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T
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tab
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d
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o
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tech
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ailab
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Am
o
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g
th
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ap
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m
ater
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I
-
III
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V
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2
t
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p
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p
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C
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2
(
C
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[
1
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,
[
2
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,
wh
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th
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C
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will st
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ll'
s
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k
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ield
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B
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ier
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r
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p
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s
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d
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elec
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f
ield
at
th
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b
a
ck
s
u
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tact
ca
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ity
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s
th
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s
p
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ch
ar
g
e
r
eg
io
n
f
o
r
b
e
tter
co
llectio
n
[
3
]
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
in
v
esti
g
ato
r
s
h
av
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e
x
am
in
ed
th
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
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I
GS
-
b
ased
b
if
ac
ial
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltai
c
ce
lls
,
lik
e
Sh
in
et
a
l.
[
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
s
em
i
-
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
a
n
d
b
if
ac
ial
u
ltr
ath
in
C
u
(
I
n
,
Ga)
Se
2
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
v
ia
a
s
in
g
le
-
s
tag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
lig
h
t
-
m
an
ag
em
en
t
s
tr
ateg
y
.
Als
o
,
Salh
i
[
5
]
p
r
esen
t
th
e
p
r
in
cip
les
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
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8
8
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7
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8
I
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t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
4
9
-
3659
3650
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
e
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
l
l
b
ased
o
n
C
I
GS.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Vio
las
et
a
l.
[
6
]
ad
d
r
e
s
s
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
a
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
o
x
id
e
lay
er
u
s
ed
as
r
ea
r
co
n
tact
in
C
I
GS
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
So
h
eili
et
a
l.
[
7
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
n
o
v
el
m
u
lti
-
ju
n
ctio
n
C
GS/C
I
GS
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
Mu
f
ti
et
a
l.
[
8
]
r
ev
iew
t
h
e
C
I
GS
s
o
lar
ce
lls
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
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t
o
f
v
iew
o
f
s
tr
u
ctu
r
al
en
g
in
ee
r
in
g
.
R
awa
t
et
a
l.
[
9
]
m
a
k
e
u
s
e
o
f
C
I
GS
-
b
ase
d
s
o
lar
ce
lls
d
u
e
to
th
eir
h
ig
h
a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t,
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
af
f
o
r
d
ab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
in
ter
est
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
to
im
p
r
o
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e
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h
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ef
f
icien
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o
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o
to
v
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in
cr
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th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t
d
eliv
e
r
ed
b
y
th
is
ce
ll.
Usi
n
g
a
b
if
ac
ial
ce
ll
ca
p
tu
r
es
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
a
n
d
th
e
co
llectio
n
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
s
b
y
b
o
th
s
id
es
o
f
th
e
ce
ll
o
n
th
e
o
n
e
h
an
d
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
ce
ll
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
C
I
GS
q
u
ater
n
ar
y
,
wh
ich
h
as
a
v
er
y
h
ig
h
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
a
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
U
g
2
g
ap
v
alu
e
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
e
(
1
.
3
5
eV)
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
th
e
b
if
ac
ial
B
SF
s
o
lar
ce
ll.
W
e
to
o
k
th
e
C
d
S/C
I
GS
th
in
-
f
ilm
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
as
an
ap
p
licatio
n
e
x
am
p
le.
An
d
we
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
s
ev
er
al
test
s
o
n
th
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
2.
CRYST
AL
L
I
N
E
S
T
RUC
T
U
RE
O
F
CIGS
C
I
GS
is
am
o
n
g
th
e
s
o
lid
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
A(
B
’
1
-
x
B
’
’
x
)
X
2
,
o
b
tain
e
d
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
cin
g
g
alliu
m
(
Ga
)
in
to
C
I
S
(
C
u
I
n
Se
2
)
as
a
s
u
b
s
titu
te
f
o
r
in
d
iu
m
(
I
n
)
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
A
s
em
ico
n
d
u
ct
o
r
A
N
-
1
B
N+
1
X
2
8
-
N
ar
is
es
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
titu
tio
n
,
in
a
b
in
ar
y
C
N
X
8
-
N
cr
y
s
tallized
zin
c
b
len
d
e,
o
f
ca
tio
n
s
C
f
r
o
m
co
lu
m
n
N
b
y
t
h
o
s
e
A
an
d
B
f
r
o
m
co
lu
m
n
s
N
-
1
an
d
N+
1
.
I
n
g
r
o
u
p
I
,
N
-
1
=1
,
th
u
s
N=
2
an
d
N+
1
=3
;
th
is
g
r
o
u
p
b
elo
n
g
s
to
th
e
f
am
ily
o
f
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
s
k
n
o
wn
as I
I
-
VI
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
ter
n
a
r
y
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
C
u
-
III
-
VI
2
c
r
y
s
tallize
in
two
all
o
tr
o
p
es.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t,
wh
ich
is
o
f
th
e
s
p
h
aler
ite
(
zin
c
b
le
n
d
e)
ty
p
e
,
o
cc
u
r
s
at
h
ig
h
tem
p
er
atu
r
es
(
T
>
8
1
0
°C
)
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
,
o
f
th
e
ch
alco
p
y
r
ite
ty
p
e
(
an
o
m
aly
o
f
th
e
b
len
d
e)
,
o
cc
u
r
s
at
te
m
p
er
atu
r
es
b
elo
w
6
6
5
°C
[
1
3
]
with
a
n
o
r
d
er
e
d
tetr
a
g
o
n
al
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e.
T
h
ese
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
u
I
n
Se
2
an
d
C
u
GaSe
2
,
wh
ich
f
o
r
m
th
e
allo
y
C
u
(
I
n
,
Ga)
Se
2
,
b
elo
n
g
to
g
r
o
u
p
I
an
d
cr
y
s
tallize
in
th
e
ch
alco
p
y
r
ite
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
4
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
wo
allo
tr
o
p
ic
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
th
e
C
u
-
I
I
I
-
VI
2
elem
en
tal
l
attice:
B
len
d
e
-
ty
p
e
s
p
h
aler
ite
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
ch
alco
p
y
r
ite
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
[
1
3
]
3.
O
P
T
I
CA
L
P
RO
P
E
R
T
I
E
S O
F
CIGS
C
I
GS
is
a
s
em
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
m
at
er
ial
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
i
n
th
i
n
-
f
ilm
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
.
I
t
ex
h
i
b
its
s
ev
er
al
n
o
tab
le
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
er
ties
th
at
m
ak
e
it
h
ig
h
l
y
ef
f
icien
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
.
He
r
e
is
an
o
v
e
r
v
iew
o
f
its
k
ey
o
p
tical
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
.
3
.
1
.
T
he
ba
nd
g
a
p Ug
T
h
e
g
a
p
o
f
th
e
C
u
I
n
1
-
x
Ga
x
Se
2
q
u
ater
n
ar
y
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
1
eV
(
x
=0
)
to
1
.
7
eV
(
x
=1
)
.
T
h
is
m
ater
ial'
s
ad
v
an
tag
e
is
th
at
it
allo
ws
th
e
g
ap
v
alu
e
an
d
cr
y
s
tallo
g
r
a
p
h
ic
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
b
e
a
d
ju
s
ted
to
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
g
ap
v
alu
e
(
a
r
o
u
n
d
1
.
3
5
eV)
f
o
r
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
en
s
u
r
e
b
etter
m
esh
m
atch
in
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
two
m
ater
ials
in
a
h
eter
o
ju
n
ctio
n
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
3
.
2
.
T
he
a
bs
o
rpt
io
n c
o
ef
f
icie
nt
T
h
e
a
b
s
o
r
b
e
r
m
a
t
e
r
ia
l'
s
o
p
t
i
ca
l
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
is
a
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
t
a
l
p
a
r
a
m
e
te
r
.
F
o
r
te
r
n
a
r
y
C
u
I
n
S
e
2
(
C
I
S
)
,
C
u
G
a
Se
2
(
C
G
S
)
a
n
d
q
u
a
t
e
r
n
a
r
y
C
u
(
I
n
,
G
a
)
S
e
2
(
C
I
GS
)
,
t
h
e
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
ie
n
t
i
s
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
,
o
n
t
h
e
o
r
d
e
r
o
f
1
0
4
cm
-
1
a
b
o
v
e
t
h
e
i
r
g
a
p
[
1
]
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
α
(
h
ν
)
c
u
r
v
e
o
f
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
l
y
u
s
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
.
C
u
I
n
Se
2
h
as
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
a
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
o
n
c
o
e
f
f
i
c
ien
t
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
ls
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
u
s
e
d
[
1
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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u
r
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Var
iatio
n
in
th
e
o
p
ti
ca
l a
b
s
o
r
p
tio
n
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
a
b
s
o
r
b
er
m
ate
r
ials
[
1
8
]
4.
T
H
E
Cd
S/CI
G
S SO
L
A
R
CE
L
L
T
h
e
C
d
S
/C
I
G
S
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
ce
l
l
h
as
a
"
t
h
i
n
-
f
il
m
"
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
,
w
i
t
h
a
s
t
a
c
k
o
f
f
il
m
s
n
o
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
a
f
ew
m
i
c
r
o
n
s
t
h
i
c
k
.
I
t
s
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
i
n
c
l
u
d
e
s
a
b
a
c
k
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
d
e
c
o
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
a
s
u
b
s
t
r
a
t
e
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
a
t
h
i
n
m
e
t
a
l
l
a
y
e
r
is
d
e
p
o
s
i
t
e
d
a
s
a
c
o
n
t
a
ct
.
T
h
e
a
b
s
o
r
b
e
r
la
y
e
r
,
C
u
(
I
n
,
G
a
)
S
e
₂
,
h
a
s
a
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g
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a
b
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u
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d
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c
t
g
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o
f
1
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eV
.
A
C
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r
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n
O
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u
f
f
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r
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1
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O
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a
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u
a
r
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o
n
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u
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
a
n
d
t
r
a
n
s
p
a
r
e
n
c
y
w
h
il
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
e
l
l
t
o
t
h
e
e
x
t
e
r
n
a
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
b
if
ac
ial
ce
ll
allo
ws
illu
m
in
atio
n
f
r
o
m
b
o
th
s
id
es.
Ho
wev
er
,
illu
m
in
atio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ea
r
o
f
f
er
s
in
f
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
t
o
th
at
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
r
o
n
t.
T
h
ese
ce
lls
ex
p
lo
it
lig
h
t
r
ef
lecte
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
,
th
an
k
s
to
th
ei
r
d
o
u
b
le
-
s
id
e
d
d
esig
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws th
e
s
em
i
-
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
a
n
d
b
if
ac
ial
s
o
lar
ce
ll b
ased
o
n
C
I
GS
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
Z
n
O/C
d
S/C
u
(
I
n
,
Ga)
Se
2
th
in
-
f
i
lm
ce
ll
[
1
9
]
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
So
lar
c
ell
b
ased
o
n
C
I
GS: (
a)
s
em
i
-
tr
an
s
p
ar
en
t a
n
d
(
b
)
b
if
ac
ial
[
2
0
]
5.
T
H
E
B
SF
T
H
E
O
RY
T
h
e
lo
s
s
es
g
en
er
ated
b
y
d
e
f
ec
ts
an
d
o
h
m
ic
c
o
n
tacts
o
n
b
o
t
h
s
u
r
f
ac
es
o
f
a
s
o
lar
ce
ll
ar
e
m
o
d
elled
b
y
s
u
r
f
ac
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
,
ch
ar
a
cter
ized
b
y
a
v
elo
city
th
at
r
e
f
lects
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
u
r
f
a
ce
s
.
T
o
tack
le
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
,
r
esear
ch
h
as
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
s
o
lar
ce
ll
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
ese
lo
s
s
es.
T
h
e
s
im
p
les
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
th
is
f
ield
is
th
e
b
ac
k
s
u
r
f
ac
e
f
ield
(
B
SF
)
b
if
ac
ial
ce
ll,
wh
ich
allo
ws
t
h
e
r
ea
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
lig
h
t
r
ef
lecte
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
[
2
1
]
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
5.
T
h
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
b
ase
c
o
m
p
r
is
es
two
r
eg
io
n
s
:
th
e
b
ase
its
elf
a
n
d
a
h
ea
v
ily
d
o
p
e
d
zo
n
e
n
ea
r
th
e
b
ac
k
co
n
tact.
T
h
is
h
as
two
co
n
s
e
q
u
en
ce
s
:
cr
ea
tin
g
a
s
m
all
ad
d
itio
n
al
en
er
g
y
b
ar
r
ier
an
d
th
e
co
n
f
i
n
em
en
t
o
f
m
in
o
r
ity
ca
r
r
ier
s
to
th
e
b
ase
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
th
is
way
,
we
r
ec
o
v
er
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
c
r
ea
t
ed
at
th
e
b
ac
k
o
f
t
h
e
b
ase
n
ea
r
th
e
o
h
m
ic
co
n
tact,
n
o
r
m
ally
lo
s
t
in
s
in
g
le
ce
lls
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
ws
th
e
en
er
g
etic
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
B
SF
s
o
lar
ce
ll with
m
in
o
r
ity
ca
r
r
ier
co
n
f
in
em
e
n
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
4
9
-
3659
3652
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
So
lar
c
ell
with
B
SF
f
ield
[
2
1
]
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
an
d
d
iag
r
am
o
f
a
B
SF
s
o
lar
ce
ll
[
2
2
]
6.
CALCU
L
A
T
I
O
N
O
F
P
H
O
T
O
CURR
E
N
T
AND
I
(
V)
CH
ARAC
T
E
R
I
ST
I
CS
T
o
o
b
tain
t
h
e
ce
ll'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
,
we
f
ir
s
t
h
ad
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
u
p
p
li
ed
b
y
th
e
ce
ll.
Fro
m
th
e
co
n
tin
u
ity
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
we
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
s
alo
n
g
th
e
ce
ll
an
d
d
er
iv
ed
th
e
e
q
u
atio
n
t
h
at
ch
ar
ac
ter
izes
th
e
p
h
o
t
o
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
W
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ed
t
h
e
o
n
e
-
d
im
en
s
io
n
al
m
o
d
el
Fig
u
r
e
7
,
b
ased
o
n
f
o
u
r
r
e
g
io
n
s
:
th
e
N+
zo
n
e
(
th
e
em
itte
r
)
,
th
e
P
zo
n
e
(
th
e
b
ase)
,
th
e
s
p
ac
e
ch
ar
g
e
zo
n
e
(
Z
C
E
)
an
d
th
e
h
ea
v
ily
d
o
p
e
d
zo
n
e
(
P+)
[
2
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Geo
m
etr
y
o
f
th
e
b
if
a
cial
s
o
lar
ce
ll
[
2
3
]
B
y
n
u
m
er
ically
s
o
lv
in
g
th
e
co
n
tin
u
it
y
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
eq
u
atio
n
s
u
s
in
g
th
e
iter
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
,
we
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
ca
r
r
ier
s
alo
n
g
th
e
ce
ll.
W
e
d
ed
u
ce
d
th
e
e
q
u
atio
n
t
h
at
ch
ar
a
cter
izes
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
o
i
n
t
o
f
th
e
ce
ll.
Ou
r
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
to
tal
p
h
o
to
-
cu
r
r
en
t
d
en
s
ity
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
b
if
ac
ial
ce
ll
ℎ
,
wh
ich
is
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
-
c
u
r
r
en
ts
g
en
er
ate
d
i
n
ea
ch
r
eg
i
o
n
o
f
th
e
ce
ll,
en
s
u
r
es th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
o
u
r
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
ℎ
=
+
+
+
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
N
u
merica
l m
o
d
ellin
g
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
cu
r
r
en
t fo
r
C
u
I
n
xGa
1
-
xS
e
2
-
b
a
s
ed
…
(
S
el
o
u
a
B
o
u
ch
ek
o
u
f
)
3653
−
C
o
n
tin
u
ity
eq
u
atio
n
s
[
2
4
]
:
=
−
+
1
(
)
(
2
)
=
−
−
1
(
)
(
3
)
−
C
u
r
r
en
t e
q
u
atio
n
s
:
=
+
(
4
)
=
−
(
5
)
6
.
1
.
Ca
lcula
t
i
o
n o
f
curr
ent
i
n CdS (
n)
T
h
is
lay
er
g
iv
es u
s
a
p
h
o
to
h
o
l
e
(
I
p
)
e
x
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
(
8
)
.
−
B
o
u
n
d
ar
y
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
:
=
|
=
0
(
6
)
(S
p
: r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
p
ee
d
at
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e)
|
=
=
0
(
7
)
=
1
(
1
−
)
(
1
2
2
−
1
)
[
(
+
1
)
−
(
−
1
)
(
ℎ
(
)
+
ℎ
(
)
)
ℎ
(
)
+
ℎ
(
)
−
1
(
−
1
)
]
(
8
)
=
(
9
)
6
.
2
.
Curre
nt
in t
he
a
ct
iv
e
zo
ne
(
I
g
=
Z
CE
)
T
h
e
ca
r
r
ier
s
g
e
n
er
ated
in
th
e
a
ctiv
e
zo
n
e
(
in
th
e
v
icin
ity
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
f
ac
e)
a
r
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
at
d
is
s
o
ciatio
n
(
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
)
,
s
o
th
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
e
n
t in
th
is
zo
n
e
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
b
y
(
1
0
)
[
2
5
]
:
=
(
1
−
)
(
−
1
)
(
1
0
)
6
.
3
.
Ca
lcula
t
i
o
n o
f
curr
ent
i
n CIG
S (
p)
T
h
is
is
th
e
d
o
n
o
r
zo
n
e
,
g
iv
in
g
u
s
a
p
h
o
to
elec
tr
o
n
(
I
n
)
[
2
5
]
:
−
B
o
u
n
d
ar
y
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
:
h
x
n
n
n
x
n
D
S
=
=
(
1
1
)
(S
n
: r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
p
ee
d
at
b
ac
k
co
n
tact,
h
=
H
-
)
|
=
+
1
+
2
=
0
(
12)
=
(
1
−
)
(
−
1
(
+
1
)
(
−
2
2
)
2
(
2
2
2
−
1
)
[
2
−
(
ℎ
(
)
−
(
−
2
)
)
+
ℎ
(
)
+
2
(
−
2
)
ℎ
(
)
+
ℎ
(
)
]
(
1
3
)
=
(
14)
x
b
=
H
-
(x
j
+w
1
+w
2
+w
bsf
).
(
1
5
)
6
.
4
.
P
ho
t
o
curr
ent
in t
he
hig
hly
do
ped r
eg
io
n
+
As
with
th
e
b
ase,
f
o
r
th
is
r
eg
i
o
n
we
u
s
ed
a
la
y
er
o
f
C
I
GS
+.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
en
er
ate
d
is
g
iv
en
by
(
1
6
)
[
2
6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
4
,
Au
g
u
s
t
20
25
:
3
6
4
9
-
3659
3654
=
−
(
)
[
+
−
]
+
c
osh
(
)
(
1
6
)
w
ith
:
a
cc
ep
t
o
r
c
o
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
in
t
h
e
P
r
eg
io
n
.
:
e
lectr
o
n
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
th
e
P
r
e
g
io
n
.
:
e
lectr
o
n
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
at
x
=H
-
.
6
.
5
.
T
he
ef
f
ec
t
i
v
e
re
co
m
bin
a
t
io
n sp
ee
d a
t
t
he
ba
ck
f
a
c
e
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
r
ec
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
p
ee
d
at
th
e
b
ac
k
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
B
SF
b
if
ac
ial
s
o
lar
ce
ll,
i
llu
m
in
ated
b
y
its
b
ac
k
f
ac
e,
is
g
iv
en
b
y
(
1
7
)
[
2
6
]
.
=
+
ℎ
(
)
1
+
ℎ
(
)
(
1
7
)
7.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
O
F
B
I
F
AC
I
AL
CdS
/CI
G
S C
E
L
L
CH
A
RACT
E
RI
ST
I
CS
Nu
m
er
ical
s
im
u
latio
n
is
c
o
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
ce
lls
.
I
t
is
in
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
o
f
th
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
u
s
ed
an
d
allo
ws
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
v
a
r
y
wid
ely
.
So
lar
ce
ll
s
im
u
lati
o
n
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
im
u
lato
r
s
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
u
n
d
e
r
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
ese
d
ev
ices
ac
co
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
th
ic
k
n
ess
,
g
ap
an
d
d
o
p
in
g
o
f
r
e
g
io
n
s
o
n
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
ce
ll
(
I
cc
,
Vco
,
FF
,
η
)
.
I
n
th
is
s
tep
,
we
will
p
r
esen
t
th
e
n
u
m
e
r
ical
s
im
u
l
atio
n
r
esu
lts
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
s
o
f
twar
e.
W
e
to
o
k
th
e
C
d
S/C
I
GS
th
i
n
-
f
ilm
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
as a
n
ap
p
licatio
n
ex
a
m
p
le
to
v
alid
ate
o
u
r
p
h
y
s
ical
m
o
d
el
d
escr
ib
in
g
th
e
B
SF
s
o
lar
ce
ll with
:
−
T
h
e
em
itter
: d
o
p
ed
ty
p
e
N
.
=1
0
17
/cm
3
an
d
th
ick
n
ess
.
=
5
0
n
m
.
−
T
h
e
b
ase: d
o
p
ed
ty
p
e
P Na
=
2
×
10
16
/cm
3
an
d
th
ick
n
ess
W
b
=
1
.
5
.
−
T
h
e
B
SF
lay
er
: h
ig
h
-
d
o
p
ed
ty
p
e
P
=
8
×
10
18
/cm
3
an
d
th
ick
n
ess
=
0
.
7
.
7
.
1
.
P
ho
t
o
curr
ent
presenta
t
io
n
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
we
aim
to
p
r
esen
t
th
e
B
SF
C
d
S/
C
I
GS
ce
l
l
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
esen
ted
in
Par
t
6
o
f
th
is
ar
ticle.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
s
o
lv
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
t
in
u
ity
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
eq
u
atio
n
s
.
C
alcu
latin
g
th
is
p
h
o
to
-
cu
r
r
en
t
will
en
ab
le
u
s
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
ese
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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ase.
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ase
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
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N
u
merica
l m
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15
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DATA AV
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RE
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[
1
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S
.
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2
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P
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5
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B
.
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p
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[
6
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A
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