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Dep
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Ph
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Facu
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Ma
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Natu
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Scien
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s
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Un
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Dy
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Diab
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B
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[
6
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,
[
7
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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3695
3684
An
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with
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[
8
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s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
v
ar
iatio
n
s
[
1
]
,
[
8
]
–
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
f
itti
n
g
b
etwe
en
th
ese
p
ea
k
s
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
o
r
m
s
a
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e,
with
th
e
s
lo
p
e
in
d
icatin
g
th
e
s
en
s
itiv
ity
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t.
Dete
r
m
in
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
ca
l
ib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
is
s
im
p
le
an
d
s
tr
aig
h
tf
o
r
war
d
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
is
s
p
ec
if
ic
to
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ap
p
lied
t
o
o
th
er
s
en
s
o
r
s
with
d
if
f
er
en
t sen
s
itiv
ities
.
E
v
en
th
e
s
am
e
s
en
s
o
r
ca
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
if
f
er
en
t c
alib
r
atio
n
s
lo
p
es d
u
e
t
o
th
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
v
e
r
tim
e
an
d
with
r
ep
ea
ted
cy
cles.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
th
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
esti
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
i
s
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
m
u
ltip
le
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
W
h
ile
th
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
m
et
h
o
d
r
elies
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
p
r
ed
icto
r
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
th
e
p
ea
k
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
m
u
ltip
le
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
,
in
v
o
lv
in
g
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
'
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
,
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
esti
m
atio
n
.
An
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
u
s
ed
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
elec
tr
o
c
h
em
ical
tech
n
i
q
u
es
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
ca
lled
a
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat.
C
o
m
m
er
cially
av
ailab
le
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat
s
(
b
en
ch
to
p
in
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
)
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a
h
ig
h
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
ca
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
lo
w
cu
r
r
en
ts
with
h
ig
h
p
r
ec
is
io
n
a
n
d
m
in
im
al
n
o
is
e.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
t
h
ese
p
o
ten
tio
s
tats
ar
e
ex
p
en
s
iv
e,
lar
g
e,
h
ea
v
y
,
an
d
u
n
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
POC
T
ap
p
licat
io
n
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
p
o
wer
f
u
l
f
o
r
a
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
b
en
ch
to
p
p
o
ten
tio
s
tats
ar
e
less
s
u
ita
b
le
in
r
eso
u
r
ce
-
lim
ited
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
,
th
u
s
u
s
in
g
cu
s
to
m
ized
,
lo
w
-
co
s
t,
an
d
wir
eless
p
o
ten
tio
s
tats
is
m
o
r
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
lo
w
-
c
o
s
t,
p
o
r
tab
le
p
o
ten
tio
s
tats
h
as
s
u
r
g
ed
r
ec
e
n
tly
,
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
d
esig
n
s
[
1
2
]
–
[
1
6
]
,
w
h
ich
f
ac
il
itate
ea
s
y
r
ep
licatio
n
an
d
allo
w
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
m
o
d
i
f
y
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
al
y
s
is
tech
n
iq
u
es
an
d
tar
g
et
a
n
aly
te
s
with
o
u
t
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
s
cr
at
ch
.
B
lu
eto
o
th
l
o
w
-
en
er
g
y
(
B
L
E
)
s
elec
ted
as
a
co
n
n
ec
tiv
ity
o
p
tio
n
,
is
an
in
t
er
esti
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
allo
ws
f
o
r
p
o
r
tab
le
a
n
d
l
o
w
-
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
ily
im
p
lem
en
ted
in
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices
(
s
m
ar
tp
h
o
n
es
an
d
tab
l
ets).
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
in
g
B
lu
eto
o
th
an
d
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
u
s
er
in
ter
f
a
ce
s
h
av
e
c
h
o
s
en
d
if
f
er
en
t
ty
p
es
o
f
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
n
its
,
s
u
ch
as
b
o
a
r
d
E
SP
3
2
in
eST
AT
[
1
7
]
,
Ar
d
u
in
o
Nan
o
in
Paq
ar
is
tat
[
1
8
]
,
B
L
E
ch
ip
s
et
in
KAU
STa
t
[
1
1
]
,
R
Fd
u
in
o
in
UW
E
D
[
1
2
]
,
an
d
C
C
2
5
4
1
in
B
lu
C
h
em
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
eir
d
esig
n
s
s
u
cc
ee
d
ed
in
b
u
ild
in
g
cu
s
to
m
iz
ed
p
o
ten
tio
s
tats
at
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
le
p
r
ices (
<$
1
0
0
)
.
Mo
s
t
lo
w
-
co
s
t
an
d
p
o
r
tab
le
p
o
ten
tio
s
tats
h
av
e
b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
er
r
icy
a
n
id
e/f
e
r
r
o
cy
a
n
id
e
r
ed
o
x
co
u
p
le
[
(
)
6
]
3
−
/
4
−
as
a
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
an
d
th
ei
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
h
as
b
ee
n
e
v
alu
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
cy
clic
v
o
ltam
m
etr
y
at
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
r
s
ca
n
r
a
tes.
Ho
wev
er
,
v
er
y
f
ew
s
tu
d
ies
h
av
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
ev
alu
atio
n
s
o
n
s
p
ec
if
ic
an
aly
t
es,
as
m
o
s
t
d
ev
ices
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
f
o
r
g
en
er
al
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
wh
er
e
th
e
an
aly
te
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
all
with
in
th
e
d
ev
ice’
s
cu
r
r
en
t
r
e
ad
in
g
r
an
g
e.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
lo
w
-
co
s
t
an
d
p
o
r
tab
le
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat
s
p
ec
ialized
f
o
r
i
n
s
u
lin
d
etec
tio
n
was
d
esig
n
ed
.
T
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
in
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
was
th
en
im
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
a
r
ea
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
s
en
s
o
r
u
s
ed
.
On
e
a
d
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
cu
s
to
m
ized
p
o
te
n
tio
s
tat
f
o
r
in
s
u
lin
d
etec
tio
n
alo
n
g
with
m
u
lti
-
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
to
g
en
er
ally
esti
m
a
te
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
with
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
’
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
wh
ic
h
is
n
o
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
with
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
b
e
n
ch
to
p
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat
an
d
a
s
im
p
le
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
(
s
in
g
le
-
p
r
ed
icto
r
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
)
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sa
m
ple pre
pa
ra
t
io
n
T
r
is
o
d
iu
m
citr
ate
(
Na
3
C
6
H
5
O
7
)
,
m
o
n
o
p
o
tass
iu
m
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate
(
KH
2
PO
4
)
,
an
d
d
ip
o
tass
iu
m
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate
(
K
2
HP
O
4
)
wer
e
p
u
r
ch
ased
f
r
o
m
Me
r
ck
,
Sin
g
a
p
o
r
e
.
1
0
0
m
L
p
h
o
s
p
h
ate
b
u
f
f
e
r
ed
s
alin
e
(
PB
S)
s
o
lu
tio
n
(
0
.
1
M
an
d
p
H
7
)
was
p
r
ep
ar
e
d
b
y
d
i
s
s
o
lv
in
g
0
.
3
3
9
g
r
am
s
KH
2
PO
4
an
d
2
.
0
2
2
g
r
am
s
K
2
HP
O
4
in
d
is
till
ed
wa
ter
.
PB
S
was
ch
o
s
en
as
t
h
e
s
o
lv
e
n
t
b
e
ca
u
s
e
it
m
im
ics
p
h
y
s
io
lo
g
ical
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
a
s
ta
b
le
p
H
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
ch
a
n
g
es
in
in
s
u
li
n
,
wh
ich
is
p
H
-
s
en
s
itiv
e.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
i
n
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
an
d
m
i
n
im
izes v
ar
iab
ilit
y
in
s
e
n
s
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Po
tass
iu
m
f
er
r
icy
an
id
e
K
3
[
Fe
(
CN
)
6
]
,
is
o
p
r
o
p
an
o
l,
s
o
d
iu
m
h
y
d
r
o
x
id
e
(
N
a
OH
)
an
d
s
u
lf
u
r
ic
ac
id
(
H
2
SO
4
)
wer
e
p
u
r
c
h
ased
f
r
o
m
Sm
ar
t
L
ab
.
Po
tass
iu
m
f
er
r
ic
y
an
id
e
was
c
h
o
s
en
as
a
r
ed
o
x
p
r
o
b
e.
T
h
is
r
ed
o
x
p
r
o
b
e
was
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
b
y
d
is
s
o
lv
in
g
0
.
3
3
g
r
am
s
o
f
p
o
tass
iu
m
f
er
r
icy
an
i
d
e
in
5
0
m
L
PB
S
to
ac
h
iev
e
a
f
in
al
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
2
0
m
M.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Lo
w
-
co
s
t p
o
r
ta
b
le
p
o
ten
tio
s
ta
t fo
r
r
ea
l
-
time
in
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
t
r
a
tio
n
…
(
F
itr
ia
Yu
n
ita
Dewi
)
3685
Stan
d
ar
d
s
to
ck
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
o
f
in
s
u
lin
wer
e
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
y
d
ilu
t
in
g
6
0
in
s
u
lin
u
n
its
(
I
U)
in
2
5
m
l
PB
S
s
o
lu
tio
n
i.e
.
7
.
2
0
µm
o
l/L
(
1
µ
I
U/m
L
eq
u
als
to
6
.
0
p
m
o
l/L
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
Am
er
ica
n
Di
ab
etes
Ass
o
ciatio
n
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
[
2
2
]
)
.
C
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
s
wer
e
p
r
e
p
ar
ed
b
y
d
ilu
tin
g
th
e
s
to
ck
t
o
s
p
ec
if
i
ed
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
i
n
PB
S
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
T
h
ese
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
m
ay
d
eg
r
ad
e
o
v
er
tim
e
d
u
e
to
a
d
s
o
r
p
tio
n
o
n
to
co
n
tain
e
r
s
u
r
f
ac
es,
p
ar
ticle
co
n
tam
in
atio
n
af
te
r
lo
n
g
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
to
th
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
air
,
an
d
p
o
te
n
tial
o
x
id
atio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
test
in
g
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
co
n
d
u
cted
im
m
ed
iately
af
ter
s
am
p
le
p
r
ep
a
r
atio
n
an
d
with
in
th
r
ee
d
ay
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
E
x
ten
d
e
d
s
to
r
ag
e
m
ig
h
t c
a
u
s
e
f
in
e
clu
m
p
s
o
f
ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
in
th
e
s
am
p
l
e.
2
.
2
.
Appa
ra
t
us
2
.
2
.
1
.
Sens
o
r
Scr
ee
n
-
p
r
in
ted
ca
r
b
o
n
elec
tr
o
d
es
(
SP
C
E
)
m
o
d
if
ied
with
ca
r
b
o
x
y
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
alize
d
m
u
ltiwal
led
ca
r
b
o
n
n
an
o
tu
b
es
(
MWC
NT
-
C
O
OH)
p
u
r
ch
ased
f
r
o
m
Me
tr
o
h
m
Dr
o
p
Sen
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
as
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
SP
C
E
(
R
ef
.
1
1
0
C
NT
Dr
o
p
Sen
s
)
is
a
th
r
ee
-
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
s
u
r
f
ac
e
-
m
o
d
if
ied
wo
r
k
in
g
elec
tr
o
d
e,
ca
r
b
o
n
c
o
u
n
ter
elec
tr
o
d
e,
an
d
s
ilv
er
r
ef
er
en
ce
elec
tr
o
d
e
.
C
o
m
p
ar
ed
with
th
e
b
ar
e
ca
r
b
o
n
e
lectr
o
d
e,
th
e
SP
C
E
m
o
d
if
ied
with
MWC
NT
i
s
e
x
p
ec
ted
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
g
r
ea
ter
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
a
b
r
o
ad
e
r
lin
ea
r
r
an
g
e.
T
h
is
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
o
win
g
to
t
h
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
C
NT
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
[
4
]
,
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
o
v
er
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
in
s
u
li
n
[
7
]
,
a
n
d
m
in
i
m
ize
s
u
r
f
ac
e
f
o
u
lin
g
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
cr
ee
n
-
p
r
in
ted
elec
tr
o
d
e
also
tack
les
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ar
is
in
g
f
r
o
m
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
elec
tr
o
d
es
,
s
u
ch
as
th
e
n
ec
ess
ity
f
o
r
a
lar
g
e
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
a
n
aly
te
f
o
r
s
en
s
in
g
an
aly
s
is
,
d
if
f
icu
lty
in
t
h
e
clea
n
in
g
p
r
o
c
ess
an
d
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
lar
g
er
elec
tr
o
d
e
ar
ea
[
2
4
]
.
2
.
2
.
2
.
B
encht
o
p po
t
ent
io
s
t
a
t
E
lectr
o
ch
em
ical
tech
n
iq
u
es
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
a
C
o
r
r
test
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
b
en
ch
to
p
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat
(
C
S3
1
0
M
m
o
d
el)
.
T
h
is
in
s
tr
u
m
en
t
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
s
ca
n
r
ates
f
r
o
m
0
.
0
0
1
m
V/s
to
1
0
,
0
0
0
V/
s
,
with
a
m
in
im
u
m
p
o
ten
tial
g
ain
o
f
0
.
0
7
5
m
V,
a
v
o
ltag
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
±
1
0
V,
a
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
1
0
µV
,
an
d
a
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
1
p
A.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
ts
in
v
o
lv
ed
c
o
n
n
ec
tin
g
t
h
e
SP
C
E
to
th
e
p
o
te
n
tio
s
tat
v
ia
a
Dr
o
p
Sen
s
co
n
n
ec
to
r
f
r
o
m
Me
tr
o
h
m
.
All
an
aly
s
es
u
s
ed
cy
clic
v
o
ltam
m
etr
y
,
with
p
a
r
am
eter
s
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
s
wee
p
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
es
o
v
er
t
h
e
in
s
u
lin
s
am
p
l
e
an
d
id
en
tif
y
in
g
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
p
ea
k
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
ese
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat.
Pre
v
i
o
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
a
d
is
tin
ct
o
x
id
a
tio
n
p
ea
k
o
f
in
s
u
lin
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
7
V
in
cy
clic
v
o
ltam
m
etr
y
,
with
p
ea
k
s
h
if
ts
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
m
ate
r
ial
m
o
d
if
i
ca
tio
n
,
s
am
p
le
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
an
d
ex
ter
n
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
(
p
H
a
n
d
tem
p
er
at
u
r
e)
.
2
.
3
.
H
a
rdwa
re
des
ig
n
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
al
b
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ev
ice
ca
n
b
e
s
e
en
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
wa
s
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
eST
AT
,
th
e
l
o
w
-
co
s
t
p
o
r
tab
le
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
in
[
1
7
]
.
W
h
ile
th
eir
wo
r
k
was
in
ten
d
ed
to
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
b
asic
elec
tr
o
ch
em
is
tr
y
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es,
th
is
w
o
r
k
was
aim
ed
f
o
r
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
s
u
lin
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ea
d
i
n
g
r
an
g
e
an
d
its
r
eso
lu
tio
n
was
cu
s
to
m
ized
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
r
ep
a
r
ed
i
n
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
etails o
f
ea
ch
b
lo
ck
ar
e
as f
o
llo
ws.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Gen
e
r
al
b
lo
c
k
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
e
v
ice
2
.
3
.
1
.
M
icro
co
ntr
o
ller
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
B
o
a
r
d
Dev
Kit
V1
was
u
s
ed
as
th
e
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
b
o
ar
d
is
alr
ea
d
y
e
q
u
ip
p
e
d
with
an
E
SP
-
W
R
OOM
-
3
2
m
o
d
u
le
with
B
lu
eto
o
th
,
B
lu
eto
o
th
lo
w
en
er
g
y
(
B
L
E
)
an
d
Wi
-
Fi
o
n
a
s
in
g
le
ch
i
p
,
b
u
ilt
-
in
v
o
ltag
e
r
e
g
u
lato
r
an
d
m
icr
o
-
USB
p
o
r
t
wh
ich
ar
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
.
T
h
is
b
o
a
r
d
is
also
co
m
p
atib
le
with
b
o
ar
d
s
an
d
lib
r
a
r
i
es m
an
ag
em
en
t in
t
h
e
Ar
d
u
in
o
I
DE
s
o
f
twar
e.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Ana
lo
g
/Dig
it
a
l c
o
nv
er
t
er
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
f
ea
tu
r
es
a
b
u
ilt
-
i
n
1
2
-
b
it
an
al
o
g
-
to
-
d
ig
ital
co
n
v
er
ter
(
ADC
)
an
d
an
8
-
b
it
d
ig
ital
-
to
-
an
alo
g
co
n
v
er
te
r
(
DAC
)
.
Fo
r
p
r
ec
is
e
A/D
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
,
e
s
p
ec
ially
f
o
r
s
m
all
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
,
an
ex
ter
n
al
1
6
-
b
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
8
3
-
3695
3686
ADS1
1
1
5
ADC
was
u
s
ed
with
a
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
g
ain
am
p
lifie
r
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
b
o
o
s
tin
g
s
ig
n
a
ls
u
p
to
1
6
tim
es.
T
h
is
ADC
o
f
f
er
s
a
r
eso
lu
tio
n
as
lo
w
as
0
.
1
2
5
m
V
with
in
a
0
-
4
.
0
9
6
V
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
E
SP
3
2
'
s
8
-
b
it
DAC
r
eso
lu
tio
n
a
n
d
s
ig
n
al
-
to
-
n
o
is
e
r
atio
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
is
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
a
co
m
p
ac
t
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
esig
n
.
T
h
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
is
co
n
v
er
ted
to
a
co
n
s
tan
t
s
ig
n
al
b
y
a
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
DAC r
eso
lu
tio
n
t
h
at
ca
n
ex
ce
ed
8
b
its
d
ep
e
n
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
PW
M
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
c
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
2
.
3
.
3
.
Ana
lo
g
circ
uit
T
wo
k
ey
elem
en
ts
in
a
p
o
te
n
tio
s
tat
ar
e
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
am
p
l
if
ier
an
d
th
e
tr
a
n
s
im
p
ed
an
ce
am
p
lifie
r
(
T
I
A)
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
am
p
lifie
r
s
ets
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
p
o
ten
ti
al,
wh
er
ea
s
th
e
T
I
A
r
ea
d
s
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e
an
d
co
n
v
er
ts
it
to
v
o
ltag
e.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
in
clu
d
e
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
s
,
a
b
u
f
f
e
r
,
a
n
d
lo
w
p
ass
f
ilter
s
.
T
wo
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
s
m
ap
th
e
E
SP
3
2
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e
(
0
t
o
3
.
3
V)
to
th
e
d
esire
d
r
an
g
e
(
-
1
.
5
to
1
.
5
V)
a
n
d
ad
ju
s
t
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ea
d
in
g
v
o
ltag
e
to
th
e
ADC
w
o
r
k
in
g
r
a
n
g
e
(
±
4
.
0
9
6
V)
.
A
b
u
f
f
er
b
r
i
d
g
es
th
e
T
I
A
an
d
s
h
if
ter
f
o
r
m
ain
tain
in
g
th
e
co
n
v
er
ted
v
o
ltag
e.
On
e
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
co
n
v
er
ts
th
e
E
S
P3
2
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
in
to
a
DC
s
ig
n
al,
an
d
an
o
th
er
f
ilter
s
h
ig
h
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
n
o
is
e
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ADC
r
ea
d
s
th
e
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
T
L
0
8
4
o
p
-
a
m
p
s
wh
ich
h
av
e
4
ch
an
n
els,
lo
w
in
p
u
t
b
ias
cu
r
r
en
t
(
3
0
p
A
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
e
r
atu
r
e)
,
lo
w
in
p
u
t
o
f
f
s
et
v
o
ltag
e
(
3
m
V
at
r
o
o
m
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
)
,
an
d
h
ig
h
s
lew
r
ate
(
2
0
V/μ
s
)
is
ch
o
s
en
as a
m
p
lifie
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
c
h
em
atic
o
f
th
e
a
n
a
lo
g
p
ar
t is sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
em
atic
o
f
th
e
p
o
t
en
tio
s
tat’
s
an
alo
g
cir
cu
it
2
.
3
.
4
.
P
o
wer
s
up
ply
T
h
e
p
o
wer
f
o
r
all
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
r
o
m
a
p
o
wer
b
an
k
o
r
1
8
6
5
0
L
i
-
i
o
n
b
atter
y
ac
co
m
p
an
ied
b
y
an
1
8
6
5
0
-
s
h
ield
co
n
n
e
cted
v
ia
a
m
ic
r
o
-
USB
p
o
r
t
o
n
b
o
a
r
d
a
n
d
th
en
r
eg
u
lated
with
th
e
b
o
ar
d
’
s
b
u
ilt
-
in
3
.
3
V
p
o
wer
r
eg
u
lato
r
.
T
h
e
n
eg
ativ
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
al
am
p
lifie
r
is
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
in
v
er
te
d
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
I
C
L
7
6
6
0
.
An
o
th
er
n
eg
ativ
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
u
p
p
lie
d
f
r
o
m
L
M2
6
6
2
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
v
o
ltag
e.
L
M2
6
6
2
h
as lo
wer
o
u
tp
u
t im
p
ed
an
ce
an
d
h
ig
h
er
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t th
an
I
C
L
7
6
6
0
r
esu
ltin
g
in
less
v
o
ltag
e
d
r
o
p
.
2
.
4
.
E
s
t
im
a
t
io
n sy
s
t
em
I
n
th
is
wo
r
k
,
cy
clic
v
o
ltam
m
etr
y
an
aly
s
is
was
u
s
ed
in
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
in
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
s
h
o
wed
th
at
t
h
er
e
is
an
ap
p
ar
en
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
etwe
en
o
x
id
atio
n
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t
in
C
V
r
esp
o
n
s
es
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
in
s
u
lin
[
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e
a
n
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
t
o
ch
a
r
ac
ter
ize
s
en
s
o
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
t
er
m
s
o
f
s
en
s
itiv
ity
an
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
e
f
o
r
c
h
r
o
n
o
am
p
e
r
o
m
etr
y
an
aly
s
is
.
Hig
h
e
r
s
en
s
itiv
ity
c
an
b
e
d
u
e
to
lar
g
er
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
,
b
e
ca
u
s
e
m
o
r
e
ac
tiv
e
s
ites
f
o
r
r
ea
ctio
n
ca
n
lead
to
a
h
ig
h
er
cu
r
r
en
t
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
r
eg
a
r
d
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
ar
ea
o
f
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
was
in
clu
d
e
d
with
t
h
e
ex
p
ec
tatio
n
th
at
th
is
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
will b
e
ap
p
licab
l
e
to
v
ar
io
u
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
with
d
if
f
e
r
en
t sen
s
itiv
ities
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
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m
p
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g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
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0
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Lo
w
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co
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t p
o
r
ta
b
le
p
o
ten
tio
s
ta
t fo
r
r
ea
l
-
time
in
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
t
r
a
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n
…
(
F
itr
ia
Yu
n
ita
Dewi
)
3687
T
o
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
ar
ea
,
s
ev
e
r
al
C
Vs
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
i
n
2
0
m
M
K
3
[
Fe
(
CN
)
6
]
s
o
lu
tio
n
with
v
ar
io
u
s
s
ca
n
-
r
ate
a
n
d
f
it
th
e
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
ess
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ea
k
c
u
r
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en
t
v
er
s
u
s
t
h
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
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o
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s
ca
n
r
ate
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
R
an
d
les
-
Sev
c
ik
eq
u
atio
n
[
2
7
]
g
iv
e
n
in
(
1
)
.
i
p
=
0
.
4463
(
3
3
)
1
2
0
(
0
)
1
/
2
(
1
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
in
v
o
ltam
m
o
g
r
am
(
A)
,
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
elec
tr
o
n
s
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
in
th
e
r
ea
ctio
n
,
is
Far
ad
ay
’
s
co
n
s
tan
t
(
9
6
4
8
5
C
/m
o
l)
,
is
th
e
m
o
lar
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
r
e
d
o
x
s
p
ec
ies
(
2
0
m
M)
,
is
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
th
e
r
ed
o
x
s
p
ec
ies
(
±
7
.
3
cm
2
/
s
)
,
is
th
e
g
as
co
n
s
tan
t
(
8
.
3
1
4
4
J
/m
o
l·
K)
,
is
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
K)
,
is
th
e
s
ca
n
r
ate
(
V/s
)
an
d
is
th
e
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
(
cm
2
)
.
On
ce
th
e
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
ar
ea
o
f
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
was
ca
lcu
lated
,
C
V
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
co
llected
.
C
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
b
y
s
u
b
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
p
ea
k
r
esp
o
n
s
es
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
aselin
e
cu
r
v
e
(
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
r
o
m
a
PB
S
s
am
p
le
in
th
e
ab
s
en
ce
o
f
i
n
s
u
lin
)
.
E
ac
h
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
ex
p
er
im
en
t
an
d
its
b
aselin
e
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
C
V
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
wi
th
v
o
ltag
e
s
wee
p
f
r
o
m
0
to
0
.
8
V
at
a
s
ca
n
r
ate
o
f
1
0
0
m
V/s
.
B
ef
o
r
e
ea
ch
c
y
cle,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
was
clea
n
ed
an
d
ac
tiv
ated
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
r
etr
ea
tm
en
t,
as
d
escr
ib
e
d
in
[
1
]
,
wh
er
e
f
iv
e
cy
cles
o
f
C
V
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
,
s
w
ee
p
in
g
f
r
o
m
-
0
.
2
to
1
.
1
V
in
alk
alin
e
NaO
H
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
All
C
V
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
co
llected
u
s
in
g
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
cr
ee
n
-
p
r
in
t
ed
s
en
s
o
r
s
with
eith
er
a
b
e
n
c
h
to
p
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat
o
r
o
u
r
cu
s
to
m
ized
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat
to
b
u
ild
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
d
atasets
.
T
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
,
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
tr
ain
i
n
g
th
ese
d
atasets
,
is
f
u
r
th
er
ex
p
lain
e
d
i
n
s
u
p
p
lem
en
ta
r
y
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
ec
tio
n
4.
2
.
5
.
I
m
plem
ent
a
t
io
n sy
s
t
em
Ou
r
m
o
b
ile
ap
p
licatio
n
,
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
o
n
th
e
MI
T
Ap
p
I
n
v
en
t
o
r
p
latf
o
r
m
,
f
ac
ilit
ates
u
s
er
-
d
ef
in
ed
C
V
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
s
ca
n
r
ate,
cy
cle
n
u
m
b
e
r
,
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
r
an
g
e
to
b
e
s
en
t
to
t
h
e
m
icr
o
co
n
t
r
o
ller
v
ia
B
lu
eto
o
t
h
lo
w
en
er
g
y
(
B
L
E
)
.
Sen
s
o
r
r
es
p
o
n
s
es
ar
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
th
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
to
b
e
s
to
r
e
d
lo
ca
lly
an
d
f
o
r
war
d
ed
to
a
s
er
v
er
f
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
esti
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
th
e
s
er
v
er
is
en
ca
p
s
u
lated
in
an
API
im
p
lem
en
ted
with
Flas
k
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
wh
ich
is
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
v
ia
HT
T
P.
T
h
e
m
o
b
ile
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
ca
n
s
en
d
C
V
r
esp
o
n
s
es b
y
m
ak
in
g
a
POST
r
eq
u
est wh
ile
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
s
er
v
er
r
esp
o
n
d
s
with
th
e
est
im
ated
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
J
SON
f
o
r
m
at
th
at
ca
n
b
e
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
th
e
ap
p
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
Cy
clic
v
o
lt
a
m
m
e
t
ry
a
na
l
y
s
is
f
ro
m
benchto
p po
t
ent
io
s
t
a
t
Fro
m
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
ep
o
r
ts
[
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
,
C
V
r
esp
o
n
s
es
o
f
in
s
u
lin
in
d
icate
an
ir
r
ev
er
s
ib
le
r
ea
ctio
n
,
as
th
er
e
is
an
ap
p
ar
en
t
o
x
id
atio
n
p
ea
k
with
o
u
t
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
p
ea
k
.
T
h
is
r
ea
ctio
n
im
p
lies
th
at
s
u
cc
ess
iv
e
s
ca
n
s
r
esu
lt
in
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
r
esp
o
n
s
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
as
th
e
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
ex
t
r
ea
ctio
n
m
a
y
b
e
d
e
p
leted
.
I
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
s
ca
n
with
p
r
etr
ea
tm
en
t
u
s
in
g
an
alk
alin
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
r
em
ain
s
q
u
i
te
s
tab
le
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t sig
n
if
ican
tly
d
ec
r
ea
s
e,
wh
er
ea
s
th
er
e
is
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
in
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
wh
en
n
o
p
r
etr
ea
tm
en
t i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
e
d
.
T
h
r
ee
cy
cles
o
f
C
V
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
0
to
0
.
8
V
f
o
r
ea
ch
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
i
n
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
m
e
asu
r
em
en
t
wer
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lti
n
g
v
o
ltam
m
o
g
r
am
f
o
r
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
cy
cles
at
s
ev
er
al
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
s
is
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
ca
lib
r
at
io
n
cu
r
v
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
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cle
is
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
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.
T
h
e
p
ea
k
s
f
itted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
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wer
e
o
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tain
ed
b
y
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u
b
tr
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r
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PB
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e
ab
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o
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in
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lin
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,
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o
latin
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th
e
p
ea
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attr
ib
u
ta
b
le
s
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lely
to
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Far
ad
aic
r
ea
ctio
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
V
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
PB
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an
d
with
o
u
t
p
r
etr
ea
tm
e
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
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0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
8
3
-
3695
3688
(
a)
(
b
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Peak
c
u
r
r
e
n
t r
esp
o
n
s
es f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
a)
at
f
ir
s
t c
y
cle,
an
d
(
b
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all
th
r
ee
cy
cles a
f
ter
s
u
b
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
b
aselin
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
cu
r
v
e
ca
lib
r
at
io
n
T
h
e
f
itti
n
g
cu
r
v
e
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
c
y
cle
h
ad
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
lo
p
e,
in
d
icatin
g
g
o
o
d
s
en
s
itiv
ity
;
h
o
we
v
er
,
it
also
h
ad
th
e
h
ig
h
est
s
tan
d
a
r
d
e
r
r
o
r
.
C
alcu
latin
g
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
a
r
ea
o
f
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
also
y
ield
ed
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
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lt
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
itiv
ities
f
o
r
ea
ch
cy
cle
in
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
,
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
av
e
r
ag
in
g
th
r
ee
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
,
alo
n
g
with
th
eir
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
ele
ctr
o
ac
tiv
e
ar
ea
s
,
is
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
E
s
tim
atin
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
b
ased
s
o
lely
o
n
p
ea
k
c
u
r
r
en
t
will
b
e
u
n
r
eliab
le
d
u
e
to
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
lo
p
es
am
o
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
e
aim
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
esti
m
at
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
b
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
ar
ea
,
as th
e
s
lo
p
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
it.
T
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
f
itti
n
g
t
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
with
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
elec
tio
n
s
o
f
v
a
r
iab
les
as
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
les
in
v
o
lv
ed
ar
e
th
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ir
s
t,
s
ec
o
n
d
,
an
d
th
ir
d
cy
cles,
ab
b
r
e
v
iated
as
I
1
,
I
2
,
I
3
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e'
s
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
ar
ea
,
T
h
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
itti
n
g
wer
e
co
llected
f
r
o
m
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
tak
en
f
r
o
m
4
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
lo
w
R
2
v
alu
e
wh
en
u
s
in
g
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
o
n
ly
o
n
e
c
y
cle
as
a
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ar
e
in
ad
eq
u
ately
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
is
p
r
e
d
icto
r
alo
n
e,
esp
ec
ially
g
iv
en
t
h
at
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
ts
d
if
f
e
r
ac
r
o
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
v
alu
es
f
r
o
m
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
cy
cles
an
d
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
ar
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
en
h
a
n
ce
s
R
2
,
i
n
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
th
ese
n
ew
v
ar
iab
les co
n
tr
i
b
u
te
to
e
x
p
lain
in
g
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
ar
iatio
n
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Sen
s
itiv
ity
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
cy
cle
an
d
t
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
e
lectr
o
ac
tiv
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ar
ea
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
S
e
n
s
o
r
n
u
m
b
e
r
S
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
t
y
(
1
0
-
1
µ
A
/
µ
M
)
El
e
c
t
r
o
a
c
t
i
v
e
a
r
e
a
(
c
m
2
)
C
y
c
l
e
#
1
C
y
c
l
e
#
2
C
y
c
l
e
#
3
1
5
.
9
7
3
.
8
9
2
.
7
8
0
.
0
2
8
4
2
3
.
1
6
2
.
5
0
2
.
0
8
0
.
0
2
5
7
3
7
.
5
3
4
.
3
1
3
.
6
5
0
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0
2
2
2
4
2
.
3
9
1
.
3
8
1
.
0
8
0
.
0
1
2
8
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
f
itti
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
s
elec
ted
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
se
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
R
2
M
S
E
M
A
E
I1
0
.
7
0
0
.
4
6
0
.
4
8
I2
0
.
7
9
0
.
3
5
0
.
4
0
I3
0
.
7
4
0
.
4
2
0
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4
5
I
2
,
A
0
.
8
1
0
.
3
2
0
.
4
2
I
1
,
I
2
,
A
0
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8
4
0
.
2
8
0
.
3
7
I
2
,
I
3
,
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0
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2
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3
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2
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9
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1
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H
a
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des
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n
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h
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a
n
a
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p
a
r
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r
p
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b
le
p
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t
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t
a
t
w
a
s
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n
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ti
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l
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t
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L
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s
p
i
c
e
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u
b
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q
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e
n
t
l
y
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t
h
e
p
r
i
n
t
e
d
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
b
o
a
r
d
(
P
C
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l
a
y
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t
w
a
s
c
r
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t
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d
u
s
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n
g
E
a
s
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DA
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e
s
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g
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r
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F
i
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l
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c
o
m
p
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t
s
w
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n
t
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e
P
C
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a
l
o
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g
w
it
h
m
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
A
DC
,
a
n
d
s
u
p
p
l
y
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
o
r
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
al
a
s
s
e
m
b
l
e
d
f
o
r
m
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
d
e
t
a
i
ls
o
f
t
h
e
PC
B
l
a
y
o
u
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
i
n
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
r
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
ti
o
n
s
e
c
ti
o
n
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Lo
w
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co
s
t p
o
r
ta
b
le
p
o
ten
tio
s
ta
t fo
r
r
ea
l
-
time
in
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
t
r
a
tio
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…
(
F
itr
ia
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n
ita
Dewi
)
3689
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Ass
em
b
led
f
o
r
m
o
f
o
u
r
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat
3
.
2
.
1
.
Vo
lt
a
g
e
o
utput
co
nv
er
s
io
n
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
g
en
er
ate
t
h
e
p
o
ten
tial
b
etwe
en
elec
tr
o
d
es
f
o
r
C
V
an
aly
s
is
in
v
o
lv
es
s
ev
er
al
s
tep
s
.
First,
th
e
E
SP
3
2
g
e
n
er
ates
a
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
with
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
5
0
k
Hz.
T
h
i
s
s
ig
n
al
is
th
en
f
ilter
ed
b
y
a
s
im
p
le
f
ir
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
lo
w
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p
ass
f
ilter
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
a
5
.
6
k
Ω
r
esis
to
r
an
d
a
4
7
0
nF
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
an
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
6
0
.
4
7
Hz
c
u
to
f
f
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
in
v
o
lv
es
m
ap
p
in
g
th
e
f
ilter
ed
s
ig
n
al
r
an
g
e
f
r
o
m
0
to
3
.
3
V
to
t
h
e
d
esire
d
r
a
n
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
p
lo
t
o
f
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
W
E
-
R
E
p
o
ten
tial
wit
h
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
10
-
b
it
PW
M
d
ig
ital
v
alu
es.
B
ey
o
n
d
8
5
0
PW
M
d
ig
ital
v
alu
e,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
e
ase
s
atu
r
ates
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
op
-
am
p
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
n
o
t
f
u
lly
r
ea
c
h
its
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
to
m
ain
tain
lin
ea
r
ity
,
th
is
v
alu
e
was
n
o
t
ex
ce
e
d
ed
an
d
th
e
f
in
al
o
u
t
p
u
t
r
a
n
g
e
b
ec
am
e
-
2
to
1
.
5
V,
with
4
.
4
m
V
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
a
v
er
y
h
ig
h
R
2
v
alu
e.
T
h
is
h
ig
h
v
al
u
e
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
en
er
ated
at
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
will
b
e
h
i
g
h
ly
lin
ea
r
with
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al,
wh
ich
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
et
b
y
th
e
u
s
er
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
a
p
p
in
te
r
f
ac
e.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
g
e
n
er
ated
W
E
-
R
E
p
o
ten
tial w
ith
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
PW
M
v
alu
e
3
.
2
.
2
.
Curre
nt
inp
ut
co
nv
er
s
io
n
ADS1
1
1
5
ca
n
o
n
ly
r
ea
d
v
o
l
tag
e,
s
o
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
co
n
v
er
te
d
to
v
o
l
tag
e
b
y
a
tr
an
s
im
p
ed
an
ce
am
p
lifie
r
(
T
I
A)
.
T
o
ca
p
tu
r
e
s
m
all
cu
r
r
e
n
ts
in
t
h
e
o
r
d
er
o
f
s
ev
er
al
m
ic
r
o
am
p
er
es,
a
h
ig
h
r
esis
to
r
v
alu
e
f
o
r
g
ain
,
s
p
ec
if
ically
2
0
0
k
Ω
,
was
u
s
ed
in
o
u
r
p
o
te
n
tio
s
tat.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
n
eg
ativ
e
-
to
-
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
t
h
en
s
h
if
ted
u
s
in
g
a
n
o
th
er
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
alls
with
in
a
p
o
s
it
iv
e
r
an
g
e
r
ea
d
ab
le
b
y
th
e
ADC.
As
d
ep
icted
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
,
th
er
e
is
an
a
d
d
itio
n
al
b
u
f
f
er
wh
ich
s
er
v
es
as
a
b
r
i
d
g
e
b
etwe
en
th
e
T
I
A
an
d
th
e
lev
el
s
h
if
ter
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
T
I
A
r
em
ain
s
u
n
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
le
v
el
s
h
if
ter
’
s
cir
cu
it.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
a
lo
w
-
p
ass
f
ilter
was a
d
d
ed
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
ADC r
e
ad
in
g
to
atten
u
ate
u
n
wa
n
ted
n
o
is
e.
T
h
e
ADC
v
o
ltag
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
ac
k
in
to
cu
r
r
en
t
u
n
its
to
o
b
tain
th
e
I
-
V
cu
r
v
e.
Vo
ltag
e
s
ca
n
n
in
g
ac
r
o
s
s
test
r
esis
to
r
s
allo
wed
u
s
to
d
er
iv
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
e
q
u
atio
n
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
Oh
m
’
s
law,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
r
esis
to
r
is
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
it
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
its
r
esis
tan
ce
.
B
y
f
itti
n
g
t
h
e
ADC
r
ea
d
in
g
s
to
ca
lcu
lated
cu
r
r
en
t
s
,
th
e
av
e
r
ag
e
o
f
s
lo
p
es
an
d
b
iases
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
esis
to
r
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
e
d
.
W
e
ca
n
u
s
e
th
e
av
er
ag
ed
v
al
u
es
s
in
ce
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
s
in
s
lo
p
e
an
d
b
ias
ac
r
o
s
s
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
esis
to
r
s
a
n
d
s
ca
n
r
ates
wer
e
s
m
all
an
d
ca
n
b
e
n
eg
lecte
d
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
es we
r
e
th
en
u
s
ed
to
g
et
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
f
o
r
m
u
la
b
el
o
w:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
8
3
-
3695
3690
(
µ
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(
)
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with
an
av
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1
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d
av
er
ag
e
b
ias
o
f
-
1
6
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8
4
.
W
ith
a
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
0
.
1
2
5
m
V
in
AD
C
r
ea
d
in
g
s
,
th
e
s
m
allest esti
m
ated
cu
r
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en
t c
o
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ted
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th
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ADC is
1
.
2
6
n
A.
3.
3
.
H
a
rdwa
re
v
a
lid
a
t
io
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
ws
th
e
C
V
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
2
.
8
8
u
M
in
s
u
lin
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
u
s
in
g
o
u
r
cu
s
to
m
p
o
ten
t
io
s
tat
o
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
Sav
itzk
y
-
Go
lay
(
S
-
G)
f
ilter
[
2
8
]
was
ap
p
lied
to
s
m
o
o
th
th
e
C
V
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
with
th
e
aim
to
r
ed
u
ce
n
o
is
e
with
o
u
t
d
is
to
r
tin
g
th
e
s
h
ap
e
an
d
h
eig
h
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
m
in
en
t
p
ea
k
.
T
h
e
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
th
e
S
-
G
f
ilter
in
v
o
lv
es
f
itti
n
g
a
least
s
q
u
ar
es
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
to
a
s
et
o
f
d
ata
p
o
i
n
ts
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
th
e
win
d
o
w
len
g
th
a
n
d
co
n
v
o
l
v
in
g
it
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
en
tire
d
ata.
I
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
a
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
with
a
win
d
o
w
len
g
th
o
f
4
0
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
was e
m
p
lo
y
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
R
aw
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
ed
C
V
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
2
.
8
8
u
M
i
n
s
u
lin
u
s
in
g
Sav
itzk
y
-
Go
lay
f
ilt
er
C
V
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
o
u
r
c
u
s
t
o
m
p
o
te
n
t
io
s
t
at
wit
h
t
h
e
s
am
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
as
t
h
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
e
n
c
h
t
o
p
p
o
te
n
ti
o
s
t
at
.
F
ig
u
r
e
8
(
a)
s
h
o
ws
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
c
y
cl
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
a
t
io
n
,
a
n
d
F
ig
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
p
r
ese
n
ts
th
e
c
ali
b
r
at
io
n
c
u
r
v
e
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
y
cl
e.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
es
t
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
w
as
o
b
s
e
r
v
ed
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
cy
cl
e
d
at
a,
d
es
p
it
e
h
av
in
g
t
h
e
lo
west
R
²
a
n
d
h
i
g
h
est
s
ta
n
d
a
r
d
er
r
o
r
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
c
y
c
les
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
co
m
p
a
r
es
b
asel
in
e
-
s
u
b
tr
ac
te
d
r
es
p
o
n
s
es
f
o
r
th
e
s
am
e
c
o
n
c
e
n
tr
ati
o
n
s
b
etw
ee
n
t
h
e
b
e
n
c
h
t
o
p
(
d
as
h
e
d
li
n
e
)
a
n
d
o
u
r
p
o
te
n
ti
o
s
t
at
(
s
o
li
d
li
n
e
)
.
T
h
e
s
h
i
f
t
i
n
p
ea
k
p
o
te
n
ti
al
is
l
i
k
el
y
d
u
e
t
o
s
e
n
s
o
r
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
es
c
au
s
ed
b
y
c
y
c
l
e
n
u
m
b
er
s
,
f
o
u
li
n
g
,
an
d
ch
a
n
g
es
i
n
ele
ct
r
o
d
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
ies
.
N
o
n
et
h
eless
,
r
es
u
lts
f
r
o
m
o
u
r
p
o
te
n
ti
o
s
t
at
a
g
r
e
e
wit
h
t
h
o
s
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
b
e
n
c
h
t
o
p
d
ev
ice
,
a
s
i
n
c
r
e
as
ed
c
o
n
c
en
tr
ati
o
n
co
r
r
el
at
es w
it
h
in
cr
ea
s
ed
a
n
o
d
ic
p
e
ak
c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Peak
c
u
r
r
e
n
t r
esp
o
n
s
es f
r
o
m
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
(
a)
at
f
ir
s
t c
y
cle,
an
d
(
b
)
all
th
r
ee
cy
cles a
f
ter
s
u
b
tr
ac
ted
f
r
o
m
b
aselin
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
cu
r
v
e
ca
lib
r
at
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
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N:
2088
-
8
7
0
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Lo
w
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co
s
t p
o
r
ta
b
le
p
o
ten
tio
s
ta
t fo
r
r
ea
l
-
time
in
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
t
r
a
tio
n
…
(
F
itr
ia
Yu
n
ita
Dewi
)
3691
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
C
V
r
esp
o
n
s
es o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
b
en
c
h
to
p
(
d
ash
ed
lin
e
)
an
d
f
r
o
m
o
u
r
p
o
ten
tio
s
at
(
s
o
l
id
lin
e)
af
ter
s
u
b
tr
ac
tin
g
th
e
b
aselin
e
3
.
4
.
E
s
t
im
a
t
io
n sy
s
t
em
As
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
m
en
tio
n
e
d
,
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
an
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
in
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
u
s
in
g
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
I
2
,
I
3
,
an
d
A.
T
h
e
f
itti
n
g
p
r
o
c
ess
to
g
et
m
u
ltip
le
lin
ea
r
r
e
g
r
e
s
s
io
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
was d
o
n
e
in
t
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
d
ataset.
T
h
e
test
in
g
d
ataset
was
th
en
u
s
ed
to
v
ali
d
ate
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
7
d
atasets
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
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m
7
d
if
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e
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t
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r
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4
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atasets
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DA2
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DA3
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an
d
DA4
)
an
d
o
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r
p
o
ten
tio
s
tat
(
3
d
atasets
:
D
B
1
,
DB
2
,
DB
3
,
an
d
DB
4
)
.
E
ac
h
d
ataset
co
m
p
r
is
es
in
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
d
ata
with
its
p
ea
k
cu
r
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ts
in
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ch
3
c
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cles
an
d
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
’
s
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tr
o
ac
tiv
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ar
ea
.
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r
p
r
o
p
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ed
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s
tim
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s
y
s
tem
is
b
asically
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s
u
p
er
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ed
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ac
h
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in
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r
eg
r
ess
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r
with
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tr
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n
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its
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el,
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d
s
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ec
ted
p
r
ed
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r
s
as
its
f
ea
tu
r
es.
T
h
e
R
2
s
co
r
e
,
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
d
e
r
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
an
d
m
e
an
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
(
MA
E
)
wer
e
u
s
ed
as m
etr
ics
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
r
ed
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r
an
d
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
as lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ab
le
3
.
Per
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
alu
ati
o
n
o
f
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
m
eth
o
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ac
r
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s
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d
if
f
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en
t
d
atasets
P
r
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(
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t
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t
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B
1
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t
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t
S
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2
R
2
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S
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M
A
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R
2
M
S
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M
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M
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8
3
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3
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4
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6
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1
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6
1
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0
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0
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3
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1
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3
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5
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I
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9
0
.
8
6
0
.
0
4
0
.
1
9
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
m
eth
o
d
is
an
alo
g
o
u
s
to
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
r
ed
icto
r
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
wh
ich
u
s
es
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
o
f
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
v
e
r
s
u
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
Her
e,
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
y
s
t
em
u
tili
ze
d
th
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
cy
cle
(
I
1
)
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
.
T
h
e
R
²
v
alu
e
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
ai
n
in
g
d
ataset
was r
elativ
ely
lo
w
o
win
g
to
th
e
h
ig
h
v
ar
ian
ce
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
th
is
tr
ain
in
g
d
ata
s
tr
u
g
g
le
to
ac
cu
r
ately
esti
m
ate
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
if
th
e
d
ataset
in
clu
d
es
a
s
en
s
o
r
with
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
th
r
ee
s
ets
o
f
test
d
ata,
o
n
e
ex
h
ib
ited
a
l
o
w
R
²
v
alu
e
,
o
n
e
is
h
ig
h
,
an
d
o
n
e
is
co
m
p
letely
u
n
ex
p
lain
a
b
le
b
y
th
e
tr
ain
ed
m
o
d
el
(
n
eg
ativ
e
R
²)
.
T
h
u
s
,
alth
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
s
en
s
o
r
m
ay
y
ield
g
o
o
d
esti
m
atio
n
r
esu
lts
,
th
is
d
o
es
n
o
t
ap
p
ly
to
th
e
o
th
er
two
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
p
r
e
d
icto
r
d
o
es
n
o
t y
ield
c
o
n
s
is
ten
t r
esu
lts
ac
r
o
s
s
all
test
in
g
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
et
h
o
d
,
o
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
g
o
o
d
r
esu
lts
ac
r
o
s
s
all
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
ata
test
s
(R
2
>
0
.
8
5
)
.
B
y
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
two
cy
cles
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
ar
ea
,
th
e
s
y
s
tem
was
ab
le
to
g
en
er
alize
well
to
s
ev
er
al
d
a
ta
test
s
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
al
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
alth
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
tr
ain
in
g
o
f
o
u
r
m
eth
o
d
was
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
t
h
an
th
at
o
f
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
m
eth
o
d
,
th
e
test
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
r
em
ain
ed
s
im
p
le
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
y
s
tem
o
n
ly
n
ee
d
ed
to
c
o
m
p
u
te
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
s
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
with
p
r
ed
icto
r
v
alu
es.
T
h
e
test
in
g
co
m
p
lex
ity
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
O(
m
)
,
wh
er
e
m
r
e
p
r
esen
t
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
r
e
d
icto
r
s
.
I
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
o
u
r
m
eth
o
d
p
r
esen
ts
n
o
ch
allen
g
es
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
r
e
is
n
o
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
tim
e
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
th
e
s
in
g
le
-
p
r
e
d
icto
r
m
eth
o
d
.
T
o
f
u
r
th
er
v
ali
d
ate
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
cr
o
s
s
-
v
alid
atio
n
was
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
th
e
d
ataset
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
4
.
Giv
en
th
at
s
o
m
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ex
h
ib
ited
s
im
ilar
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
ar
ea
v
alu
es,
th
e
s
elec
ted
tr
ain
in
g
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
wer
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
ch
o
s
en
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
v
ar
iatio
n
in
elec
tr
o
ac
tiv
e
ar
ea
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
th
e
tab
le,
all
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
y
ield
ed
test
in
g
r
esu
lts
with
an
R
²
v
alu
e
ex
ce
e
d
in
g
0
.
8
5
,
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
atin
g
r
o
b
u
s
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
8
3
-
3695
3692
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
E
s
tim
atin
g
in
s
u
lin
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
with
p
ea
k
c
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
cy
cle
(
I
1
)
as p
r
e
d
icto
r
T
ab
le
4
.
C
r
o
s
s
v
alid
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
in
tr
ain
in
g
an
d
test
in
g
d
ata
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
se
t
Te
st
i
n
g
d
a
t
a
se
t
Tr
a
i
n
i
n
g
Te
st
i
n
g
R
2
M
S
E
M
A
E
R
2
M
S
E
M
A
E
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
3
,
D
5
D
4
,
D
6
,
D
7
0
.
92
0
.
17
0
.
29
0
.
90
0
.
35
0
.
45
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
3
,
D
6
D
4
,
D
5
,
D
7
0
.
93
0
.
14
0
.
29
0
.
90
0
.
27
0
.
40
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
3
,
D
7
D
4
,
D
5
,
D
6
0
.
93
0
.
15
0
.
28
0
.
90
0
.
20
0
.
37
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
4
,
D
5
D
3
,
D
6
,
D
7
0
.
90
0
.
21
0
.
33
0
.
96
0
.
05
0
.
19
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
4
,
D
6
D
3
,
D
5
,
D
7
0
.
93
0
.
16
0
.
31
0
.
88
0
.
23
0
.
34
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
4
,
D
7
D
3
,
D
5
,
D
6
0
.
92
0
.
16
0
.
31
0
.
87
0
.
21
0
.
36
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
5
,
D
6
D
3
,
D
4
,
D
7
0
.
89
0
.
17
0
.
31
0
.
88
0
.
46
0
.
50
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
5
,
D
7
D
3
,
D
4
,
D
6
0
.
89
0
.
18
0
.
32
0
.
86
0
.
51
0
.
51
D
1
,
D
2
,
D
6
,
D
7
D
3
,
D
4
,
D
5
0
.
91
0
.
15
0
.
29
0
.
89
0
.
39
0
.
47
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
er
e
was in
d
ee
d
a
s
tati
s
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
etwe
en
ea
ch
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
an
d
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
alu
es,
h
y
p
o
th
e
s
is
tes
tin
g
was
also
co
n
d
u
cted
.
T
h
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
s
tated
th
at
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
ea
ch
p
r
e
d
icto
r
is
eq
u
al
to
0
,
in
d
icatin
g
t
h
at
ea
ch
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
av
e
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
with
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
W
ith
a
to
tal
o
f
7
5
d
ata
p
o
in
ts
a
n
d
3
p
r
ed
icto
r
s
,
th
e
c
o
m
p
u
te
d
p
-
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
r
e
d
icto
r
,
I
2
,
I
3
,
an
d
A,
wer
e
8
.
5
2
×1
0
-
10
,
3
.
6
8
×1
0
-
7
,
an
d
0
.
0
0
6
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
ly
.
All
th
r
ee
p
-
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
e
d
wer
e
<
0
.
0
5
,
th
u
s
r
ejec
tin
g
th
e
n
u
ll
h
y
p
o
th
esis
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
with
a
9
5
%
co
n
f
id
en
ce
lev
el,
all
p
r
ed
ict
o
r
s
h
av
e
a
s
tatis
tically
s
ig
n
if
ican
t r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
with
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
v
alu
es.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
s
till
n
o
t
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
r
ep
o
r
tin
g
m
eth
o
d
s
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
r
o
m
C
V
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
th
er
th
an
u
s
in
g
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
es
with
s
in
g
le
p
r
ed
icto
r
.
A
n
o
v
el
an
aly
tical
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
at
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
ely
o
n
th
e
ty
p
ical
ca
lib
r
atio
n
cu
r
v
e
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
C
h
en
a
n
d
C
h
en
[
2
9
]
.
I
n
th
ei
r
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
ey
d
eter
m
in
e
d
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
p
esti
cid
e
u
s
i
n
g
in
v
e
r
s
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
a
n
d
h
ig
h
-
o
r
d
e
r
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
f
itti
n
g
.
T
h
eir
d
ataset
h
ad
2
0
r
ep
licates
in
ea
ch
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
with
p
H
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
6
.
5
to
6
.
8
.
W
ith
t
h
ese
m
an
y
r
e
p
li
ca
tes,
ev
en
th
e
p
ea
k
cu
r
r
en
t
co
u
ld
n
o
t
s
er
v
e
as
u
s
e
f
u
l
d
etec
tio
n
in
d
e
x
f
o
r
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
eir
id
ea
was
u
s
in
g
a
r
ea
f
r
o
m
C
V
cu
r
v
e
as
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
v
a
r
iab
le.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
r
esu
ltin
g
R
2
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
h
ey
ca
lcu
lated
R
2
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
itti
n
g
d
ata,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e
we
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
th
e
R
2
f
r
o
m
tr
ain
in
g
.
T
ab
le
5
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
esti
m
atio
n
with
o
u
t c
o
n
v
en
tio
n
al
c
u
r
v
e
ca
li
b
r
atio
n
R
e
f
.
M
e
t
h
o
d
P
r
e
d
i
c
t
o
r
R
2
[
2
9
]
3
-
o
r
d
e
r
P
o
l
y
n
o
m
i
a
l
C
V
a
r
e
a
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
0
.
5
a
n
d
0
.
9
V
0
.
7
8
[
2
9
]
3
-
o
r
d
e
r
P
o
l
y
n
o
m
i
a
l
C
V
a
r
e
a
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
0
.
5
a
n
d
1
.
1
V
0
.
8
6
Th
i
s
w
o
r
k
M
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
l
i
n
e
a
r
r
e
g
r
e
ss
i
o
n
I
2
,
I
3
,
a
n
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