I
AE
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
Ar
t
if
icial
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
AI
)
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2025
,
pp.
3133
~
3142
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jai
.
v
14
.i
4
.
pp
31
33
-
3142
3133
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
ij
ai
.
iaes
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R
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y
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b
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l
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t
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a
n
d
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s
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l
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n
ce
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
iodi
ve
r
s
it
y
L
a
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
R
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
ing
S
us
taina
bil
it
y
S
us
taina
ble
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
goa
ls
Th
i
s
i
s
a
n
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
t
h
e
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Ga
nga
mm
a
He
diyala
d
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
omput
e
r
S
c
ienc
e
a
nd
E
nginee
r
ing
,
B
a
puji
I
ns
ti
tut
e
of
E
nginee
r
ing
a
nd
T
e
c
hnology
(
Af
f
il
iate
d
to
Vis
ve
s
va
r
a
ya
T
e
c
hnologi
c
a
l
Unive
r
s
it
y
,
B
e
lgavi
)
Da
va
nge
r
e
,
Ka
r
na
taka
,
I
nd
ia
E
mail:
ga
nga
mm
a
h
_12@r
e
dif
f
mail.
c
om
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
I
t
is
thought
that
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
,
a
s
e
r
ious
wor
ldwide
e
nvir
onmenta
l
is
s
ue
br
ought
on
by
a
va
r
iety
of
na
tur
a
l
a
nd
human
-
c
a
us
e
d
f
a
c
tor
s
,
may
be
tr
igger
e
d
by
c
li
mate
c
ha
nge
[
1]
,
[
2]
,
thes
e
va
r
iable
s
include
e
r
os
ion,
the
los
s
of
o
r
ga
nic
mat
ter
,
de
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
s
oi
l
f
e
r
ti
li
ty
,
a
nd
the
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
ha
z
a
r
dous
c
he
mi
c
a
ls
.
On
the
other
ha
nd,
it
may
r
e
s
ult
f
r
om
inade
qua
te
mana
ge
ment
tec
hniques
pe
r
taining
to
our
na
tur
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
s
uc
h
a
s
plants
,
wa
ter
,
a
nd
s
oil
s
.
M
or
e
a
nd
mor
e
e
videnc
e
point
s
to
the
ne
ga
ti
ve
s
hor
t
-
a
nd
long
-
ter
m
e
f
f
e
c
ts
that
land
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2025
:
313
3
-
3142
3134
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
ha
s
on
ne
a
r
by
landow
ne
r
s
,
land
us
e
r
s
,
s
oc
iety,
a
nd
c
omm
unit
ies
.
T
he
gr
owing
number
o
f
pe
ople
on
the
plane
t
a
nd
the
r
e
s
ult
ing
incr
e
a
s
e
in
f
ood
c
o
ns
umpt
ion
ha
ve
l
e
d
to
a
gr
e
a
ter
ne
e
d
f
o
r
e
a
s
il
y
a
c
c
e
s
s
ibl
e
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land.
As
s
uc
h,
it
is
c
r
it
ica
l
to
s
top
m
or
e
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
nd
r
e
pa
ir
a
lr
e
a
dy
-
da
mage
d
r
e
gions
.
De
gr
a
de
d
or
ma
r
ginal
s
oil
s
mus
t
be
r
e
s
tor
e
d
a
nd
c
ons
e
r
ve
d,
a
nd
s
us
taina
ble
land
us
e
tec
hniques
mus
t
be
p
ut
in
plac
e
to
pr
ovide
f
ood
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
or
a
n
e
xpa
nding
population.
A
va
r
iety
of
r
e
media
ti
on
tec
hni
que
s
a
r
e
e
mpl
oye
d
in
the
e
f
f
or
t
to
r
e
s
tor
e
na
tu
r
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
a
lbeit
it
s
hould
be
noted
that
the
majo
r
it
y
o
f
th
e
m
ha
ve
unint
e
nde
d
c
ons
e
que
nc
e
s
a
nd
a
r
e
not
c
ons
ider
e
d
e
c
ologi
c
a
ll
y
s
a
f
e
.
As
a
r
e
s
ult
,
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
f
or
i
mpr
oving
a
gr
icultur
a
l
y
ields
a
nd
pr
otec
ti
ng
plants
s
us
taina
bly
a
r
e
of
gr
e
a
t
int
e
r
e
s
t
to
pe
ople
a
ll
ove
r
th
e
wor
ld
.
I
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
ng
gr
e
e
n
tec
hnologi
e
s
f
or
the
r
e
pa
ir
o
f
t
r
oubles
ome
s
oil
s
is
a
ls
o
a
pr
ior
it
y.
T
he
main
s
our
c
e
s
of
a
mphi
phil
ic
c
he
mi
c
a
ls
,
s
uc
h
bios
ur
f
a
c
tants
,
a
r
e
mi
c
r
obe
s
a
nd
plants
.
How
e
ve
r
,
bios
ur
f
a
c
tants
made
by
mi
c
r
obe
s
wor
k
be
tt
e
r
than
s
ur
f
a
c
tants
de
r
ived
f
r
om
plants
be
c
a
us
e
of
their
mul
ti
f
unc
ti
ona
l
qua
li
ti
e
s
,
quick
s
ynthes
is
,
a
nd
c
a
p
a
c
it
y
f
or
lar
ge
-
s
c
a
le
manuf
a
c
tur
ing.
W
he
n
pr
oduc
e
d
on
a
n
indus
tr
ial
s
c
a
le,
plant
-
ba
s
e
d
bios
ur
f
a
c
tants
a
r
e
e
xpe
ns
ive
to
pr
oduc
e
but
ha
ve
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
e
mul
s
if
ica
ti
on
qua
li
ti
e
s
.
I
n
[
3]
,
[
4
]
ha
ve
br
ought
a
tt
e
nti
on
to
the
hydr
ophobic
na
tur
e
a
nd
s
olubi
li
ty
pr
oblems
of
p
lant
-
ba
s
e
d
s
ur
f
a
c
tants
,
whic
h
pos
e
a
ddit
ional
obs
tac
le
s
.
Hydr
ophobic
c
he
mi
c
a
ls
us
ua
ll
y
ha
v
e
a
lowe
r
wa
ter
r
e
pe
ll
e
nc
e
,
whic
h
incr
e
a
s
e
s
their
bioava
il
a
bil
it
y
[
5]
.
I
t
ha
s
be
e
n
noted
that
bios
ur
f
a
c
tants
ha
ve
two
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
e
f
f
e
c
ts
:
they
c
a
n
e
it
he
r
p
r
omot
e
or
hinder
c
e
r
tain
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
im
pa
c
ts
r
e
ly
on
a
number
of
va
r
iable
s
,
inclu
ding
the
poll
utants
invol
ve
d,
the
c
he
mi
c
a
l
make
up
o
f
the
bios
ur
f
a
c
tants
,
a
nd
the
phys
iol
ogica
l
tr
a
i
ts
of
the
mi
c
r
oor
ga
nis
ms
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
to
a
idi
ng
in
the
s
wa
r
mi
ng
moveme
nt
of
mi
c
r
obe
s
,
bios
ur
f
a
c
tants
a
ls
o
ha
ve
a
r
ole
in
the
phys
iol
ogica
l
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
of
s
ignaling
a
nd
g
r
owth
withi
n
c
e
ll
s
a
s
we
ll
a
s
im
p
r
oving
the
s
olubi
li
ty
a
nd
bioava
il
a
bil
it
y
of
hyd
r
ophobic
c
ompounds
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
bios
ur
f
a
c
tants
c
ontr
ibut
e
to
the
pr
oduc
ti
on
of
bio
f
il
ms
by
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ng
with
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
ba
c
ter
ia
p
r
oteins
.
T
his
a
c
ti
vit
y
mi
ght
lea
d
to
the
a
l
ter
a
ti
on
o
f
the
c
onf
o
r
mational
s
ha
pe
of
the
e
nz
yme.
T
he
b
r
e
a
kdown
of
c
he
mi
c
a
l
c
ontaminants
will
incr
e
a
s
e
a
s
a
r
e
s
ult
o
f
thi
s
a
l
ter
a
ti
on.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
C
he
n
e
t
al
.
[
7]
,
it
a
c
c
ompl
is
he
s
thi
s
via
c
ha
nging
the
s
pe
c
if
icity,
a
c
ti
vit
y,
a
nd
f
unc
ti
on
s
of
the
e
nz
yme.
B
e
c
a
us
e
bios
ur
f
a
c
tants
f
unc
ti
on
a
s
a
n
ti
ba
c
ter
ial
a
ge
nts
a
nd
lowe
r
the
incide
nc
e
of
dis
e
a
s
e
,
t
he
y
may
be
a
ble
to
s
uppor
t
s
us
taina
ble
a
gr
icultur
e
.
De
f
or
e
s
tation
is
the
main
c
a
us
e
of
land
de
gr
a
da
t
ion,
whic
h
ha
s
s
igni
f
ica
nt
s
ide
e
f
f
e
c
ts
s
uc
h
s
oil
e
r
os
ion,
f
loods
,
a
nd
the
los
s
of
f
e
r
ti
le
s
oil
.
Ove
r
th
e
c
our
s
e
of
s
e
ve
r
a
l
mi
ll
e
nnia,
humans
ha
ve
c
lea
r
e
d,
gr
a
z
e
d,
a
nd
bur
ne
d
a
n
e
nor
mous
a
r
e
a
in
the
a
f
or
e
mention
e
d
loca
ti
ons
.
C
ons
e
que
ntl
y,
ther
e
ha
s
be
e
n
s
igni
f
ica
nt
s
oil
e
r
os
ion
in
thes
e
plac
e
s
due
to
the
s
igni
f
ica
nt
r
e
duc
ti
on
of
na
tu
r
a
l
ve
ge
tation.
B
ut
t
he
r
e
a
r
e
a
lo
t
of
b
ig
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
to
ove
r
c
ome,
s
uc
h
the
pos
s
ibl
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
c
li
mate
c
ha
nge
a
nd
the
quickly
e
volvi
ng
s
oc
ial
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
lands
c
a
pe
.
T
he
major
i
ty
o
f
the
talk
tha
t
is
now
be
ing
s
a
id
a
bout
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
c
e
nter
s
on
the
s
e
ve
r
a
l
f
a
c
e
ts
r
e
late
d
t
o
wa
ter
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y,
dis
tr
ibu
ti
on,
a
nd
c
ons
umpt
ion.
A
lar
ge
number
o
f
f
o
r
e
s
t
f
ir
e
s
that
s
tar
ted
in
the
e
a
r
ly
1990s
led
to
r
uno
f
f
,
f
loodi
ng,
a
nd
s
oil
e
r
os
ion.
T
he
publi
c
's
opin
ion
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
wa
s
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
im
pa
c
ted
by
the
incide
nc
e
of
thes
e
f
ir
e
s
.
As
a
r
e
s
ult
,
the
known
s
pr
ing
wa
ter
s
ou
r
c
e
s
'
a
nd
s
tr
e
a
ms
'
ba
s
e
f
lows
'
s
oil
wa
ter
r
e
tention
c
a
pa
c
it
y
ha
s
dr
oppe
d.
T
he
s
our
c
e
s
indi
c
a
ted
a
bove
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
to
mana
ging
s
oil
moi
s
tur
e
leve
ls
a
nd
gua
r
a
nte
e
ing
wa
ter
s
upply
f
or
hous
e
hold
us
e
.
C
onve
r
s
e
ly,
de
s
e
r
ti
f
ica
ti
on
us
ua
ll
y
ha
ppe
ns
a
f
ter
a
pr
o
tr
a
c
ted
pe
r
iod
of
land
d
e
ter
ior
a
ti
on.
B
e
c
a
us
e
ther
e
is
s
o
li
tt
le
wa
ter
in
a
de
s
e
r
t,
li
f
e
c
a
nnot
s
ur
vive
ther
e
f
o
r
ve
r
y
long
[
8]
.
F
or
human
s
ur
vival
a
nd
s
oc
ieta
l
a
dva
nc
e
ment,
land
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
mus
t
be
a
va
il
a
ble
[
9]
.
Due
to
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
de
ter
ior
a
ti
on,
r
is
ing
f
ood
de
mand
br
ought
on
by
population
incr
e
a
s
e
,
f
a
s
t
ur
ba
niza
ti
on,
indus
tr
ializa
ti
on,
a
nd
unc
ontr
oll
e
d
us
e
of
land
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
ha
s
wor
s
e
ne
d
a
nd
a
c
c
e
ler
a
ted
ove
r
the
20
th
c
e
ntur
y
[
10]
,
[
11]
s
tate
s
that
the
lar
ge
pr
o
por
ti
on
of
land
-
r
oughly
60
%
-
that
is
thought
to
be
de
gr
a
de
d
is
a
majo
r
obs
tac
le
to
the
tr
a
ns
f
or
mation
of
the
w
or
ld's
land
r
e
gions
to
s
us
taina
ble
us
a
ge
.
Ac
c
e
ler
a
ted
land
de
ter
ior
a
ti
on
is
s
a
id
to
pos
e
a
s
e
r
ious
th
r
e
a
t
to
s
oil
he
a
lt
h.
An
e
s
ti
mate
d
24
bil
li
on
tonnes
(
B
T
)
o
f
s
oil
a
r
e
los
t
a
nnua
ll
y
due
to
wa
ter
e
r
os
ion,
with
75
B
T
of
s
oi
l
e
r
os
ion
oc
c
ur
r
ing
a
nnua
ll
y
on
a
gr
icultu
r
a
l
land
globally.
An
e
s
ti
mate
d
$400
bil
li
on
in
f
inanc
ial
da
mage
s
r
e
s
ult
f
r
om
e
ve
r
y
ye
a
r
global
s
oil
pa
r
tne
r
s
hip
(
GS
P
)
,
2017
.
T
he
r
e
ha
ve
be
e
n
di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
types
o
f
s
oil
de
gr
a
da
t
ion
on
ove
r
120.
7
mi
ll
ion
he
c
tar
e
s
(
ha
)
o
f
land
in
I
ndia
,
a
c
c
or
ding
to
the
Na
ti
ona
l
Ac
a
de
my
o
f
Agr
icultur
a
l
S
c
ienc
e
s
(
NA
AS
)
,
2010
.
S
oi
l
e
r
os
ion
br
ought
on
by
wind
a
nd
wa
ter
e
r
os
ion
is
the
main
f
a
c
tor
c
ontr
ibut
ing
to
land
de
ter
ior
a
ti
on.
Appr
oxi
mate
ly
71%
of
the
c
ountr
y's
de
gr
a
de
d
land,
or
85
.
7
mi
ll
ion
he
c
tar
e
s
,
is
c
a
us
e
d
by
thi
s
s
or
t
of
e
r
os
ion
[
12]
.
T
he
major
it
y
o
f
s
oil
e
r
os
ion
-
r
oughly
60
.
7%
,
o
r
73.
3
mi
ll
ion
he
c
tar
e
s
—
is
the
r
e
s
ult
of
the
phe
nomena
of
s
oil
e
r
os
ion,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
l
y
due
to
wa
ter
.
How
e
ve
r
,
of
the
tot
a
l
e
r
os
ion,
wind
e
r
os
ion
a
c
c
ounts
f
o
r
a
r
ound
10.
3
%
(
12
.
4
mi
ll
ion
h
e
c
tar
e
s
)
.
P
hys
ica
l
de
ter
ior
a
ti
on
f
r
om
mi
ning
a
nd
wa
ter
l
ogging,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
c
he
mi
c
a
l
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
f
r
om
s
a
li
nit
y,
a
lkalini
ty,
a
nd
a
c
idi
ty,
a
r
e
the
main
c
a
us
e
s
of
the
de
pletion
o
f
land
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
T
he
de
ter
ior
a
ti
on
of
land
is
made
wor
s
e
by
a
number
of
im
por
tant
r
e
a
s
ons
.
Among
thes
e
include
de
f
or
e
s
tation,
or
the
los
s
of
tr
e
e
c
ove
r
,
whic
h,
a
c
c
or
ding
to
g
lobal
f
or
e
s
t
wa
tch
2022
,
to
tale
d
2.
07
mi
ll
ion
he
c
tar
e
s
be
twe
e
n
2001
a
nd
20
21
[
13]
.
T
he
F
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
As
s
oc
iation
of
I
ndia
(
F
AI
)
,
20
21
r
e
por
ts
that
the
indi
s
c
r
im
inate
us
e
of
f
e
r
ti
li
z
e
r
s
tot
a
li
ng
32
mi
ll
ion
metr
ic
tons
a
nnua
ll
y
,
int
e
ns
e
r
a
inf
a
ll
e
xc
e
e
ding
7.
5
mi
ll
i
mete
r
s
pe
r
he
c
tar
e
,
unc
ont
r
oll
e
d
gr
a
z
ing
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
Sy
nthes
iz
ing
s
tr
ategie
s
and
innovations
in
c
ombati
ng
land
de
gr
adati
on:
a
global
…
(
Gangam
ma
He
d
iyalad
)
3135
5.
65
mi
ll
ion
he
c
tar
e
s
,
a
nd
s
hif
ti
ng
c
ult
ivation
o
n
7.
6
mi
ll
ion
he
c
tar
e
s
a
r
e
a
ll
c
ontr
ibut
ing
f
a
c
t
or
s
.
T
he
s
tatis
ti
c
a
l
a
r
e
a
c
las
s
if
ica
ti
on
(
S
AC
),
2021
s
tudy
s
tate
s
that
a
s
of
r
igh
t
now
,
29.
7
%
o
f
the
na
ti
on'
s
land
is
de
gr
a
de
d,
or
97
.
8
mi
ll
ion
he
c
tar
e
s
(
M
ha
)
.
W
it
h
a
c
ombi
ne
d
23.
7%
of
the
tot
a
l
ge
ogr
a
phic
a
r
e
a
(
T
G
A)
made
up
of
de
gr
a
de
d
a
r
e
a
s
,
the
s
tate
s
of
R
a
ja
s
than,
M
a
ha
r
a
s
htr
a
,
Guja
r
a
t,
Ka
r
na
taka
,
L
a
da
kh
Union
T
e
r
r
it
o
r
y,
J
ha
r
kha
nd,
Odis
ha
,
M
a
dhya
P
r
a
de
s
h,
a
nd
T
e
langa
na
ha
ve
the
highes
t
pe
r
c
e
ntage
of
land
un
de
r
thes
e
c
ondit
ions
.
T
his
a
mount
s
to
mor
e
than
two
thi
r
ds
o
f
the
c
ount
r
y's
whole
de
gr
a
de
d
a
r
e
a
.
B
e
c
a
us
e
to
their
lac
k
o
f
or
ga
nic
matter
a
nd
s
oil
nu
tr
ients
,
the
de
g
r
a
de
d
lands
a
r
e
no
t
a
pp
r
opr
iate
f
or
the
e
s
tablis
hment
of
a
ny
kind
of
f
lor
a
.
I
f
not
e
f
f
e
c
t
ively
mana
ge
d
or
maintaine
d
,
thes
e
c
ir
c
ums
tanc
e
s
ha
ve
the
potential
to
las
t
indef
ini
tely
a
nd
dim
in
is
h
out
put,
wi
th
s
e
r
ious
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
a
nd
s
oc
ieta
l
r
e
pe
r
c
us
s
ions
.
I
mpr
oving
land
p
r
oduc
ti
vit
y
thr
ough
the
r
e
s
tor
a
ti
on
of
da
mage
d
s
oil
s
is
s
e
e
n
to
be
one
of
the
mos
t
f
e
a
s
ibl
e
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
.
Agr
onomi
c
,
mec
ha
nica
l,
a
nd
biol
o
gica
l
tec
hniques
c
a
n
be
us
e
d
to
r
e
ha
bil
it
a
te
de
gr
a
de
d
f
ields
[
14
]
.
One
s
im
ple
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
a
l
method
f
or
im
p
leme
n
ti
ng
b
iol
ogica
l
r
e
medie
s
is
to
c
ult
ivate
c
r
ops
,
he
r
bs
,
tr
e
e
s
,
a
nd
s
hr
ubs
.
T
he
s
tr
a
in
on
f
o
r
e
s
ts
a
nd
c
onve
nti
ona
ll
y
c
ult
ivate
d
lands
may
be
les
s
e
ne
d
by
thes
e
mea
s
ur
e
s
.
I
t
is
we
ll
a
c
knowle
dge
d
that
a
gr
of
o
r
e
s
tr
y
is
a
ve
r
y
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
biol
ogica
l
s
tr
a
tegy
f
o
r
r
a
is
ing
a
gr
icultur
a
l
yield
a
nd
f
os
ter
ing
e
nvi
r
onmenta
l
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
s
us
taina
bil
it
y.
T
he
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
e
r
vice
s
pr
ovided
by
the
a
gr
of
or
e
s
tr
y
s
ys
tem
include
s
upplyi
ng,
r
e
gulating,
s
us
taining,
a
nd
c
ult
ur
a
l
s
e
r
vice
s
.
T
he
s
e
s
e
r
vice
s
e
it
he
r
dir
e
c
tl
y
or
indi
r
e
c
tl
y
s
upp
or
t
the
r
e
ha
bil
i
t
a
ti
on
of
land
[
15]
.
T
he
goa
l
of
the
p
r
o
-
pe
ople
a
nd
pr
o
-
e
nvir
onment
li
f
e
moveme
nt
,
a
ls
o
known
a
s
li
f
e
s
tyl
e
f
or
e
nvir
on
ment
,
is
to
s
hif
t
s
oc
iety's
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
f
r
om
c
a
r
e
les
s
a
nd
wa
s
tef
ul
c
ons
umpt
ion
to
int
e
nti
ona
l
a
nd
s
us
taina
ble
us
e
of
na
tur
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
I
ndia
m
a
de
thi
s
e
f
f
or
t
a
top
pr
io
r
it
y.
I
n
a
ddit
ion,
I
ndia
ha
s
ma
de
a
n
e
f
f
or
t
to
upho
ld
it
s
de
dica
ti
on
to
tac
kli
n
g
global
e
nvir
onmenta
l
is
s
ue
s
in
or
de
r
to
pr
otec
t
E
a
r
th
,
th
e
home
of
mankind.
I
ndia
us
e
s
a
c
ombi
na
ti
on
o
f
na
ti
ona
l
pr
ogr
a
ms
a
nd
int
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
on
to
s
how
i
ts
de
dica
ti
on
to
c
ombating
c
li
mate
c
ha
nge
.
T
he
mot
ivation
f
or
t
h
is
s
ur
ve
y
pa
pe
r
is
to
c
r
it
ica
ll
y
e
xa
mi
ne
the
pe
r
va
s
ive
is
s
ue
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
—
a
global
e
nvir
onmenta
l
c
r
is
is
with
pr
of
ound
i
mpl
ica
ti
ons
f
or
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
int
e
g
r
it
y,
a
g
r
icultur
a
l
pr
oduc
ti
vit
y,
a
nd
human
li
ve
li
hoods
.
Ac
knowle
d
ging
the
e
s
c
a
lating
thr
e
a
t
pos
e
d
by
the
lo
s
s
of
f
e
r
ti
le
s
oil
,
de
s
e
r
ti
f
ica
ti
on,
a
nd
the
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
of
na
tur
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
due
to
a
nthr
opoge
nic
a
c
ti
vit
ies
a
nd
c
li
mat
e
c
ha
nge
,
thi
s
pa
pe
r
a
im
s
to
s
ynthes
ize
c
ur
r
e
nt
knowle
dge
,
identif
y
ga
ps
,
a
nd
e
xplo
r
e
s
us
taina
ble
s
olut
ions
.
W
it
h
a
n
unde
r
s
tan
ding
that
land
de
g
r
a
da
ti
on
a
f
f
e
c
ts
not
j
us
t
the
e
nvi
r
onment
but
a
ls
o
the
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
f
a
br
ic
o
f
s
oc
ieties
wor
ldwide,
the
pa
pe
r
s
e
e
ks
to
c
a
taly
z
e
a
mor
e
in
f
or
med
a
nd
int
e
gr
a
ted
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
to
land
mana
ge
ment.
B
y
e
va
luating
va
r
ious
r
e
media
ti
on
t
e
c
hnologi
e
s
a
n
d
c
ons
e
r
va
ti
on
s
tr
a
tegie
s
,
including
the
r
ole
of
bios
ur
f
a
c
tants
,
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
ing,
a
gr
of
or
e
s
tr
y
,
a
n
d
indi
ge
nous
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
thi
s
s
ur
ve
y
e
nde
a
vor
s
to
c
ontr
ibut
e
to
the
global
dialogue
on
r
e
ve
r
s
ing
land
de
gr
a
d
a
ti
on
tr
e
nds
,
ther
e
by
e
ns
ur
ing
f
ood
s
e
c
ur
it
y
,
bio
div
e
r
s
it
y
c
ons
e
r
va
ti
on,
a
nd
the
we
ll
-
be
ing
of
f
utu
r
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
.
T
he
c
ont
r
ibut
ions
a
r
e
g
iven
be
low:
−
C
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
s
ynthes
i
s
of
e
xis
ti
ng
knowle
dge
:
i
t
a
ggr
e
ga
tes
a
nd
s
ynthes
ize
s
c
ur
r
e
nt
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
indi
ngs
,
tec
hnologi
e
s
,
a
nd
s
tr
a
tegie
s
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
pr
ovid
ing
a
c
ons
oli
da
ted
r
e
s
our
c
e
that
high
li
ghts
the
s
c
a
le
of
the
is
s
u
e
,
it
s
mul
ti
f
a
c
e
ted
im
pa
c
ts
,
a
nd
the
va
r
ious
e
f
f
or
ts
unde
r
wa
y
globally
to
mi
ti
ga
te
t
he
s
e
e
f
f
e
c
ts
.
B
y
e
xa
mi
ning
both
the
c
a
us
e
s
a
nd
s
olut
ions
to
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
including
innovativ
e
a
pp
r
o
a
c
he
s
li
ke
the
us
e
of
bios
ur
f
a
c
tants
,
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
ing
tec
hnologi
e
s
,
a
nd
s
us
taina
ble
f
a
r
mi
ng
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
the
pa
pe
r
of
f
e
r
s
a
b
r
oa
d
pe
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
on
the
s
tate
of
land
he
a
lt
h
a
nd
c
ons
e
r
va
ti
on
e
f
f
o
r
ts
.
−
I
de
nti
f
ica
ti
on
of
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ga
ps
a
nd
f
utur
e
dir
e
c
ti
o
ns
:
t
hr
ough
a
meticulous
r
e
view
of
the
li
ter
a
tur
e
,
thi
s
pa
pe
r
identif
ies
c
r
it
ica
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ga
ps
a
nd
a
r
e
a
s
ne
e
ding
f
ur
ther
inves
ti
ga
ti
on,
s
uc
h
a
s
the
qua
nti
f
ica
ti
on
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
the
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
im
pa
c
ts
on
a
f
f
e
c
ted
c
omm
unit
ies
,
a
nd
the
long
-
ter
m
e
f
f
e
c
t
ive
ne
s
s
of
r
e
s
tor
a
ti
on
tec
hniques
.
B
y
highl
ight
ing
thes
e
ga
ps
,
the
pa
pe
r
s
e
ts
the
a
ge
nda
f
or
f
utu
r
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
e
f
f
or
ts
a
nd
e
nc
our
a
ge
s
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
ne
w
methodo
logi
e
s
a
nd
tec
hnologi
e
s
to
be
tt
e
r
unde
r
s
tand,
mon
it
or
,
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
−
P
oli
c
y
a
n
d
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
r
e
c
omm
e
nda
ti
ons
:
b
y
a
na
lyzin
g
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
c
ur
r
e
nt
land
mana
ge
ment
po
li
c
ies
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
thi
s
pa
pe
r
pr
ovides
e
videnc
e
-
ba
s
e
d
r
e
c
omm
e
nda
ti
ons
f
or
poli
c
ymake
r
s
,
land
mana
ge
r
s
,
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
ti
one
r
s
.
I
t
e
mphas
ize
s
the
im
por
tanc
e
o
f
i
ntegr
a
ted,
mul
ti
-
dis
c
ipl
inar
y
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
that
c
o
mbi
ne
tr
a
dit
ional
knowle
dge
wi
th
moder
n
c
ons
e
r
va
ti
o
n
tec
hniques
,
unde
r
s
c
or
ing
the
r
ole
of
int
e
r
na
t
ional
c
oope
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
omm
unit
y
e
nga
ge
ment
in
a
c
hieving
s
us
taina
ble
land
mana
ge
ment
a
nd
c
ombating
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
T
his
c
ont
r
ibut
ion
is
a
im
e
d
a
t
f
os
ter
in
g
a
mor
e
c
ohe
r
e
nt
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
global
r
e
s
pons
e
to
one
of
the
mos
t
pr
e
s
s
ing
e
nvir
onmenta
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
of
o
ur
ti
me.
2.
M
E
T
HO
D
L
a
nd
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
a
r
e
the
non
-
r
e
ne
wa
ble
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
t
ha
t
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
to
human
s
oc
iety's
s
ur
vival
a
nd
a
dva
nc
e
ment.
E
ns
ur
ing
s
us
taina
ble
land
us
e
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nt
r
e
s
our
c
e
e
xploi
tation
a
r
e
vit
a
l
c
onc
e
r
ns
f
or
humankind.
T
he
r
e
ha
s
be
e
n
a
noti
c
e
a
ble
c
ha
nge
in
the
wa
ys
that
pe
ople
us
e
land
s
ince
the
tu
r
n
of
the
twe
nty
-
f
ir
s
t
c
e
ntur
y.
T
his
s
hif
t
is
e
xplaine
d
by
the
global
population
gr
owth's
mo
r
e
ne
ga
ti
ve
e
f
f
e
c
ts
a
s
we
ll
a
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2025
:
313
3
-
3142
3136
the
r
is
ing
ne
e
d
f
or
quick
e
c
onomi
c
de
ve
lopm
e
nt.
T
he
dyna
mi
c
s
o
f
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
the
na
tu
r
a
l
e
nvir
on
ment,
a
nd
the
e
c
o
nomy
ha
ve
a
ll
be
e
n
gr
e
a
tl
y
im
pa
c
ted
by
th
e
a
f
or
e
mentioned
is
s
ue
s
.
One
of
the
main
d
r
iver
s
of
human
s
oc
iety
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
ha
s
a
lwa
ys
be
e
n
the
us
e
of
land.
T
he
ongoing
p
r
ogr
e
s
s
in
s
c
ienc
e
,
tec
hnology,
a
nd
pr
oduc
ti
on
ha
s
c
r
e
a
ted
hit
he
r
to
u
nhe
a
r
d
-
of
oppor
tuni
ti
e
s
f
or
the
g
r
owth
of
human
s
oc
iety.
Due
to
a
nu
mber
o
f
is
s
ue
s
,
including
ove
r
us
e
of
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
los
s
of
ve
ge
tation,
de
ter
ior
a
ti
ng
land
qua
li
ty,
poll
uti
on
of
the
e
nvir
on
ment,
e
c
ologi
c
a
l
de
g
r
a
da
ti
on,
na
tur
a
l
c
a
tas
tr
ophe
s
,
e
xti
nc
ti
on
o
f
s
pe
c
ies
,
a
n
d
mor
e
,
the
potential
pos
e
s
a
s
ubs
tantial
c
ha
ll
e
nge
.
I
nit
ially,
inf
or
mation
a
bout
de
gr
a
de
d
lands
in
I
nd
ia
wa
s
de
r
ived
by
us
ing
a
e
r
ial
photog
r
a
phs
[
16]
.
W
it
h
the
launc
h
of
the
E
R
T
S
-
1/L
a
nds
a
t
-
1,
L
a
nd
s
a
t
-
T
M
,
S
P
OT
,
a
nd
I
R
S
S
a
telli
tes
,
the
us
e
of
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
ing
da
ta
in
the
mapping
o
f
de
gr
a
de
d
r
e
gions
ha
s
be
c
ome
incr
e
a
s
ingl
y
im
po
r
tant.
Due
to
the
us
e
of
dis
pa
r
a
te
c
r
it
e
r
ia
a
nd
methodologi
e
s
f
or
identif
ying
de
gr
a
de
d
lands
,
the
e
s
ti
mate
s
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
s
up
pli
e
d
by
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
g
r
oups
va
r
ied
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y.
Ac
c
or
ding
t
o
S
AA
R
C
's
2011
r
e
por
t,
the
e
s
ti
mate
s
r
a
nge
f
r
o
m
a
r
ound
53.
3
mi
l
li
on
he
c
tar
e
s
to
187.
7
mi
ll
ion
he
c
tar
e
s
.
T
he
M
ini
s
tr
y
of
R
ur
a
l
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
nd
the
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
L
a
nd
R
e
s
our
c
e
s
(
DO
L
R
)
us
e
d
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
ing
methods
to
map
the
ba
r
r
e
n
r
e
gions
.
53.
3
mi
ll
ion
he
c
tar
e
s
of
wa
s
te
land
we
r
e
e
s
ti
mate
d
in
1985
us
ing
1:1
mi
ll
i
on
s
c
a
le
s
a
telli
te
photog
r
a
phy
[
17]
,
[
18]
.
Ac
c
or
ding
to
the
a
uthor
,
one
a
s
pe
c
t
of
the
p
r
oc
e
s
s
kno
wn
a
s
de
s
e
r
ti
f
ica
ti
on
is
the
de
ter
ior
a
ti
on
of
land
in
d
r
y
plac
e
s
.
I
t
is
we
ll
e
s
tablis
he
d
that
ove
r
gr
a
z
ing,
ove
r
c
ult
ivation,
a
nd
ove
r
c
lea
r
ing
a
r
e
human
a
c
ti
ons
that
e
xa
c
e
r
ba
te
the
c
ur
r
e
nt
p
r
oblem.
T
he
e
nd
e
f
f
e
c
t
is
that
the
a
r
e
a
's
plants
,
wa
ter
,
a
nd
s
oil
a
r
e
im
pa
c
ted,
whic
h
lo
we
r
s
the
e
c
os
ys
tem'
s
c
a
pa
c
it
y
to
s
uppor
t
human
r
e
quir
e
men
ts
a
nd
ult
im
a
tely
lea
ds
to
a
de
ter
io
r
a
ti
on
in
the
e
c
os
ys
tem's
ge
ne
r
a
l
he
a
lt
h.
T
he
c
onc
e
r
ns
s
tate
d
a
bove
a
r
e
no
t
ne
w,
but
they
ha
ve
be
c
ome
mor
e
im
por
tant
be
c
a
us
e
of
ir
r
igation,
ur
ba
niza
ti
on
,
a
nd
s
igni
f
ica
nt
population
e
xpa
ns
ion
[
19]
.
I
n
[
20]
,
[
21
]
t
his
a
r
t
icle
looks
a
t
the
mec
ha
nis
ms
that
tur
n
a
r
a
ble
land
int
o
non
-
a
r
a
ble
land,
t
he
c
a
us
e
s
that
c
ontr
ibut
e
to
the
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
a
r
a
ble
land,
a
nd
the
e
f
f
e
c
ts
of
us
ing
a
r
a
ble
land
im
pr
ope
r
ly.
B
a
nglade
s
h'
s
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land
is
s
tea
dil
y
de
c
li
ning,
e
ve
n
though
the
bulk
of
the
c
ount
r
y's
populatio
n
li
ve
s
in
r
ur
a
l
r
e
gions
.
T
he
main
c
a
us
e
s
of
th
is
pr
oblem
a
r
e
pove
r
ty,
outm
ode
d
ir
r
igation
methods
,
population
incr
e
a
s
e
that
is
ha
ppe
ning
too
quickly,
the
e
xploi
tation
a
nd
a
bus
e
of
land,
a
nd
a
lac
k
of
e
nthus
ias
m
a
nd
c
ompe
tenc
e
in
a
gr
icultur
e
.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
the
e
f
f
e
c
ts
o
f
na
tur
a
l
c
a
t
a
s
tr
ophe
s
br
ought
on
by
c
l
im
a
te
c
ha
nge
,
s
uc
h
a
s
f
loods
,
dr
oughts
,
a
nd
s
a
lt
r
is
e
s
,
dim
ini
s
h
s
oil
f
e
r
ti
li
ty
a
nd
a
gr
icultur
a
l
output
,
whic
h
in
tur
n
jeopa
r
dize
s
f
ood
s
e
c
ur
it
y.
De
nis
a
nd
E
dwin
[
22]
dis
c
us
s
e
s
us
e
r
e
xpe
r
ienc
e
s
a
nd
e
xpe
c
tations
with
r
e
lation
to
mapping
c
on
s
e
r
va
ti
on
a
r
e
a
s
a
nd
a
s
s
e
s
s
ing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
us
ing
ge
o
gr
a
phic
inf
o
r
mation
s
ys
tems
(
GI
S
)
a
nd
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
ing
tec
hnology.
I
t
is
vit
a
l
to
take
int
o
a
c
c
ount
a
number
of
va
r
iable
s
,
including
the
c
li
mate
,
s
oil
c
o
mpos
it
ion,
f
lor
a
,
phys
iogr
a
phy,
land
us
e
,
s
oc
ioec
onomi
c
s
it
u
a
ti
on,
a
nd
other
pe
r
ti
ne
nt
loca
l
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
,
in
or
de
r
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
n
e
xtens
ive
da
taba
s
e
with
inf
or
mation
on
na
tur
a
l
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
GI
S
a
nd
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
ing
tec
hniq
ue
s
[
23]
a
r
e
ne
e
de
d
f
or
the
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
thes
e
da
tas
e
t
s
a
s
we
ll
a
s
f
or
the
de
tec
ti
on,
a
na
lys
is
,
e
xtr
a
polation,
moni
tor
ing,
a
nd
c
a
lcula
ti
on
of
the
r
e
gion.
M
onit
or
ing
the
tempor
a
l
a
nd
ge
ogr
a
phica
l
c
ha
nge
s
in
land
c
ove
r
a
nd
us
a
ge
,
a
s
we
ll
a
s
identif
ying
r
e
gions
o
f
land
d
e
gr
a
da
ti
on,
a
r
e
the
main
goa
ls
of
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
ing
a
nd
GI
S
.
T
his
a
r
ti
c
le
[
24]
,
[
25]
of
f
e
r
s
a
tho
r
ough
f
r
a
me
wor
k
f
o
r
e
va
luating
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
types
o
f
s
oil
,
a
lo
ng
with
tec
hniques
f
or
c
ons
e
r
ving
s
oil
a
nd
r
e
c
ognizing
s
igns
of
s
oil
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
I
t
is
pos
s
ibl
e
to
iden
ti
f
y
the
phys
iogr
a
phic
a
r
e
a
by
s
upe
r
im
pos
ing
s
e
ve
r
a
l
da
ta
laye
r
s
f
or
va
r
ious
map
unit
s
.
M
a
king
a
li
nk
be
twe
e
n
ge
og
r
a
phica
l
da
ta
a
nd
non
-
s
pa
ti
a
l
da
ta
—
whic
h
ha
s
mor
e
pr
e
c
is
e
a
tt
r
ibut
e
inf
or
mation
—
a
ll
ow
s
f
or
the
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
of
a
ter
r
it
or
y's
s
ize
.
T
a
ble
1
s
umm
a
r
iz
e
s
ke
y
methods
f
or
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
outl
ini
ng
their
main
a
dva
ntage
s
a
nd
dis
a
dva
ntage
s
.
2.
1.
L
an
d
d
e
gr
ad
at
ion
an
d
vu
ln
e
r
ab
il
i
t
y
T
he
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
nd
vulne
r
a
bil
it
y
index
(
L
DV
I
)
a
r
e
mor
e
than
jus
t
a
n
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
tool
—
it
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
a
pr
e
dictive
model
f
or
identi
f
ying
f
utu
r
e
r
is
ks
a
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
-
pr
one
a
r
e
a
s
.
B
y
int
e
gr
a
ti
ng
phys
ica
l,
biol
ogica
l,
a
nd
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
indi
c
a
tor
s
,
L
DV
I
pr
ovides
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
view
of
land
he
a
lt
h,
c
o
ns
ider
ing
f
a
c
tor
s
li
ke
s
oil
e
r
os
ion,
biodi
ve
r
s
it
y
los
s
,
wa
ter
q
ua
li
ty,
a
nd
human
land
-
us
e
im
pa
c
ts
.
T
his
ho
li
s
ti
c
a
ppr
oa
c
h
he
lps
s
take
holder
s
unde
r
s
tand
the
dyna
mi
c
int
e
r
pl
a
y
be
twe
e
n
na
tur
a
l
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
a
nd
human
a
c
ti
vit
ies
dr
ivi
ng
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
I
ts
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
a
r
e
diver
s
e
:
land
mana
ge
r
s
a
nd
f
a
r
mer
s
c
a
n
leve
r
a
ge
L
DV
I
to
i
mpl
e
ment
s
us
taina
ble
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
that
e
nha
nc
e
s
oil
f
e
r
ti
li
t
y,
im
p
r
ove
wa
ter
c
ons
e
r
va
ti
on,
a
nd
boos
t
a
g
r
icultur
a
l
p
r
oduc
ti
vit
y.
E
nvi
r
onmenta
l
o
r
ga
niza
ti
ons
c
a
n
u
s
e
it
to
pr
io
r
it
ize
c
ons
e
r
va
ti
on
e
f
f
or
ts
,
a
ll
oc
a
te
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
e
f
f
icie
ntl
y,
a
nd
e
nga
ge
c
omm
unit
ies
in
r
e
s
tor
a
t
ion
ini
ti
a
ti
ve
s
.
T
he
global
im
por
tanc
e
of
the
L
DV
I
is
pr
of
ound.
As
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
thr
e
a
tens
f
ood
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
wa
ter
a
va
il
a
bil
i
ty,
a
nd
c
li
mate
r
e
gulation
,
L
D
VI
plays
a
c
r
uc
ial
r
ole
in
global
e
f
f
or
ts
to
a
c
hieve
the
United
Na
ti
ons
s
us
taina
ble
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
goa
ls
(
S
DG
s
)
,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
S
DG
15
(
li
f
e
on
land
)
,
S
DG
6
(
c
lea
n
wa
ter
a
nd
s
a
nit
a
ti
on
)
,
a
nd
S
DG
13
(
c
li
mate
a
c
ti
on)
.
B
y
identif
ying
de
g
r
a
da
ti
on
hots
pots
a
nd
t
r
e
nds
,
L
D
VI
s
uppor
ts
int
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
on
a
nd
inves
tm
e
nt
in
land
r
e
s
tor
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
us
taina
ble
mana
ge
ment
ini
ti
a
ti
ve
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
Sy
nthes
iz
ing
s
tr
ategie
s
and
innovations
in
c
ombati
ng
land
de
gr
adati
on:
a
global
…
(
Gangam
ma
He
d
iyalad
)
3137
How
e
ve
r
,
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
L
DV
I
hinges
on
a
d
dr
e
s
s
ing
ke
y
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
R
e
li
a
ble,
u
p
-
to
-
da
te
da
ta
a
r
e
c
r
it
ica
l
f
or
a
c
c
ur
a
te
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
s
,
ye
t
da
ta
g
a
ps
pe
r
s
is
t
in
many
r
e
gions
.
Addi
ti
ona
ll
y,
s
e
lec
ti
ng
a
nd
we
ight
ing
indi
c
a
tor
s
a
ppr
opr
iate
ly
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
to
e
ns
ur
e
the
index
r
e
f
lec
ts
loca
l
c
ondit
ions
a
nd
p
r
ior
it
ies
.
R
e
gular
upda
tes
incor
por
a
ti
ng
the
late
s
t
s
c
ientif
ic
i
ns
ight
s
a
r
e
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
to
ke
e
p
L
DV
I
r
e
s
pons
ive
to
e
volvi
ng
e
nvir
onmenta
l
a
nd
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
dyna
mi
c
s
.
Ulti
mate
ly,
L
DV
I
is
a
powe
r
f
ul
tool
in
the
f
ight
a
ga
ins
t
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
B
y
pr
ovidi
ng
a
c
omp
r
e
he
ns
ive
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
of
land
he
a
l
th
a
nd
vulner
a
bil
i
ty,
i
t
inf
o
r
ms
de
c
is
ion
-
making,
s
uppor
ts
s
us
taina
ble
land
mana
ge
ment,
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
s
e
c
os
y
s
tem
a
nd
c
omm
unit
y
r
e
s
il
ienc
e
.
I
ts
ongoing
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
nd
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
a
r
e
vit
a
l
f
or
s
a
f
e
gua
r
ding
the
plane
t’
s
land
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
f
or
f
utu
r
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
.
F
igur
e
1
il
lus
tr
a
tes
the
ke
y
f
a
c
tor
s
in
f
l
ue
nc
ing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
T
a
ble
1.
C
ompar
a
ti
ve
ove
r
view
o
f
methods
f
or
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
a
nd
mana
ge
ment
M
e
th
od
A
dva
nt
a
ge
s
D
is
a
dva
nt
a
ge
s
B
io
s
ur
f
a
c
ta
nt
s
−
E
nha
nc
e
bi
oa
va
il
a
bi
li
ty
of
hydr
ophobic
c
ompounds
, a
id
in
g i
n t
he
ir
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
−
C
a
n
a
c
t
a
s
a
nt
im
ic
r
obi
a
l
a
ge
nt
s
,
c
ont
r
ib
ut
in
g
to
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
s
us
ta
in
a
bi
li
ty
.
−
M
ic
r
obi
a
ll
y
pr
oduc
e
d
bi
os
ur
f
a
c
ta
nt
s
c
a
n
be
r
a
pi
dl
y
pr
oduc
e
d
but
ma
y
f
a
c
e
s
c
a
le
-
up c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
−
P
la
nt
-
ba
s
e
d
bi
os
ur
f
a
c
ta
nt
s
,
w
hi
le
ha
vi
ng
e
xc
e
ll
e
nt
e
mul
s
if
ic
a
ti
on
pr
ope
r
ti
e
s
,
a
r
e
e
xpe
ns
iv
e
to
pr
oduc
e
on
a
n
in
dus
tr
ia
l
s
c
a
le
a
nd h
a
ve
s
ol
ubi
li
ty
i
s
s
u
e
s
.
R
e
mot
e
s
e
n
s
in
g
f
or
la
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
ma
ppi
ng
−
P
r
ovi
de
s
la
r
ge
-
s
c
a
le
,
c
ompr
e
he
ns
iv
e
d
a
ta
on
la
nd de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
−
F
a
c
il
it
a
te
s
moni
to
r
in
g c
ha
nge
s
ove
r
t
im
e
a
nd c
a
n
id
e
nt
if
y hots
pot
s
f
or
t
a
r
ge
te
d i
nt
e
r
ve
nt
io
n.
−
E
s
ti
ma
te
s
of
la
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
c
a
n
va
r
y
w
id
e
ly
due
t
o di
f
f
e
r
e
nt
me
th
odol
ogi
e
s
.
−
R
e
qui
r
e
s
s
ophi
s
ti
c
a
te
d
te
c
hnol
ogy
not
a
lwa
ys
a
va
il
a
bl
e
i
n a
ll
r
e
gi
ons
.
A
gr
of
or
e
s
tr
y
−
E
nha
nc
e
s
la
nd
pr
oduc
ti
vi
ty
a
nd
p
r
ovi
de
s
e
c
ol
ogi
c
a
l
a
nd e
c
onomi
c
b
e
ne
f
it
s
.
−
O
f
f
e
r
s
nume
r
ous
e
c
os
ys
te
m
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
he
lp
in
g
in
la
nd r
e
s
to
r
a
ti
on.
−
I
mpl
e
me
nt
a
ti
on
c
a
n
be
c
ompl
e
x
a
nd
r
e
qui
r
e
s
unde
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
of
lo
c
a
l
e
c
os
ys
te
m
s
.
−
M
a
y
r
e
qui
r
e
s
ig
ni
f
ic
a
nt
c
ha
nge
s
to
tr
a
d
it
io
na
l
f
a
r
mi
ng pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
.
G
I
S
a
ndR
e
mot
e
s
in
la
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
−
I
nt
e
gr
a
te
s
va
r
io
us
da
ta
s
e
ts
f
or
c
ompr
e
he
ns
iv
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
.
−
S
uppor
ts
s
oi
l
c
ons
e
r
va
ti
on
a
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
,
id
e
nt
if
yi
ng
s
ui
ta
bl
e
a
r
e
a
s
f
or
in
te
r
ve
nt
io
n.
−
R
e
qui
r
e
s
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
a
dva
n
c
e
d
te
c
hnol
ogy
a
nd e
xpe
r
ti
s
e
.
−
D
a
ta
in
te
gr
a
ti
on
a
nd
in
te
r
pr
e
ta
ti
on
c
a
n
be
c
ha
ll
e
ngi
ng.
F
igur
e
1.
F
a
c
tor
s
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ng
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
2.
2.
F
ac
t
or
s
af
f
e
c
t
in
g
lan
d
d
e
gr
ad
at
io
n
L
a
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
is
a
c
ompl
e
x
a
nd
mul
ti
f
a
c
e
ted
p
r
oc
e
s
s
inf
luenc
e
d
by
a
wide
r
a
nge
of
na
tur
a
l
a
nd
a
nthr
opoge
nic
f
a
c
tor
s
.
C
li
matic
e
leme
nts
s
uc
h
a
s
r
e
duc
e
d
r
a
in
f
a
ll
,
incr
e
a
s
ing
tempe
r
a
tur
e
s
,
a
nd
p
r
olonged
dr
oughts
dir
e
c
tl
y
a
f
f
e
c
t
s
oil
moi
s
tur
e
,
ve
ge
tation
c
ove
r
,
a
nd
land
p
r
oduc
ti
vit
y
.
T
opog
r
a
phic
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
li
ke
s
lope
a
nd
e
leva
ti
on
c
ont
r
ibut
e
to
e
r
os
ion
a
nd
r
un
of
f
pa
t
ter
ns
,
a
c
c
e
ler
a
ti
ng
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
in
vu
lner
a
b
le
a
r
e
a
s
.
Huma
n
a
c
ti
vit
ies
,
including
de
f
or
e
s
tation,
ove
r
gr
a
z
ing,
uns
us
taina
ble
a
gr
icultur
a
l
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
s
,
ur
ba
n
e
x
pa
ns
ion,
a
nd
indus
tr
ializa
ti
on,
f
u
r
ther
int
e
ns
if
y
the
s
tr
e
s
s
o
n
e
c
os
ys
tems
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
poor
land
mana
ge
ment
a
nd
inade
qua
te
poli
c
y
int
e
r
ve
nti
ons
of
ten
e
xa
c
e
r
ba
te
t
he
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
Unde
r
s
tanding
thes
e
c
ontr
ibut
ing
f
a
c
tor
s
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
de
ve
lopi
ng
tar
ge
ted
s
tr
a
tegie
s
to
mi
ti
ga
te
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
nd
pr
omo
te
s
us
taina
ble
land
us
e
.
−
S
oil
de
pth:
s
oil
de
pth,
the
thi
c
kne
s
s
of
the
s
olum
a
bove
the
pa
r
e
nt
mate
r
ial
or
be
d
r
oc
k,
de
ter
mi
ne
s
plant
r
ooti
ng
de
pth
a
nd
the
s
oil
’
s
c
a
pa
c
it
y
to
r
e
tain
w
a
ter
a
nd
nut
r
ients
.
I
t
r
e
f
lec
ts
the
ba
lanc
e
be
twe
e
n
s
oil
f
or
mation
a
nd
e
r
os
ion
.
A
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
s
olum
de
pth
due
to
tops
oil
los
s
f
r
om
s
he
e
t
e
r
os
ion,
s
e
lec
ti
ve
r
e
moval
of
f
ine
r
pa
r
ti
c
les
,
a
nd
s
ur
f
a
c
e
a
c
c
umul
a
ti
on
of
c
oa
r
s
e
gr
a
ins
a
nd
gr
a
ve
ls
indi
c
a
tes
ongoing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2025
:
313
3
-
3142
3138
−
S
oil
t
e
xtur
e
:
r
e
ga
r
ding
land
de
g
r
a
da
ti
on,
the
s
oil
t
e
xtur
e
of
the
s
ur
f
a
c
e
ho
r
izon,
pa
r
ti
c
ular
ly
gr
a
ve
ll
i
ne
s
s
,
wa
s
a
ke
y
f
a
c
tor
.
R
a
inf
a
ll
in
f
luenc
e
s
thi
s
by
e
r
odi
ng
f
iner
pa
r
t
icle
s
,
a
f
f
e
c
ti
ng
in
f
il
tr
a
ti
on
a
nd
pe
r
c
ol
a
ti
on.
T
he
los
s
o
f
f
iner
pa
r
t
icle
s
thr
ough
e
r
os
ion
le
a
ds
to
the
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
c
oa
r
s
e
-
textur
e
d
s
oi
ls
in
upland
a
r
e
a
s
.
−
S
oil
dr
a
inage
a
nd
e
r
os
ion:
s
oil
dr
a
inage
is
pr
i
mar
i
ly
de
ter
mi
ne
d
by
s
ur
f
a
c
e
textur
e
.
He
a
vy
-
textur
e
d
s
oil
s
a
ll
ow
be
tt
e
r
wa
ter
in
f
il
tr
a
ti
on
,
while
poo
r
d
r
a
inage
incr
e
a
s
e
s
e
r
os
ion
r
is
k.
I
n
the
s
tudy
a
r
e
a
,
s
he
e
t
e
r
o
s
ion
is
pr
e
domi
na
nt,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
undulating
g
r
a
nit
e
r
e
gions
,
whe
r
e
lar
ge
a
mount
s
o
f
s
il
t
a
nd
c
lay
pa
r
ti
c
l
e
s
a
r
e
wa
s
he
d
a
wa
y
f
r
om
the
tops
oil
.
−
S
oil
r
e
a
c
ti
on:
in
the
s
tudy
a
r
e
a
,
s
oil
p
r
of
il
e
s
r
a
nge
f
r
om
s
tr
ongly
to
moder
a
tely
a
c
idi
c
,
p
r
im
a
r
il
y
d
ue
to
high
r
a
inf
a
ll
a
nd
lea
c
hing
of
b
a
s
e
s
.
T
his
a
c
idi
f
ica
ti
on
lea
ds
to
de
f
icie
nc
ies
in
c
a
lcium,
magne
s
ium
,
a
nd
mi
c
r
onutr
ients
s
uc
h
a
s
bor
on
(
B
)
a
nd
z
inc
(
Z
n)
,
a
c
omm
on
is
s
ue
in
highl
y
lea
c
he
d
late
r
it
ic
s
oi
ls
of
c
oa
s
tal
dis
tr
icts
.
2.
3.
S
u
gge
s
t
e
d
m
an
age
m
e
n
t
m
e
as
u
r
e
s
T
o
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
a
ddr
e
s
s
th
e
pr
e
s
s
ing
is
s
ue
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
nd
e
ns
ur
e
the
s
us
taina
ble
mana
ge
ment
of
land
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
it
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
to
im
pleme
nt
a
mul
ti
-
f
a
c
e
ted
a
nd
c
oor
dinate
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h.
T
his
inv
olves
not
only
the
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
s
c
ientif
ic
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
tec
hnologi
c
a
l
innovation
but
a
ls
o
the
a
c
ti
ve
pa
r
ti
c
ipation
of
s
take
holder
s
a
t
a
ll
leve
ls
—
f
r
om
poli
c
ymake
r
s
t
o
loca
l
c
omm
unit
ies
.
T
he
f
oll
owing
s
tr
a
tegic
d
ir
e
c
ti
ons
outl
ine
ke
y
a
c
ti
ons
r
e
quir
e
d
to
buil
d
a
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
f
r
a
mew
or
k
f
or
s
us
taina
ble
land
mana
ge
ment
a
nd
the
r
e
ha
bil
it
a
ti
o
n
of
de
gr
a
de
d
lands
:
−
De
ve
lopm
e
nt
of
land
r
e
s
our
c
e
in
f
or
mation
s
ys
tems
f
or
land
mana
ge
ment:
a
s
c
ientif
ic
c
omm
unit
y
h
a
s
to
be
identif
ied
a
nd
mobi
li
z
e
d
to
ini
ti
a
te
a
nd
moun
t
a
n
int
e
gr
a
ted
pr
ogr
a
m
f
o
r
methods
,
s
tanda
r
ds
,
da
ta
c
oll
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ne
twor
ks
f
or
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
a
nd
moni
tor
ing
o
f
s
oil
a
nd
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
B
a
s
e
d
on
the
inf
or
mation
,
hot
s
pots
c
a
n
be
identif
ied
f
or
m
onit
or
ing
the
e
xtent
of
de
g
r
a
da
ti
on,
the
f
a
c
to
r
s
c
a
us
ing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
nd
it
s
im
pa
c
t
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment.
−
E
nha
nc
e
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
in
de
g
r
a
de
d
lands
:
h
igh
p
r
ior
it
ies
a
r
e
to
be
given
to
p
r
o
mot
e
publi
c
inves
tm
e
nt
in
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
de
ve
lopm
e
nt
a
im
e
d
a
t
identif
ying
the
r
oot
c
a
us
e
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
nd
de
ve
lopi
ng
s
oil
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
c
ons
e
r
ving,
yield
e
n
ha
nc
ing
low
-
c
os
t
tec
hnology
f
or
pr
ob
lema
ti
c
lands
.
−
De
ve
lopi
ng
s
uit
a
ble
land
us
e
planning
a
nd
poli
c
ies
:
t
he
land
us
e
planning
ha
s
to
be
de
ve
loped
by
c
ons
ider
ing
or
identi
f
ying
the
models
whic
h
incor
por
a
te
the
f
a
c
tor
s
(
na
tu
r
a
l
a
nd
human
induce
d
)
that
c
ontr
ibut
e
to
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
.
S
t
r
ong
land
us
e
pol
ice
s
ha
ve
to
be
identi
f
ied,
whic
h
e
nc
our
a
ge
s
us
taina
ble
land
us
e
a
nd
mana
ge
ment
a
nd
s
hould
a
r
r
e
s
t
t
he
c
onve
r
s
ion
of
pr
im
e
a
gr
icultur
a
l
land
in
to
non
-
a
gr
icultur
a
l
pur
pos
e
s
.
−
E
nc
our
a
ge
pa
r
ti
c
ipator
y
land
us
e
planning
invol
vi
ng
loca
l
or
ga
niza
ti
on
a
r
r
a
nge
ments
ha
ve
to
be
made
f
or
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
on
be
twe
e
n
publi
c
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ins
ti
tut
ions
,
non
-
gove
r
nmenta
l
or
ga
niza
ti
on
(
NGOs
)
a
nd
loca
l
or
ga
niza
ti
ons
f
or
de
ve
lopi
ng
land
us
e
plan
us
ing
l
oc
a
ll
y
a
va
il
a
ble
input
s
a
nd
t
r
a
ini
ng
s
hould
be
give
n
f
o
r
ef
f
e
c
ti
ve
a
da
ptation
of
r
e
s
our
c
e
c
ons
e
r
ving
a
nd
yie
ld
e
nha
nc
ing
tec
hnologi
e
s
.
2.
4.
Chal
lenges
e
n
c
ou
n
t
e
r
e
d
Addr
e
s
s
ing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
pr
e
s
e
nts
numer
ou
s
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
that
s
pa
n
e
c
ologi
c
a
l,
s
oc
ial,
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
dim
e
ns
ions
.
T
he
s
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
a
r
e
c
ompl
e
x
a
nd
mul
ti
f
a
c
e
ted,
making
the
tas
k
of
ha
lt
ing
a
nd
r
e
ve
r
s
ing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
da
unti
ng
f
or
s
take
holder
s
a
t
a
ll
leve
l
s
.
S
ome
of
the
ke
y
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
e
nc
ounter
e
d
include
:
−
Da
ta
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
qua
li
ty:
o
ne
of
the
f
unda
me
ntal
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
is
the
lac
k
o
f
high
-
qua
li
ty,
a
c
c
e
s
s
ibl
e
,
a
nd
up
-
to
-
da
te
da
ta
on
land
c
ondit
ions
.
M
onit
or
i
ng
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
ove
r
lar
ge
a
nd
o
f
ten
r
e
mot
e
a
r
e
a
s
r
e
quir
e
s
s
ophis
ti
c
a
ted
tec
hnologi
e
s
li
ke
r
e
mot
e
s
e
n
s
ing
a
nd
gr
ound
-
ba
s
e
d
obs
e
r
va
ti
ons
,
whic
h
may
n
ot
be
r
e
a
dil
y
a
va
il
a
ble
in
many
r
e
gions
.
F
ur
ther
mo
r
e
,
da
ta
c
oll
e
c
ti
on
is
e
xpe
ns
ive
a
nd
ti
me
-
c
on
s
umi
ng,
a
nd
ther
e
may
be
incons
is
tenc
ies
in
method
ology
a
c
r
o
s
s
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
r
e
gions
or
c
ountr
ies
,
making
it
dif
f
icult
to
c
ompar
e
or
a
ggr
e
ga
te
da
ta
.
−
Dive
r
s
e
c
a
us
e
s
a
nd
indi
r
e
c
t
d
r
iver
s
:
l
a
nd
de
g
r
a
da
ti
on
is
c
a
us
e
d
by
a
c
ompl
e
x
int
e
r
play
of
dir
e
c
t
f
a
c
tor
s
s
uc
h
a
s
de
f
or
e
s
tation,
a
gr
icultur
a
l
e
xpa
ns
ion,
ove
r
gr
a
z
i
ng,
a
nd
inapp
r
opr
iate
ir
r
igat
ion
p
r
a
c
ti
c
e
s
.
How
e
ve
r
,
thes
e
a
r
e
of
ten
f
ue
ll
e
d
by
indi
r
e
c
t
dr
iver
s
including
de
mogr
a
phic
c
ha
nge
s
,
e
c
onomi
c
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
s
,
land
tenur
e
is
s
ue
s
,
a
nd
poli
c
y
f
r
a
mew
or
ks
that
do
not
a
de
qua
tely
s
uppor
t
s
us
taina
ble
land
mana
ge
ment.
Addr
e
s
s
ing
thes
e
r
oot
c
a
us
e
s
r
e
quir
e
s
int
e
gr
a
ted
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
that
s
pa
n
be
yond
e
nvir
onmenta
l
poli
c
ies
to
e
nc
ompas
s
e
c
onomi
c
a
nd
s
oc
ial
dim
e
ns
ions
.
−
C
li
mate
c
ha
nge
:
c
li
mate
c
ha
nge
e
xa
c
e
r
ba
tes
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
thr
ough
incr
e
a
s
e
d
f
r
e
que
nc
y
a
nd
int
e
ns
it
y
of
e
xtr
e
me
we
a
t
he
r
e
ve
nts
s
uc
h
a
s
dr
oughts
,
f
loods
,
a
nd
s
tor
ms
.
T
he
s
e
e
ve
nts
c
a
n
lea
d
to
im
media
te
a
nd
s
e
ve
r
e
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
o
f
land
a
nd
wa
ter
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
the
f
e
e
dba
c
k
loop
be
twe
e
n
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
Sy
nthes
iz
ing
s
tr
ategie
s
and
innovations
in
c
ombati
ng
land
de
gr
adati
on:
a
global
…
(
Gangam
ma
He
d
iyalad
)
3139
a
nd
c
li
mate
c
ha
nge
,
whe
r
e
de
gr
a
de
d
lands
e
mi
t
mor
e
g
r
e
e
nhous
e
ga
s
e
s
,
f
ur
ther
c
ompl
ica
ti
ng
e
f
f
o
r
ts
to
c
ombat
both
c
r
is
e
s
.
−
S
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
c
ons
tr
a
int
s
:
i
n
many
r
e
gions
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
de
ve
lopi
ng
c
ountr
ies
,
c
omm
un
it
ies
’
de
pe
nde
nt
on
land
f
or
their
li
ve
li
hoods
f
a
c
e
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
c
ons
tr
a
int
s
that
li
mi
t
their
a
bil
it
y
to
im
pleme
n
t
s
us
taina
ble
land
mana
ge
ment
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
.
P
ove
r
ty
,
lac
k
of
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
knowle
dge
,
tec
hnology
,
a
nd
f
inanc
ial
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,
a
nd
ins
e
c
ur
e
land
tenu
r
e
a
r
e
s
igni
f
ica
nt
ba
r
r
ier
s
that
hinder
the
a
dopti
on
of
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
that
c
ould
pr
e
ve
nt
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
or
r
e
s
tor
e
de
gr
a
de
d
l
a
nds
.
−
P
oli
c
y
a
nd
gove
r
na
nc
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
:
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
gove
r
na
nc
e
a
nd
poli
c
y
f
r
a
mew
or
ks
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ial
f
or
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on.
How
e
ve
r
,
poli
c
ies
a
r
e
of
ten
f
r
a
gmente
d
a
c
r
os
s
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
s
e
c
tor
s
a
nd
leve
ls
of
gove
r
nment,
lea
ding
to
incons
is
tent
or
c
onf
li
c
ti
ng
objec
ti
ve
s
.
T
he
r
e
is
a
ls
o
a
ne
e
d
f
or
gr
e
a
ter
int
e
r
na
t
ional
c
oope
r
a
ti
on,
a
s
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
nd
it
s
e
f
f
e
c
ts
,
s
uc
h
a
s
dus
t
s
tor
ms
a
nd
mi
gr
a
ti
on
,
c
a
n
t
r
a
ns
c
e
nd
na
ti
ona
l
bounda
r
ies
.
−
P
ubli
c
a
wa
r
e
ne
s
s
a
nd
e
nga
ge
ment:
r
a
is
ing
publ
ic
a
wa
r
e
ne
s
s
a
bout
the
im
po
r
ta
nc
e
of
land
a
n
d
it
s
vulner
a
bil
it
y
to
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
is
c
ha
ll
e
nging.
E
nga
g
ing
c
omm
unit
ies
a
nd
s
take
holder
s
in
land
mana
ge
ment
de
c
is
ions
is
c
r
it
ica
l
f
or
the
s
uc
c
e
s
s
of
a
ny
int
e
r
ve
n
ti
on.
How
e
ve
r
,
the
r
e
is
o
f
ten
a
lac
k
of
unde
r
s
tandi
ng
or
int
e
r
e
s
t
in
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
is
s
ue
s
a
mong
the
ge
ne
r
a
l
publi
c
a
nd
de
c
is
ion
-
make
r
s
,
whic
h
c
a
n
lea
d
to
a
lac
k
of
poli
t
ica
l
will
a
nd
c
omm
unit
y
s
uppor
t
f
o
r
ne
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
a
c
ti
ons
.
−
T
e
c
hnologi
c
a
l
a
nd
methodologi
c
a
l
li
mi
tations
:
w
h
il
e
a
dva
nc
e
s
in
tec
hnology
ha
ve
im
pr
ove
d
the
a
bil
i
ty
to
moni
to
r
a
nd
mana
ge
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
ther
e
r
e
main
s
igni
f
ica
nt
tec
hnologi
c
a
l
a
nd
methodolo
gica
l
li
mi
tations
in
pr
e
dicting
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
t
r
e
nds
,
a
s
s
e
s
s
ing
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
int
e
r
ve
nti
ons
,
a
nd
r
e
s
tor
ing
de
gr
a
de
d
lands
.
I
nnova
ti
ons
in
tec
hnology
a
nd
met
hodology
a
r
e
ne
e
de
d
to
e
nha
nc
e
our
unde
r
s
tanding
a
nd
mana
ge
ment
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
Ove
r
c
omi
ng
thes
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
r
e
quir
e
s
int
e
gr
a
ted
,
mul
ti
-
dis
c
ipl
inar
y
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
that
c
ombi
ne
tec
hnologi
c
a
l
innovations
,
poli
c
y
r
e
f
o
r
ms
,
e
nha
nc
e
d
gove
r
n
a
nc
e
,
a
nd
a
c
ti
ve
pa
r
ti
c
ipation
f
r
om
loca
l
c
omm
unit
ies
a
nd
int
e
r
na
ti
ona
l
s
take
holder
s
.
S
uc
h
e
f
f
or
ts
a
r
e
c
r
uc
ial
f
or
a
c
hieving
s
us
taina
ble
land
mana
ge
ment
a
nd
mi
ti
ga
ti
ng
the
im
pa
c
ts
of
land
de
g
r
a
da
ti
on
on
e
c
os
ys
tem
s
,
e
c
onomi
e
s
,
a
nd
s
oc
ieties
globally.
2.
5.
Re
s
e
ar
c
h
gap
I
de
nti
f
yi
ng
a
nd
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
ga
ps
r
e
late
d
to
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
is
c
r
uc
ial
f
o
r
a
dva
nc
ing
ou
r
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ion
of
it
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
a
nd
im
pleme
nti
ng
mor
e
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
mi
ti
ga
ti
on
s
tr
a
tegie
s
.
B
y
f
oc
us
ing
on
a
r
e
a
s
s
uc
h
a
s
the
s
o
c
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
im
pa
c
ts
of
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
the
long
-
ter
m
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
r
e
s
tor
a
ti
on
tec
hniques
,
a
nd
the
r
ole
of
ind
igenous
knowle
dge
,
we
c
a
n
d
e
ve
lop
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
to
s
us
t
a
inab
le
land
mana
ge
ment.
C
los
ing
thes
e
ga
ps
not
only
e
nha
nc
e
s
e
nvir
onmenta
l
c
ons
e
r
va
ti
on
but
a
ls
o
e
ns
ur
e
s
the
r
e
s
il
ienc
e
a
nd
we
ll
-
be
ing
of
c
omm
unit
ies
r
e
li
a
nt
o
n
he
a
lt
hy
land
e
c
os
ys
tems
.
−
Qua
nti
tative
a
s
s
e
s
s
ment
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on:
t
he
r
e
's
a
ne
e
d
f
or
mor
e
qua
nti
tative
s
tudi
e
s
that
mea
s
ur
e
the
e
xtent,
r
a
te,
a
nd
s
e
ve
r
it
y
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
in
va
r
ious
e
c
os
ys
tems
,
e
mpl
oying
unif
or
m
methodologi
e
s
to
e
na
ble
c
ompar
a
ti
ve
a
na
lys
is
.
−
I
mpac
t
of
c
li
mate
c
ha
nge
on
land
de
g
r
a
da
ti
on
dyn
a
mi
c
s
:
w
hil
e
the
li
nk
be
twe
e
n
c
li
mate
c
ha
nge
a
nd
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
is
r
e
c
ognize
d,
de
tailed
s
tudi
e
s
on
ho
w
c
ha
nging
c
li
mate
pa
tt
e
r
ns
s
pe
c
if
ica
ll
y
inf
luenc
e
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
in
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
r
e
gions
a
r
e
lac
ki
ng.
−
S
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
im
pa
c
ts
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on:
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
ne
e
de
d
on
the
dir
e
c
t
a
nd
indi
r
e
c
t
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
im
pa
c
ts
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
on
c
omm
unit
ies
,
including
li
ve
li
hoods
,
mi
gr
a
ti
on
pa
t
te
r
ns
,
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
s
tabili
ty,
with
a
f
oc
us
on
de
ve
lopi
ng
c
ou
ntr
ies
.
−
E
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
land
r
e
s
tor
a
ti
on
tec
hniques
:
t
he
r
e
's
a
ga
p
in
c
ompr
e
he
ns
ive
e
va
luations
of
the
long
-
ter
m
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
a
nd
s
u
s
taina
bil
it
y
of
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
land
r
e
s
tor
a
ti
on
tec
hniques
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
ious
e
nvir
onmenta
l
c
ondit
ions
a
nd
land
us
e
s
.
−
R
ole
of
indi
ge
nous
knowle
dge
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
:
i
nte
gr
a
ti
ng
a
nd
a
s
s
e
s
s
ing
the
r
ole
of
indi
ge
nous
knowle
dge
a
nd
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
in
pr
e
ve
nti
ng
a
nd
mi
ti
ga
ti
ng
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
r
e
mains
a
n
unde
r
e
xplo
r
e
d
a
r
e
a
.
−
T
e
c
hnology
a
do
pti
on
a
nd
land
mana
ge
ment:
u
nd
e
r
s
tanding
ba
r
r
ier
s
to
the
a
dopti
on
of
s
us
taina
ble
land
mana
ge
ment
tec
hnologi
e
s
a
mong
s
mallhol
de
r
f
a
r
mer
s
a
nd
other
land
us
e
r
s
is
c
r
uc
ial
f
o
r
de
s
igni
ng
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
int
e
r
ve
nti
ons
.
−
P
oli
c
y
a
nd
gove
r
na
nc
e
mec
ha
nis
ms
:
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
is
ne
e
de
d
on
the
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
of
e
xis
ti
ng
poli
c
y
a
nd
gove
r
na
nc
e
mec
ha
nis
ms
in
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
a
nd
pr
omot
ing
s
us
taina
ble
land
mana
ge
ment,
including
c
a
s
e
s
tudi
e
s
of
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
a
nd
f
a
il
e
d
poli
c
ies
.
−
B
iodi
ve
r
s
it
y
los
s
due
to
land
de
g
r
a
da
ti
on:
t
he
i
m
pa
c
t
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
on
biodi
ve
r
s
it
y,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
ter
ms
of
s
pe
c
ies
e
xti
nc
ti
on
r
a
tes
,
ha
bit
a
t
los
s
,
a
nd
e
c
os
ys
tem
f
unc
ti
on,
r
e
quir
e
s
f
u
r
ther
inves
ti
ga
ti
on.
−
E
c
onomi
c
va
luation
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on:
t
he
r
e
's
a
s
c
a
r
c
it
y
of
s
tudi
e
s
on
the
e
c
onomi
c
va
luation
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
including
the
c
os
t
of
inac
ti
on
ve
r
s
us
t
he
be
ne
f
it
s
of
r
e
s
tor
a
ti
on
a
nd
s
us
taina
ble
mana
ge
ment.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2025
:
313
3
-
3142
3140
−
R
e
mot
e
s
e
n
s
ing
a
nd
big
da
ta
a
na
lyt
ics
:
e
xploi
ti
n
g
the
potential
of
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
ing
tec
hnologi
e
s
a
n
d
big
da
ta
a
na
lyt
ics
f
or
r
e
a
l
-
time
moni
tor
ing
a
nd
pr
e
dictive
modelli
ng
of
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
tr
e
nds
a
nd
r
e
s
tor
a
ti
on
s
uc
c
e
s
s
is
a
n
e
mer
ging
f
ield
that
ne
e
ds
mor
e
a
tt
e
nti
on.
3.
RE
S
UL
T
T
he
s
ur
ve
y
f
indi
ngs
r
e
ve
a
l
s
igni
f
ica
nt
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
i
n
a
ddr
e
s
s
ing
land
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
e
nc
ompas
s
ing
da
ta
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y,
dive
r
s
e
c
a
us
a
l
f
a
c
tor
s
,
a
nd
s
oc
io
-
e
c
onomi
c
c
ons
tr
a
int
s
.
C
li
mate
c
ha
nge
e
xa
c
e
r
ba
tes
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
pos
ing
a
ddit
ional
hur
dles
to
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
mi
ti
ga
ti
on
e
f
f
or
ts
.
Gove
r
na
nc
e
is
s
ue
s
a
nd
f
r
a
gmente
d
poli
c
i
e
s
hinder
c
ohe
s
ive
a
c
ti
on,
while
li
mi
ted
publi
c
a
wa
r
e
ne
s
s
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
n
obs
tac
le
to
ga
r
ne
r
ing
s
uppor
t
f
or
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
r
y
int
e
r
ve
nti
ons
.
Ove
r
c
omi
ng
thes
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
de
mands
int
e
gr
a
ted
a
ppr
oa
c
he
s
that
br
idge
e
c
ologi
c
a
l,
s
oc
ial,
a
nd
e
c
onomi
c
dim
e
ns
ions
,
e
mphas
izing
the
i
mpor
tanc
e
of
int
e
r
na
t
ional
c
oope
r
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
o
mm
unit
y
e
nga
ge
ment.
Addr
e
s
s
ing
thes
e
obs
tac
les
is
pa
r
a
mount
to
a
c
hieving
s
us
taina
ble
land
mana
ge
ment
a
nd
s
a
f
e
gua
r
ding
e
c
os
ys
tems
f
or
f
utur
e
ge
ne
r
a
ti
ons
.
4.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
hi
s
s
ur
v
e
y
p
a
pe
r
un
de
r
s
c
or
e
s
th
e
c
r
it
ic
a
l
a
n
d
e
s
c
a
l
a
t
in
g
i
s
s
u
e
of
la
nd
de
gr
a
d
a
t
io
n,
a
g
lo
b
a
l
e
n
vir
on
me
nt
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
n
g
e
w
it
h
p
r
of
ou
nd
im
pl
ica
ti
on
s
f
or
f
o
od
s
e
c
u
r
it
y,
bi
odi
v
e
r
s
i
ty
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
ti
on,
a
nd
h
um
a
n
we
ll
-
b
e
in
g.
T
hr
ou
gh
a
n
e
x
h
a
u
s
t
iv
e
r
e
vie
w
of
e
x
is
ti
ng
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
,
t
hi
s
s
tu
dy
h
a
s
il
lum
ina
t
e
d
t
he
c
o
mpl
e
x
i
nt
e
r
p
la
y
b
e
tw
e
e
n
a
n
thr
op
og
e
ni
c
a
c
t
iv
it
i
e
s
,
c
l
im
a
t
e
c
h
a
n
ge
,
a
nd
th
e
n
a
t
ur
a
l
pr
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
lea
d
in
g
t
o
l
a
nd
d
e
gr
a
da
ti
on,
of
f
e
r
i
ng
a
n
u
a
n
c
e
d
un
d
e
r
s
t
a
nd
in
g
of
it
s
c
a
u
s
e
s
,
im
pa
c
t
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
ur
r
e
nt
e
f
f
or
t
s
to
m
it
ig
a
t
e
th
e
s
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
s
.
T
h
e
s
yn
th
e
s
i
s
of
r
e
me
di
a
t
io
n
te
c
h
no
lo
gi
e
s
,
c
o
n
s
e
r
v
a
t
io
n
s
t
r
a
te
gi
e
s
,
a
nd
p
ol
ic
y
i
nt
e
r
ve
nt
io
n
s
hig
hl
ig
ht
s
b
oth
t
h
e
pr
o
gr
e
s
s
m
a
de
a
nd
t
he
s
u
b
s
t
a
n
ti
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
n
g
e
s
t
h
a
t
r
e
ma
in
i
n
r
e
v
e
r
s
i
ng
d
e
gr
a
d
a
t
io
n
tr
e
n
d
s
.
S
i
gn
if
i
c
a
n
tl
y,
th
i
s
p
a
pe
r
h
a
s
id
e
nti
f
i
e
d
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
g
a
p
s
,
s
u
c
h
a
s
th
e
ne
e
d
f
or
m
or
e
q
u
a
n
ti
t
a
t
iv
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
s
of
la
nd
d
e
gr
a
da
ti
on,
de
e
p
e
r
e
x
pl
or
a
ti
on
of
it
s
s
oc
io
-
e
c
o
no
mi
c
i
mp
a
c
t
s
,
a
n
d
t
he
l
on
g
-
t
e
r
m
e
v
a
lu
a
t
io
n
of
la
nd
r
e
s
t
or
a
ti
on
t
e
c
hn
iq
u
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
g
a
p
s
r
e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
pi
vot
a
l
a
r
e
a
s
f
o
r
f
ut
ur
e
i
nv
e
s
t
ig
a
t
io
n,
pr
om
i
s
i
ng
t
o
r
e
f
i
n
e
o
ur
u
nd
e
r
s
t
a
n
di
ng
a
nd
e
n
ha
n
c
e
our
r
e
s
po
n
s
e
to
la
nd
d
e
gr
a
d
a
t
io
n.
F
ur
t
h
e
r
m
or
e
,
t
he
p
a
pe
r
p
r
o
vid
e
s
a
c
t
io
na
bl
e
r
e
c
o
mm
e
n
da
ti
on
s
f
or
p
ol
ic
ym
a
k
e
r
s
,
l
a
n
d
m
a
na
ge
r
s
,
a
n
d
p
r
a
c
t
it
io
ne
r
s
,
a
d
vo
c
a
ti
ng
f
or
i
nt
e
gr
a
t
e
d,
mu
lt
i
-
d
i
s
c
ip
li
na
r
y
a
pp
r
o
a
c
h
e
s
th
a
t
l
e
ve
r
a
ge
b
ot
h
tr
a
d
it
io
na
l
k
n
ow
le
dg
e
a
n
d
m
od
e
r
n
s
c
i
e
n
ti
f
i
c
a
dv
a
n
c
e
me
n
t
s
.
I
t
e
mp
ha
s
iz
e
s
th
e
i
mp
or
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
i
nt
e
r
na
ti
on
a
l
c
o
op
e
r
a
t
io
n,
c
o
mm
un
it
y
e
n
ga
g
e
m
e
n
t,
a
n
d
e
vi
de
n
c
e
-
ba
s
e
d
pol
ic
y
m
a
k
in
g
in
a
c
hi
e
v
in
g
s
u
s
t
a
i
na
b
l
e
la
nd
m
a
na
ge
m
e
nt
a
nd
c
o
mb
a
t
in
g
l
a
n
d
d
e
g
r
a
d
a
ti
on.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGE
M
E
NT
We
would
li
ke
to
e
xpr
e
s
s
our
he
a
r
tf
e
lt
thanks
to
o
u
r
guide
f
or
his
unwa
ve
r
ing
guidanc
e
,
invalua
ble
ins
ight
s
,
a
nd
e
nc
our
a
ge
ment
thr
oughout
the
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
F
UN
DI
NG
I
NF
ORM
AT
I
ON
No
f
unding
wa
s
r
e
c
e
ived
f
or
thi
s
s
tudy.
AU
T
HO
R
CONT
RI
B
U
T
I
ONS
S
T
AT
E
M
E
N
T
T
his
jour
na
l
us
e
s
the
C
ontr
ibut
o
r
R
oles
T
a
xo
nomy
(
C
R
e
diT
)
to
r
e
c
ognize
indi
vidual
a
uthor
C
ontr
ibut
ions
,
r
e
duc
e
a
utho
r
s
hip
dis
putes
,
a
nd
f
a
c
i
li
tate
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
on
.
Nam
e
of
Au
t
h
or
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Ga
nga
mm
a
He
diyala
d
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
As
hoka
Kukkuva
da
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
G
ov
a
r
d
ha
n
He
gde
Ko
ta
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
onc
e
pt
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
M
:
M
e
th
odol
ogy
So
:
So
f
twa
r
e
Va
:
Va
li
da
ti
on
Fo
:
Fo
r
ma
l
a
na
ly
s
is
I
:
I
nve
s
ti
ga
ti
on
R
:
R
e
s
our
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
ta
C
ur
a
ti
on
O
:
W
r
it
in
g
-
O
r
ig
in
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
it
in
g
-
R
e
vi
e
w
&
E
di
ti
ng
Vi
:
Vi
s
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
Su
:
Su
pe
r
vi
s
io
n
P
:
P
r
oj
e
c
t
a
dmi
ni
s
tr
a
ti
on
Fu
:
Fu
ndi
ng a
c
qui
s
it
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
Sy
nthes
iz
ing
s
tr
ategie
s
and
innovations
in
c
ombati
ng
land
de
gr
adati
on:
a
global
…
(
Gangam
ma
He
d
iyalad
)
3141
CONF
L
I
CT
OF
I
NT
E
RE
S
T
S
T
AT
E
M
E
N
T
T
he
a
uthor
s
de
c
lar
e
that
they
ha
ve
no
c
onf
li
c
ts
of
i
nter
e
s
t
r
e
late
d
to
th
is
wor
k.
DA
T
A
AV
AI
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
Da
ta
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y
is
not
a
ppli
c
a
ble
to
thi
s
pa
pe
r
a
s
no
ne
w
da
ta
we
r
e
c
r
e
a
ted
o
r
a
na
lyze
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy
.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[
1]
S
. D
ha
r
uma
r
a
ja
n
e
t
al
.
, “
R
e
mot
e
s
e
n
s
in
g s
e
n
s
or
s
a
nd r
e
c
e
nt
t
e
c
hni
que
s
i
n de
s
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on a
nd l
a
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on ma
ppi
ng
-
a
r
e
vi
e
w
,”
pp. 701
–
716, 2022, doi:
10.1007/978
-
3
-
030
-
85682
-
3_32.
[
2]
J
. E
dw
a
r
ds
, G
. D
oga
n, a
nd N
. P
r
ic
ope
, “
C
ompa
r
is
on of
ma
c
hi
ne
a
nd de
e
p l
e
a
r
ni
ng mode
ls
f
or
t
he
pr
e
di
c
ti
on of
l
a
nd de
gr
a
da
ti
on,
”
in
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ngs
-
2023
6t
h
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
o
nf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
I
nf
or
m
at
io
n
and
C
om
put
e
r
T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
,
I
C
I
C
T
2023
,
2023,
pp.
5
–
12, doi:
10.1109/I
C
I
C
T
58900.2023.00009.
[
3]
A
.
A
bol
ha
s
a
ni
,
G
.
Z
e
ht
a
bi
a
n,
H
.
K
hos
r
a
vi
,
O
.
R
a
hma
ti
,
E
.
H
.
A
la
mda
r
lo
o,
a
nd
P
.
D
’
O
dor
ic
o,
“
A
ne
w
c
onc
e
pt
ua
l
f
r
a
me
w
or
k
f
or
s
pa
ti
a
l
pr
e
di
c
t
iv
e
mode
ll
in
g
of
la
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
in
a
s
e
mi
a
r
id
a
r
e
a
,”
L
and
D
e
gr
adat
io
n
and
D
e
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
,
vol
.
33,
no.
17,
pp. 3358
–
3374, 2022, doi:
10.1002/l
dr
.4391.
[
4]
A
.
A
bol
ha
s
a
ni
,
H
.
K
ho
s
r
a
vi
,
G
.
Z
e
ht
a
bi
a
n,
O
.
R
a
hm
a
ti
,
E
.
H
.
A
la
mda
r
lo
o,
a
nd
P
.
D
’
O
dor
ic
o,
“
C
ont
r
ib
ut
i
on
of
pr
e
di
c
ti
ve
f
a
c
to
r
s
of
la
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
oc
c
ur
r
e
nc
e
a
ppl
yi
ng
ma
xi
mum
e
nt
r
opy
mode
l,
”
A
r
id
L
and
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
and
M
anage
m
e
nt
,
vol
.
38,
no.
3,
pp. 299
–
317, 2024, doi:
10.1080/15324982.
2023.2298996.
[
5]
A
.
B
oa
li
,
H
.
R
.
A
s
ga
r
i,
A
.
M
.
B
e
hb
a
ha
ni
,
A
.
S
a
lm
a
nma
hi
ny
,
a
nd
B
.
N
a
im
i,
“
R
e
mot
e
ly
s
e
n
s
e
d
de
s
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on
mode
li
ng
us
in
g
e
ns
e
mbl
e
of
ma
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
a
lg
or
it
hms
,”
R
e
m
ot
e
Se
ns
in
g
A
ppl
ic
at
io
ns
:
Soc
ie
ty
and
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
,
vol
.
34,
2024,
doi
:
10.1016/j
.r
s
a
s
e
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[
6]
T
. Q
ia
n, H
. B
a
ga
n,
T
. K
in
os
hi
ta
, a
nd Y
. Y
a
m
a
ga
ta
, “
S
pa
ti
a
l
-
te
mpor
a
l
a
na
ly
s
e
s
of
s
ur
f
a
c
e
c
oa
l
mi
ni
ng domi
na
te
d l
a
nd de
gr
a
da
ti
on
in
hol
in
gol
,
I
nne
r
M
ongoli
a
,”
I
E
E
E
J
our
nal
of
S
e
le
c
te
d
T
opi
c
s
in
A
ppl
ie
d
E
ar
th
O
bs
e
r
v
at
io
n
s
and
R
e
m
ot
e
Se
ns
in
g
,
vol
.
7,
no
.
5,
pp. 1675
–
1687, 2014, doi:
10.1109/J
S
T
A
R
S
.2014
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[
7]
Z
.
C
he
n,
D
.
W
a
ng,
L
.
M
a
,
a
nd
Y
.
C
he
n,
“
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
th
in
gs
t
e
c
hnol
ogy
in
moni
to
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
of
s
us
ta
in
a
bl
e
us
e
of
s
oi
l
a
nd
l
a
nd
r
e
s
our
c
e
s
,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, vol
. 8, pp. 152932
–
152940, 2020, doi
:
10.1109/AC
C
E
S
S
.2020.3016303.
[
8]
J
.
R
e
ic
h
e
,
C
.
M
.
S
ou
z
a
x,
D
.
H
.
H
oe
kma
n,
J
.
V
e
r
be
s
s
e
lt
,
H
.
P
e
r
s
a
ud,
a
nd
M
.
H
e
r
ol
d,
“
F
e
a
tu
r
e
le
ve
l
f
us
io
n
of
mul
ti
-
te
mpor
a
l
A
L
O
S
P
A
L
S
A
R
a
nd
la
nds
a
t
da
ta
f
or
ma
ppi
ng
a
nd
moni
to
r
in
g
of
tr
opi
c
a
l
de
f
or
e
s
ta
ti
on
a
nd
f
or
e
s
t
de
gr
a
da
ti
on,”
I
E
E
E
J
our
nal
of
Se
le
c
te
d
T
opi
c
s
in
A
ppl
ie
d
E
ar
t
h
O
bs
e
r
v
at
io
ns
and
R
e
m
ot
e
Se
ns
in
g
,
vol
.
6,
no.
5,
pp.
2159
–
2173,
2013,
doi
:
10.1109/J
S
T
A
R
S
.2013.2245101.
[
9]
S
. P
r
a
ka
s
h, M
. C
. S
ha
r
ma
,
R
. K
uma
r
, P
.
S
.
D
hi
nw
a
, K
. L
.
N
. S
a
s
tr
y, a
nd A
. S
. R
a
ja
w
a
t,
“
M
a
ppi
ng a
nd a
s
s
e
s
s
in
g l
a
nd de
gr
a
da
ti
on
vul
ne
r
a
bi
li
ty
in
K
a
ng
r
a
di
s
tr
ic
t
us
in
g
phys
ic
a
l
a
nd
s
oc
io
-
e
c
on
omi
c
in
di
c
a
to
r
s
,”
Spat
ia
l
I
nf
or
m
at
io
n
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
,
vol
.
24,
no.
6,
pp.
733
–
744, 2016, doi:
10.1007/s
41324
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016
-
0071
-
5.
[
10]
S
.
K
a
ly
a
n,
D
.
S
ha
r
ma
,
a
nd
A
.
S
ha
r
ma
,
“
S
pa
ti
o
-
te
mpor
a
l
va
r
ia
ti
on
in
de
s
e
r
t
vul
ne
r
a
bi
li
ty
us
in
g
d
e
s
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on
in
de
x
ove
r
th
e
B
a
na
s
R
iv
e
r
B
a
s
in
in
R
a
ja
s
th
a
n,
I
ndi
a
,”
A
r
abi
an
J
our
nal
of
G
e
os
c
ie
n
c
e
s
,
vol
.
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no.
54
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pp.
1
-
13,
J
a
n.
2021,
doi
:
10.1007/s
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020
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06417
-
0.
[
11]
V
.
A
.
D
a
v
e
,
M
.
P
a
ndya
,
a
nd
R
.
G
hos
h,
“
A
n
a
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
of
th
e
de
s
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on
vul
ne
r
a
bi
li
ty
ba
s
e
d
on
M
E
D
A
L
U
S
mode
l,
”
2
019
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
n
c
e
on
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nt
C
om
put
in
g
and
R
e
m
ot
e
Se
ns
in
g
(
I
C
I
C
R
S)
,
B
huba
ne
s
w
a
r
,
I
ndi
a
,
2019,
pp.
1
-
6,
doi
:
10.1109/I
C
I
C
R
S
46726.2019.9555853
.
[
12]
H
.
L
i,
X
.
Y
a
ng,
a
nd
K
.
Z
ha
ng,
“
U
nd
e
r
s
ta
ndi
ng
gl
oba
l
la
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
in
te
r
a
c
t
e
d
w
it
h
c
ompl
e
x
bi
ophys
i
c
s
a
nd
s
oc
io
e
c
onomi
c
s
f
r
om
th
e
pe
r
s
p
e
c
ti
ve
of
th
e
nor
ma
li
z
e
d
di
f
f
e
r
e
nc
e
ve
ge
ta
ti
on
in
de
x
(
1982
–
2015)
,”
G
lo
bal
and
P
la
ne
ta
r
y
C
ha
nge
,
vol
. 198, 2021, doi:
10.1016/j
.gl
opl
a
c
ha
.2021.103431.
[
13]
S
.
K
a
li
r
a
j,
M
.
P
a
r
ma
r
,
I
.
M
.
B
a
huguna
,
a
nd
A
.
S
.
R
a
ja
w
a
t,
“
A
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
of
de
s
e
r
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on
a
nd
la
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
vul
ne
r
a
bi
li
ty
in
humi
d
tr
opi
c
s
a
nd
s
ub
-
tr
opi
c
a
l
r
e
gi
ons
of
in
di
a
us
in
g
r
e
mot
e
s
e
ns
in
g
a
nd
G
I
S
te
c
hni
que
s
,”
C
hal
le
nge
s
of
D
i
s
as
te
r
s
in
A
s
ia
:
V
ul
ne
r
abi
li
ty
, A
d
apt
at
io
n and R
e
s
il
ie
nc
e
,
S
in
ga
por
e
:
S
pr
in
ge
r
,
2022, pp. 15
–
25
, doi
:
10.1007/978
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981
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19
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3567
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1_2
.
[
14]
Z
.
Y
u,
X
.
D
e
ng,
P
.
F
u,
S
.
G
r
e
bby,
a
nd
E
.
M
a
ngi
,
“
A
s
s
e
s
s
me
nt
of
la
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
r
is
ks
in
th
e
L
oe
s
s
P
la
te
a
u,”
L
and
D
e
g
r
adat
io
n
and De
v
e
lo
pm
e
nt
, vol
. 35, no
. 7, pp. 2409
–
2424, 2024, doi:
10.
1002/l
dr
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[
15]
V
.
S
he
vc
he
nko
e
t
al
.
,
“
C
li
ma
te
c
ha
nge
im
pa
c
t
on
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
a
l
la
nd
s
ui
ta
bi
li
ty
:
a
n
in
te
r
pr
e
ta
bl
e
m
a
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
-
ba
s
e
d
e
ur
a
s
ia
c
a
s
e
s
tu
dy,”
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
, vol
. 12, pp. 15748
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S
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[
16]
P
.
M
a
nna
e
t
al
.
,
“
A
ge
os
pa
ti
a
l
de
c
is
io
n
s
uppor
t
s
y
s
te
m
f
or
s
uppor
ti
ng
th
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
nt
of
la
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
in
E
u
r
ope
,”
L
a
nd
,
vol
. 13, no. 1, 2024, doi
:
10.3390/l
a
nd13010089.
[
17]
B
.
D
a
s
e
t
al
.
,
“
L
a
nd
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
vul
ne
r
a
bi
li
ty
ma
ppi
ng
in
a
w
e
s
t
c
oa
s
t
r
iv
e
r
ba
s
in
of
I
ndi
a
us
in
g
a
na
ly
ti
c
a
l
hi
e
r
a
r
c
hy
pr
oc
e
s
s
c
ombi
ne
d
ma
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
mode
ls
,”
E
nv
ir
onm
e
nt
al
Sc
ie
nc
e
and
P
ol
lu
ti
on
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vol
.
30,
pp.
83975
–
83990,
J
un.
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doi
:
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023
-
28276
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4.
[
18]
P
.
P
uj
a
r
,
A
.
K
uma
r
,
a
nd
V
.
K
uma
r
,
“
P
la
nt
le
a
f
de
te
c
ti
on
th
r
o
ugh
ma
c
hi
ne
le
a
r
ni
ng
ba
s
e
d
im
a
ge
c
la
s
s
if
ic
a
ti
on
a
ppr
oa
c
h,”
I
A
E
S
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
A
r
ti
fi
c
ia
l
I
nt
e
ll
ig
e
nc
e
, vol
. 13, no. 1, pp. 1139
–
1148, 2024, doi:
10.11591/i
ja
i.
v13.i1.pp113
9
-
1148.
[
19]
S
.
H
.
S
r
e
e
dha
r
a
,
V
.
K
uma
r
,
a
nd
S
.
S
a
lm
a
,
“
E
f
f
ic
ie
nt
bi
g
da
t
a
c
lu
s
te
r
in
g
us
in
g
a
dhoc
f
uz
z
y
c
me
a
ns
a
nd
a
ut
o
-
e
nc
od
e
r
C
N
N
,”
I
nv
e
nt
iv
e
C
om
put
at
io
n and I
nf
or
m
at
io
n T
e
c
hnol
ogi
e
s
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20]
K
.
C
ha
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a
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n,
P
.
E
la
ya
pi
ll
a
i,
G
.
V
ij
a
ya
la
ks
hmi
,
a
nd
S
.
K
a
li
r
a
j,
“
E
va
lu
a
ti
ng
th
e
r
e
la
ti
on
of
N
D
V
I
,
N
D
W
I
,
S
M
I
,
a
nd
L
A
I
to
la
nd a
nd s
oi
l
de
gr
a
da
ti
on pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
-
a
c
a
s
e
s
tu
dy of
V
ir
udhuna
ga
r
di
s
tr
ic
t,
T
a
mi
l
N
a
du, I
nd
ia
,”
R
e
m
ot
e
Se
ns
in
g of
So
il
s
:
M
appi
ng,
M
oni
to
r
in
g, and M
e
as
ur
e
m
e
nt
, pp. 689
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6/
B
978
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0
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443
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18773
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5.00040
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5.
[
21]
S
.
D
ha
r
uma
r
a
ja
n,
S
.
K
a
li
r
a
j,
K
.
A
dhi
ka
r
i,
a
nd
N
.
K
.
M
.
L
a
li
th
a
,
“
E
va
lu
a
ti
ng
th
e
r
e
la
ti
on
of
N
D
V
I
,
N
D
W
I
,
S
M
I
,
a
nd
L
A
I
to
la
nd
a
nd
s
o
il
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
—
a
c
a
s
e
s
tu
dy
of
V
ir
udhuna
ga
r
di
s
tr
ic
t,
T
a
mi
l
N
a
du,
I
ndi
a
,”
R
e
m
ot
e
Se
ns
in
g
of
Soi
ls
:
M
app
i
ng,
M
oni
to
r
in
g, and M
e
as
ur
e
m
e
nt
, pp. 689
–
697, 2024, doi:
10.101
6/
B
978
-
0
-
443
-
18773
-
5.00040
-
5
.
[
22]
M
.
K
.
A
.
D
e
ni
s
a
nd
J
.
J
.
M
.
E
dw
in
,
“
F
e
r
ti
l
it
y
s
ta
tu
s
,
de
gr
a
da
ti
on
r
a
te
a
nd
vul
ne
r
a
bi
li
ty
pot
e
nt
ia
l
of
s
oi
ls
of
S
ow
a
c
hi
e
f
do
m
in
S
out
he
r
n S
ie
r
r
a
L
e
one
,”
J
our
nal
of
I
nt
e
r
di
s
c
ip
li
nar
y
and M
ul
ti
di
s
c
ip
li
nar
y
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
, vol
. 2, no. 1, pp. 151
–
162, 2014.
[
23]
K
.
A
.
K
um
a
r
,
K
.
N
a
ir
,
P
.
K
r
i
s
hn
a
n
,
a
n
d
L
.
N
.
D
.
S
a
r
k
a
r
,
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C
li
ma
t
ic
a
nd
t
e
r
r
a
i
n
i
nf
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
n
a
c
i
di
t
y,
e
x
c
h
a
n
g
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a
bl
e
ba
s
e
s
a
nd
c
a
ti
on
e
x
c
h
a
ng
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
ty
i
n
s
oi
l
s
of
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of
f
e
e
pl
a
nt
a
t
io
n
s
of
K
a
r
n
a
t
a
ka
,
”
J
ou
r
na
l
of
P
l
an
ta
t
io
n
C
r
op
s
,
vol
.
42
,
no
.
1,
p
p.
4
1
–
50
,
20
14
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
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:
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8938
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,
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t
2025
:
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3
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3142
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K
.
B
a
dr
in
a
th
,
M
.
S
.,
K
r
is
hna
n,
A
.
M
.,
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ti
l,
B
.
N
.,
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e
nc
ha
ia
h,
K
.,
&B
a
la
kr
is
hna
R
a
o,
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F
e
r
ti
li
ty
s
ta
tu
s
of
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om
e
ty
pi
c
a
l
s
oi
l
s
of
c
oa
s
ta
l
K
a
r
na
ta
k
a
,”
J
ou
r
nal
of
I
ndi
an Soc
ie
ty
of
Soi
l
Sc
ie
nc
e
, v
ol
. 34, pp. 436
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438, 1986.
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25]
D
.
D
ut
ta
,
S
.
R
a
y,
R
.
R
e
ddy,
a
nd
S
.
B
udi
ha
l,
“
C
ha
r
a
c
te
r
iz
a
ti
on
a
nd
c
la
s
s
i
f
ic
a
ti
on
of
pa
le
os
ol
s
in
pa
r
t
of
S
out
h
I
ndi
a
,”
J
our
nal
of
I
ndi
an Soc
ie
ty
of
Soi
l
Sc
ie
nc
e
, vol
. 49, no. 4, pp. 726
–
734, 2001.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.