
er
v
ices
lik
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
en
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t,
an
d
lo
ad
b
alan
ci
n
g
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
o
r
d
er
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
n
etwo
r
k
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
lay
e
r
,
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
tak
es
ca
r
e
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
r
u
n
n
in
g
th
e
E
SR
-
R
L
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ad
a
p
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
in
tellig
e
n
t
t
r
af
f
ic
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t secu
r
e
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
-
d
efin
ed
n
etw
o
r
kin
g
w
ith
…
(
N
a
g
a
r
a
ju
Tu
ma
ku
r
u
A
n
d
a
n
a
ia
h
)
4231
Fin
ally
,
th
e
d
ata
lay
er
,
wh
ic
h
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
SDN
-
en
ab
led
s
w
itch
es
an
d
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
war
d
s
p
ac
k
ets
an
d
d
ata
f
lo
ws
d
y
n
am
ically
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
s
tr
u
ctio
n
s
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
la
n
e.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
,
wh
ic
h
is
b
ased
o
n
th
is
m
u
lti
-
lev
el
ar
ch
itectu
r
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
o
p
tim
i
ze
s
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
an
d
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
in
s
o
f
twar
e
-
d
ef
in
e
d
n
etwo
r
k
i
n
g
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
A
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
SDN
to
p
o
lo
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
Op
en
Flo
w
-
b
ased
n
et
wo
r
k
wh
ic
h
allo
ws
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
witch
es
to
co
n
n
ec
t
in
M
esh
n
et
f
o
r
m
atio
n
with
d
iv
er
s
e
lev
els
o
f
co
n
n
e
cted
n
ess
h
as
b
ee
n
s
im
u
lated
in
Min
in
et,
in
o
r
d
er
to
test
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
la
tio
n
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
th
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
th
at
is
clo
s
e
to
r
ea
lity
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
will
b
e
a
SDN
wh
ich
also
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
1
0
O
p
en
Flo
w
s
witch
es
wh
ich
is
th
e
b
asic
an
d
m
ain
n
etwo
r
k
in
g
d
e
v
ice
in
an
y
SDN.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
5
0
h
o
s
ts
with
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
b
o
th
d
ata
s
o
u
r
ce
s
an
d
r
ec
eiv
er
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
iv
er
s
e
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
s
im
ilar
to
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
u
s
e
ca
s
es.
Flo
o
d
lig
h
t SDN
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
u
s
ed
h
er
e
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
,
wh
ile
th
e
E
S
-
R
L
m
o
d
el
is
i
n
teg
r
ated
to
en
ab
le
ad
ap
tiv
e
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
tr
af
f
ic
o
p
tim
izatio
n
.
T
h
en
a
f
ew
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
e
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
c
h
ec
k
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
lin
k
b
an
d
wid
th
is
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
b
le
f
r
o
m
1
0
Mb
p
s
to
1
G
b
p
s
,
allo
win
g
th
e
s
tu
d
y
o
f
d
at
a
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ates
u
n
d
er
d
if
f
er
en
t
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
s
.
Als
o
,
a
lin
k
d
elay
b
etwe
en
2
m
s
an
d
5
0
m
s
is
r
an
d
o
m
ized
f
o
r
s
im
u
latin
g
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
laten
cy
f
lu
ctu
atio
n
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
im
u
late
f
itti
n
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
ts
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
is
ad
ju
s
ted
b
etwe
en
0
.
0
1
%
an
d
1
%
to
m
im
ic
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
g
esti
o
n
an
d
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
.
T
h
is
ex
ten
s
iv
e
s
etu
p
allo
ws
th
e
ev
alu
atio
n
to
ad
eq
u
ately
ass
es
s
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
’
s
ca
p
ac
ity
to
p
r
eser
v
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
ef
f
icien
cy
in
t
h
e
d
y
n
am
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
f
o
u
n
d
in
SDNs
.
3
.
2
.
Dev
ice
a
nd
no
de
re
g
is
t
ra
t
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
eg
in
s
with
th
e
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
o
f
d
ev
i
ce
s
an
d
n
o
d
es,
r
eg
is
ter
in
g
all
n
etwo
r
k
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
tails
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
t
h
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
d
etails
o
f
ea
ch
d
e
v
ice,
wh
ich
in
t
u
r
n
en
s
u
r
es
th
e
m
ain
ten
an
ce
o
f
an
ac
cu
r
ate
in
v
en
t
o
r
y
.
T
h
is
in
v
en
to
r
y
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
et
wo
r
k
m
an
ag
em
en
t
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
k
ey
g
e
n
er
a
tio
n
s
tep
is
ex
ec
u
ted
u
tili
zin
g
a
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
s
u
ch
as
Dif
f
ie
-
Hellm
an
k
e
y
ex
c
h
an
g
e
(
FF
DH)
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
s
tep
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
atin
g
t
h
e
ess
en
tial
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
i
v
ate
k
ey
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
d
ev
ice,
al
o
n
g
wi
th
a
s
ec
r
et
k
ey
.
T
h
ese
k
ey
s
p
l
ay
a
cr
itical
r
o
le
in
estab
lis
h
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
3
.
3
.
User
lo
g
in a
nd
net
wo
r
k
t
o
po
lo
g
y
Af
ter
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
co
m
p
letin
g
th
e
d
ev
ice
r
eg
is
tr
atio
n
an
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
,
u
s
er
s
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
s
y
s
tem
b
y
g
o
in
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
ec
u
r
e
lo
g
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
u
s
er
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
eir
cr
ed
en
tials
,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
e
a
u
s
er
n
a
m
e
an
d
p
ass
wo
r
d
.
On
ly
au
th
o
r
ized
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
th
a
n
k
s
to
t
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
l
o
g
in
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Up
o
n
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
l
au
th
en
ticatio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
g
ain
s
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
r
etr
iev
e
a
n
d
d
is
p
la
y
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
o
f
f
e
r
in
g
a
d
etailed
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
e
f
f
icien
t n
etwo
r
k
a
d
m
in
is
tr
atio
n
an
d
p
r
o
b
lem
r
es
o
lu
tio
n
.
3
.
4
.
Ro
uting
a
nd
s
ec
ure
da
t
a
t
ra
ns
f
er
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
ap
p
lic
atio
n
o
f
E
SR
-
R
L
in
m
ak
in
g
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
with
in
a
n
et
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
E
SR
-
R
L
an
aly
s
e
s
an
d
p
r
ed
icts
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
,
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
r
o
u
tin
g
.
T
h
e
E
SR
-
RL
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
an
d
les
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
wh
en
th
e
s
im
ilar
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
b
etwe
en
n
o
d
es
is
h
ig
h
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
elec
ts
th
e
o
p
tim
al
p
ath
an
d
m
ain
tain
s
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
.
T
h
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
p
an
n
in
g
tr
ee
(
MST
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
co
n
s
tr
u
ctin
g
a
g
r
a
p
h
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
em
p
lo
y
e
d
to
cr
ea
te
a
n
etwo
r
k
g
r
ap
h
th
at
m
in
im
izes
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
cy
an
d
g
u
a
r
an
tees
th
e
estab
li
s
h
m
en
t
o
f
ef
f
icien
t
d
ata
p
ath
s
.
G
en
u
s
W
eier
s
tr
ass
cu
r
v
e
c
r
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
y
(
GW
C
C
)
i
s
co
n
cu
r
r
en
tly
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
en
h
an
ce
th
e
s
ec
u
r
ity
o
f
d
ata
t
r
an
s
f
er
s
with
in
th
e
s
witch
lay
er
.
T
h
is
im
p
lem
en
ta
tio
n
s
af
eg
u
ar
d
s
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
u
n
au
th
o
r
ized
ac
ce
s
s
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
attac
k
s
.
3
.
5
.
Sim
ila
ri
t
y
m
ea
s
urem
ent
a
nd
net
wo
rk
pa
t
t
er
n a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
s
im
ilar
ity
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
is
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
n
etwo
r
k
m
etr
ic
d
is
tan
ce
(
NM
D)
,
wh
ich
is
a
cr
u
cial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t.
T
h
e
NM
D
m
etr
ic
q
u
an
tifie
s
th
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
im
ilar
ity
b
etwe
en
v
ar
io
u
s
n
o
d
es
o
r
r
o
u
tes.
E
SR
-
R
L
is
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
h
a
n
d
lin
g
r
o
u
t
in
g
wh
en
a
h
ig
h
s
im
ilar
ity
is
d
ete
cted
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
wh
en
th
e
r
e
is
lo
w
s
im
il
ar
ity
,
it
in
itiates
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
o
f
to
p
o
lo
g
y
d
is
co
v
er
y
an
d
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
in
clu
d
es
n
etwo
r
k
p
atter
n
an
aly
s
is
as
an
ess
e
n
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
v
o
l
v
es
p
r
e
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
th
e
d
ataset
b
y
elim
in
atin
g
an
y
d
u
p
licate
en
tr
i
es,
co
n
v
er
tin
g
n
o
n
-
n
u
m
e
r
ic
d
ata
in
to
n
u
m
e
r
ical
f
o
r
m
at,
a
n
d
n
o
r
m
alizin
g
th
e
d
ata.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
t
h
e
d
ata
s
et
is
clea
n
an
d
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
f
ea
t
u
r
e
ex
tr
ac
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
id
en
tify
p
er
tin
en
t
f
ea
t
u
r
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ataset.
T
h
e
SDSTOA
p
r
o
ce
ed
s
b
y
s
elec
ti
n
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
r
elev
a
n
t
f
ea
tu
r
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
th
en
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
c
lass
if
icatio
n
u
s
in
g
E
SR
-
R
L
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
an
aly
s
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
allo
ws
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
a
te
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
p
atter
n
s
an
d
e
n
ab
les in
f
o
r
m
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
m
a
n
ag
em
e
n
t d
ec
is
io
n
s
to
b
e
m
a
d
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
4
2
2
7
-
4238
4232
3
.
6
.
Co
ntr
o
l
la
y
er
a
nd
lo
a
d
ba
la
ncing
W
h
en
a
lo
w
s
im
ilar
ity
i
s
d
et
ec
ted
,
to
p
o
lo
g
y
d
is
co
v
er
y
is
in
itiated
to
id
en
tify
an
d
m
ap
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tate
o
f
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
g
u
ar
an
tees
th
e
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
o
f
all
ch
a
n
g
es
o
r
an
o
m
al
ies.
T
h
e
SDSTOA
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
m
an
ag
es
th
e
p
r
o
c
ess
o
f
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
to
ev
e
n
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
n
etwo
r
k
tr
a
f
f
ic
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
h
elp
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
co
n
g
esti
o
n
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
o
p
tim
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
lev
els.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
s
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
n
o
v
el
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
tack
le
th
e
o
b
s
tacle
s
r
elate
d
to
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
d
y
n
am
ic
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
i
n
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
SDN.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
is
u
n
iq
u
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it
co
m
b
in
es
E
S
R
-
R
L
,
GW
C
C
,
an
d
th
e
SDSTOA
in
a
way
t
h
at
d
o
esn
'
t
af
f
ec
t
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
t
wo
.
T
h
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
d
escr
ib
ed
h
er
e
en
ab
les
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
n
etwo
r
k
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
o
p
tim
izin
g
r
o
u
tin
g
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
ad
ap
tin
g
to
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
n
etwo
r
k
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
e
th
o
d
'
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
s
tem
s
f
r
o
m
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
tack
le
m
u
ltip
le
c
r
itical
asp
ec
ts
o
f
SDN
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
co
n
c
u
r
r
en
tly
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
t
h
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
n
etwo
r
k
m
o
d
els
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
,
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
an
d
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
etwo
r
k
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
s
ig
n
if
ies
a
n
o
ta
b
le
p
r
o
g
r
ess
io
n
in
SDN
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ew
o
r
k
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
o
b
u
s
t,
ef
f
icien
t,
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
m
an
ag
in
g
m
o
d
er
n
n
etwo
r
k
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
es
b
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
,
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
tech
n
iq
u
es,
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
h
o
lis
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
em
p
lo
y
ed
in
th
is
n
etwo
r
k
d
esig
n
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
it
ca
n
m
e
et
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
s
f
o
r
d
ata
an
d
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
in
a
m
an
n
er
th
at
i
s
b
o
th
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
v
iab
le.
T
h
e
GW
C
C
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
b
u
ilt
u
p
o
n
th
e
in
tr
icate
m
ath
e
m
atica
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
g
e
n
u
s
cu
r
v
es,
wh
ich
ar
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
in
cip
les
em
b
ed
d
e
d
in
th
e
g
en
e
r
al
W
eier
s
tr
ass
eq
u
atio
n
f
o
r
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
es.
T
h
is
eq
u
ati
o
n
s
er
v
es
as
th
e
f
o
u
n
d
atio
n
al
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
e
llip
tic
cu
r
v
es,
en
ca
p
s
u
latin
g
t
h
eir
g
eo
m
etr
ic
a
n
d
alg
eb
r
aic
p
r
o
p
er
ties
.
B
y
lev
er
a
g
in
g
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
g
en
u
s
cu
r
v
es,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
ab
le
to
d
elv
e
in
to
co
m
p
lex
an
aly
s
es
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
th
at
ar
e
ce
n
tr
al
to
its
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
m
ath
em
atica
l
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
an
d
v
er
s
atile
to
o
ls
et,
en
ab
lin
g
p
r
ec
is
e
m
o
d
elin
g
an
d
p
r
o
b
le
m
-
s
o
lv
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
o
m
ain
s
wh
er
e
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
es p
lay
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le.
2
=
3
+
+
(
)
(
1
)
L
et
an
d
r
ep
r
es
en
t
co
n
s
tan
ts
th
at
s
ati
s
f
y
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
4
3
+
27
2
≠
0
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
is
ess
en
tial
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
e
r
em
ain
s
n
o
n
-
s
in
g
u
lar
,
m
ea
n
in
g
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
an
y
c
u
s
p
s
o
r
s
elf
-
in
ter
s
ec
tio
n
s
th
at
co
u
l
d
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
its
m
ath
em
atica
l
in
teg
r
i
ty
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
f
ield
o
v
er
wh
ich
th
e
cu
r
v
e
is
d
ef
in
ed
,
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
a
lar
g
e
p
r
im
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
.
T
h
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
a
p
r
im
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
p
p
p
f
o
r
d
ef
in
in
g
en
s
u
r
es
a
f
i
n
ite
f
ield
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
,
wh
ich
is
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
cr
y
p
t
o
g
r
ap
h
y
a
n
d
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ad
h
er
en
ce
to
t
h
ese
cr
iter
ia
e
n
s
u
r
es
th
e
cu
r
v
e
is
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
an
d
th
e
o
r
etica
l
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
T
h
e
o
p
e
r
atio
n
o
f
G
W
C
C
is
:
a.
Po
in
t
ad
d
itio
n
o
n
an
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
e
in
v
o
lv
es
ca
lcu
latin
g
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
two
d
is
tin
ct
p
o
in
ts
,
=
(
1
,
1
)
an
d
=
(
2
,
2
)
,
th
at
lie
o
n
th
e
cu
r
v
e.
T
h
e
r
e
s
u
ltin
g
p
o
in
t,
d
en
o
te
d
as
=
+
,
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
f
o
r
m
u
la.
First,
th
e
s
lo
p
e
o
f
th
e
lin
e
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
an
d
is
co
m
p
u
ted
i
n
(
2
)
.
=
2
−
1
2
−
1
(
)
(
2
)
b.
Po
in
t
d
o
u
b
lin
g
is
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
o
n
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
es
u
s
ed
wh
en
th
e
two
p
o
in
ts
b
ein
g
ad
d
e
d
ar
e
id
en
tical,
i.e
.
,
=
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
ca
lc
u
latin
g
th
e
s
lo
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
tan
g
e
n
t
li
n
e
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
,
r
ath
er
th
a
n
th
e
s
lo
p
e
b
etwe
en
two
d
is
ti
n
ct
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
f
o
r
m
u
la
f
o
r
th
e
s
lo
p
e
is
g
iv
en
as in
(
3
)
.
=
3
1
2
+
2
1
(
)
(
3
)
c.
Scalar
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
is
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
o
p
e
r
atio
n
in
E
C
C
an
d
p
lay
s
a
p
iv
o
tal
r
o
le
in
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
I
t
in
v
o
lv
es
m
u
ltip
ly
in
g
a
p
o
in
t
o
n
th
e
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
e
b
y
a
s
ca
lar
,
wh
ich
i
s
ty
p
ically
a
p
r
iv
ate
k
ey
.
Ma
th
em
atica
lly
,
s
ca
lar
m
u
ltip
licat
io
n
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
th
e
r
ep
ea
ted
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
in
t
to
its
elf
tim
es:
=
+
+
+
⋯
+
(
)
(
4
)
d.
E
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tio
n
in
E
C
C
r
ely
o
n
th
e
in
ter
p
lay
b
etwe
en
p
u
b
lic
an
d
p
r
iv
ate
k
e
y
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
.
T
o
estab
lis
h
t
h
e
p
u
b
lic
k
ey
,
a
p
r
iv
ate
s
ca
lar
is
m
u
ltip
lied
with
a
k
n
o
wn
b
a
s
e
p
o
in
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t secu
r
e
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
-
d
efin
ed
n
etw
o
r
kin
g
w
ith
…
(
N
a
g
a
r
a
ju
Tu
ma
ku
r
u
A
n
d
a
n
a
ia
h
)
4233
o
n
th
e
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
e
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
k
ey
=
.
T
h
e
b
as
e
p
o
in
t
is
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
p
o
in
t
o
n
th
e
cu
r
v
e
th
at
is
p
u
b
licly
ag
r
e
ed
u
p
o
n
an
d
s
er
v
es a
s
a
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
f
o
r
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
GW
C
C
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
r
o
o
te
d
in
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
wh
ile
u
tili
zin
g
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tly
s
m
aller
k
ey
s
izes
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
.
T
h
is
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tic
m
ak
es
GW
C
C
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
a
d
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
wh
er
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
an
d
s
to
r
ag
e
ar
e
lim
ited
.
B
y
o
p
er
atin
g
with
r
ed
u
ce
d
k
ey
s
izes,
GW
C
C
n
o
t
o
n
ly
en
h
an
ce
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
p
ee
d
b
u
t
also
m
in
im
izes
b
an
d
wid
th
u
s
ag
e
an
d
m
em
o
r
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
ts
.
Desp
ite
th
e
co
m
p
ac
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
its
k
ey
s
,
th
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
e
n
s
u
r
es
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
lev
e
r
ag
in
g
th
e
m
at
h
em
atica
l
co
m
p
lex
ity
o
f
ellip
tic
cu
r
v
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
to
r
esis
t
p
o
te
n
tial
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
attac
k
s
.
T
h
is
b
alan
ce
o
f
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
u
n
d
er
s
co
r
es
GW
C
C
'
s
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
m
o
d
er
n
c
r
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
s
y
s
tem
s
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
d
em
an
d
in
g
lig
h
tweig
h
t
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
v
er
v
iew
an
d
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
o
u
tc
o
m
es
ac
h
iev
e
d
b
y
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
th
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
SDN.
Pro
v
id
in
g
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
s
etu
p
a
n
d
th
e
m
etr
ics
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
an
aly
s
is
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
ev
alu
atin
g
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
E
SR
-
R
L
o
n
b
o
th
r
o
u
tin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
GW
C
C
in
s
ec
u
r
in
g
d
ata
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
is
also
ev
alu
ated
.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
we
ass
ess
th
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
o
f
th
e
SDSTOA
in
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ad
b
alan
cin
g
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eth
o
d
s
to
em
p
h
as
ize
th
e
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
n
etwo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
.
B
y
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
aly
s
is
,
we
ca
n
s
h
o
wca
s
e
th
e
n
o
tab
le
b
en
ef
its
an
d
p
o
ten
tial c
o
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
o
u
r
i
n
teg
r
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
ws
an
AUC
g
r
ap
h
th
at
co
m
p
a
r
es
h
o
w
well
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
els
in
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
en
e
r
g
y
-
awa
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
a
n
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
S
DN
ar
e
at
ac
cu
r
ately
class
if
y
in
g
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
R
OC
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
E
SR
-
R
L
m
o
d
el
i
s
v
er
y
n
o
ticea
b
le
b
ec
au
s
e
it st
ay
s
clo
s
e
to
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
'
s
u
p
p
er
lef
t
co
r
n
er
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
e
x
h
ib
its
e
x
ce
p
tio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
with
an
AUC
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
9
8
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
a
h
ig
h
tr
u
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
ate
an
d
a
lo
w
f
alse
p
o
s
itiv
e
r
ate,
f
u
r
th
er
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
in
g
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
AUC
s
co
r
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
E
SR
-
R
L
in
d
icate
s
it
s
s
tr
o
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
ac
cu
r
ately
class
if
y
in
g
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
a
s
u
itab
le
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
a
n
d
p
atter
n
r
ec
o
g
n
itio
n
in
SDN
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
AUC
g
r
ap
h
'
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
ce
lies
in
its
q
u
an
titativ
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
class
if
icatio
n
ac
cu
r
a
cy
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
els
u
s
ed
f
o
r
SDN
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
task
s
.
T
h
e
A
h
ig
h
er
AUC
v
alu
e
in
d
icate
s
b
etter
m
o
d
el
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
AUC
s
co
r
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
SR
-
R
L
m
o
d
el
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
its
s
u
p
er
io
r
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ately
m
ak
i
n
g
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
an
d
ef
f
icien
tly
m
an
a
g
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic.
T
h
is
lead
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
es
o
v
er
all
n
etwo
r
k
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
c
e.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ar
ea
u
n
d
e
r
th
e
c
u
r
v
e
(
AUC)
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
cr
y
p
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tio
n
tim
es.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
G
W
C
C
,
E
C
C
,
R
SA,
E
lGam
al,
a
n
d
DE
S
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
all
o
th
e
r
an
al
y
ze
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
GW
C
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
h
o
r
tes
t
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tio
n
d
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
GW
C
C
'
s
ef
f
icien
c
y
in
en
c
r
y
p
tin
g
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tin
g
d
ata
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
4
2
2
7
-
4238
4234
its
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
lo
wer
en
cr
y
p
t
io
n
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tio
n
tim
es
o
f
th
e
GW
C
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
ak
e
it
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
ch
as
SDN,
wh
er
e
d
elay
s
ca
n
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
an
d
u
s
er
ex
p
er
ien
ce
.
E
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
ab
ilit
y
to
r
ap
id
ly
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
d
ata
is
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
h
ig
h
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
an
d
lo
w
laten
cy
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
R
SA
an
d
E
lGam
al
ar
e
r
e
n
o
wn
ed
f
o
r
th
eir
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
ca
p
ab
il
ities
,
th
eir
lo
n
g
e
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tim
es
ca
n
b
e
a
d
is
ad
v
an
tag
e
in
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
GW
C
C
,
h
o
wev
er
,
ac
h
iev
es
a
b
alan
ce
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
it
y
m
ea
s
u
r
es
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
elay
s
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
it
a
m
o
r
e
a
d
v
a
n
ce
d
an
d
p
r
ef
er
ab
l
e
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
n
et
wo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
R
SA
an
d
E
lGam
al
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
a
lg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
wid
el
y
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
f
o
r
th
eir
r
o
b
u
s
t
s
ec
u
r
ity
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
eir
r
elativ
ely
lo
n
g
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tim
es
ca
n
p
o
s
e
a
ch
allen
g
e
in
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
n
etwo
r
k
en
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
cr
y
p
t
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
Fig
u
r
e
4
co
m
p
ar
es
th
e
laten
c
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
v
a
r
io
u
s
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
as
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
n
o
d
es
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
e
p
lo
t
in
clu
d
es
a
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
,
n
a
m
ely
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SDSTOA,
STO
A,
MBOA,
H
HOA,
an
d
PS
OA.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SDSTOA
co
n
s
is
ten
tly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
lo
west
laten
cy
ac
r
o
s
s
all
test
ed
n
o
d
e
co
u
n
ts
.
T
h
e
a
n
aly
s
is
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
at
SDSTOA
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
h
ig
h
lev
el
o
f
ef
f
icien
cy
i
n
th
e
m
an
a
g
em
en
t
o
f
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
th
e
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
d
elay
s
,
e
v
en
wh
en
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
'
s
s
ca
le
ex
p
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
s
ca
lab
ilit
y
an
d
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
SDSTOA
ar
e
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
b
y
its
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ai
n
tain
lo
w
laten
cy
ev
en
with
an
in
c
r
ea
s
in
g
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
lo
w
laten
cy
o
f
th
is
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
m
ak
es
it
well
-
s
u
ited
f
o
r
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
n
etwo
r
k
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
ts
wh
er
e
m
in
im
izi
n
g
d
elay
is
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
u
s
er
s
atis
f
ac
tio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Op
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
E
n
erg
y
-
efficien
t secu
r
e
s
o
ftw
a
r
e
-
d
efin
ed
n
etw
o
r
kin
g
w
ith
…
(
N
a
g
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u
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ef
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ates
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ith
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u
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a
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Fig
u
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v
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er
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s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
ev
al
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atio
n
m
etr
ics.
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h
e
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R
L
m
o
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el
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o
n
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ates
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in
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icatin
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its
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t
o
ac
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h
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m
ain
tain
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h
i
g
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p
r
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n
,
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F
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m
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s
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r
e,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
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d
s
p
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if
icity
.
T
h
e
a
p
p
lic
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n
tex
t
d
e
m
o
n
s
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ates
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e
r
o
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s
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m
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a
r
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g
th
e
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p
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s
ed
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ased
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ar
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s
h
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in
T
ab
l
e
1
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W
h
en
co
m
p
ar
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d
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eth
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s
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e
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C
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r
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m
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E
C
C
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ased
r
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d
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r
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,
with
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h
an
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Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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4238
4236
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ms)
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5
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2
Fo
r
laten
cy
,
th
e
lo
west
r
ea
ch
a
b
le
d
elay
in
th
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
i
s
1
2
m
s
b
y
E
SR
-
R
L
with
GW
C
C
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
d
y
n
am
ica
lly
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
DQN
an
d
QL
R
in
c
u
r
h
i
g
h
er
d
elay
s
u
p
to
1
8
m
s
an
d
2
5
ms
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
o
v
er
h
ea
d
in
m
a
k
in
g
r
ein
f
o
r
ce
m
en
t
lear
n
in
g
b
ased
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
laten
cies
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
E
C
C
-
b
as
ed
R
o
u
tin
g
(
3
0
m
s
)
an
d
b
asic
Op
en
Flo
w
r
o
u
tin
g
(
4
2
ms
)
,
wh
ich
r
e
p
r
esen
t
th
ei
r
lack
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
m
ea
n
in
g
o
f
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
E
SR
-
R
L
with
GW
C
C
h
as
th
e
l
ea
s
t
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
0
.
3
5
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/p
ac
k
et,
d
u
e
to
its
en
er
g
y
-
awa
r
e
r
o
u
tin
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
DQN
(
0
.
4
2
J
/p
ac
k
et)
an
d
QL
R
(
0
.
5
0
J
/p
ac
k
e
t)
d
o
well
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
wis
e
b
u
t
do
n
ot
p
o
s
s
ess
th
e
lear
n
ed
co
m
p
lex
s
tr
ateg
ies
with
in
E
SR
-
R
L
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
f
o
u
n
d
in
E
C
C
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
(
0
.
5
5
J
/p
ac
k
et)
an
d
Op
en
Flo
w
r
o
u
tin
g
(
0
.
6
2
J
/p
ac
k
et)
,
clea
r
ly
s
h
o
win
g
th
e
in
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
ese
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
p
o
wer
-
aw
ar
e
r
o
u
tin
g
.
T
h
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
e
r
y
r
atio
(
PDR
)
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
is
also
th
e
h
ig
h
est
at
9
9
.
1
%
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
g
o
o
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
in
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
with
m
in
im
al
lo
s
s
o
f
p
ac
k
et.
DQN
(
9
6
.
8
%)
an
d
QL
R
(
9
3
.
2
%)
wo
r
k
well
b
u
t
ar
e
n
o
t
as
r
o
b
u
s
t
as
with
E
SR
-
R
L
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
u
s
in
g
E
C
C
-
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
(
9
0
.
5
%)
an
d
Op
en
Flo
w
r
o
u
tin
g
(
8
5
.
4
%),
th
e
PDR
is
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
lo
w
d
u
e
to
s
tatic
r
o
u
tin
g
C
AN
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
wh
ich
allo
ws
n
o
o
p
tim
izatio
n
s
r
esu
ltin
g
in
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
g
ettin
g
lo
s
t
o
n
t
h
e
wa
y
.
Sin
ce
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tio
n
with
GW
C
C
t
ak
e
n
o
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
1
.
2
m
s
an
d
1
.
0
m
s
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
its
in
teg
r
atio
n
with
it
ac
ts
to
en
h
an
ce
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
n
d
tu
r
n
s
th
i
s
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
alg
o
r
ith
m
in
to
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
eir
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
o
v
er
h
ea
d
,
DQN
(
1
.
5
m
s
an
d
1
.
3
m
s
)
an
d
QL
R
(
1
.
8
m
s
an
d
1
.
6
m
s
)
h
av
e
s
lig
h
tly
lo
n
g
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
tim
es,
wh
ile
E
C
C
-
b
ased
R
o
u
tin
g
(
2
.
5
m
s
a
n
d
2
.
2
m
s
)
a
n
d
Op
e
n
Flo
w
r
o
u
tin
g
(
3
.
0
m
s
an
d
2
.
8
m
s
)
h
av
e
th
e
s
lo
west
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
in
c
r
y
p
to
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
wh
ich
m
ay
lead
to
a
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
in
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
.
Fin
ally
,
AUC
s
co
r
e
is
b
etter
in
E
SR
-
R
L
with
G
W
C
C
(
0
.
9
8
)
.
DQN
(
0
.
9
5
)
a
n
d
QL
R
(
0
.
9
2
)
f
o
llo
w
d
u
e
to
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
b
y
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
eth
o
d
an
d
E
C
C
-
b
ased
R
o
u
tin
g
(
0
.
8
8
)
a
n
d
Op
e
n
Flo
w
r
o
u
tin
g
(
0
.
8
2
)
ar
e
lo
wer
th
an
th
e
o
th
er
s
,
wh
ich
co
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
lim
itatio
n
s
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
tly
h
an
d
lin
g
n
etwo
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
in
r
ea
l tim
e.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
n
o
v
el
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
-
e
f
f
icien
t
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
in
SDN.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
u
tili
ze
s
E
SR
-
R
L
an
d
GW
C
C
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
eir
o
b
jectiv
es.
T
h
e
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
m
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
we
em
p
lo
y
co
m
b
in
es
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
cr
y
p
to
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
eth
o
d
s
to
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
tack
le
th
e
k
ey
ch
allen
g
es
o
f
ef
f
i
cien
cy
,
s
ec
u
r
ity
,
an
d
ad
a
p
tab
ilit
y
in
co
n
tem
p
o
r
ar
y
n
etwo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
E
SR
-
R
L
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
th
an
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
o
d
e
ls
lik
e
R
L
,
GR
U,
b
id
ir
ec
tio
n
al
l
o
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
m
em
o
r
y
(
B
iLST
M
)
,
an
d
L
ST
M,
as
s
h
o
wn
b
y
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
m
an
y
s
im
u
latio
n
s
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
ts
.
T
h
is
s
u
p
er
io
r
ity
is
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
ac
r
o
s
s
m
u
ltip
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
etr
ics,
s
u
ch
as
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
r
ec
all,
F
-
m
ea
s
u
r
e,
s
en
s
itiv
ity
,
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icity
.
T
h
e
E
SR
-
R
L
m
o
d
el
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
ex
ce
p
tio
n
al
p
r
o
f
icien
c
y
in
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
n
e
two
r
k
tr
af
f
ic
p
atter
n
s
,
o
p
tim
i
zin
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
d
ec
is
io
n
s
,
an
d
m
in
im
izin
g
o
v
e
r
all
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
a
d
d
iti
o
n
,
th
e
GW
C
C
s
y
s
tem
im
p
lem
en
ts
s
tr
o
n
g
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
an
d
d
ec
r
y
p
tio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
with
m
in
im
al
d
elay
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
we
h
av
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
in
clu
d
es
th
e
SDST
OA
to
en
ab
le
d
y
n
a
m
ic
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
elec
tio
n
an
d
lo
ad
b
ala
n
cin
g
.
T
h
is
in
teg
r
atio
n
en
h
a
n
c
es
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
r
esil
ien
ce
o
f
t
h
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ativ
e
a
n
aly
s
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
n
o
tab
le
b
en
ef
its
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
eth
o
d
s
in
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
to
e
x
is
tin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
I
t
s
h
o
w
s
en
h
an
ce
m
en
ts
in
laten
c
y
,
tu
r
n
ar
o
u
n
d
tim
e,
an
d
o
v
er
all
n
etwo
r
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
i
m
p
licatio
n
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
an
d
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
n
ex
t
-
g
en
e
r
atio
n
SDN
ar
ch
itec
tu
r
e
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
p
r
esen
ted
h
er
e
tack
les
th
e
is
s
u
es
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
ec
u
r
ity
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
I
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
is
s
ca
lab
le
an
d
a
d
ap
tab
le,
ca
p
a
b
le
o
f
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
em
a
n
d
s
o
f
h
ig
h
-
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
n
etwo
r
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
f
u
n
d
in
g
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
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