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:
R
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elec
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So
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So
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T
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CC B
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C
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A
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I
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tan
Ma
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Saad
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Dep
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E
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T
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n
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Facu
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T
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Un
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Ma
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Me
lak
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astu
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Ma
lay
s
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E
n
e
r
g
y
I
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Hu
b
[
1
]
,
th
e
es
s
en
tial
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
i
n
Ma
lay
s
i
a
is
r
is
in
g
d
r
asti
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lly
in
ev
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ec
to
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in
clu
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in
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in
d
u
s
tr
ial,
tr
an
s
p
o
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t,
ag
r
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r
e,
an
d
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Fi
g
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
h
o
w
Ma
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'
s
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y
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em
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d
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ally
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t
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ap
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t
h
at
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tr
a
n
s
p
o
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s
ec
to
r
'
s
in
cr
ea
s
in
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d
e
m
an
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is
r
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s
ib
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f
o
r
th
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la
r
g
est
o
v
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all
in
cr
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s
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c
o
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m
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,
ev
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ac
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an
u
f
a
ctu
r
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g
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
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.
T
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e
is
s
u
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with
t
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in
c
r
ea
s
e
in
en
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g
y
u
s
e
is
th
at
en
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s
il
f
u
els,
ar
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r
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n
i
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g
o
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t
[
2
]
an
d
th
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lim
itatio
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h
as
an
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
th
e
r
u
r
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ar
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'
s
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er
g
y
d
iv
is
io
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.
Giv
en
th
at
r
u
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lo
ca
tio
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s
ty
p
ically
h
a
v
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am
p
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s
p
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d
an
a
b
u
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o
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,
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o
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o
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s
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lig
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th
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ar
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in
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b
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o
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in
ter
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tio
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o
cu
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ed
esp
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ar
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in
Ma
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in
o
r
d
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to
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ity
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
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,
Vo
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15
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No
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4
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Au
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t
20
25
:
3
6
0
3
-
3612
3604
em
is
s
io
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s
[
3
]
.
S
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in
ter
v
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io
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p
r
o
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r
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s
,
w
h
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th
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e
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wed
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tio
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to
p
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r
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d
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cti
o
n
[
4
]
.
Am
id
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t
th
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n
u
m
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s
ch
allen
g
es r
elate
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to
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o
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s
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h
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o
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PV)
tech
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o
lo
g
y
s
tan
d
s
o
u
t
as
a
clea
n
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
m
ea
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s
o
f
g
en
er
atin
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e
n
er
g
y
.
T
h
is
tech
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o
lo
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h
as
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tial
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iate
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'
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icity
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PV
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s
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n
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er
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as
a
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r
ac
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d
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ick
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
elec
tr
icity
in
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
E
n
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g
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em
a
n
d
in
Ma
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b
y
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to
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2
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J
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[
7
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Sin
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y
h
av
e
also
ex
p
er
ien
ce
d
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
ex
p
an
s
io
n
.
No
n
et
h
e
less
,
th
ey
ex
h
ib
it
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
b
o
th
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
an
d
o
n
-
g
r
i
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
c
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
s
tr
ateg
y
[
8
]
.
R
u
r
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
f
ac
es
e
n
er
g
y
s
ca
r
city
,
d
r
iv
en
b
y
lim
ited
ac
ce
s
s
to
r
eliab
le
elec
tr
icity
an
d
a
d
ep
e
n
d
en
ce
o
n
co
s
tly
an
d
u
n
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
-
b
ased
s
y
s
tem
s
.
W
h
ile
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
in
itiativ
es
h
av
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
p
r
o
m
o
tin
g
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
,
t
h
er
e
r
e
m
ai
n
s
a
g
ap
in
r
e
g
io
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
s
o
l
ar
PV
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
.
Mo
s
t
s
t
u
d
ies
h
av
e
em
p
h
asized
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
o
lar
f
ar
m
s
o
r
u
r
b
an
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
,
leav
in
g
r
u
r
al
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
ar
ea
s
with
m
in
i
m
al
atten
tio
n
.
T
h
is
cr
ea
tes
in
ef
f
icien
cies
in
s
o
lar
PV im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
an
d
lim
its
its
p
o
ten
tial a
s
a
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
I
n
So
u
th
E
ast
Asi
a,
Ma
lay
s
ia
h
as
b
ee
n
co
m
p
etitiv
e
alo
n
g
w
ith
Vietn
am
an
d
T
h
ailan
d
s
in
ce
2
0
1
1
i
n
ter
m
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
with
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
tal
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
f
o
r
s
o
lar
PV
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
a
r
e
b
ei
n
g
in
itia
ted
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
d
u
e
to
its
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
ad
v
an
tag
e
an
d
p
lu
m
m
etin
g
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t
[
9
]
.
T
o
av
o
id
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
g
r
o
win
g
elec
tr
ici
ty
p
r
ices
in
th
e
n
e
ar
f
u
tu
r
e
,
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
tak
eh
o
l
d
er
s
m
u
s
t
lau
n
ch
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
in
itiativ
es
an
d
s
tr
at
eg
ies
to
p
r
o
m
o
te
th
is
g
r
ee
n
en
er
g
y
.
On
e
way
to
h
elp
in
th
is
en
d
ea
v
o
r
as
well
a
s
r
ed
u
ce
r
u
r
al
p
o
v
er
ty
wo
u
ld
b
e
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
co
m
m
u
n
ity
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
th
at
m
ay
f
in
an
ce
th
e
r
u
r
al
v
illag
es'
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
s
[
1
0
]
.
Am
o
n
g
all,
Sa
f
ar
i
et
a
l.
[
1
1
]
in
v
esti
g
ates
th
e
r
u
r
al
p
o
p
u
lace
'
s
ac
ce
p
tab
ilit
y
o
f
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
in
Me
r
s
in
g
,
J
o
h
o
r
,
s
h
o
u
ld
it
b
e
d
eliv
er
ed
th
e
r
e.
W
ith
PV
m
o
d
u
le
o
r
ien
tatio
n
esti
m
atio
n
,
th
e
i
d
e
al
tilt
an
g
le
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
s
y
s
tem
to
b
e
p
lace
d
in
an
ec
o
to
u
r
is
m
ce
n
ter
i
n
Sab
ah
is
d
ep
icted
in
[
1
]
.
Stu
d
ies
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
s
u
g
g
est
u
s
in
g
p
ictu
r
e
s
e
g
m
en
tatio
n
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
b
est
p
lace
s
to
b
u
ild
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
is
o
lated
ar
ea
s
with
o
u
t a
cc
ess
to
elec
tr
icity
in
Sab
ah
a
n
d
Sar
awa
k
.
Desp
ite
th
e
n
u
m
er
o
u
s
s
o
lar
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
s
in
Ma
lay
s
ia,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
Per
a
k
,
r
u
r
al
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
r
em
ain
lim
ited
,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
m
aller
,
r
em
o
te
s
ettlem
en
ts
lik
e
Su
n
g
ai
T
ian
g
Du
a.
Per
a
k
,
w
ith
its
u
n
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
ar
ea
s
s
till
f
ac
in
g
is
s
u
es
o
f
r
u
r
al
is
o
latio
n
an
d
p
o
v
er
ty
,
h
as
m
ad
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
im
p
lem
en
t
s
o
lar
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
s
tu
d
y
[
1
4
]
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
h
y
b
r
id
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
s
y
s
tem
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ati
n
g
r
ain
f
all
en
e
r
g
y
,
o
f
f
er
in
g
in
s
ig
h
ts
in
to
d
iv
er
s
i
f
y
in
g
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
,
wh
ile
s
tu
d
y
[
1
5
]
e
m
p
h
asizes
lo
ca
lized
s
y
s
tem
s
izin
g
f
o
r
Ma
lay
s
ian
r
u
r
al
h
o
m
es,
lay
in
g
a
f
o
u
n
d
a
tio
n
f
o
r
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
.
W
h
ile
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
f
o
cu
s
o
n
h
y
b
r
id
a
n
d
r
u
r
al
s
y
s
tem
s
,
th
ey
d
o
n
o
t
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
n
ee
d
s
o
f
m
o
r
e
r
em
o
te
lo
ca
tio
n
s
lik
e
Su
n
g
ai
T
ian
g
Du
a.
Oth
er
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
i
n
Kam
p
ar
,
Per
ak
[
1
6
]
,
f
o
cu
s
o
n
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
r
esid
en
tial
ar
ea
s
,
wh
ile
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
s
o
lar
f
ar
m
p
r
o
jects
in
m
o
r
e
u
r
b
an
ize
d
r
e
g
io
n
s
lik
e
Per
ak
T
en
g
ah
[
1
7
]
,
T
ah
f
iz
in
s
titu
tio
n
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
s
tr
a
teg
ies fo
r
s
o
la
r
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
in
teg
r
a
tio
n
in
r
u
r
a
l
a
r
ea
s
(
I
n
ta
n
Ma
s
tu
r
a
S
a
a
d
o
n
)
3605
[
1
8
]
,
Un
iv
er
s
iti
Utar
a
Ma
lay
s
ia
[
1
9
]
an
d
ch
ar
ity
h
o
m
e
[
2
0
]
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
ch
as
s
tu
d
ies
[
2
1
]
an
d
[
2
2
]
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
co
m
m
u
n
ity
-
b
ased
s
o
lar
lig
h
t
in
g
p
r
o
jects
aim
ed
at
en
h
an
cin
g
en
er
g
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
in
u
r
b
an
ized
r
eg
i
o
n
s
,
wh
ile
s
tu
d
y
[
2
3
]
a
d
d
r
ess
es
s
o
lar
aid
r
elief
f
o
r
f
lo
o
d
-
a
f
f
ec
ted
ar
ea
s
i
n
Ma
lay
s
ia'
s
Feld
a
r
eg
io
n
s
.
An
o
t
h
er
in
ter
v
en
tio
n
,
ex
p
lo
r
e
d
in
[
2
4
]
,
a
p
p
lies
s
o
lar
PV
lig
h
tin
g
f
o
r
s
af
ety
m
ea
s
u
r
es
in
Pu
n
ca
k
I
s
k
an
d
ar
,
Per
a
k
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
ely
c
o
v
er
th
e
ch
allen
g
es
f
ac
ed
b
y
s
m
aller
,
m
o
r
e
r
em
o
te
r
u
r
al
s
ettlem
en
ts
lik
e
Su
n
g
ai
T
ian
g
Du
a,
wh
e
r
e
en
e
r
g
y
ac
ce
s
s
r
em
ain
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
is
s
u
e.
Un
lik
e
th
e
lar
g
er
u
r
b
a
n
-
b
ased
o
r
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
Su
n
g
ai
T
i
an
g
Du
a'
s
u
n
iq
u
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
—
in
clu
d
in
g
h
i
g
h
r
ai
n
f
all,
f
r
e
q
u
en
t
clo
u
d
co
v
er
,
a
n
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
o
f
f
-
g
r
i
d
en
er
g
y
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
—
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
m
o
r
e
tailo
r
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
s
o
lar
PV d
esig
n
.
So
m
e
s
tu
d
ies in
clu
d
in
g
[
1
4
]
d
ep
icts
tilt
an
g
le
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
as
p
ar
t
o
f
o
v
e
r
all
s
y
s
tem
s
izin
g
,
b
u
t
d
id
n
o
t
d
elv
e
d
ee
p
ly
in
to
h
o
w
s
ea
s
o
n
al
an
d
clim
atic
v
ar
iatio
n
s
im
p
ac
t
o
p
tim
al
tilt
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
is
lim
itatio
n
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
r
eg
io
n
s
lik
e
Su
n
g
ai
T
ian
g
C
am
p
,
wh
er
e
h
ig
h
r
ai
n
f
all,
f
r
eq
u
en
t
cl
o
u
d
c
o
v
er
,
a
n
d
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
m
ax
im
u
m
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
i
n
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
ar
ea
s
p
r
esen
t
u
n
iq
u
e
ch
a
llen
g
es.
T
ilt
an
g
le
v
ar
iatio
n
i
s
a
cr
itical
asp
ec
t
n
o
t
f
u
lly
ex
p
lo
r
ed
i
n
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
esp
ec
ially
in
s
u
ch
a
ch
allen
g
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
i
s
s
tu
d
y
aim
s
to
f
ill
th
i
s
g
ap
b
y
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
th
e
tai
lo
r
ed
s
o
lar
PV
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
s
u
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
s
u
s
tain
ab
le,
co
s
t
-
ef
f
e
ctiv
e,
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
th
at
m
ee
ts
th
e
u
n
iq
u
e
d
e
m
an
d
s
o
f
r
e
m
o
te
ar
ea
s
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
M
alay
s
ia’
s
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
ta
r
g
ets b
y
2
0
2
5
[
2
5
]
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Site
s
elec
t
io
n f
o
r
m
icro
s
ca
le
P
V
deplo
y
m
ent
Su
n
g
ai
T
ian
g
C
am
p
,
a
r
u
r
al
r
e
cr
ea
tio
n
al
ar
ea
in
Per
ak
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
was
ch
o
s
en
as
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ite
d
u
e
to
its
is
o
lated
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
g
en
e
r
atio
n
.
R
ea
ch
ed
ex
cl
u
s
iv
ely
b
y
b
o
at,
th
e
s
ettlem
en
t
is
co
m
p
letely
o
f
f
th
e
n
atio
n
al
elec
tr
icity
g
r
id
an
d
r
elies
o
n
d
i
esel
an
d
g
aso
lin
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
f
o
r
its
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
is
co
n
s
er
v
atio
n
p
ar
k
,
l
o
ca
ted
in
th
e
Hu
lu
Per
a
k
Dis
tr
ict
at
co
o
r
d
in
ates
5
°4
0
'
N,
1
0
1
°2
3
'
E
,
r
ec
eiv
es
an
av
er
ag
e
d
aily
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
o
f
4
.
7
k
W
h
/m
²
an
d
an
av
er
a
g
e
d
aily
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
f
2
4
.
7
5
°C
[
2
6
]
.
Similar
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
in
r
em
o
t
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
Sab
a
h
,
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
in
is
o
lated
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
lo
ca
tio
n
s
with
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
le
v
els,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
a
tin
g
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
s
o
lar
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
in
s
u
ch
ar
ea
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
Su
n
g
ai
T
ian
g
C
am
p
p
r
esen
ts
a
u
n
iq
u
e
ca
s
e
d
u
e
to
its
s
p
ec
if
ic
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
in
clu
d
in
g
its
r
elian
ce
o
n
n
o
n
-
r
en
ewa
b
le
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
an
d
r
e
m
o
te
ac
ce
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
m
ak
in
g
it
an
id
ea
l
s
ite
f
o
r
e
x
p
lo
r
in
g
s
o
lar
en
e
r
g
y
o
p
tim
i
za
tio
n
s
tr
ateg
ies.
2
.
2
.
M
icro
s
o
la
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
izing
a
nd
s
pecif
ica
t
io
ns
T
h
e
tech
n
ical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
m
i
cr
o
-
g
r
i
d
s
izin
g
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
b
ased
o
n
esti
m
ated
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
f
o
r
ec
ast
d
em
a
n
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
tailo
r
e
d
to
Su
n
g
ai
T
ian
g
Ham
let.
T
h
e
s
izin
g
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
,
m
o
d
eled
u
s
in
g
s
im
u
latio
n
s
o
f
twar
e
P
Vsy
s
t,
s
im
u
lates
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
u
n
d
er
v
ar
y
i
n
g
tilt
an
g
les,
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
lied
in
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
alig
n
ed
with
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
s
u
g
g
est
s
o
lar
PVs
ca
n
s
u
p
p
ly
r
u
r
al
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
with
elec
tr
icity
f
o
r
2
to
6
h
o
u
r
s
a
d
ay
[
2
8
]
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
r
o
je
ct,
m
o
n
o
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
ar
e
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
eir
h
ig
h
e
r
ef
f
icien
c
y
(
u
p
to
2
0
%),
m
a
k
in
g
th
em
id
ea
l
f
o
r
th
e
lim
ited
ar
ea
av
ailab
le.
T
h
e
s
izin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
v
o
lv
es
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
s
o
lar
p
an
els,
b
atter
ies,
i
n
v
er
ter
s
,
an
d
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
b
ased
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
en
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
s
o
lar
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
at
Su
n
g
ai
T
ian
g
a
r
e
4
h
o
u
r
s
/
d
ay
,
a
cr
u
cial
f
ac
to
r
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ize.
T
h
i
s
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
tim
e
wh
en
s
u
n
lig
h
t
is
s
tr
o
n
g
en
o
u
g
h
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
p
an
el'
s
m
ax
im
u
m
r
ate
d
o
u
t
p
u
t.
T
o
ca
l
cu
late
th
e
s
y
s
tem
s
ize,
th
e
th
e
o
r
etica
l f
o
r
m
u
la
in
(
1
)
is
u
s
ed
.
(
)
=
(
ℎ
×
)
/
ℎ
(
1
)
T
h
e
s
o
lar
PV
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
(
n
)
ad
ju
s
ts
f
o
r
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
-
i
n
d
u
ce
d
ef
f
icien
cy
lo
s
s
es
in
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
s
.
As
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
r
is
e,
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
PV
m
o
d
u
les
ty
p
ically
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
with
a
c
o
m
m
o
n
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
ar
o
u
n
d
-
0
.
5
%
p
er
d
eg
r
ee
C
elsi
u
s
f
o
r
cr
y
s
tallin
e
s
ilico
n
m
o
d
u
les.
I
n
Ma
lay
s
ia,
wh
er
e
av
er
a
g
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
ca
n
r
ea
ch
3
4
°
C
,
th
is
lo
s
s
i
s
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
ig
n
if
ican
t,
an
d
s
tu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
a
s
o
n
e
co
n
d
u
cted
in
Per
lis
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
i
n
o
u
tp
u
t
with
h
ig
h
er
o
p
e
r
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
[
2
9
]
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
a
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
f
ac
to
r
o
f
0
.
8
is
ap
p
lied
to
ac
co
u
n
t
f
o
r
th
ese
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
ef
f
ec
ts
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
en
er
g
y
o
u
tp
u
t
ca
lcu
lati
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
in
h
ig
h
-
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
lik
e
Su
n
g
ai
T
ian
g
.
=
(
)
/
(
2)
Stu
d
y
in
[
3
0
]
h
av
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
m
a
x
im
izin
g
b
o
th
th
e
s
o
lar
PV
ar
r
ay
an
d
t
h
e
b
atter
y
b
an
k
s
ize
to
m
ee
t
en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
r
u
r
al
s
ettin
g
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
tu
d
y
f
o
llo
ws
a
s
im
ilar
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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I
n
t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
0
3
-
3612
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ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
y
ac
c
o
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
b
o
th
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
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d
d
aily
e
n
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
to
ca
lc
u
late
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
A
k
ey
p
ar
t
o
f
th
i
s
d
esig
n
is
th
e
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
,
wh
ich
is
d
et
er
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
(
3
)
.
(
ℎ
)
=
ℎ
/
(
)
(
3
)
B
y
in
teg
r
atin
g
a
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
o
lar
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
f
o
r
ef
f
icien
t
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e,
th
is
d
esig
n
en
s
u
r
es th
at
th
e
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
s
o
lar
p
an
els ar
e
o
p
tim
ized
f
o
r
th
e
d
aily
e
n
er
g
y
n
ee
d
s
o
f
th
e
ca
m
p
.
2
.
3
.
M
ea
s
urem
ent
s
a
nd
da
t
a
co
llect
io
ns
A
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
m
eter
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
ir
ec
tly
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
o
lar
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
at
th
e
s
tu
d
y
s
ite,
r
ec
o
r
d
in
g
th
e
in
te
n
s
ity
o
f
s
o
la
r
r
ad
iatio
n
i
n
watts
p
er
s
q
u
ar
e
m
eter
(
W
/m
²)
at
v
ar
i
o
u
s
in
ter
v
als
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
d
ay
,
with
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
ea
k
s
u
n
lig
h
t
h
o
u
r
s
b
etwe
en
1
1
AM
an
d
3
PM.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
e
x
is
tin
g
s
o
lar
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
in
s
tallatio
n
s
in
n
ea
r
b
y
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
wer
e
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
l
o
ca
l
u
tili
ty
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
s
an
d
ac
a
d
em
ic
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
b
aselin
e
f
o
r
v
alid
atin
g
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
Su
n
g
ai
T
ian
g
C
am
p
.
T
h
is
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
th
e
d
a
ta
-
d
r
iv
en
m
o
d
els
ac
cu
r
ately
r
ef
lecte
d
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
l
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
co
llected
d
ata
en
c
o
m
p
ass
ed
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
tilt
an
g
les
(
0
°
to
4
5
°)
to
o
p
tim
iz
e
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
,
th
er
eb
y
e
n
ab
lin
g
a
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
o
f
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tilt
an
g
le
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
n
th
e
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
[
3
1
]
.
Data
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
wer
e
co
l
lecte
d
b
y
p
o
s
itio
n
in
g
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
p
an
els
at
f
o
u
r
d
i
s
tin
ct
tilt
an
g
les
—
0
°,
1
5
°,
3
0
°,
an
d
4
5
°
—
at
a
lo
ca
tio
n
with
o
p
tim
al
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
to
ass
es
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
tilt
an
g
le
v
ar
iatio
n
s
o
n
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
f
r
o
m
0
9
:
0
0
to
1
7
:0
0
at
3
0
-
m
in
u
te
in
ter
v
als.
T
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
b
et
wee
n
th
e
tilt
an
g
le
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
p
an
els
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
at
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
(
MPP
)
,
is
cr
itical
f
o
r
o
p
tim
izin
g
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
c
tio
n
.
T
h
e
MPP
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
-
v
o
ltag
e
cu
r
v
e
wh
er
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
o
f
c
u
r
r
en
t
(
I
)
an
d
v
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r
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ax
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m
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er
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m
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izin
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t
o
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th
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el.
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h
e
tilt
an
g
le
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
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r
o
le
in
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eter
m
in
i
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e
am
o
u
n
t
o
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s
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n
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th
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el
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eiv
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t
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e
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ay
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d
ac
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o
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s
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if
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er
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s
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n
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.
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m
p
ir
ical
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at
a
ty
p
ically
s
h
o
ws
a
p
ea
k
i
n
p
o
wer
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t
p
u
t
as
a
f
u
n
cti
o
n
o
f
th
e
t
ilt
an
g
le,
co
r
r
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n
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
o
p
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n
g
le
th
at
m
ax
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izes
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r
ad
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ce
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p
tu
r
e
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d
th
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s
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o
wer
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u
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t
.
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f
th
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g
le
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ev
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f
r
o
m
th
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o
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tim
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f
ig
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r
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eth
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h
allo
w,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
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ir
r
ad
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ce
d
ec
r
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s
es,
lead
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g
to
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r
e
d
u
ctio
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in
p
o
wer
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en
e
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atio
n
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h
is
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h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
is
g
o
v
e
r
n
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
th
at
th
e
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o
wer
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u
tp
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t
is
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ig
h
est
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en
s
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h
t
s
tr
ik
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th
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el
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er
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en
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la
r
ly
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h
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m
eth
o
d
o
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g
y
m
ir
r
o
r
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
u
s
ed
in
p
r
io
r
s
t
u
d
ies
s
u
ch
as
[
3
2
]
,
wh
ic
h
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
tilt
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g
le
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iatio
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n
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o
lar
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el
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
e
n
er
g
y
o
u
t
p
u
t.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
AND
D
I
S
C
US
SI
O
N
3
.
1
.
So
la
r
P
V
s
y
s
t
em
s
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a
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t
co
m
pu
t
a
t
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T
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n
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s
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r
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5
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e
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g
m
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ay
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1
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0
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PM)
,
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n
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ak
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h
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r
s
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id
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a
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er
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ce
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er
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n
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n
th
e
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te
r
n
o
o
n
(
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0
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PM)
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les
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f
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5
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er
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ely
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x
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m
ax
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m
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v
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(
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p
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tim
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el
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er
v
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in
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s
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t
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s
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I
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u
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3
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ally
with
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r
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ier
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e
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.
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we
v
er
,
th
e
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m
al
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ts
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ey
o
n
d
th
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3
3
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ap
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d
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ly
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tu
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th
e
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lig
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t
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tifie
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th
e
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im
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n
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ir
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Vm
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u
e
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in
co
r
p
o
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atin
g
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
e
f
f
e
cts,
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
t
o
o
p
tim
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g
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
u
n
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er
d
y
n
am
ic.
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
r
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ch
b
u
ild
s
o
n
p
r
io
r
w
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r
k
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h
ile
tack
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g
th
e
ch
allen
g
e
o
f
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n
d
er
s
tan
d
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n
g
Vm
p
b
eh
a
v
io
r
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
y
in
g
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
an
d
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
a
tr
o
p
ica
l
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
in
s
ig
h
ts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ar
e
ess
en
tial
f
o
r
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
o
lar
PV
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
an
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
esp
ec
ially
th
r
o
u
g
h
b
etter
th
er
m
al
m
a
n
ag
em
en
t str
ateg
ies.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
r
r
ad
ia
n
ce
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t v
o
ltag
e
3
.
4
.
T
em
pera
t
ure
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
m
a
x
i
m
um
po
wer
po
int
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
h
i
g
h
li
g
h
ts
th
e
in
te
r
p
la
y
b
etw
ee
n
te
m
p
e
r
at
u
r
e
a
n
d
ir
r
a
d
ia
n
ce
o
n
t
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
in
t
v
o
lta
g
e
(
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p
)
o
f
p
h
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to
v
o
lt
ai
c
(
PV
)
s
y
s
t
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s
.
As
d
e
p
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d
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
,
Vm
p
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n
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ial
ly
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is
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wit
h
i
n
c
r
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s
i
n
g
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p
e
r
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n
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m
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r
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3
:
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m
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h
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tab
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s
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s
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h
tl
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e
cli
n
es
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
t
h
er
m
al
e
f
f
ec
ts
at
h
i
g
h
er
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m
p
e
r
at
u
r
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g
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n
to
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o
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n
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th
e
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e
f
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f
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r
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h
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th
at
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te
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p
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t
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o
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n
PV s
y
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te
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s
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T
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e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
tr
en
d
s
alig
n
with
f
in
d
in
g
s
b
y
[
3
4
]
,
wh
o
r
ep
o
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ted
a
s
tr
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n
g
er
n
eg
ativ
e
im
p
ac
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tem
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e
co
m
p
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t
o
th
e
p
o
s
itiv
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
i
r
r
ad
ian
c
e
o
n
Vm
p
.
A
n
o
ta
b
le
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
its
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
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r
ea
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tim
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ata
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ich
p
r
o
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ig
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2
2
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2
2
2
,
3
2
2
,
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2
2
,
5
0
2
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o
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s
.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
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ata
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tin
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f
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d
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s
o
f
th
is
s
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d
y
ar
e
av
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle.
All
k
ey
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esu
lts
,
ca
lcu
l
atio
n
s
,
an
d
s
u
p
p
o
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tin
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ev
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d
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e
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
e
m
ain
tex
t.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
d
ata
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
2088
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8
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Desig
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c
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g
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rin
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stru
m
e
n
tati
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d
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tro
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8
fr
o
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UTM
)
a
n
d
M
.
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n
g
.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
a
(UM)
.
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u
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
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is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
ik
a
l
M
a
lay
s
ia
M
e
lak
a
(UTe
M
),
a
n
d
h
e
r
i
n
tere
st
in
v
o
lv
e
s
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ic
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
BM
S
c
o
n
tro
l
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
sy
ste
m
s.
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n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
m
a
stu
ra
@u
tem
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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y
Za
ira
h
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h
m
a
d
is
a
le
c
tu
re
r
in
t
h
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
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h
n
o
l
o
g
y
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n
d
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Te
k
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
sin
c
e
2
0
1
3
.
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r
re
se
a
r
c
h
a
re
a
s
in
c
lu
d
e
so
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
a
n
d
b
u
il
d
i
n
g
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
Ca
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
e
my
z
a
irah
@u
tem
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Nurba
h
ira
h
N
o
o
r
d
d
i
n
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B
.
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g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
d
riv
e
s)
i
n
2
0
1
1
a
n
d
M
.
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n
g
.
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
(UTe
M
)
in
2
0
1
4
.
S
h
e
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
i
n
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
la
y
sia
M
e
lak
a
(UTe
M
).
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rre
n
t
ly
,
sh
e
is
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
e
r
D
o
c
to
ra
te
o
f
P
h
i
lo
so
p
h
y
i
n
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
P
u
tra
M
a
lay
sia
(UPM
)
in
so
lar
c
e
ll
re
se
a
rc
h
.
He
r
in
tere
sts
in
v
o
lv
e
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
si
g
n
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
,
a
n
d
p
e
r
o
v
sk
it
e
so
lar ce
ll
s.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
u
r
b
a
h
ira
h
@u
tem
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
No
r
a
in
Idris
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(m
a
jo
rin
g
i
n
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
)
in
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
M
.
En
g
.
in
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
a
(U
M
)
i
n
2
0
1
3
.
S
h
e
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
i
k
a
l
M
a
lay
sia
M
e
lak
a
(UTe
M
).
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
h
e
r
Do
c
t
o
ra
te
o
f
P
h
il
o
s
o
p
h
y
in
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tu
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
(UTHM
)
in
m
a
teria
l
sc
ien
c
e
re
se
a
rc
h
.
He
r
in
tere
sts
in
v
o
l
v
e
g
re
e
n
m
a
teria
l,
fire
-
re
tard
a
n
t
sy
ste
m
s,
a
n
d
g
re
e
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
o
ra
i
n
.
id
r
is@u
te
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
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