I
AE
S
I
n
t
e
r
n
at
ion
al
Jou
r
n
al
of
Ar
t
if
icial
I
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
(
I
J
-
AI
)
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
2025
,
pp.
3452
~
3461
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
,
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/i
jai
.
v
14
.i
4
.
pp
34
52
-
3461
3452
Jou
r
n
al
h
omepage
:
ht
tp:
//
ij
ai
.
iaes
c
or
e
.
c
om
Pow
e
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of
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lo
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k
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ol
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Kan
im
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T
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avau
k
k
ar
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I
n
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avall
i
M
an
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P
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e
s
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a
r
c
h
D
e
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
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r
S
c
ie
nc
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,
M
a
r
udha
r
K
e
s
a
r
i
J
a
in
C
ol
l
e
ge
f
or
W
ome
n
(
A
ut
onomous
)
,
V
a
ni
ya
mba
di
,
A
f
f
il
ia
te
d
to
T
hi
r
uva
ll
uva
r
U
ni
ve
r
s
it
y,
V
e
ll
or
e
,
I
ndi
a
Ar
t
icle
I
n
f
o
AB
S
T
RA
CT
A
r
ti
c
le
h
is
tor
y
:
R
e
c
e
ived
M
a
r
24
,
2024
R
e
vis
e
d
M
a
r
15
,
2025
Ac
c
e
pted
J
un
8
,
2025
G
l
o
b
a
l
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
s
face
i
n
crea
s
i
n
g
ch
al
l
en
g
es
in
i
mp
ro
v
i
n
g
effi
c
i
en
c
y
,
t
ran
s
p
are
n
cy
,
an
d
co
m
p
l
i
an
ce
w
i
t
h
reg
u
l
at
o
ry
req
u
i
remen
t
s
.
T
rad
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
a
i
n
s
y
s
t
ems
o
ft
e
n
s
u
ffer
fr
o
m
i
n
eff
i
ci
e
n
ci
es
due
to
frag
me
n
t
e
d
d
at
a
an
d
man
u
al
p
ro
ce
s
s
e
s
,
w
h
i
ch
res
u
l
t
in
d
el
a
y
s
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
er
co
s
t
s
.
Bl
o
c
k
ch
a
i
n
t
ech
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
a
s
emerg
ed
as
a
p
o
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en
t
i
a
l
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o
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o
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by
o
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i
o
n
,
d
at
a
i
mmu
t
ab
i
l
i
t
y
,
an
d
au
t
o
ma
t
i
o
n
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
s
mart
c
o
n
t
rac
t
s
.
H
o
w
e
v
er,
ex
i
s
t
i
n
g
b
l
o
ck
c
h
ai
n
i
mp
l
eme
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
s
t
r
u
g
g
l
e
w
i
t
h
i
s
s
u
es
l
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k
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s
cal
a
b
i
l
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t
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d
t
ran
s
act
i
o
n
s
p
eed
,
w
h
i
c
h
l
i
mi
t
s
t
h
e
i
r
effect
i
v
e
n
es
s
in
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
man
ag
eme
n
t
.
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h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
t
r
o
d
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ces
a
n
e
w
framew
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rk
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as
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d
on
d
i
s
t
ri
b
u
t
ed
l
ed
g
er
t
ech
n
o
l
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(D
L
T
)
w
i
t
h
en
h
a
n
ced
s
mar
t
co
n
t
rac
t
fu
n
ct
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o
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d
d
at
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ro
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en
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ce
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rac
k
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g
.
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h
e
framew
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rk
a
i
ms
to
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mp
r
o
v
e
t
ra
n
s
ac
t
i
o
n
t
h
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
,
red
u
ce
l
a
t
en
c
y
,
an
d
p
ro
v
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d
e
b
et
t
er
d
a
t
a
i
n
t
eg
r
i
t
y
,
en
ab
l
i
n
g
mo
re
effi
ci
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t
an
d
t
ran
s
p
are
n
t
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
ai
n
o
p
era
t
i
o
n
s
.
By
i
n
c
o
rp
o
rat
i
n
g
mech
an
i
s
m
s
to
t
rac
k
the
o
ri
g
i
n
an
d
mo
v
emen
t
of
g
o
o
d
s
,
the
framew
o
rk
en
s
u
res
t
h
at
s
t
ak
e
h
o
l
d
er
s
h
av
e
rea
l
-
t
i
me
acce
s
s
to
ac
cu
ra
t
e
i
n
fo
rma
t
i
o
n
,
i
mp
r
o
v
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n
g
d
ec
i
s
i
o
n
-
mak
i
n
g
an
d
t
ru
s
t
acr
o
s
s
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
ai
n
.
We
e
v
al
u
at
e
t
h
e
p
erfo
rma
n
ce
of
t
h
i
s
framew
o
r
k
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
A
n
y
L
o
g
i
c
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
p
l
a
t
fo
r
m,
co
mp
ari
n
g
it
to
t
rad
i
t
i
o
n
al
b
l
o
c
k
ch
a
i
n
s
y
s
t
em
s
.
Met
ri
c
s
s
u
ch
as
t
ra
n
s
ac
t
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o
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t
h
ro
u
g
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p
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l
at
e
n
cy
,
an
d
effi
ci
en
c
y
are
an
al
y
zed
to
d
emo
n
s
t
ra
t
e
the
i
mp
ro
v
emen
t
s
ach
i
e
v
ed
by
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
t
em.
The
re
s
u
l
t
s
s
h
o
w
s
i
g
n
i
fi
can
t
en
h
a
n
cemen
t
s
in
t
ran
s
act
i
o
n
s
p
ee
d
an
d
o
p
erat
i
o
n
al
effi
c
i
en
c
y
,
o
fferi
n
g
a
p
ract
i
cal
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
fo
r
o
p
t
i
m
i
zi
n
g
s
u
p
p
l
y
ch
a
i
n
s
in
v
ari
o
u
s
i
n
d
u
s
t
ri
e
s
.
K
e
y
w
o
r
d
s
:
Automation
B
lock
c
ha
in
M
a
c
hine
lea
r
ning
S
e
c
ur
it
y
S
upply
c
ha
in
Th
i
s
is
an
o
p
en
a
c
ces
s
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
u
n
d
e
r
the
CC
BY
-
SA
l
i
ce
n
s
e.
C
or
r
e
s
pon
din
g
A
u
th
or
:
Ka
nim
oz
hi
T
hir
una
vukka
r
a
s
u
P
G
a
nd
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
De
pa
r
tm
e
nt
of
C
omput
e
r
S
c
ienc
e
,
M
a
r
udha
r
Ke
s
a
r
i
J
a
in
C
oll
e
ge
f
o
r
W
omen
(
Autonomous
)
,
Va
niyamba
di,
Af
f
il
iate
d
to
T
hi
r
uv
a
ll
uva
r
Unive
r
s
it
y
S
e
r
kka
du,
Ve
ll
or
e
,
T
a
mi
l
N
a
du
,
I
ndia
E
mail:
ka
nil
ogu8479
@gmail
.
c
om
1.
I
NT
RODU
C
T
I
ON
In
today’
s
r
a
pidl
y
e
volvi
ng
global
mar
ke
tpl
a
c
e
,
s
upply
c
ha
in
mana
ge
ment
plays
a
c
r
it
ica
l
r
ole
in
de
ter
mi
ning
the
c
ompetit
ivene
s
s
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
bus
ines
s
e
s
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
ious
s
e
c
tor
s
.
As
or
ga
niza
ti
ons
f
a
c
e
incr
e
a
s
ing
pr
e
s
s
ur
e
to
e
nha
nc
e
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
icie
n
c
ies
,
r
e
duc
e
c
os
ts
,
a
nd
r
e
s
pond
s
wif
tl
y
to
mar
ke
t
d
e
mands
,
tr
a
dit
ional
s
upply
c
ha
in
s
ys
tems
of
ten
r
e
ve
a
l
s
igni
f
ica
nt
li
m
it
a
ti
ons
[
1
]
–
[
4
]
.
C
onve
nti
ona
l
s
upp
ly
c
ha
in
mana
ge
ment
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
typi
c
a
ll
y
r
e
ly
on
f
r
a
gmente
d
da
ta
s
ys
tems
,
manua
l
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
,
a
nd
a
lac
k
of
r
e
a
l
-
time
vis
ibi
li
ty,
lea
ding
to
inef
f
icie
nc
ies
,
e
r
r
o
r
s
,
a
nd
d
e
lays
.
M
or
e
ove
r
,
the
a
bs
e
nc
e
of
a
r
obus
t
mec
ha
nis
m
f
or
e
ns
ur
ing
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
a
nd
tr
a
c
e
a
bil
it
y
of
good
s
e
xa
c
e
r
ba
tes
the
s
e
is
s
u
e
s
,
r
a
is
ing
c
onc
e
r
ns
r
e
ga
r
ding
c
ompl
ianc
e
,
a
c
c
ountabili
ty,
a
nd
c
ons
umer
tr
us
t.
T
he
a
dve
nt
of
blockc
ha
in
tec
hnology
ha
s
e
mer
g
e
d
as
a
r
e
volut
ionar
y
f
o
r
c
e
c
a
pa
ble
of
a
dd
r
e
s
s
ing
thes
e
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
By
leve
r
a
ging
a
de
c
e
ntr
a
li
z
e
d
a
nd
di
s
tr
ibut
e
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
P
ow
e
r
of
block
c
hain
tec
hnology
for
e
nhanc
ing
e
ff
i
c
ienc
y
tr
ans
par
e
nc
y
…
(
T
hir
unav
uk
k
ar
a
s
u
K
anim
oz
hi
)
3453
ledge
r
,
blockc
ha
in
of
f
e
r
s
the
potential
f
or
i
mpr
ove
d
da
ta
int
e
gr
it
y,
s
e
c
ur
it
y
,
a
nd
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
in
s
upply
c
ha
in
mana
ge
ment
.
In
pa
r
t
icula
r
,
blockc
ha
in's
inher
e
nt
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
is
ti
c
s
-
im
mut
a
bil
it
y,
tr
a
c
e
a
bil
it
y,
a
nd
the
a
bil
it
y
to
a
utom
a
te
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
thr
ough
s
mar
t
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
-
make
it
an
a
tt
r
a
c
ti
ve
s
olut
ion
f
or
e
nha
nc
ing
the
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
of
s
upply
c
ha
ins
[
5]
–
[
7]
.
S
mar
t
c
ontr
a
c
ts
,
s
e
lf
-
e
xe
c
uti
ng
c
ontr
a
c
ts
with
the
ter
ms
of
the
a
gr
e
e
ment
dir
e
c
tl
y
wr
it
ten
int
o
c
ode
,
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
a
utom
a
ted
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
a
nd
de
c
is
i
on
-
making,
ther
e
by
mi
nim
izing
the
ne
e
d
f
o
r
int
e
r
media
r
ies
a
nd
r
e
duc
ing
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
c
os
ts
.
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
of
thes
e
tec
hnologi
e
s
pr
omi
s
e
s
not
only
to
s
tr
e
a
ml
ine
s
upply
c
ha
in
ope
r
a
ti
ons
but
a
ls
o
to
f
os
ter
g
r
e
a
ter
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
on
a
nd
tr
us
t
a
mong
s
take
holder
s
.
De
s
pit
e
the
p
r
om
is
ing
po
tent
ial
of
blockc
ha
in
in
s
upply
c
ha
in
mana
g
e
men
t
,
t
he
r
e
r
e
mai
n
s
ubs
tant
ial
hur
d
les
to
o
ve
r
c
ome
.
M
a
n
y
e
x
is
ti
ng
im
p
leme
n
tati
o
ns
s
tr
uggle
wi
th
s
c
a
labi
li
ty
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
,
o
f
te
n
h
in
de
r
e
d
by
high
t
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
c
os
ts
a
nd
late
nc
y
is
s
ue
s
inh
e
r
e
n
t
to
t
r
a
di
ti
ona
l
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
ne
two
r
ks
.
M
o
r
e
o
ve
r
,
wh
i
le
s
mar
t
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
can
e
nha
nc
e
a
u
tom
a
ti
on
,
they
a
ls
o
int
r
oduc
e
c
o
mpl
e
xi
t
ies
r
e
late
d
to
the
ir
de
s
ig
n,
e
xe
c
u
ti
on
,
a
nd
moni
tor
ing
,
pa
r
ti
c
ula
r
ly
whe
n
mana
g
ing
mu
lt
i
f
a
c
e
ted
a
gr
e
e
men
ts
a
c
r
os
s
d
ive
r
s
e
s
ta
ke
ho
lder
s
[
8]
–
[
11]
.
C
ons
e
que
nt
ly
,
t
he
r
e
is
a
p
r
e
s
s
ing
ne
e
d
f
o
r
inno
va
ti
v
e
f
r
a
mew
o
r
ks
that
op
ti
m
ize
the
us
e
of
b
lockc
ha
in
a
nd
s
ma
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
in
s
upp
ly
c
ha
in
c
onte
xts
,
pr
o
vid
ing
s
c
a
la
b
le
s
o
lut
ions
tha
t
a
r
e
bo
th
e
f
f
ic
ient
a
n
d
c
os
t
-
e
f
f
e
c
t
iv
e
.
T
his
s
t
udy
s
e
e
ks
to
e
xten
d
p
r
e
vi
ous
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
on
b
lockc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
m
a
na
ge
ment
by
pr
op
os
ing
a
n
ove
l
f
r
a
me
wor
k
that
leve
r
a
ge
s
dis
t
r
i
bu
ted
l
e
dge
r
t
e
c
hno
logy
(
DL
T
)
e
n
ha
nc
e
d
wi
th
opt
im
iz
e
d
s
ma
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
t
f
unc
t
iona
li
t
ies
a
nd
r
obus
t
da
ta
p
r
o
ve
na
nc
e
tr
a
c
k
ing
.
Un
li
ke
tr
a
d
it
ional
bloc
kc
ha
i
n
mode
ls
,
w
hi
ch
o
f
t
e
n
f
oc
us
s
olel
y
on
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
o
na
l
in
tegr
it
y
,
ou
r
a
pp
r
oa
c
h
e
mp
ha
s
ize
s
the
im
por
tanc
e
of
r
e
a
l
-
t
im
e
da
ta
a
c
c
e
s
s
ibi
li
ty
a
nd
v
is
ibi
li
ty
th
r
oug
hout
t
he
s
up
ply
c
ha
in
[
1
]
,
[
12
]
–
[
17
]
.
By
i
nteg
r
a
t
ing
da
ta
p
r
ove
na
nc
e
tr
a
c
kin
g
mec
ha
nis
ms
,
we
e
ns
u
r
e
t
ha
t
a
ll
s
take
h
olde
r
s
h
a
ve
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
a
c
c
ur
a
te
a
nd
ve
r
i
f
iab
le
in
f
or
mati
on
r
e
ga
r
d
ing
th
e
or
igi
n,
moveme
nt
,
a
nd
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
mat
ion
of
g
oods
wi
thi
n
the
s
upply
c
ha
in
[
18
]
–
[
25
]
.
T
h
is
not
only
e
nha
nc
e
s
tr
a
n
s
pa
r
e
nc
y
but
a
ls
o
e
mpowe
r
s
bus
ines
s
e
s
to
ma
ke
in
f
o
r
med
de
c
is
ions
,
the
r
e
by
im
p
r
o
ving
ove
r
a
ll
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
.
T
h
e
pr
op
os
e
d
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
i
nc
o
r
po
r
a
tes
a
d
va
nc
e
d
s
ma
r
t
c
on
t
r
a
c
t
f
unc
t
io
na
li
ti
e
s
ta
il
o
r
e
d
to
a
ut
om
a
t
e
a
nd
s
t
r
e
a
ml
in
e
c
o
mp
le
x
s
up
pl
y
c
h
a
i
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
s
.
By
op
ti
m
i
z
i
ng
t
he
s
e
c
on
t
r
a
c
ts
,
we
r
e
du
c
e
t
he
a
s
s
o
c
i
a
t
e
d
ga
s
f
e
e
s
a
nd
e
nh
a
nc
e
t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
io
n
s
pe
e
ds
,
mak
in
g
the
i
mp
le
me
nt
a
ti
o
n
of
s
ma
r
t
c
on
tr
a
c
ts
m
o
r
e
vi
a
b
le
f
or
bu
s
i
ne
s
s
e
s
of
a
l
l
s
i
z
e
s
.
T
h
e
a
b
i
li
ty
to
a
u
to
ma
te
tas
ks
s
uc
h
as
i
nv
e
n
to
r
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
o
r
d
e
r
f
ul
f
il
l
men
t
,
a
nd
c
o
mp
li
a
nc
e
c
h
e
c
ks
th
r
o
ugh
s
ma
r
t
c
o
nt
r
a
c
ts
s
i
gn
if
ic
a
n
tl
y
r
e
duc
e
s
t
he
li
ke
li
ho
od
of
hu
ma
n
e
r
r
o
r
,
e
nh
a
nc
e
s
r
e
s
p
on
s
i
ve
n
e
s
s
to
c
ha
n
g
ing
ma
r
ke
t
c
on
di
t
io
ns
,
a
nd
m
i
ni
mi
z
e
s
o
pe
r
a
ti
on
a
l
de
la
ys
.
In
a
dd
i
ti
on
to
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
in
g
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
ies
,
o
ur
f
r
a
me
wo
r
k
a
ls
o
e
m
ph
a
s
i
z
e
s
the
c
r
i
ti
c
a
l
a
s
pe
c
t
of
da
ta
p
r
ov
e
n
a
n
c
e
.
In
in
dus
t
r
ies
s
u
c
h
as
l
e
a
t
he
r
ma
nu
f
a
c
t
ur
i
ng
,
wh
e
r
e
a
ut
he
nt
ic
it
y
a
nd
c
o
mp
l
ian
c
e
wi
th
s
us
tai
na
bi
l
it
y
s
tan
da
r
ds
a
r
e
pa
r
a
mo
un
t
,
e
ns
ur
in
g
t
r
a
c
e
a
b
i
li
ty
is
e
s
s
e
n
t
ia
l
.
By
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
ti
ng
a
r
o
bus
t
d
a
t
a
p
r
o
ve
n
a
n
c
e
me
c
h
a
n
is
m
,
we
e
na
b
le
s
ta
ke
h
ol
de
r
s
to
t
r
a
c
k
the
li
f
e
c
y
c
l
e
of
p
r
od
uc
ts
,
v
e
r
i
f
y
the
i
r
a
u
the
n
ti
c
i
ty
,
a
n
d
e
ns
u
r
e
c
o
mp
li
a
nc
e
wi
th
r
e
gu
la
to
r
y
r
e
q
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
.
T
his
c
a
pa
bi
li
t
y
not
o
n
ly
e
nh
a
nc
e
s
c
ons
um
e
r
t
r
us
t
b
ut
a
ls
o
a
l
ig
ns
w
it
h
in
c
r
e
a
s
in
g
r
e
gu
la
to
r
y
d
e
m
a
n
ds
f
o
r
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y
in
s
up
p
ly
c
ha
i
ns
,
p
a
r
t
ic
ul
a
r
ly
c
on
c
e
r
n
in
g
e
th
ic
a
l
s
ou
r
c
in
g
a
nd
e
n
vi
r
on
men
ta
l
s
us
ta
in
a
b
il
i
ty
.
2.
L
I
T
E
RA
T
UR
E
RE
VI
E
W
B
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
h
a
s
e
m
e
r
g
e
d
as
a
t
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
v
e
f
o
r
c
e
in
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
,
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
i
n
g
l
o
n
g
-
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
r
e
l
a
t
e
d
to
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
,
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
.
Li
et
al
.
[
3
]
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
e
d
a
c
o
m
p
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
b
i
b
l
i
o
m
e
t
r
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
,
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
t
r
e
n
d
s
in
t
h
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
of
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
in
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
s
.
T
h
e
i
r
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
h
i
g
h
l
i
g
h
t
t
h
e
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
r
e
c
o
g
n
i
t
i
o
n
of
b
l
o
c
k
c
h
a
i
n
as
a
m
e
a
n
s
to
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
a
t
a
i
n
t
e
g
r
i
t
y
a
n
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
f
r
a
u
d
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
c
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
in
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
r
u
s
t
a
m
o
n
g
s
u
p
p
l
y
c
h
a
i
n
s
t
a
k
e
h
o
l
d
e
r
s
.
K
a
s
h
y
a
p
e
t
a
l
.
[
4
]
i
n
t
r
o
duc
e
d
a
do
c
u
men
t
co
-
c
it
a
t
io
n
a
n
a
l
ys
is
me
tho
d
t
ha
t
s
h
e
ds
li
gh
t
on
e
me
r
g
in
g
t
r
e
nds
wi
th
i
n
th
e
f
ie
l
d
,
e
mp
ha
s
iz
in
g
t
he
i
mp
o
r
t
a
nc
e
of
da
ta
-
dr
i
ve
n
de
c
is
io
n
-
m
a
k
in
g
in
s
up
p
ly
c
ha
ins
.
T
h
is
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
no
t
on
l
y
f
a
c
i
li
ta
tes
a
de
e
pe
r
un
de
r
s
tan
di
ng
of
e
xis
t
in
g
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
bu
t
a
ls
o
i
de
n
t
i
f
ie
s
ga
ps
tha
t
ne
w
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
a
n
a
dd
r
e
s
s
.
L
i
u
e
t
a
l
.
[
5
]
e
xp
lo
r
e
d
da
ta
mi
n
in
g
t
e
c
hn
iq
ue
s
f
or
c
it
a
t
io
n
a
na
lys
is
,
un
de
r
s
c
o
r
i
ng
ho
w
c
i
ta
ti
on
ne
tw
o
r
ks
can
be
i
ns
t
r
um
e
n
ta
l
in
m
a
p
p
in
g
th
e
e
vo
l
ut
io
n
of
id
e
a
s
s
u
r
r
o
un
d
in
g
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
's
i
nt
e
g
r
a
ti
on
in
to
lo
gis
ti
c
s
a
n
d
s
up
pl
y
c
h
a
i
n
f
r
a
me
wo
r
ks
.
T
h
is
a
na
ly
t
ica
l
p
e
r
s
pe
c
t
iv
e
is
c
r
uc
ia
l
as
it
p
r
o
vi
de
s
a
f
o
un
da
ti
on
f
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
s
tu
di
e
s
to
b
u
il
d
u
po
n
.
T
he
noti
on
of
"
L
ogis
ti
c
s
4.
0"
ha
s
be
e
n
ga
ini
ng
t
r
a
c
ti
on,
as
highl
ight
e
d
by
W
inkelha
us
a
nd
G
r
os
s
e
[
6]
.
T
he
ir
s
ys
tema
ti
c
r
e
view
e
mphas
ize
s
the
ne
e
d
f
or
ne
w
logi
s
ti
c
s
s
y
s
tems
that
a
r
e
a
gil
e
,
r
e
s
pons
ive,
a
nd
c
a
pa
ble
of
ha
ndli
ng
the
c
ompl
e
xit
ies
int
r
oduc
e
d
by
i
ndus
tr
y
4.
0.
B
lockc
ha
in
is
pos
it
ioned
as
a
ke
y
e
na
bler
of
t
he
s
e
ne
w
s
ys
tems
,
f
a
c
il
it
a
ti
ng
s
e
a
ml
e
s
s
da
ta
e
xc
ha
nge
a
nd
e
nha
nc
ing
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
ies
.
In
the
wa
ke
of
the
C
OV
I
D
-
19
pa
nde
mi
c
,
E
tema
di
et
al
.
[
7]
p
r
opos
e
d
a
r
is
k
mi
ti
ga
ti
on
model
that
leve
r
a
ge
s
blockc
ha
in
tec
hnology
to
e
nha
nc
e
s
upply
c
ha
in
r
e
s
il
ienc
e
.
T
he
ir
wor
k
il
l
us
tr
a
tes
the
tec
hnology's
potential
in
mana
ging
dis
r
upti
ons
,
f
ur
t
he
r
va
li
da
t
ing
its
r
ole
in
e
ns
ur
ing
c
onti
nuit
y
a
n
d
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
in
s
upply
c
ha
in
ope
r
a
ti
ons
du
r
ing
c
r
is
e
s
.
P
our
na
de
r
e
t
al
.
[
8]
c
onduc
ted
a
s
ys
tema
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
of
blockc
ha
in
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
in
s
upply
c
ha
ins
,
tr
a
ns
por
tation,
a
nd
logi
s
ti
c
s
,
r
e
in
f
or
c
ing
the
idea
t
ha
t
blockc
ha
in
is
we
ll
-
s
uit
e
d
f
or
im
p
r
oving
tr
a
c
e
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
a
c
c
ountabili
ty.
T
he
i
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
s
ugge
s
ts
that
im
pleme
nti
ng
blockc
ha
in
can
lea
d
to
s
igni
f
ica
nt
op
e
r
a
ti
ona
l
im
pr
ove
ments
a
nd
c
os
t
r
e
duc
ti
ons
,
pa
r
t
icula
r
ly
in
indus
tr
ies
c
ha
r
a
c
ter
ize
d
by
c
ompl
e
x
s
uppl
y
c
ha
ins
.
S
olà
a
nd
B
a
r
ivi
e
r
a
[
9]
c
ont
r
ibut
e
d
to
the
dis
c
us
s
ion
thr
ough
their
bibl
iom
e
tr
ic
a
na
lys
is
of
b
it
c
oin,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
20
25
:
345
2
-
3461
3454
de
mons
tr
a
ti
ng
the
e
xpa
nding
s
c
ope
of
blockc
ha
in
tec
hnology
a
nd
its
potential
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
be
yond
c
r
yptocur
r
e
nc
ies
.
T
his
a
na
lys
is
e
mphas
ize
s
the
int
e
r
dis
c
ipl
inar
y
na
tur
e
of
blockc
ha
in
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
a
nd
its
r
e
leva
nc
e
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
ious
s
e
c
tor
s
,
including
s
upply
c
ha
in
man
a
ge
ment.
Kor
de
r
e
t
al
.
[
10
]
pr
e
s
e
nted
a
s
im
ulation
a
na
lys
is
of
s
upply
c
ha
in
de
s
ign
a
nd
pr
oduc
ti
on
-
or
de
r
ing
s
ys
tems
i
n
pos
t
-
di
s
r
upti
on
pe
r
iods
,
highl
ight
ing
how
tec
hnologi
e
s
li
ke
blockc
ha
in
can
a
id
in
the
r
e
c
ove
r
y
pr
oc
e
s
s
.
His
wor
k
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
the
s
igni
f
ica
nc
e
of
pr
oa
c
ti
ve
s
tr
a
tegie
s
,
including
the
a
dopti
on
of
blo
c
kc
ha
in,
to
mi
ti
ga
te
the
i
mpac
ts
of
dis
r
upti
ons
.
M
a
tha
et
al
.
[
11]
e
xplo
r
e
d
the
int
e
r
s
e
c
ti
on
of
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
a
nd
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
pr
ovidi
ng
ins
ight
s
that
a
r
e
a
ppli
c
a
ble
to
s
upply
c
ha
in
mana
ge
ment
as
we
ll
.
T
he
ir
bibl
iom
e
tr
ic
a
na
lys
is
highl
ight
s
the
im
por
tanc
e
of
s
e
c
ur
e
da
ta
ha
ndli
ng
in
e
nvir
onments
whe
r
e
s
e
ns
it
ive
inf
or
mation
is
e
xc
ha
nge
d,
a
c
r
it
ica
l
c
ons
ider
a
ti
on
f
o
r
s
upply
c
ha
in
s
ys
tems
e
mpl
oying
blockc
ha
in.
C
hoi
et
al
.
[
12]
inves
ti
ga
ted
opti
mal
pr
icing
s
tr
a
tegie
s
withi
n
on
-
de
mand
s
e
r
vice
platf
or
ms
,
s
howc
a
s
ing
how
blo
c
kc
ha
in
tec
hnology
can
inf
luenc
e
ope
r
a
t
ional
de
c
is
ions
a
nd
c
us
tom
e
r
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ons
in
dyna
mi
c
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
e
nvir
onments
.
T
he
i
r
f
indi
ngs
unde
r
s
c
or
e
the
a
da
pt
a
bil
it
y
of
blockc
ha
in
s
olut
ions
to
va
r
ious
bus
ines
s
models
.
Additi
ona
ll
y,
T
s
a
i
[
13]
pr
e
s
e
nted
a
f
r
a
c
ti
ona
l
ca
lc
ulus
model
that
in
tegr
a
tes
blockc
ha
in
tec
hnology
int
o
s
upply
c
ha
in
f
inanc
ial
s
ys
tems
,
de
mons
tr
a
ti
ng
how
mathe
matica
l
models
can
e
nha
nc
e
the
unde
r
s
tanding
of
blockc
ha
in's
im
pa
c
t
on
f
inanc
ial
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
withi
n
s
upply
c
ha
ins
.
Ha
r
ve
y
a
nd
R
a
be
tt
i
[1
4
]
f
oc
us
e
d
on
the
f
utur
e
of
bus
ines
s
c
ybe
r
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
a
c
c
ounti
ng
in
the
c
ontext
of
blockc
ha
in
tec
hnology,
e
mphas
izing
its
tr
a
ns
f
or
mative
potential
to
s
e
c
ur
e
s
e
ns
it
ive
inf
or
mation
withi
n
s
upply
c
ha
ins
.
T
he
ir
a
na
lys
is
s
ugge
s
ts
that
blockc
ha
in
can
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
e
nha
nc
e
the
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
r
a
mew
or
k
of
s
upply
c
ha
in
t
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
.
S
ibahe
e
et
al
.
[1
5
]
f
ur
ther
e
xplo
r
e
d
blockc
ha
in's
r
ole
in
a
uthentica
ti
o
n
a
nd
a
uthor
iza
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
f
or
s
mar
t
c
it
y
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
,
il
lus
tr
a
ti
ng
its
br
oa
de
r
im
pli
c
a
ti
ons
be
yond
s
upply
c
ha
ins
.
T
his
wor
k
highl
ight
s
the
ve
r
s
a
ti
li
ty
of
blo
c
kc
ha
in
tec
hnology
in
s
uppor
ti
ng
va
r
ious
s
e
c
tor
s
that
r
e
quir
e
s
e
c
ur
e
a
nd
e
f
f
icie
nt
in
f
or
mation
e
xc
ha
nge
.
Xia
ng
a
nd
Z
ha
o
[1
6
]
pr
opos
e
d
a
blockc
ha
in
-
a
s
s
i
s
t
e
d
s
e
a
r
c
ha
ble
e
nc
r
ypti
on
model
f
or
c
loud
-
ba
s
e
d
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
s
ys
tems
,
r
e
inf
or
c
ing
the
idea
that
b
lockc
ha
in
can
pr
ovide
s
e
c
ur
e
da
ta
s
ha
r
ing
mec
ha
nis
ms
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
maintaining
int
e
gr
it
y
in
s
upply
c
ha
ins
,
e
s
pe
c
ially
in
s
e
ns
it
ive
s
e
c
tor
s
li
ke
he
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
.
3.
P
ROP
OS
E
D
F
RA
M
E
WORK
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
ha
r
ne
s
s
e
s
the
potential
of
blockc
ha
in
tec
hnology
to
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
e
nha
nc
e
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
tr
a
c
e
a
bil
it
y,
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
it
y
in
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
mana
ge
ment.
By
int
e
gr
a
ti
ng
c
r
it
ica
l
c
omponents
de
s
igned
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
pivot
a
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
,
the
f
r
a
m
e
wor
k
s
e
e
ks
to
im
pr
ove
da
ta
int
e
gr
it
y
,
f
a
c
il
i
tate
r
e
a
l
-
time
tr
a
c
king,
a
nd
f
os
ter
s
take
holder
tr
us
t.
T
he
f
r
a
mew
or
k
is
s
tr
uc
tur
e
d
int
o
thr
e
e
int
e
r
de
pe
nde
nt
laye
r
s
:
the
da
ta
laye
r
,
the
blockc
ha
in
laye
r
,
a
nd
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
laye
r
.
E
a
c
h
laye
r
s
e
r
ve
s
a
dis
ti
nc
t
f
unc
ti
on
a
n
d
wo
r
ks
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
ve
ly
to
c
r
e
a
te
a
r
obus
t
e
c
os
ys
tem
that
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
s
c
ontempor
a
r
y
s
upply
c
ha
in
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
.
F
igur
e
1
s
hows
the
pr
opos
e
d
thr
e
e
-
laye
r
f
r
a
mew
or
k
.
F
igur
e
1.
T
h
r
e
e
-
laye
r
f
r
a
mew
or
k
3.
1.
Dat
a
layer
T
he
da
ta
laye
r
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
the
f
ounda
ti
on
f
or
da
ta
c
o
ll
e
c
ti
on
a
nd
s
tor
a
ge
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
ious
e
nti
ti
e
s
withi
n
the
s
upply
c
ha
in.
I
t
inco
r
por
a
tes
mul
ti
ple
tec
hnologi
e
s
,
including
int
e
r
ne
t
of
thi
ngs
(
I
oT
)
de
vice
s
,
r
a
dio
-
f
r
e
que
nc
y
identif
ica
ti
on
(
R
F
I
D)
tags
,
a
nd
tr
a
dit
io
na
l
da
taba
s
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
tec
h
nologi
e
s
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
ve
ly
ga
ther
a
we
a
lt
h
of
in
f
or
mation
a
s
pr
oduc
ts
tr
a
ns
it
th
r
ough
t
he
s
upply
c
ha
in.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
P
ow
e
r
of
block
c
hain
tec
hnology
for
e
nhanc
ing
e
ff
i
c
ienc
y
tr
ans
par
e
nc
y
…
(
T
hir
unav
uk
k
ar
a
s
u
K
anim
oz
hi
)
3455
3.
1.
1.
Dat
a
t
yp
e
s
I
n
a
blockc
ha
in
-
int
e
gr
a
ted
s
upply
c
ha
in
s
ys
tem,
da
t
a
he
ter
oge
ne
it
y
is
a
ke
y
c
ha
ll
e
nge
—
va
r
ious
f
or
ms
of
da
ta
ne
e
d
to
be
c
a
ptur
e
d
,
va
li
da
t
e
d,
a
nd
s
ync
hr
o
nize
d
in
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
a
c
r
os
s
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
s
take
holder
s
.
Ac
c
ur
a
te
a
nd
tampe
r
-
pr
oof
r
e
c
or
ds
of
pr
oduc
t
moveme
nt
,
e
nvir
on
menta
l
c
ondit
ions
,
a
nd
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
s
tatus
e
s
a
r
e
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
to
e
ns
ur
e
tr
a
ns
p
a
r
e
nc
y,
tr
a
c
e
a
bil
it
y,
a
nd
r
e
li
a
bil
it
y.
T
o
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
thi
s
,
s
e
ve
r
a
l
c
or
e
da
ta
types
a
r
e
de
f
ined
to
c
a
ptur
e
the
tempor
a
l
,
e
nvir
on
menta
l,
a
nd
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ona
l
a
tt
r
ibu
tes
of
s
upply
c
ha
in
a
c
ti
vit
i
e
s
.
T
he
s
e
da
ta
types
s
uppor
t
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
a
na
lyt
ics
,
a
nomaly
de
tec
ti
on,
s
mar
t
c
ont
r
a
c
t
e
xe
c
uti
on,
a
nd
pr
ove
na
nc
e
tr
a
c
king.
T
he
pr
im
a
r
y
da
ta
types
us
e
d
in
s
uc
h
a
s
ys
tem
a
r
e
d
e
f
ined
a
s
f
oll
ows
:
‒
T
im
e
s
tamp
(
T
)
:
let
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
the
ti
mes
tamp
of
a
s
pe
c
if
ic
e
ve
nt,
s
uc
h
a
s
pr
oduc
t
s
hipm
e
nt
or
de
li
ve
r
y.
T
he
dif
f
e
r
e
nc
e
be
twe
e
n
ti
mes
tamps
a
nd
gives
the
ti
me
dur
a
ti
on
o
f
the
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
:
=
−
whe
r
e
>
,
a
nd
the
uni
t
of
is
in
s
e
c
onds
,
mi
nutes
,
or
h
our
s
,
de
pe
nding
on
the
c
ontext.
‒
S
hipm
e
nt
c
ondit
ions
(
C
)
:
let
_
=
(
,
,
,
)
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
the
c
ondit
io
ns
of
a
s
hipm
e
nt
a
t
a
g
iven
ti
mes
tamp
,
whe
r
e
,
,
de
note
the
tempe
r
a
tur
e
a
nd
humi
dit
y
a
t
that
ti
me
,
r
e
s
pe
c
ti
ve
ly.
‒
T
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
r
e
c
or
ds
(
R
)
:
let
e
a
c
h
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
be
a
tupl
e
c
ontaining
the
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
I
D,
ti
me,
pa
r
ti
e
s
invol
ve
d,
a
nd
goods
be
ing
tr
a
ns
f
e
r
r
e
d
:
=
(
,
,
,
)
W
he
r
e
,
a
r
e
the
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
a
nd
the
goods
invol
ve
d
in
the
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on,
a
nd
indi
c
a
tes
the
s
tate
of
the
t
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
(
pe
nding,
c
ompl
e
ted,
or
f
a
il
e
d)
.
T
he
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
moni
to
r
ing
o
f
g
oods
with
I
oT
de
vice
s
c
a
n
be
modele
d
us
ing
a
Ka
lm
a
n
f
i
lt
e
r
to
e
s
ti
mate
the
loca
ti
on
of
pr
oduc
ts
ba
s
e
d
on
n
ois
y
s
e
ns
or
da
ta.
T
he
s
ys
tem
s
tate
a
t
ti
me
k
is
upda
ted
a
s
f
oll
ows
:
=
−
1
+
+
whe
r
e
A
is
the
s
tate
tr
a
ns
it
ion
model,
B
is
the
c
ont
r
ol
input
model,
is
the
c
ontr
ol
ve
c
to
r
,
a
nd
is
the
pr
oc
e
s
s
nois
e
.
T
he
e
s
ti
mation
of
the
ne
xt
s
tate
is
th
e
n
upda
ted
us
ing
the
mea
s
ur
e
ment
model
.
3.
2.
B
lockchai
n
layer
T
he
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
laye
r
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
the
c
or
e
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k,
whe
r
e
the
c
oll
e
c
ted
da
ta
f
r
om
the
da
ta
laye
r
is
s
tor
e
d
,
va
li
da
ted,
a
nd
s
e
c
ur
e
d.
T
h
is
laye
r
e
mpl
oys
a
pe
r
mi
s
s
ioned
blockc
ha
in
a
r
c
hit
e
c
tur
e
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
the
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
of
da
ta
int
e
gr
it
y
,
s
e
c
ur
it
y,
a
nd
tr
us
t
a
mong
s
take
holder
s
.
3.
2.
1.
P
e
r
m
is
s
ion
e
d
b
lockchai
n
A
pe
r
mi
s
s
ioned
blockc
ha
in
is
a
type
of
dis
tr
ibut
e
d
ledge
r
that
r
e
s
tr
icts
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
a
uthor
ize
d
pa
r
ti
c
ipants
.
T
h
is
c
ontr
oll
e
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
e
ns
ur
e
s
that
only
ve
r
if
ied
e
nti
ti
e
s
c
a
n
view
,
a
dd,
or
modi
f
y
da
ta
w
it
hin
the
ne
twor
k.
As
a
r
e
s
ult
,
it
e
nha
nc
e
s
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
buil
ds
tr
us
t
a
mong
s
upply
c
ha
in
s
take
holder
s
by
r
e
du
c
ing
the
r
is
ks
of
da
ta
tampe
r
ing
a
nd
una
uthor
ize
d
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
o
mm
only
f
ound
in
publi
c
blockc
ha
ins
.
3.
2.
2.
Dat
a
in
t
e
gr
it
y
an
d
im
m
u
t
ab
i
li
t
y
O
ne
of
the
ke
y
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
of
b
lo
c
kc
ha
in
te
c
h
no
log
y
is
its
a
b
i
li
ty
to
e
ns
u
r
e
da
ta
i
nte
g
r
i
t
y
t
h
r
o
ug
h
c
r
yp
to
g
r
a
p
h
ic
ha
s
hi
ng
a
nd
c
ons
e
ns
us
me
c
ha
n
is
ms
.
O
nc
e
d
a
t
a
is
r
e
c
o
r
de
d
on
the
bl
oc
k
c
h
a
i
n
,
it
b
e
c
om
e
s
i
m
mu
ta
bl
e
,
me
a
n
in
g
t
ha
t
it
c
a
nn
ot
be
a
lt
e
r
e
d
or
de
le
te
d
w
it
ho
ut
c
ons
e
ns
us
f
r
om
th
e
ne
tw
o
r
k
p
a
r
t
ic
ipan
ts
.
T
h
is
c
ha
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
is
c
r
it
ica
l
f
o
r
m
a
i
n
tai
n
in
g
an
a
c
c
u
r
a
te
a
n
d
t
r
us
tw
o
r
t
hy
r
e
c
or
d
of
tr
a
ns
a
c
t
i
ons
wi
t
hi
n
the
s
u
ppl
y
c
h
a
i
n
.
3.
2.
3.
S
m
ar
t
c
on
t
r
ac
t
s
T
h
e
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
u
ti
l
ize
s
s
ma
r
t
c
o
nt
r
a
c
ts
to
a
ut
o
mat
e
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
a
n
d
e
n
f
o
r
c
e
a
gr
e
e
men
ts
be
tw
e
e
n
p
a
r
t
ies
.
S
m
a
r
t
c
o
nt
r
a
c
ts
a
r
e
s
e
l
f
-
e
xe
c
ut
in
g
a
g
r
e
e
me
nts
c
o
de
d
in
to
th
e
b
l
oc
k
c
ha
i
n
t
ha
t
a
ut
om
a
t
ic
a
l
ly
t
r
ig
ge
r
p
r
e
de
f
ine
d
a
c
t
io
ns
w
he
n
c
e
r
ta
in
c
o
nd
i
ti
ons
a
r
e
me
t
.
F
o
r
ins
tan
c
e
,
a
s
ma
r
t
c
o
nt
r
a
c
t
ma
y
a
u
to
ma
ti
c
a
ll
y
r
e
lea
s
e
p
a
y
me
nt
u
pon
t
he
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
u
l
de
li
ve
r
y
of
go
ods
,
r
e
duc
i
ng
t
he
n
e
e
d
f
o
r
in
te
r
m
e
d
ia
r
ies
a
n
d
e
x
pe
di
t
in
g
t
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
.
T
his
a
ut
o
mat
i
on
no
t
o
nl
y
s
t
r
e
a
ml
in
e
s
o
pe
r
a
ti
ons
bu
t
a
ls
o
m
i
ni
m
ize
s
th
e
p
ot
e
n
ti
a
l
f
or
hu
ma
n
e
r
r
o
r
.
3.
2.
4.
T
r
an
s
p
ar
e
n
c
y
an
d
t
r
ac
e
ab
il
it
y
T
he
bl
oc
kc
ha
in's
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
n
t
na
tu
r
e
a
l
lows
a
ll
a
uth
or
ize
d
pa
r
ti
c
i
pa
nts
to
a
c
c
e
s
s
a
s
in
gle
ve
r
s
io
n
of
t
he
tr
u
th
,
e
n
a
bli
ng
r
e
a
l
-
time
t
r
a
c
k
ing
of
p
r
od
uc
ts
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
ions
.
S
take
holde
r
s
can
tr
a
c
e
t
he
move
ment
of
goods
f
r
o
m
the
ir
or
igi
n
to
t
he
e
nd
c
o
ns
ume
r
,
e
nha
nc
ing
a
c
c
ounta
bil
it
y
a
n
d
f
os
ter
ing
tr
us
t.
T
h
is
leve
l
of
tr
a
n
s
pa
r
e
nc
y
is
pa
r
ti
c
u
la
r
ly
be
ne
f
ic
ial
f
o
r
indus
t
r
ies
tha
t
r
e
qu
ir
e
s
tr
ingen
t
c
o
mpl
ianc
e
wit
h
r
e
gu
lati
ons
,
s
uc
h
as
f
o
od
s
a
f
e
ty
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
20
25
:
345
2
-
3461
3456
a
nd
pha
r
ma
c
e
ut
ica
ls
.
T
he
b
lockc
ha
in
laye
r
plays
a
c
r
uc
ia
l
r
ole
in
s
e
c
ur
ing
a
nd
va
li
da
ti
ng
the
d
a
ta
c
oll
e
c
t
e
d
f
r
om
the
da
ta
la
ye
r
,
p
r
ovi
din
g
a
r
e
li
a
ble
a
n
d
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nt
f
r
a
mew
o
r
k
f
o
r
s
u
pply
c
h
a
in
ope
r
a
t
ions
.
3.
3.
App
li
c
a
t
ion
layer
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
laye
r
s
e
r
ve
s
as
the
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
be
twe
e
n
e
nd
-
u
s
e
r
s
a
nd
the
unde
r
lyi
ng
blockc
ha
in
tec
hnology,
pr
ovidi
ng
va
r
ious
a
ppli
c
a
ti
ons
a
nd
too
ls
de
s
igned
to
f
a
c
il
it
a
te
s
upply
c
ha
in
mana
ge
ment.
3.
3.
1.
Us
e
r
in
t
e
r
f
ac
e
s
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
laye
r
include
s
da
s
hboa
r
ds
a
nd
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
s
that
a
ll
ow
us
e
r
s
to
int
e
r
a
c
t
with
the
blockc
ha
in.
T
he
s
e
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
s
pr
ovide
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
r
e
a
l
-
time
da
ta,
t
r
a
c
e
a
bil
it
y
r
e
por
ts
,
a
nd
a
na
lyt
ics
ge
ne
r
a
ted
f
r
om
the
blockc
ha
in.
Us
e
r
s
can
moni
tor
the
s
tatus
of
the
ir
pr
oduc
ts
,
r
e
view
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
his
tor
ies
,
a
nd
a
s
s
e
s
s
s
upply
c
ha
in
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
th
r
ough
int
ui
ti
ve
vis
ua
li
z
a
ti
ons
.
3.
3.
2.
Dat
a
in
p
u
t
an
d
in
t
e
r
ac
t
ion
Us
e
r
s
c
a
n
input
da
ta
int
o
the
s
ys
tem
thr
ough
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
laye
r
,
whic
h
s
e
r
ve
s
a
s
the
int
e
r
f
a
c
e
f
or
int
e
r
a
c
ti
ng
with
the
blockc
ha
in
ne
two
r
k.
T
his
a
ll
o
ws
f
or
s
e
a
ml
e
s
s
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
of
ne
w
in
f
or
mation
,
i
nc
ludi
ng
s
hipm
e
nt
upda
tes
,
pr
oduc
t
c
ondit
ions
,
a
nd
other
r
e
l
e
va
nt
de
tails
.
S
uc
h
f
unc
ti
ona
li
ty
is
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
mai
ntaining
a
c
c
ur
a
te,
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
r
e
c
or
ds
a
c
r
os
s
the
e
nti
r
e
s
upply
c
h
a
in.
3.
3.
3.
T
r
an
s
ac
t
ion
m
a
n
age
m
e
n
t
L
e
t
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
r
e
que
s
t
ini
ti
a
ted
by
a
us
e
r
.
T
he
t
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
r
e
que
s
t
goe
s
thr
ough
the
f
oll
owing
s
teps
:
−
Ve
r
if
ica
ti
on:
c
he
c
k
if
the
us
e
r
ha
s
the
r
e
quir
e
d
pe
r
mi
s
s
ions
to
ini
ti
a
te
the
t
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on:
(
)
=
(
=
ℎ
)
−
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
:
o
n
c
e
ve
r
i
f
i
e
d
,
t
h
e
t
r
a
ns
a
c
t
io
n
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
s
to
t
h
e
b
l
oc
k
c
h
a
i
n
f
o
r
va
l
i
da
t
i
o
n
by
t
h
e
c
o
ns
e
ns
us
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
.
−
E
xe
c
uti
on:
u
pon
s
uc
c
e
s
s
f
ul
va
li
da
ti
on,
the
tr
a
n
s
a
c
ti
on
is
e
xe
c
uted
a
nd
logged
onto
the
blockc
ha
in.
3.
3.
4.
Dis
p
u
t
e
r
e
s
olu
t
ion
In
the
e
ve
nt
of
dis
putes
or
dis
c
r
e
pa
nc
ies
,
the
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
laye
r
pr
ovides
tool
s
f
or
r
e
s
olut
ion,
including
a
c
c
e
s
s
to
his
tor
ica
l
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
da
ta
a
nd
a
utom
a
ted
a
ler
ts
ge
ne
r
a
ted
by
s
mar
t
c
ontr
a
c
ts
.
T
his
f
e
a
tur
e
e
nha
nc
e
s
s
take
holder
c
onf
idenc
e
in
the
s
ys
tem,
as
it
e
ns
ur
e
s
that
dis
putes
can
be
a
ddr
e
s
s
e
d
quickly
a
nd
f
a
ir
l
y.
L
e
t
D
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nt
a
dis
pute
r
e
que
s
t,
whic
h
c
ould
a
r
is
e
if
ther
e
is
a
dis
c
r
e
pa
nc
y
be
twe
e
n
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
r
e
c
o
r
ds
.
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
laye
r
c
ould
r
e
s
olve
dis
putes
thr
ough
:
−
Automate
d
dis
pute
c
he
c
ks
:
the
blockc
ha
in
c
he
c
ks
if
a
ll
c
ondit
ions
of
the
s
mar
t
c
ontr
a
c
t
we
r
e
met
:
(
)
ℎ
=
.
−
M
a
nua
l
r
e
view
:
i
f
a
utom
a
ted
r
e
s
olut
ion
is
not
po
s
s
ibl
e
,
the
s
ys
tem
may
e
s
c
a
late
the
dis
pute
f
o
r
m
a
nua
l
r
e
view
by
an
a
utho
r
ize
d
a
dmi
nis
tr
a
tor
.
T
he
a
ppli
c
a
ti
on
laye
r
thus
a
c
ts
as
the
us
e
r
-
f
r
iendly
f
r
ont
e
nd
of
the
f
r
a
mew
or
k
,
e
na
bli
ng
s
take
holder
s
to
int
e
r
a
c
t
with
the
blockc
ha
in
a
nd
leve
r
a
ge
its
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly.
D
a
t
a
a
na
l
ys
is
w
a
s
c
o
nd
uc
ted
to
e
va
lua
te
the
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
he
p
r
op
os
e
d
bl
oc
kc
h
a
i
n
f
r
a
me
wo
r
k
.
T
he
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
wa
s
b
a
s
e
d
on
ke
y
pe
r
f
o
r
man
c
e
m
e
t
r
ics
s
u
c
h
a
s
la
ten
c
y
,
th
r
o
ug
hp
u
t
,
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
ti
on
s
uc
c
e
s
s
r
a
te
.
T
h
e
s
e
r
e
s
ul
ts
a
r
e
s
u
mm
a
r
iz
e
d
in
T
a
b
le
1
,
p
r
o
vi
di
ng
i
ns
i
gh
t
i
n
to
th
e
s
ys
te
m
’
s
o
ve
r
a
ll
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
a
n
d
r
e
li
a
b
il
it
y
.
T
a
ble
1.
P
e
r
f
o
r
man
ce
metr
ics
M
e
tr
ic
D
e
f
in
it
io
n
C
omput
a
ti
on
m
e
th
od
O
ut
c
ome
T
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
t
hr
oughput
N
umbe
r
of
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
d
p
e
r
uni
t
of
ti
me
,
in
di
c
a
ti
ng
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
in
ha
ndl
in
g
s
im
ul
ta
ne
ous
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
.
T
ot
a
l
t
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
/
to
ta
l
time
H
ig
he
r
th
r
oughput
in
di
c
a
te
s
b
e
tt
e
r
pe
r
f
or
ma
nc
e
a
nd
s
c
a
la
bi
li
ty
.
L
a
te
nc
y
T
im
e
ta
ke
n
to
c
ompl
e
t
e
a
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
f
r
om
in
it
ia
ti
on
to
c
onf
i
r
ma
ti
on,
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ng
r
e
s
pons
iv
e
ne
s
s
.
T
im
e
of
c
onf
ir
ma
ti
on
-
t
ime
of
i
ni
ti
a
ti
on
L
ow
e
r
la
te
nc
y
r
e
s
ul
ts
in
qui
c
ke
r
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
pr
oc
e
s
s
in
g,
vi
ta
l
f
or
time
-
s
e
ns
it
iv
e
ope
r
a
ti
ons
.
O
pe
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
C
ompos
it
e
me
a
s
ur
e
r
e
f
le
c
ti
ng
c
os
t
s
a
vi
ngs
a
nd
time
r
e
duc
ti
ons
a
c
hi
e
ve
d
th
r
ough
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
me
w
or
k.
(
C
os
t
s
a
vi
ngs
+
ti
me
r
e
duc
ti
ons
)
/
me
tr
ic
s
f
r
om
tr
a
di
ti
ona
l
s
ys
te
ms
H
ig
he
r
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
ic
ie
nc
y
s
c
or
e
s
in
di
c
a
te
im
pr
ove
d
r
e
s
our
c
e
ut
il
iz
a
ti
on
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
w
or
kf
lo
w
s
.
C
os
t
-
b
e
ne
f
it
a
na
ly
s
is
E
va
lu
a
te
s
th
e
e
c
onomi
c
vi
a
bi
li
ty
of
th
e
pr
opos
e
d
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
w
or
k
c
ompa
r
e
d
to
e
xi
s
ti
ng
s
ys
t
e
ms
.
N
e
t
b
e
ne
f
it
=
to
ta
l
be
ne
f
it
s
-
to
ta
l
c
os
ts
P
r
ovi
de
s
f
in
a
nc
ia
l
ju
s
ti
f
ic
a
ti
on
f
o
r
a
dopt
in
g
th
e
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
w
or
k,
de
mons
tr
a
ti
ng
pot
e
nt
ia
l
s
a
vi
ngs
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
P
ow
e
r
of
block
c
hain
tec
hnology
for
e
nhanc
ing
e
ff
i
c
ienc
y
tr
ans
par
e
nc
y
…
(
T
hir
unav
uk
k
ar
a
s
u
K
anim
oz
hi
)
3457
4.
RE
S
UL
T
S
AND
DI
S
CU
S
S
I
ON
T
he
pe
r
f
o
r
manc
e
of
the
p
r
opos
e
d
blockc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
wor
k
f
o
r
s
upply
c
ha
in
mana
ge
ment
wa
s
e
va
luate
d
a
ga
ins
t
e
s
tablis
h
e
d
s
ys
t
e
ms
in
the
li
ter
a
tur
e
.
T
h
e
a
na
lys
is
f
oc
us
e
d
on
ke
y
metr
ics
,
including
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
thr
oughput,
late
nc
y,
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
a
nd
c
os
t
-
be
ne
f
it
a
na
lys
is
.
T
he
e
va
luation
wa
s
c
a
r
r
ied
o
ut
unde
r
va
r
ying
c
ondit
ions
s
uc
h
as
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
volum
e
,
n
e
twor
k
load,
a
nd
node
c
ount
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
dis
c
us
s
e
d
in
ter
ms
of
the
im
pr
ove
ments
a
c
hieve
d
by
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
c
ompa
r
e
d
to
e
xis
ti
ng
s
ys
tems
.
4.
1.
T
r
an
s
ac
t
ion
t
h
r
ou
gh
p
u
t
T
he
thr
oughput
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
blockc
ha
in
f
r
a
mew
or
k
wa
s
e
va
luate
d
by
s
im
ulating
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
loads
in
the
s
upply
c
ha
in.
T
he
s
im
ulation
r
e
s
ult
s
s
howe
d
that
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
a
c
hieve
d
100
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
pe
r
mi
nute
,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nti
ng
a
25%
im
pr
ove
ment
ove
r
the
highes
t
-
pe
r
f
or
mi
ng
s
ys
tem
in
the
li
ter
a
tur
e
.
Th
is
pe
r
f
or
manc
e
wa
s
c
ompar
e
d
to
othe
r
s
ys
tems
f
r
om
the
li
ter
a
tur
e
,
as
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
2.
T
a
ble
2
.
T
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
th
r
oughput
r
e
s
ult
s
S
ys
te
m
T
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
s
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
d
(
m)
T
hr
oughput
(%)
B
lo
c
kc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
s
uppl
y c
ha
in
mode
l
[
4]
70
15
D
e
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
s
uppl
y c
h
a
in
ma
na
ge
me
nt
f
r
a
me
w
or
k
[
14]
60
10
S
ma
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
t
-
e
na
bl
e
d s
uppl
y c
ha
in
s
y
s
te
m
[
22]
65
12
I
nt
e
gr
a
te
d
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
w
or
k f
or
l
ogi
s
ti
c
s
[
21]
80
14
P
r
opos
e
d
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
w
or
k
100
25
4.
2.
L
at
e
n
c
y
L
a
tenc
y
mea
s
ur
e
s
the
time
it
take
s
f
or
a
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
to
be
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
d,
f
r
om
ini
ti
a
ti
on
to
c
onf
ir
mation
.
T
he
late
nc
y
wa
s
e
va
luate
d
by
s
im
ulating
the
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
li
f
e
c
yc
le
unde
r
va
r
ious
ne
twor
k
c
ondit
i
ons
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
s
ys
tem
de
mons
tr
a
ted
an
a
ve
r
a
ge
late
n
c
y
of
1
.
5
s
e
c
onds
,
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
outper
f
o
r
mi
n
g
t
he
other
s
ys
tems
,
whic
h
ha
d
late
nc
ies
r
a
nging
f
r
om
2.
2
to
3
.
0
s
e
c
onds
,
as
s
hown
in
T
a
ble
3.
T
a
ble
3
.
L
a
tenc
y
r
e
s
ult
s
S
ys
te
m
A
ve
r
a
ge
la
te
nc
y
(
s
e
c
onds
)
L
a
te
nc
y
im
pr
ove
me
nt
(%)
B
lo
c
kc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
s
uppl
y c
ha
in
mode
l
[
4]
2.5
40
D
e
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d s
uppl
y
c
h
a
in
ma
na
ge
me
nt
f
r
a
me
w
or
k [
14]
3.0
50
S
ma
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
t
-
e
na
bl
e
d s
uppl
y c
ha
in
s
y
s
te
m [
22]
2.8
46
I
nt
e
gr
a
te
d bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
w
or
k f
or
l
ogi
s
ti
c
s
[
21]
2.2
32
P
r
opos
e
d bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
w
or
k
1.5
60
4.
3.
Op
e
r
at
io
n
al
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
a
c
hieve
d
a
35
%
r
e
duc
ti
o
n
in
c
os
ts
a
nd
a
40
%
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
ti
me
c
ompar
e
d
to
e
xis
ti
ng
s
ys
tems
,
dr
iven
by
a
utom
a
ti
on,
tr
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
nd
e
nha
nc
e
d
da
ta
ha
ndli
ng
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
Op
e
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
wa
s
e
va
luate
d
in
ter
ms
of
c
os
t
s
a
vings
,
ti
me
r
e
duc
ti
on,
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
umpt
ion,
a
nd
us
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
.
T
he
r
e
s
ult
s
a
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nted
in
T
a
ble
4
.
T
a
ble
4
.
Ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
r
e
s
ult
s
S
ys
te
m
C
os
t
s
a
vi
ng
s
(%)
T
im
e
r
e
duc
ti
on
(%)
E
ne
r
gy
c
ons
umpt
io
n
(
kW
h)
U
s
e
r
s
a
ti
s
f
a
c
ti
on
(
out
of
5)
B
lo
c
kc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
s
uppl
y c
ha
in
mode
l
[
4]
20
25
800
4.0
D
e
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d s
uppl
y c
h
a
in
ma
na
ge
me
nt
f
r
a
me
w
or
k [
14]
15
20
950
3.8
S
ma
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
t
-
e
na
bl
e
d s
uppl
y c
ha
in
s
y
s
te
m [
22]
18
22
875
4.2
I
nt
e
gr
a
te
d bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
w
or
k f
or
l
ogi
s
ti
c
s
[
21]
25
30
720
4.3
P
r
opos
e
d bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
w
or
k
35
40
650
4.6
T
a
ble
4
de
mons
tr
a
tes
the
s
upe
r
ior
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
blockc
ha
in
f
r
a
mew
or
k
c
ompar
e
d
to
e
xis
ti
ng
s
upply
c
ha
in
models
.
F
igu
r
e
s
2
to
4
s
hows
the
r
e
s
ult
s
of
the
wor
k
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
a
c
hieve
d
35
%
c
os
t
s
a
vings
a
nd
40%
-
ti
me
r
e
duc
ti
ons
,
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nti
ng
s
ubs
tantial
im
p
r
ove
ments
in
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
T
he
s
e
ga
ins
c
a
n
be
a
tt
r
ibut
e
d
to
e
nha
nc
e
d
inventor
y
mana
ge
ment,
s
tr
e
a
ml
ined
pr
oc
e
s
s
e
s
,
a
nd
the
r
e
a
l
-
ti
me
a
c
c
e
s
s
ibi
li
ty
of
a
c
c
ur
a
te
da
ta.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
20
25
:
345
2
-
3461
3458
F
igur
e
2.
T
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
thr
oughput
r
e
s
ult
s
F
igur
e
3.
L
a
tenc
y
r
e
s
ult
s
F
igur
e
4.
C
os
t
s
a
vings
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
P
ow
e
r
of
block
c
hain
tec
hnology
for
e
nhanc
ing
e
ff
i
c
ienc
y
tr
ans
par
e
nc
y
…
(
T
hir
unav
uk
k
ar
a
s
u
K
anim
oz
hi
)
3459
4.
4.
Cos
t
-
b
e
n
e
f
it
a
n
alys
is
A
c
os
t
-
be
ne
f
it
a
na
lys
is
wa
s
c
onduc
ted
to
e
va
luate
the
e
c
onomi
c
viabili
ty
of
im
pleme
nti
ng
the
pr
opos
e
d
blockc
ha
in
f
r
a
mew
or
k
c
ompar
e
d
to
e
xis
ti
ng
s
ys
tems
.
T
his
a
na
lys
is
took
int
o
a
c
c
ount
the
ini
ti
a
l
s
e
tup
c
os
ts
,
ongoing
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
xpe
ns
e
s
,
a
nd
potential
c
os
t
s
a
vings
r
e
s
ult
ing
f
r
om
the
im
pr
ove
ments
in
e
f
f
icie
nc
y.
T
he
ini
ti
a
l
s
e
tup
c
os
t
f
or
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
wa
s
e
s
ti
mate
d
at
$50,
000,
while
the
ongoing
op
e
r
a
ti
ona
l
c
os
ts
we
r
e
pr
ojec
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ound
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r
mont
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a
s
t,
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ve
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ys
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om
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l
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xpe
ns
e
s
.
Ove
r
a
ye
a
r
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
o
rk
c
ould
yield
s
igni
f
ica
nt
s
a
vings
due
to
its
im
p
r
ove
d
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
a
nd
r
e
duc
e
d
c
os
ts
,
whic
h
a
r
e
s
umm
a
r
ize
d
in
T
a
ble
5.
4.
5.
S
e
c
u
r
it
y
leve
l
an
d
d
a
t
a
p
r
ivacy
T
he
s
e
c
ur
it
y
leve
l
a
nd
da
ta
pr
ivac
y
mea
s
ur
e
s
we
r
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
e
d
b
a
s
e
d
on
e
nc
r
ypti
on
s
tanda
r
ds
,
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ontr
ol,
a
nd
da
ta
pr
ivac
y
index.
T
a
ble
5
outl
ines
th
e
s
e
metr
ics
f
or
e
a
c
h
s
ys
t
e
m
a
s
in
T
a
ble
6.
T
a
ble
6
highl
ight
s
the
s
e
c
ur
it
y
a
nd
pr
ivac
y
metr
ics
of
dif
f
e
r
e
nt
blockc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
s
upply
c
ha
in
s
ys
tem
s
.
T
he
pr
opos
e
d
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
mew
or
k
a
c
hieve
s
the
hig
he
s
t
da
ta
pr
ivac
y
index
a
t
95%
,
indi
c
a
ti
ng
s
upe
r
ior
da
ta
p
r
otec
ti
on
c
ompar
e
d
to
the
other
models
.
T
his
is
pa
r
tl
y
due
to
i
ts
us
e
of
AE
S
-
256
e
nc
r
ypti
on
a
dva
nc
e
d
e
nc
r
ypti
on
s
tanda
r
d
that
pr
ovides
r
obus
t
da
ta
s
e
c
ur
it
y.
I
n
ter
ms
of
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ontr
ol,
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
is
r
a
ted
a
t
a
high
leve
l,
a
li
gn
ing
with
the
s
e
c
ur
it
y
f
e
a
tur
e
s
s
e
e
n
in
the
de
c
e
ntr
a
li
z
e
d
s
upply
c
ha
in
mana
ge
ment
f
r
a
mew
or
k
[
14
]
a
nd
the
in
tegr
a
ted
blockc
ha
in
f
r
a
mew
or
k
f
or
log
is
ti
c
s
[
21]
,
both
o
f
w
hich
a
ls
o
of
f
e
r
high
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ontr
ol
leve
ls
.
Among
the
other
s
ys
tems
,
the
int
e
gr
a
ted
blockc
ha
in
f
r
a
mew
or
k
f
o
r
logi
s
ti
c
s
ha
s
a
da
ta
pr
ivac
y
index
of
92%
a
nd
u
s
e
s
R
S
A
e
nc
r
ypti
on,
de
mons
tr
a
ti
ng
s
tr
ong
da
ta
pr
otec
ti
on
but
s
li
ghtl
y
lowe
r
pr
ivac
y
a
s
s
ur
a
nc
e
than
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k.
S
ys
tems
us
ing
AE
S
-
128
or
lo
we
r
a
c
c
e
s
s
c
ontr
ol
leve
ls
,
s
uc
h
a
s
the
blockc
ha
in
-
b
a
s
e
d
s
up
ply
c
ha
in
model
[
4]
with
a
n
85
%
da
ta
pr
ivac
y
index,
s
how
l
owe
r
pr
ivac
y
leve
ls
a
nd
e
nc
r
ypti
on
s
tanda
r
ds
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potentially
les
s
s
e
c
ur
e
.
T
a
ble
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C
os
t
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be
ne
f
it
a
na
lys
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P
a
r
a
me
te
r
P
r
opos
e
d
f
r
a
m
e
w
or
k
E
xi
s
ti
ng
s
ys
te
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a
ve
r
a
g
e
I
ni
ti
a
l
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e
tu
p c
os
t
$50,000
$65,000
M
ont
hl
y
ope
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a
ti
ona
l
c
os
t
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$8,500
A
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l
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ta
l
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os
t
$110,000
$144,000
A
nnua
l
c
os
t
s
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vi
ng
s
$34,000
$14,000
T
a
ble
6.
S
e
c
ur
it
y
a
na
lys
is
S
ys
te
m
E
nc
r
ypt
io
n
s
ta
nda
r
d
A
c
c
e
s
s
c
ont
r
ol
(
l
e
ve
l)
D
a
ta
pr
iv
a
c
y
in
de
x
(%)
B
lo
c
kc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
s
uppl
y c
ha
in
mode
l
[
4]
A
E
S
-
128
M
e
di
um
85
D
e
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d s
uppl
y c
h
a
in
ma
na
ge
me
nt
f
r
a
me
w
or
k [
14]
S
H
A
-
256
H
ig
h
88
S
ma
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
t
-
e
na
bl
e
d s
uppl
y c
ha
in
s
y
s
te
m [
22]
A
E
S
-
256
M
e
di
um
90
I
nt
e
gr
a
te
d
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
w
or
k f
or
l
ogi
s
ti
c
s
[
21]
R
S
A
H
ig
h
92
P
r
opos
e
d bl
oc
kc
ha
in
f
r
a
me
w
or
k
A
E
S
-
256
H
ig
h
95
5.
CONC
L
USI
ON
T
his
s
tudy
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
nove
l
f
r
a
mew
or
k
ba
s
e
d
on
D
L
T
de
s
igned
to
a
ddr
e
s
s
the
c
r
it
ica
l
c
ha
ll
e
nge
s
f
a
c
e
d
by
global
s
upply
c
ha
ins
,
including
inef
f
icie
nc
ies
,
l
a
c
k
of
t
r
a
ns
pa
r
e
nc
y,
a
nd
r
e
gulator
y
c
ompl
ianc
e
is
s
ue
s
.
By
incor
por
a
ti
ng
e
nha
nc
e
d
s
mar
t
c
ont
r
a
c
t
f
unc
t
ions
a
nd
da
ta
pr
ove
na
nc
e
tr
a
c
king,
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
de
mons
tr
a
tes
s
igni
f
ica
nt
im
pr
ove
ments
in
t
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
thr
oughput
,
late
n
c
y,
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y
c
ompar
e
d
to
e
xis
ti
ng
s
ys
tems
.
T
he
a
na
lys
is
of
the
r
e
s
ult
s
r
e
ve
a
ls
that
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ly
p
r
oc
e
s
s
e
s
mul
ti
ple
t
r
a
ns
a
c
ti
ons
s
im
ult
a
ne
ous
ly,
a
c
hieving
a
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
thr
oughput
that
s
ur
pa
s
s
e
s
tr
a
dit
ional
s
ys
tems
.
T
he
late
nc
y
mea
s
ur
e
ments
indi
c
a
te
a
mar
ke
d
r
e
duc
ti
on
in
the
time
r
e
quir
e
d
f
or
tr
a
ns
a
c
ti
on
c
onf
ir
mation,
e
s
s
e
nti
a
l
f
or
maintaining
r
e
s
pons
ivene
s
s
in
ti
me
-
s
e
n
s
it
ive
s
upply
c
ha
in
ope
r
a
ti
ons
.
Additi
on
a
ll
y,
the
f
r
a
mew
or
k's
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
f
f
icie
nc
y,
qua
nti
f
ied
t
hr
ough
a
c
ompos
it
e
mea
s
ur
e
of
c
os
t
s
a
vings
a
nd
time
r
e
duc
ti
ons
,
highl
ight
s
its
potential
to
tr
a
ns
f
o
r
m
s
u
pply
c
ha
in
mana
ge
ment
pr
a
c
ti
c
e
s
.
T
he
c
os
t
-
be
ne
f
it
a
na
lys
is
f
ur
ther
unde
r
s
c
or
e
s
the
f
r
a
mew
or
k's
a
dva
ntage
s
,
s
howing
lowe
r
ini
ti
a
l
s
e
tup
a
nd
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
c
os
ts
,
whic
h
c
ontr
ibut
e
to
s
ubs
tantial
a
nnua
l
c
os
t
s
a
vings
.
T
his
f
inanc
ial
a
na
lys
is
s
uppor
ts
the
noti
on
that
o
r
ga
niza
ti
ons
can
s
igni
f
ica
ntl
y
e
nha
nc
e
their
s
upply
c
ha
in
pe
r
f
o
r
m
a
nc
e
while
mi
nim
izing
c
os
ts
thr
ough
the
a
dopti
o
n
of
thi
s
innovative
DL
T
-
ba
s
e
d
s
olut
ion.
Ove
r
a
ll
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
f
r
a
mew
or
k
r
e
pr
e
s
e
nts
a
viable
opti
on
f
or
or
ga
niza
ti
ons
s
e
e
king
to
opti
mi
z
e
their
s
upply
c
ha
ins
in
an
incr
e
a
s
ingl
y
c
ompl
e
x
a
nd
c
ompetit
ive
e
nvir
onment.
F
utur
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
c
ould
e
xplor
e
the
f
r
a
mew
or
k's
s
c
a
labili
ty
a
c
r
os
s
va
r
ious
indus
tr
ies
,
f
ur
ther
r
e
f
ini
ng
its
f
e
a
t
ur
e
s
a
nd
int
e
gr
a
ti
on
c
a
pa
bil
it
ies
to
e
ns
ur
e
br
oa
de
r
a
ppli
c
a
bil
it
y
a
nd
e
f
f
e
c
ti
ve
ne
s
s
in
r
e
a
l
-
wor
ld
s
c
e
na
r
ios
.
T
his
s
tudy
not
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
S
N
:
2252
-
8938
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
,
Vol.
14
,
No.
4
,
Augus
t
20
25
:
345
2
-
3461
3460
only
c
ontr
ibut
e
s
to
the
e
xis
ti
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body
of
knowle
dge
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a
ls
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ovides
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pr
a
c
ti
c
a
l
s
olut
ion
that
c
a
n
dr
ive
ope
r
a
ti
ona
l
e
xc
e
ll
e
nc
e
in
s
upply
c
ha
in
mana
ge
men
t.
AC
KNOWL
E
DGM
E
N
T
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T
he
a
uthor
s
would
li
ke
to
a
c
knowle
dge
M
a
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udha
r
Ke
s
a
r
i
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a
in
C
oll
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f
or
W
omen
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Autonomous
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Va
niyamba
di
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635751,
T
a
mi
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us
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c
om
putational
lab
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umenta
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Gr
a
nt
No.
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R
/F
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/C
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GE
/2023/
1511,
F
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S
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m
-
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.
F
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ts
.
AU
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CONT
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his
jour
na
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us
e
s
the
C
ontr
ibut
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R
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T
a
xo
nomy
(
C
R
e
diT
)
to
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e
c
ognize
indi
vidual
a
uthor
c
ontr
ibut
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,
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e
duc
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utho
r
s
hip
dis
putes
,
a
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f
a
c
il
it
a
te
c
oll
a
bor
a
ti
on.
Nam
e
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Au
t
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C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
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Vi
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Fu
Ka
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vukka
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I
nba
va
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i
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a
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✓
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✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
onc
e
pt
ua
li
z
a
ti
on
M
:
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e
th
odol
ogy
So
:
So
f
twa
r
e
Va
:
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li
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Fo
:
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ma
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:
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nve
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:
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&
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CONF
L
I
CT
OF
I
NT
E
RE
S
T
S
T
AT
E
M
E
N
T
Author
s
s
tate
no
c
onf
li
c
t
of
int
e
r
e
s
t.
DA
T
A
AV
AI
L
A
B
I
L
I
T
Y
Da
ta
a
va
il
a
bil
it
y
is
not
a
ppli
c
a
ble
to
thi
s
pa
pe
r
a
s
n
o
ne
w
da
ta
we
r
e
c
r
e
a
ted
o
r
a
na
lyze
d
in
thi
s
s
tudy.
RE
F
E
RE
NC
E
S
[
1]
J
.
A
.
R
a
mí
r
e
z
,
E
.
N
a
v
a
r
r
o,
J
.
S
ie
r
r
a
,
J
.
G
a
r
c
ía
-
T
ir
a
do,
R
.
S
.
R
a
mi
r
e
z
,
a
nd
C
.
B
a
r
r
os
,
“
T
he
in
nova
ti
on
ge
ne
r
a
te
d
by
bl
oc
kc
h
a
i
n
in
a
c
c
ount
in
g
s
y
s
te
ms
:
A
bi
bl
io
me
tr
ic
s
tu
dy,
”
in
H
C
I
in
B
us
in
e
s
s
,
G
ov
e
r
nm
e
nt
and
O
r
gani
z
at
io
ns
,
C
ha
m,
S
w
it
z
e
r
la
nd:
S
pr
in
ge
r
,
2
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[
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A
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P
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B
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z
a
k,
E
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N
ic
a
,
E
.
R
oga
ls
ka
,
M
.
P
ol
ia
k,
T
.
K
li
e
š
ti
k,
a
nd
O
.
M
.
S
a
bi
e
,
“
B
lo
c
kc
ha
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
a
nd
s
ma
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
in
de
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d gove
r
na
nc
e
s
ys
te
m
s
,
”
A
dm
in
is
tr
at
iv
e
Sc
ie
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e
s
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H
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i,
D
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a
n,
a
nd M
.
T
a
ng,
“
A
pr
iv
a
c
y
-
pr
e
s
e
r
vi
ng s
to
r
a
ge
s
c
h
e
me
f
or
l
ogi
s
ti
c
s
d
a
ta
w
it
h
a
s
s
is
ta
nc
e
of
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
,
”
I
E
E
E
I
nt
e
r
ne
t
of
T
hi
ngs
J
our
nal
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s
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O
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J
.
S
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a
,
S
.
P
r
a
ka
s
h,
a
nd
R
.
K
uma
r
,
“
A
r
ti
f
ic
ia
l
in
te
ll
ig
e
nc
e
in
a
gr
ic
ul
tu
r
e
:
U
nve
il
in
g
tr
e
nds
in
s
uppl
y
c
h
a
in
a
dva
nc
e
me
nt
s
,
”
Sus
ta
in
abl
e
F
ut
ur
e
s
, vol
.
2
9,
pp. 1
-
19,
J
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H
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iu
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Z
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C
he
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J
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a
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a
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ot
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r
s
,
“
M
a
ppi
ng
th
e
te
c
hnol
ogy
e
vol
ut
io
n
pa
th
:
A
nove
l
mode
l
f
o
r
dyna
mi
c
to
pi
c
de
te
c
ti
on
a
nd
tr
a
c
ki
ng,
”
Sc
ie
nt
om
e
tr
ic
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S
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in
ke
lh
a
us
a
nd
E
.
H
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G
r
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s
e
,
“
L
ogi
s
ti
c
s
4.0:
a
s
ys
te
ma
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
to
w
a
r
ds
a
ne
w
lo
gi
s
ti
c
s
s
y
s
te
m,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
ou
r
nal
of
P
r
oduc
ti
on R
e
s
e
ar
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E
te
ma
di
,
Y
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B
or
bon
-
G
a
lv
e
z
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F
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S
t
r
oz
z
i,
a
nd
T
.
E
te
ma
di
,
“
S
uppl
y
c
ha
in
di
s
r
upt
io
n
r
is
k
ma
na
ge
me
nt
w
it
h
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
:
A
dyna
mi
c
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,
”
I
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C
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L
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K
oh,
“
B
lo
c
kc
ha
in
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
in
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
s
,
tr
a
ns
por
t
a
nd
lo
gi
s
ti
c
s
:
a
s
ys
te
ma
ti
c
r
e
vi
e
w
of
th
e
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
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a
,
“
A
bi
bl
io
me
tr
ic
a
na
ly
s
is
of
bi
t
c
oi
n
s
c
ie
nt
if
ic
pr
oduc
ti
on,
”
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
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nt
e
r
nat
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ut
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ti
on me
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ods
a
nd
di
gi
ta
l
s
tr
a
te
gi
e
s
f
or
s
uppl
y c
ha
in
s
f
a
c
in
g
di
s
r
upt
io
ns
:
I
ns
ig
ht
s
f
r
om
a
s
ys
te
ma
ti
c
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
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Su
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ni
gr
a
hi
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K
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S
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s
ta
va
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“
A
bi
bl
io
me
tr
ic
a
n
a
ly
s
is
of
I
ndus
tr
y
5.0
a
nd
h
e
a
lt
hc
a
r
e
s
u
ppl
y
c
ha
in
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h:
E
me
r
gi
ng
oppor
tu
ni
ti
e
s
a
nd
f
ut
ur
e
c
ha
ll
e
ng
e
s
,
”
Supply
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hai
n
A
nal
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ti
c
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J
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
nt
J
Ar
ti
f
I
ntell
I
S
S
N:
2252
-
8938
P
ow
e
r
of
block
c
hain
tec
hnology
for
e
nhanc
ing
e
ff
i
c
ienc
y
tr
ans
par
e
nc
y
…
(
T
hir
unav
uk
k
ar
a
s
u
K
anim
oz
hi
)
3461
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T
.
M
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C
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S
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N
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hi
,
“
O
pt
im
a
l
pr
ic
in
g
in
on
-
de
ma
nd
s
e
r
vi
c
e
pl
a
tf
or
m
ope
r
a
ti
ons
w
it
h
hi
r
e
d
a
g
e
nt
s
a
nd
r
is
k
-
s
e
ns
it
iv
e
c
us
to
me
r
s
in
th
e
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
e
r
a
,
”
E
ur
ope
an
J
our
nal
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O
pe
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he
me
ba
s
e
d
on
bl
oc
kc
h
a
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
f
r
om
a
bus
in
e
s
s
a
ppl
ic
a
ti
on
p
e
r
s
pe
c
ti
ve
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”
A
nna
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O
pe
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R
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r
na
ti
ona
l
bus
in
e
s
s
a
nd
d
e
c
e
nt
r
a
li
z
e
d
f
in
a
nc
e
,
”
J
ou
r
nal
of
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
B
us
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s
St
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ba
s
e
d
a
ut
he
nt
ic
a
ti
on
s
c
he
me
s
in
s
ma
r
t
e
nvi
r
onme
nt
s
:
a
s
ys
te
ma
ti
c
li
te
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,
”
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I
E
E
E
I
nt
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X
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“
B
lo
c
k
c
ha
in
-
a
s
s
i
s
te
d
s
e
a
r
c
ha
bl
e
a
tt
r
i
but
e
-
ba
s
e
d
e
nc
r
ypt
io
n
f
or
e
-
he
a
lt
h
s
ys
te
m
s
,
”
J
ou
r
nal
of
Sy
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t
e
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A
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tu
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nd W
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ha
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“
C
ont
r
a
c
tF
uz
z
e
r
:
F
uz
z
in
g s
ma
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
f
or
vul
ne
r
a
bi
li
ty
de
te
c
ti
on,
”
in
2018 33r
d I
E
E
E
/
A
C
M
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
A
ut
om
at
e
d
Sof
tw
ar
e
E
ngi
ne
e
r
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A
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B
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kc
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a
in
-
ba
s
e
d
a
ut
oma
ti
c
in
de
mni
f
ic
a
ti
on
me
c
ha
ni
s
m
ba
s
e
d
on
pr
oof
of
vi
ol
a
ti
on
f
or
c
lo
ud
s
to
r
a
ge
s
e
r
vi
c
e
s
,
”
in
P
r
oc
e
e
di
ng
s
of
th
e
2020
2nd
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on
B
lo
c
k
c
hai
n
T
e
c
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ng, a
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he
n,
“
F
lu
id
:
A
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
ba
s
e
d f
r
a
me
w
or
k f
or
c
r
ow
ds
our
c
in
g,
”
in
SI
G
M
O
D
'
19:
P
r
oc
e
e
di
n
gs
of
th
e
2019 I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
C
onf
e
r
e
nc
e
on M
anage
m
e
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at
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H
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w
l
it
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e
k
,
B
.
N
ot
h
e
i
s
e
n,
a
nd
T
.
T
e
u
bn
e
r
,
“
T
h
e
l
im
i
t
s
o
f
tr
u
s
t
-
f
r
e
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
:
A
li
t
e
r
a
t
ur
e
r
e
v
ie
w
on
bl
oc
k
c
h
a
i
n
t
e
c
h
no
lo
gy
a
nd
t
r
u
s
t
i
n
th
e
s
h
a
r
i
ng
e
c
on
om
y,
”
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
ni
c
C
om
m
e
r
c
e
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
an
d
A
ppl
i
c
at
io
n
s
,
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ol
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29
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pp
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3,
2
01
8,
d
oi
:
1
0.
10
16
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le
r
a
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20
18
.0
3.
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5
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S
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S
a
be
r
i,
M
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K
ouhi
z
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de
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J
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S
a
r
ki
s
,
a
nd
L
.
S
he
n,
“
B
lo
c
kc
h
a
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
a
nd
it
s
r
e
la
ti
on
s
hi
ps
to
s
us
t
a
in
a
bl
e
s
uppl
y
c
h
a
in
ma
na
ge
me
nt
,
”
I
nt
e
r
nat
io
nal
J
ou
r
nal
of
P
r
oduc
ti
on
R
e
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,
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lq
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,
M
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lk
a
th
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ir
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S
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.
C
ha
uhda
r
y,
a
nd S
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a
le
e
m,
“
U
s
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of
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d s
ma
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
i
n l
ogi
s
ti
c
s
a
nd s
u
ppl
y
c
ha
in
s
,
”
E
le
c
tr
oni
c
s
, vol
. 12, no. 6, 2023, doi
:
10.3390/e
le
c
tr
on
ic
s
12061340.
[
23]
T
.
K
.
A
gr
a
w
a
l,
J
.
A
nge
li
s
,
W
.
A
.
K
hi
lj
i,
R
.
K
a
la
ia
r
a
s
a
n,
a
nd
M
.
W
ik
to
r
s
s
on,
“
D
e
mon
s
tr
a
ti
on
of
a
bl
oc
kc
ha
in
-
ba
s
e
d
f
r
a
me
w
or
k
us
in
g
s
ma
r
t
c
ont
r
a
c
ts
f
or
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
c
ol
la
bor
a
ti
on,
”
I
n
te
r
nat
io
nal
J
our
nal
of
P
r
oduc
ti
on
R
e
s
e
ar
c
h
,
vol
.
61,
no.
5,
pp. 1497
–
1516, 2023
, doi
:
10.1080/00207543.2
022.2039413.
[
24]
A
.
R
.
S
a
nt
hi
a
nd
P
.
M
ut
hus
w
a
my,
“
I
nf
lu
e
nc
e
of
bl
oc
kc
h
a
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
in
ma
nuf
a
c
tu
r
in
g
s
uppl
y
c
ha
in
a
nd
lo
gi
s
ti
c
s
,
”
L
ogi
s
t
ic
s
,
vol
. 6, no. 1, 2022, doi:
10.3390/l
ogi
s
ti
c
s
6010015.
[
25]
M
.
B
e
r
ne
i
s
,
D
.
B
a
r
ts
c
h,
a
nd
H
.
W
in
kl
e
r
,
“
A
ppl
ic
a
ti
ons
of
bl
oc
k
c
ha
in
te
c
hnol
ogy
in
lo
gi
s
ti
c
s
a
nd
s
uppl
y
c
h
a
in
ma
na
g
e
me
nt
-
in
s
ig
ht
s
f
r
om a
s
ys
te
ma
ti
c
l
it
e
r
a
tu
r
e
r
e
vi
e
w
,
”
L
ogi
s
ti
c
s
, vol
. 5, no. 3, 20
21, doi:
10.3390/l
ogi
s
ti
c
s
5030043.
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