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s
t
h
a
t
a
re
f
a
r
a
p
a
r
t
,
c
ons
um
p
t
i
on
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
ns
or
nod
e
.
F
a
c
t
o
rs
t
h
a
t
a
r
e
n
ot
i
m
m
e
d
i
a
t
e
l
y
a
d
dr
e
s
s
e
d
w
i
l
l
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
d
da
t
a
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
pe
rfo
rm
a
nc
e
a
n
d
hi
gh
e
n
e
rgy
c
ons
u
m
p
t
i
on
[
5]
.
T
hi
s
c
o
nd
i
t
i
o
n
ha
s
t
h
e
p
ot
e
n
t
i
a
l
t
o
s
ho
rt
e
n
t
he
l
i
f
e
o
f
t
he
W
S
N
n
e
t
w
or
k
[6
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Com
pu
t
S
c
i
Inf
T
e
c
h
nol
IS
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
O
pt
i
m
i
z
i
ng
e
n
e
r
gy
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or
…
(Muham
m
a
d
A
by
an
Ni
z
ar
Munt
as
hi
r
)
263
T
o
ove
r
c
o
m
e
e
n
e
rgy
a
nd
ne
t
w
ork
pe
r
form
a
n
c
e
prob
l
e
m
s
,
t
he
d
e
v
e
l
op
m
e
nt
s
t
r
a
t
e
gy
a
pp
l
i
e
d
i
s
a
n
e
ne
rg
y
-
e
f
fi
c
i
e
nt
rou
t
i
ng
p
r
ot
o
c
ol
[7
],
[8]
.
T
he
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
rout
i
ng
pro
t
oc
ol
by
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
ng
t
h
e
a
ppropr
i
a
t
e
pa
t
h
for
s
e
nd
i
ng
da
t
a
fr
om
t
h
e
ne
t
w
ork
s
ys
t
e
m
by
de
t
e
r
m
i
ni
ng
c
e
rt
a
i
n
c
ri
t
e
ri
a
on
t
he
w
a
y
from
t
he
s
o
urc
e
of
de
l
i
v
e
ry
t
o
t
he
de
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
on
.
T
hi
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
i
m
s
t
o
m
a
i
nt
a
i
n
t
h
e
s
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y
of
e
n
e
rgy
c
o
ns
u
m
p
t
i
on
a
nd
da
t
a
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
d
e
l
i
ve
ry
s
o
t
ha
t
i
t
r
e
a
c
h
e
s
i
t
s
d
e
s
t
i
na
t
i
on,
s
o
t
ha
t
t
h
e
ne
t
w
ork
us
a
ge
p
e
ri
o
d
c
a
n
be
m
ore
opt
i
m
a
l
[9]
.
In
t
h
e
i
m
pl
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
rout
i
ng
prot
o
c
ol
,
It
s
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
ha
s
b
e
e
n
de
m
ons
t
ra
t
e
d
t
h
a
t
s
e
ns
or
n
od
e
s
c
a
n
be
gr
oupe
d
i
nt
o
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
a
r
e
a
s
,
e
a
c
h
ov
e
rs
e
e
n
by
a
s
p
e
c
i
fi
c
l
e
a
de
r
n
ode
r
e
fe
r
re
d
t
o
a
s
a
c
l
us
t
e
r
he
a
d
(CH
)
.
E
v
e
ry
CH
ga
t
he
rs
i
n
for
m
a
t
i
on
fro
m
i
t
s
a
s
s
oc
i
a
t
e
d
no
de
s
,
a
na
l
yz
e
s
t
h
e
d
a
t
a
,
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
s
i
t
t
o
t
he
pri
m
a
r
y
ba
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
[
10]
.
S
i
m
i
l
a
r
r
e
s
e
a
rc
h
re
l
a
t
e
d
t
o
t
he
de
v
e
l
o
pm
e
nt
of
a
n
e
ne
r
gy
-
e
ffi
c
i
e
nt
l
ow
e
ne
rg
y
a
d
a
pt
i
ve
c
l
us
t
e
r
h
i
e
r
a
rc
hy
(L
E
A
CH
)
ro
u
t
i
n
g
t
ha
t
c
a
n
e
xt
e
nd
n
e
t
w
ork
l
i
f
e
by
us
i
ng
a
n
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
CH
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
m
e
c
h
a
ni
s
m
s
how
s
t
h
a
t
ba
t
t
e
ry
l
i
f
e
us
a
ge
h
a
s
i
nc
r
e
a
s
e
d
,
a
nd
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
c
a
n
be
m
or
e
opt
i
m
a
l
[11
],
[
12]
.
T
h
e
d
e
ve
l
op
m
e
n
t
of
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
ro
ut
i
ng
prot
o
c
ol
by
c
om
bi
n
i
ng
bo
t
h
a
l
go
ri
t
hm
s
,
s
how
s
t
ha
t
t
he
h
ybri
d
s
c
he
m
e
c
a
n
r
e
duc
e
a
v
e
r
a
ge
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
c
om
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
us
i
n
g
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
c
onfi
gura
t
i
o
n,
not
onl
y
s
t
a
bi
l
i
z
i
ng
pa
c
k
e
t
de
l
i
v
e
ry
,
bu
t
a
l
s
o
i
m
prov
i
ng
ove
r
a
l
l
n
e
t
w
or
k
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
[13]
.
T
h
e
hybri
d
s
c
he
m
e
s
a
re
a
bl
e
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
e
s
s
of
e
ne
rg
y
by
r
e
du
c
i
n
g
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
fr
e
que
nc
y
i
ns
i
d
e
t
h
e
ne
t
w
ork
a
nd
s
t
re
a
m
l
i
n
i
ng
t
h
e
m
e
s
s
a
ge
d
e
l
i
ve
ry
pr
oc
e
s
s
[14]
.
In
a
dd
i
t
i
on,
t
he
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
o
f
a
l
gori
t
h
m
s
t
o
ov
e
rc
o
m
e
t
he
pr
obl
e
m
of
e
n
e
rgy
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
e
ffe
c
t
i
ve
n
e
s
s
i
n
de
l
i
v
e
ry
,
r
e
qui
r
e
s
t
he
a
pp
l
i
c
a
t
i
on
of
rou
t
i
n
g
prot
o
c
o
l
op
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
on
w
i
t
h
gri
d
-
s
ha
p
e
d
c
l
us
t
e
r
groupi
n
g
on
e
a
c
h
s
e
ns
or
nod
e
[15]
.
In
t
h
i
s
c
a
s
e
,
t
he
gr
oup
i
ng
c
a
n
be
s
t
ruc
t
ure
d
ba
s
e
d
on
a
pr
e
d
e
t
e
rm
i
ne
d
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
r
a
di
us
[1
6]
.
T
he
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
o
n
w
a
s
t
e
s
t
e
d
us
i
n
g
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
b
a
s
e
d
on
a
ve
r
a
ge
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
u
m
p
t
i
on
,
t
hrough
put
,
a
n
d
de
l
i
v
e
ry
r
a
t
i
o
s
o
t
ha
t
pe
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy
us
a
ge
a
re
m
or
e
opt
i
m
a
l
s
o
t
ha
t
i
t
c
a
n
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
ne
t
w
ork
us
a
bi
l
i
t
y
.
T
h
i
s
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
foc
us
e
s
on
t
h
e
e
xe
c
ut
i
on
of
rout
i
n
g
pr
ot
o
c
ol
s
a
c
o
m
bi
n
e
d
a
ppr
oa
c
h,
t
h
rough
t
he
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
of
c
l
us
t
e
r
he
a
ds
c
o
m
b
i
ne
s
w
i
t
h
L
E
A
CH
m
e
t
hod
w
i
t
h
a
d
a
p
t
i
v
e
ra
nd
om
i
z
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
t
h
e
di
s
t
ri
but
e
d,
e
n
e
rgy
a
nd
c
ov
e
ra
g
e
-
a
w
a
r
e
rou
t
i
n
g
(D
E
CA
R)
t
e
c
hni
q
ue
ba
s
e
d
on
r
e
s
i
du
a
l
e
n
e
rgy
a
nd
c
o
ve
r
a
ge
.
A
n
e
v
e
n
node
d
i
s
t
ri
b
ut
i
on
us
i
ng
a
gri
d
p
a
t
t
e
rn
c
a
n
s
e
rv
e
a
s
a
n
e
ff
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
t
ra
t
e
g
y
fo
r
org
a
n
i
z
i
ng
c
l
us
t
e
rs
w
i
t
hi
n
w
i
re
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
ork
s
ys
t
e
m
s
.
T
h
e
pr
ot
o
c
ol
i
m
pl
e
m
e
nt
a
t
i
on
us
e
s
t
hr
e
e
rout
i
ng
m
e
t
ri
c
s
i
nc
l
udi
ng
d
i
s
t
a
nc
e
be
t
w
e
e
n
poi
n
t
s
,
c
ov
e
ra
g
e
r
a
di
us
,
a
nd
e
ne
r
gy.
T
h
e
re
f
ore
,
t
h
e
fi
n
di
ngs
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
t
udy
ha
v
e
a
c
o
nt
r
i
but
i
on
t
o
provi
d
i
ng
fe
a
s
i
b
l
e
s
ol
ut
i
ons
t
o
t
h
e
i
d
e
nt
i
fi
e
d
prob
l
e
m
s
,
ho
w
m
u
c
h
i
nfl
u
e
nc
e
t
h
e
hybr
i
d
s
c
h
e
m
e
ha
s
on
t
he
e
ne
rg
y
a
n
d
pe
r
form
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
ng
l
e
-
hop
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or
ne
t
w
ork
s
o
t
h
a
t
t
he
hybri
d
t
e
c
hn
i
qu
e
i
s
a
bl
e
t
o
e
nha
nc
e
e
ne
r
gy
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
a
nd
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
ob
t
a
i
ne
d.
2.
M
ET
H
O
D
In
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
dy
,
w
e
d
e
v
e
l
op
a
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
pr
ot
o
c
ol
u
s
i
n
g
a
h
yb
ri
d
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
i
n
W
S
N
s
.
A
hy
br
i
d
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
y
i
s
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
b
y
m
e
rg
i
ng
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
a
l
on
g
w
i
t
h
D
E
CA
R
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
fo
c
us
e
s
o
n
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
n
o
d
e
s
a
s
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
CH
i
n
e
a
c
h
ro
u
nd
.
T
h
e
pr
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
c
l
ud
e
s
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
e
t
t
i
n
g
,
a
r
e
a
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
on
,
no
d
e
c
ov
e
r
a
g
e
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
,
CH
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
,
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
,
a
s
v
i
s
ua
l
l
y
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
e
d
i
n
F
i
gu
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
CH
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
c
y
c
l
e
t
a
k
e
s
i
n
t
o
a
c
c
ou
n
t
t
h
e
l
e
f
t
o
v
e
r
e
n
e
r
gy
l
e
v
e
l
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
no
d
e
s
.
E
v
e
r
y
n
od
e
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
e
s
i
t
s
c
o
ve
r
a
ge
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
i
t
s
e
n
e
r
gy
l
e
v
e
l
s
a
nd
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
i
t
o
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
(
BS
)
,
s
ubs
e
q
ue
n
t
l
y
fo
rw
a
r
di
n
g
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
on
fr
o
m
t
h
e
c
l
us
t
e
r
no
d
e
s
t
o
t
h
e
BS
.
T
hi
s
m
e
t
h
od
o
l
o
gy
e
ns
ur
e
s
a
n
e
f
f
i
c
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IS
S
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:
2722
-
3221
Com
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2.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Com
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IS
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:
2722
-
3221
O
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[17
]
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[
1
8]
,
(
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[
20]
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(
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e
pr
e
s
e
n
t
s
t
he
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
ra
di
us
us
e
d
a
s
a
be
n
c
h
m
a
rk
for
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
he
e
f
fi
c
i
e
n
c
y
c
ons
t
a
n
t
f
a
c
t
o
r,
de
no
t
e
d
by
t
h
e
s
y
m
bo
l
;
T
h
e
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
s
,
,
a
nd
de
s
c
r
i
b
e
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
a
nd
m
i
ni
m
um
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
w
i
t
hi
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
or
k
,
a
l
o
ng
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
fr
om
a
p
a
r
t
i
c
u
l
a
r
nod
e
t
o
t
h
e
c
e
n
t
r
a
l
s
t
a
t
i
on
.
I
n
a
ba
l
a
n
c
e
d
ra
di
o
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
l
i
nk
,
a
n
e
qu
a
l
q
ua
nt
i
t
y
of
e
n
e
r
gy
i
s
n
e
c
e
s
s
a
ry
t
o
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
a
nd
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
i
nf
or
m
a
t
i
o
n
(i
n
bi
t
s
)
a
m
on
g
di
ff
e
r
e
n
t
no
de
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
pr
ot
o
c
o
l
,
i
d
e
a
l
d
a
t
a
a
gg
re
g
a
t
i
o
n
i
s
a
c
h
i
e
v
e
d
b
y
c
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
n
g
pa
c
ke
t
s
fr
om
v
a
r
i
o
us
c
l
us
t
e
r
m
e
m
b
e
rs
,
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e
t
he
n
i
n
t
e
gr
a
t
e
d
by
t
he
CH
a
nd
t
r
a
ns
m
i
t
t
e
d
a
s
on
e
c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
b
und
l
e
t
o
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
(BS
).
In
a
dd
i
t
i
on
,
t
h
e
o
ve
r
a
l
l
e
n
e
rg
y
us
e
d
i
n
e
ve
ry
c
y
c
l
e
i
s
di
c
t
a
t
e
d
b
y
[2
1]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
Com
pu
t
S
c
i
Inf
T
e
c
h
nol
,
V
o
l
.
6
,
N
o
.
3
,
N
ov
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
262
-
273
266
=
(
2
+
+
∈
4
+
∈
2
)
(8)
T
he
n
,
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
xt
r
ound
,
t
h
e
e
ne
rg
y
c
o
ns
um
p
t
i
on
rot
a
t
i
on
m
ode
l
i
s
re
p
e
a
t
e
d
for
e
a
c
h
nod
e
un
t
i
l
t
h
e
e
ne
rg
y
r
e
a
c
h
e
s
t
he
s
pe
c
i
f
i
e
d
l
i
m
i
t
.
2.
4
.
H
yb
r
i
d
LEA
C
H
-
D
EC
A
R
r
ou
ti
n
g
p
r
ot
oc
o
l
T
h
e
c
om
bi
n
a
t
i
o
n
of
L
E
A
CH
a
n
d
D
E
CA
R
r
ou
t
i
ng
pr
ot
o
c
o
l
pr
i
n
c
i
pl
e
s
i
s
t
h
e
t
o
pi
c
of
t
h
i
s
re
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
T
h
e
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f
CH
r
e
s
p
ons
i
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
w
i
l
l
be
c
a
rr
i
e
d
o
ut
by
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
n
t
i
ng
L
E
A
CH
,
w
h
i
c
h
s
e
l
e
c
t
s
r
a
nd
o
m
l
y
w
h
i
l
e
D
E
CA
R
w
i
l
l
d
e
t
e
rm
i
n
e
ba
s
e
d
on
r
e
s
i
d
ua
l
e
n
e
rg
y
[
16
]
,
[
22]
.
H
ybr
i
d
L
E
A
CH
-
D
E
CA
R
e
m
pl
oys
a
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
CH
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
m
e
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
,
c
o
m
bi
ni
ng
e
l
e
m
e
nt
s
fro
m
b
ot
h
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
a
n
d
D
E
CA
R
pro
t
o
c
o
l
s
.
It
b
e
gi
ns
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
i
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
of
e
a
c
h
n
od
e
,
t
a
k
i
ng
i
nt
o
a
c
c
ou
nt
i
t
s
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
rgy
a
n
d
ge
o
gr
a
p
hi
c
a
l
p
os
i
t
i
on
.
D
ur
i
n
g
t
h
e
f
i
rs
t
r
oun
d
,
e
a
c
h
nod
e
m
a
k
e
s
a
r
a
nd
o
m
c
h
oi
c
e
a
b
ou
t
w
he
t
h
e
r
o
r
no
t
t
o
t
r
a
ns
f
or
m
i
n
t
o
a
CH
,
us
i
ng
a
l
i
ke
l
i
ho
od
s
e
t
by
a
r
a
nd
o
m
f
i
g
ur
e
be
t
w
e
e
n
0
a
nd
1
.
T
he
i
ni
t
i
a
l
ro
und
i
s
go
v
e
rn
e
d
by
t
i
m
e
d
i
v
i
s
i
on
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
(
T
D
M
A
),
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
c
l
ud
e
s
a
s
e
t
up
ph
a
s
e
fo
r
de
t
e
r
m
i
ni
ng
t
h
e
CH
a
n
d
a
s
t
e
a
d
y
-
s
t
a
t
e
p
ha
s
e
f
or
t
h
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
t
r
a
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on
pro
c
e
s
s
(s
e
n
di
ng
a
n
d
re
c
e
i
v
i
ng
)
[2
3]
.
A
n
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
i
o
n
of
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
pha
s
e
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
g
ur
e
3
.
F
i
gure
3
.
I
l
l
us
t
ra
t
i
on
of
L
E
A
CH
pha
s
e
T
he
CH
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
p
ha
s
e
t
a
k
e
s
pl
a
c
e
w
i
t
hi
n
t
he
proc
e
s
s
of
f
orm
i
n
g
c
l
us
t
e
rs
,
w
h
e
re
a
n
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on
i
s
c
ondu
c
t
e
d
t
o
de
t
e
rm
i
ne
i
f
n
ode
-
i
'
s
c
o
unt
f
a
l
l
s
b
e
l
ow
a
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
l
i
m
i
t
.
If
t
ha
t
i
s
t
h
e
c
a
s
e
,
nod
e
-
i
s
a
t
i
s
f
i
e
s
t
h
e
re
qui
re
m
e
n
t
s
t
o
a
s
s
u
m
e
t
he
rol
e
of
a
CH
[24
]
.
O
t
he
r
no
de
s
w
i
l
l
j
oi
n
t
h
e
n
e
a
r
e
s
t
c
l
us
t
e
r
ba
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
i
r
ge
ogr
a
phi
c
a
l
pos
i
t
i
ons
,
a
s
d
e
s
c
r
i
be
d
i
n
(2
).
E
a
c
h
m
e
m
be
r
t
h
a
t
j
o
i
ns
w
i
l
l
s
e
nd
a
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
t
o
t
he
CH
a
c
c
ord
i
ng
t
o
t
h
e
pr
e
de
t
e
r
m
i
ne
d
de
l
i
v
e
ry
s
c
he
du
l
e
.
T
he
pr
oc
e
s
s
fo
r
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
ng
CH
i
s
c
a
rr
i
e
d
o
ut
by
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
ng
t
h
e
r
e
m
a
i
n
i
ng
e
ne
r
gy,
m
a
ki
ng
c
e
r
t
a
i
n
i
t
i
s
a
bov
e
t
he
e
s
t
a
b
l
i
s
h
e
d
l
i
m
i
t
.
T
h
e
e
n
e
rgy
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on
a
t
e
a
c
h
no
de
c
a
n
b
e
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
us
i
ng
t
h
e
e
qu
a
t
i
on
,
ᵢ
=
ᵢ
ᵢ
+
(9)
T
he
l
e
ft
ov
e
r
e
n
e
rgy
c
a
pa
c
i
t
y
of
e
ve
ry
nod
e
i
s
de
not
e
d
a
s
ᵢ
;
w
he
re
ᵢ
s
i
gni
f
i
e
s
t
he
e
n
e
rgy
s
t
i
l
l
a
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
a
t
e
a
c
h
n
ode
a
nd
ᵢ
i
n
di
c
a
t
e
s
t
he
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
for
c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
from
nod
e
.
T
h
e
c
om
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
on
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
i
s
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
d
us
i
ng
t
he
fol
l
ow
i
ng
e
qu
a
t
i
on
[25]
,
ᵢ
=
√
(
ᵢ
−
ₛ
)
2
−
(
ᵢ
−
ₛ
)
2
(10)
w
he
re
(
ᵢ
,
ᵢ
)
re
pr
e
s
e
n
t
t
he
pos
i
t
i
on
of
t
he
i
nod
e
,
w
h
i
l
e
(
ₛ
,
ₛ
)
de
n
ot
e
t
h
e
l
oc
a
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
s
i
nk.
ϵ
=
di
s
t
a
n
c
e
s
t
a
bi
l
i
t
y
v
a
l
ue
(a
v
oi
ds
di
v
i
s
i
on
by
z
e
ro)
.
N
ode
s
w
i
t
h
h
i
gh
e
r
e
n
e
rgy
l
e
v
e
l
s
e
xhi
b
i
t
gr
e
a
t
e
r
p
ol
a
ri
t
y
i
n
t
he
rou
t
i
ng
pro
c
e
s
s
,
i
nc
r
e
a
s
i
ng
t
h
e
i
r
c
ha
n
c
e
s
of
b
e
c
om
i
ng
CH
.
T
h
i
s
c
r
i
t
e
ri
on
h
e
l
ps
pre
ve
n
t
t
he
o
ve
rl
o
a
d
i
ng
o
f
l
ow
-
e
n
e
rgy
nod
e
s
a
nd
a
l
l
ow
s
CH
s
t
o
r
e
m
a
i
n
a
c
t
i
v
e
l
ong
e
r
c
o
m
p
a
re
d
t
o
r
a
ndo
m
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
o
n.
T
h
e
H
yb
ri
d
L
E
A
CH
-
D
E
CA
R
prot
oc
o
l
i
m
p
l
e
m
e
nt
s
CH
ro
t
a
t
i
on
a
nd
r
a
di
us
c
ove
ra
g
e
.
A
f
t
e
r
s
e
ve
r
a
l
rou
nds
,
t
he
n
ode
de
s
i
gna
t
e
d
a
s
CH
w
i
l
l
be
r
e
pl
a
c
e
d
b
a
s
e
d
on
t
he
s
a
m
e
c
r
i
t
e
ri
a
,
w
i
t
h
upd
a
t
e
s
t
o
t
he
c
o
ve
r
a
ge
r
a
di
us
a
s
de
s
c
r
i
be
d
i
n
(
7
)
,
op
t
i
m
i
z
i
ng
e
ne
rg
y
us
a
ge
a
nd
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Com
pu
t
S
c
i
Inf
T
e
c
h
nol
IS
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
O
pt
i
m
i
z
i
ng
e
n
e
r
gy
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or
…
(Muham
m
a
d
A
by
an
Ni
z
ar
Munt
as
hi
r
)
267
e
xt
e
ndi
ng
n
e
t
w
o
rk
l
i
f
e
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
us
,
t
h
e
H
yb
ri
d
L
E
A
CH
-
D
E
CA
R
m
e
c
ha
n
i
s
m
c
a
n
a
c
hi
e
ve
m
o
re
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
a
nd
s
us
t
a
i
n
a
bl
e
CH
s
e
l
e
c
t
i
on
.
2.
5
.
S
ys
te
m
m
e
as
u
r
e
me
n
t
p
ar
ame
te
r
M
e
a
s
ure
m
e
nt
o
f
t
he
pe
rfo
rm
a
nc
e
a
nd
e
ne
rgy
l
e
ve
l
s
of
a
ne
t
w
ork
c
a
n
be
c
l
a
s
s
i
fi
e
d
u
s
i
n
g
pa
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
i
n
de
t
e
rm
i
ni
n
g
t
he
l
e
ve
l
of
s
uc
c
e
s
s
i
n
s
e
ndi
ng
da
t
a
,
di
s
pl
a
yi
ng
c
on
s
i
s
t
e
nc
y,
a
nd
ot
he
r
s
.
T
he
s
t
udy
of
s
i
m
ul
a
t
e
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
t
e
s
t
i
ng
s
c
e
na
ri
o
s
i
nc
o
rpora
t
e
s
a
va
ri
e
t
y
of
fa
c
t
o
r
s
for
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
ng
ne
t
w
or
k
pe
rform
a
nc
e
.
T
he
s
e
fa
c
t
ors
i
nc
l
ude
t
he
pa
c
ke
t
s
de
l
i
ve
ry
ra
t
i
o,
ove
ra
l
l
t
hroughput
,
a
nd
e
va
l
ua
t
i
ons
o
f
a
ve
ra
ge
e
ne
rgy
c
on
s
um
pt
i
on.
2.
5
.
1.
P
ac
k
e
t
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
r
ati
o
T
hi
s
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
on
of
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
i
s
c
ondu
c
t
e
d
b
y
d
e
t
e
rm
i
ni
ng
t
he
pr
oport
i
o
n
of
d
a
t
a
p
a
c
ke
t
s
t
h
a
t
ha
v
e
re
a
c
he
d
t
h
e
i
nt
e
nde
d
d
e
s
t
i
n
a
t
i
on
i
n
r
e
l
a
t
i
on
t
o
t
he
ove
r
a
l
l
d
a
t
a
pr
oduc
e
d
by
t
he
node
.
T
he
ra
t
i
o
c
a
n
c
ons
i
d
e
r
t
he
pe
r
for
m
a
n
c
e
of
re
l
i
a
bi
l
i
t
y
i
n
da
t
a
de
l
i
v
e
ry
.
T
h
e
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
on
us
e
s
t
he
fo
l
l
ow
i
ng
e
qu
a
t
i
on
[26]
.
=
100%
(11)
2.
5
.
2.
Th
r
ou
gh
p
u
t
T
he
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
s
h
ow
s
t
he
r
e
s
ul
t
of
t
h
e
a
v
e
ra
ge
vo
l
u
m
e
of
d
a
t
a
t
ha
t
c
r
os
s
e
s
t
he
n
e
t
w
o
rk
i
n
a
c
e
rt
a
i
n
pe
ri
o
d
of
t
i
m
e
.
In
t
he
pro
c
e
s
s
of
d
a
t
a
t
ra
ns
m
i
s
s
i
on,
t
he
r
e
e
xi
s
t
s
bot
h
t
he
c
oun
t
of
da
t
a
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
s
uc
c
e
s
s
fu
l
l
y
di
s
pa
t
c
h
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
e
ndpo
i
nt
a
n
d
t
hos
e
da
t
a
s
t
h
a
t
fa
i
l
t
o
a
rri
ve
(l
os
t
)
.
T
he
c
a
l
c
ul
a
t
i
on
of
t
he
t
hrough
put
pa
ra
m
e
t
e
r
us
e
s
t
he
fol
l
ow
i
n
g
[2
7],
ℎ
ℎ
=
(
)
(12)
2.
5
.
3.
A
ve
r
ag
e
c
on
s
u
mp
ti
on
e
n
e
r
gy
T
he
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
how
s
t
h
e
re
s
u
l
t
s
of
t
he
a
v
e
ra
g
e
vo
l
um
e
of
o
ve
ra
l
l
e
ne
r
gy
us
a
g
e
us
e
d
by
t
he
s
ys
t
e
m
.
T
he
m
e
a
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
i
s
obt
a
i
n
e
d
a
c
c
ord
i
ng
t
o
t
h
e
s
um
of
e
a
c
h
nod
e
'
s
c
ons
u
m
pt
i
on
p
e
r
rou
nd
t
o
obt
a
i
n
t
he
ove
ra
l
l
r
e
s
ul
t
s
of
e
n
e
rgy
us
a
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
s
ys
t
e
m
.
=
∑
[
−
]
=
1
100%
(13)
3.
R
ES
U
LTS
A
N
D
D
I
S
C
U
S
S
I
O
N
A
ft
e
r
t
h
e
s
o
ft
w
a
re
c
o
nfi
gu
ra
t
i
on
on
t
h
e
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or
n
e
t
w
ork
s
ys
t
e
m
i
s
c
om
p
l
e
t
e
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
t
a
g
e
t
o
v
a
l
i
da
t
e
t
h
e
p
e
rfor
m
a
nc
e
a
nd
e
ne
rgy
e
ffi
c
i
e
n
c
y
of
hyb
ri
d
L
E
A
CH
-
D
E
CA
R
rout
i
ng
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
i
s
c
a
rri
e
d
ou
t
on
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
rou
t
i
ng
pr
ot
o
c
ol
.
A
n
a
l
ys
i
s
t
e
s
t
i
ng
i
s
b
a
s
e
d
o
n
t
e
s
t
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
,
w
h
e
re
nod
e
s
a
re
ra
ndo
m
l
y
di
s
t
ri
but
e
d
a
nd
ov
e
r
t
i
m
e
t
he
r
e
i
s
a
r
e
du
c
t
i
on
i
n
re
s
i
dua
l
e
ne
r
gy
i
n
t
he
l
e
ve
l
of
e
ne
rgy
c
ons
u
m
p
t
i
on
p
e
r
n
ode
.
T
hi
s
s
t
ud
y
prov
i
de
s
a
di
s
c
us
s
i
on
a
nd
c
o
m
p
a
ra
t
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
of
t
w
o
rou
t
i
ng
prot
o
c
o
l
s
u
nde
r
i
de
nt
i
c
a
l
sc
e
na
ri
os
,
fo
c
us
i
n
g
o
n
s
ys
t
e
m
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
i
ndi
c
a
t
ors
,
i
nc
l
ud
i
ng
pa
c
k
e
t
de
l
i
v
e
ry
ra
t
i
o
,
da
t
a
fl
ow
ra
t
e
t
hrough
put
,
a
nd
a
l
s
o
a
ve
r
a
g
e
e
ne
rgy
c
ons
u
m
pt
i
on
.
V
a
ri
o
us
t
e
s
t
s
of
t
he
num
be
r
of
nod
e
s
10
0,
150
,
200,
250
,
300.
Ba
s
e
d
on
t
h
e
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
on
e
qua
t
i
o
n
f
or
t
he
t
e
s
t
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
rs
a
bov
e
,
w
e
c
a
n
c
r
e
a
t
e
a
n
e
t
w
ork
m
od
e
l
ba
s
e
d
on
t
he
p
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs
i
n
T
a
b
l
e
1
.
T
h
e
s
ys
t
e
m
d
e
s
i
gn
i
s
t
e
s
t
e
d
a
s
a
c
l
a
s
s
i
fi
c
a
t
i
on
of
pe
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
a
nd
e
ne
rg
y
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
on
t
he
ne
t
w
ork
.
3.
1
.
N
e
tw
o
r
k
p
e
r
fo
r
man
c
e
N
e
t
w
ork
pe
rf
orm
a
n
c
e
t
e
s
t
i
ng
i
s
c
a
rr
i
e
d
out
a
s
a
m
e
a
s
ure
of
s
ys
t
e
m
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
t
h
e
pro
c
e
s
s
o
f
s
e
ndi
ng
p
a
c
ke
t
s
t
o
t
h
e
d
e
s
t
i
na
t
i
on
p
oi
n
t
.
T
he
t
e
s
t
w
a
s
c
a
rr
i
e
d
out
for
3
00
rounds
w
i
t
h
a
n
i
ni
t
i
a
l
e
n
e
rgy
p
e
r
node
o
f
0
.
5
j
oul
e
s
a
n
d
a
da
t
a
pa
c
ke
t
s
e
nt
w
i
t
h
a
s
i
z
e
of
2
50
bi
t
s
.
D
uri
n
g
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
,
t
he
nu
m
be
r
of
p
a
c
ke
t
s
fro
m
e
a
c
h
ro
und
w
a
s
a
na
l
yz
e
d
t
o
m
e
a
s
ure
t
h
e
p
e
rfo
rm
a
nc
e
of
s
e
ndi
n
g
a
nd
r
e
c
e
i
v
i
ng
da
t
a
i
n
uni
t
s
of
t
i
m
e
.
T
h
e
out
c
o
m
e
s
of
t
h
e
t
hro
ugh
put
e
xa
m
i
n
a
t
i
on
a
r
e
i
l
l
us
t
r
a
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
gure
4.
D
a
t
a
de
l
i
v
e
ry
r
a
t
e
of
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
rou
t
i
n
g
pro
t
oc
ol
i
s
fa
r
s
u
p
e
ri
or
t
o
us
i
ng
a
hybr
i
d
r
out
i
ng
pr
ot
o
c
ol
.
F
i
gure
4
s
h
ow
s
t
ha
t
t
e
s
t
i
ng
a
hybri
d
rou
t
i
ng
prot
o
c
o
l
w
i
t
h
1
00
node
s
o
nl
y
g
e
t
s
12
.
5
%,
1
50
nod
e
s
ge
t
17
.
5%
,
200
node
s
g
e
t
22
.
4%
,
250
n
ode
s
g
e
t
26
.
9%
,
a
n
d
300
nod
e
s
ge
t
31
.
6%
o
f
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
rout
i
ng
pro
t
o
c
ol
.
T
h
e
da
t
a
t
h
a
t
i
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
but
e
d
w
i
l
l
e
xp
e
ri
e
nc
e
a
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
a
t
t
he
b
e
g
i
nni
n
g
of
t
he
d
e
l
i
ve
r
y,
bu
t
t
h
e
r
e
i
s
s
om
e
da
t
a
t
h
a
t
i
s
no
t
s
e
nt
w
he
n
t
h
e
s
ys
t
e
m
e
ne
r
gy
i
s
i
ns
u
ff
i
c
i
e
nt
,
re
s
u
l
t
i
ng
i
n
d
a
t
a
l
os
s
a
n
d
d
a
t
a
no
t
be
i
ng
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
by
t
h
e
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
Com
pu
t
S
c
i
Inf
T
e
c
h
nol
,
V
o
l
.
6
,
N
o
.
3
,
N
ov
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
262
-
273
268
F
i
gure
4
.
T
hrou
g
hput
r
e
s
ul
t
s
P
a
c
k
e
t
de
l
i
v
e
ry
ra
t
i
o
fro
m
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
r
e
s
ul
t
s
i
s
s
how
n
i
n
F
i
gure
5
,
fr
om
s
e
v
e
ra
l
node
v
a
ri
a
t
i
on
e
xpe
r
i
m
e
n
t
s
,
t
he
hy
bri
d
r
out
i
ng
pro
t
o
c
ol
d
i
d
no
t
e
x
pe
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
de
c
re
a
s
e
fr
om
t
e
s
t
i
ng
10
0
t
o
3
00
nod
e
s
,
s
o
t
he
e
nt
i
re
p
a
c
ke
t
s
e
nt
di
d
n
ot
e
xpe
ri
e
nc
e
a
n
y
prob
l
e
m
s
w
he
n
t
h
e
pa
c
k
e
t
w
e
nt
t
o
t
he
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
(
a
l
l
pa
c
k
e
t
s
w
e
r
e
de
l
i
ve
r
e
d
t
o
t
he
m
a
i
n
s
t
a
t
i
on)
.
N
o
ne
t
he
l
e
s
s
,
re
s
u
l
t
f
rom
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
rout
i
ng
p
rot
o
c
ol
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
r
e
ve
a
l
e
d
a
re
duc
t
i
on
i
n
t
he
p
a
c
ke
t
ra
t
i
o
du
ri
ng
t
he
100
nod
e
e
v
a
l
ua
t
i
on
by
0
.
21%
a
nd
b
y
2.
2
7%
i
n
t
he
150
nod
e
e
va
l
ua
t
i
on
,
t
he
200
nod
e
t
e
s
t
o
f
3
.
53%
,
t
he
250
t
e
s
t
of
6
.
13
%,
a
nd
t
he
300
node
t
e
s
t
of
7
.
82%
,
T
hi
s
s
how
s
t
ha
t
t
he
r
e
a
r
e
s
e
ve
r
a
l
pa
c
k
e
t
s
t
h
a
t
e
xp
e
ri
e
n
c
e
prob
l
e
m
s
w
h
e
n
s
e
ndi
ng
t
o
t
he
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
on
(p
a
c
k
e
t
s
a
r
e
l
os
t
)
.
F
i
gure
5
.
P
a
c
k
e
t
de
l
i
v
e
ry
ra
t
i
o
r
e
s
ul
t
3.
2
.
N
e
tw
o
r
k
e
n
e
r
gy
c
on
s
u
mp
ti
on
N
e
t
w
ork
e
n
e
rgy
c
ons
u
m
pt
i
on
t
e
s
t
i
ng
i
s
c
a
rri
e
d
ou
t
a
s
a
m
e
a
s
ure
o
f
how
m
uc
h
c
o
ns
um
p
t
i
on
i
s
on
s
ys
t
e
m
pe
r
for
m
a
n
c
e
.
In
e
ne
rg
y
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
t
e
s
t
i
ng
,
t
he
c
o
m
pa
r
i
s
on
be
t
w
e
e
n
t
he
t
o
t
a
l
ov
e
ra
l
l
e
n
e
rgy
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
a
nd
t
h
e
e
n
e
rg
y
c
ons
u
m
p
t
i
on
pe
r
n
ode
from
s
e
v
e
ra
l
t
e
s
t
c
l
a
s
s
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
ons
for
e
a
c
h
d
i
ffe
re
n
t
nu
m
be
r
of
n
ode
s
[28
]
.
T
e
s
t
i
ng
i
s
c
a
rr
i
e
d
out
f
or
300
rou
nds
w
i
t
h
a
n
i
ni
t
i
a
l
e
ne
rg
y
pe
r
n
ode
of
0.
5
.
E
ne
rg
y
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
r
e
s
ul
t
s
o
bt
a
i
n
e
d
a
re
pr
e
s
e
n
t
e
d
i
n
F
i
gure
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
Com
pu
t
S
c
i
Inf
T
e
c
h
nol
IS
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
O
pt
i
m
i
z
i
ng
e
n
e
r
gy
di
s
t
r
i
but
i
on
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
i
n
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
ns
or
…
(Muham
m
a
d
A
by
an
Ni
z
ar
Munt
as
hi
r
)
269
F
urt
he
r
m
or
e
,
f
ro
m
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
r
e
s
ul
t
s
us
i
ng
a
hybr
i
d
rou
t
i
ng
p
rot
oc
ol
w
i
t
h
s
e
ve
r
a
l
v
a
ri
a
t
i
ons
of
n
ode
t
e
s
t
i
ng,
t
h
e
r
e
s
ul
t
i
n
g
e
ne
rg
y
c
ons
um
p
t
i
o
n
r
e
m
a
i
ns
s
t
a
b
l
e
u
p
t
o
≥300
rounds
a
nd
t
h
e
re
i
s
n
o
s
pi
k
e
a
t
t
h
e
be
gi
n
ni
ng
of
t
h
e
t
e
s
t
,
w
hi
l
e
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
pro
t
oc
ol
i
ndi
c
a
t
e
s
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
d
a
t
a
de
l
i
ve
ry
i
n
t
he
e
a
r
l
y
ro
unds
.
F
i
gure
6(a
)
s
how
s
t
h
e
c
om
p
a
ri
s
on
of
e
ne
r
gy
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
w
i
t
h
1
00
nod
e
s
,
w
he
r
e
t
h
e
h
ybri
d
rout
i
ng
prot
oc
o
l
re
m
a
i
ns
s
t
a
bl
e
w
h
i
l
e
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
pro
t
oc
o
l
fl
uc
t
ua
t
e
s
s
i
g
ni
f
i
c
a
n
t
l
y
b
e
for
e
gr
a
du
a
l
l
y
de
c
re
a
s
i
ng
.
F
i
g
ure
6
(b)
s
how
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
150
nod
e
s
L
E
A
CH
rou
t
i
n
g
pro
t
oc
ol
t
e
s
t
ha
s
s
t
a
rt
e
d
t
o
ru
n
out
of
e
ne
r
gy
b
e
for
e
300
rounds
.
T
he
n
,
F
i
gur
e
s
6(c
)
a
nd
6(d
)
s
how
t
ha
t
t
he
L
E
A
CH
rou
t
i
n
g
prot
o
c
ol
i
s
s
l
ow
l
y
r
unni
n
g
ou
t
of
e
n
e
rgy
t
e
s
t
i
ng
200
nod
e
s
a
t
1
70
rounds
a
nd
25
0
nod
e
s
a
t
1
55
roun
d
s
.
F
i
gu
r
e
6(e
)
s
h
ow
s
t
ha
t
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
rou
t
i
n
g
prot
oc
o
l
i
s
s
t
a
rt
i
ng
t
o
r
un
out
o
f
e
n
e
rgy
<
150
roun
ds
.
T
hi
s
i
nd
i
c
a
t
e
s
t
h
a
t
a
n
i
n
c
re
a
s
e
d
d
e
l
i
v
e
ry
ra
t
e
c
orr
e
l
a
t
e
s
w
i
t
h
gre
a
t
e
r
e
n
e
rgy
us
e
,
i
f
t
he
s
t
a
r
t
i
n
g
c
o
ndi
t
i
on
ha
s
a
l
r
e
a
dy
s
e
e
n
a
s
urg
e
i
n
e
n
e
rgy
us
a
g
e
,
i
t
m
a
y
l
e
a
d
t
o
t
he
nod
e
de
pl
e
t
i
ng
i
t
s
e
n
e
rgy
r
e
s
e
rv
e
s
,
re
s
u
l
t
i
ng
i
n
s
ubop
t
i
m
a
l
p
e
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
i
n
t
he
s
ubs
e
q
ue
n
t
ro
unds
of
o
pe
r
a
t
i
on
.
(a
)
(b)
(c
)
(d)
(c
)
F
i
gure
6
.
E
ne
rgy
c
ons
u
m
pt
i
on
i
n
a
ro
und
(a
)
100
nod
e
s
,
(b)
150
no
de
s
,
(
c
)
200
nod
e
s
,
(d)
250
nod
e
s,
a
nd
(e
)
300
nod
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2722
-
3221
Com
pu
t
S
c
i
Inf
T
e
c
h
nol
,
V
o
l
.
6
,
N
o
.
3
,
N
ov
e
m
be
r
20
25
:
262
-
273
270
T
he
r
e
s
u
l
t
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t
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va
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a
t
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e
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e
d
a
t
a
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s
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t
a
nd
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t
(u
p
t
o
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h
e
B
a
s
e
S
t
a
t
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n)
.
T
a
b
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e
2
s
ho
w
s
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
ge
r
a
t
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o
f
h
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r
ot
o
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e
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t
10
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30
0
n
od
e
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h
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p
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y
p
e
r
f
or
m
a
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e
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e
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go
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d
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w
i
t
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u
t
a
n
y
p
a
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k
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t
d
e
l
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r
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o
(
P
D
R
)
v
a
l
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e
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r
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ng
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n
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30
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ro
u
nd
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t
.
W
i
t
h
t
h
e
gr
ow
t
h
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n
t
h
e
t
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t
a
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t
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k
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p
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e
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1
0
0
a
nd
30
0
n
o
d
e
s
,
t
h
e
hy
br
i
d
p
ro
t
o
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n
s
t
i
l
l
s
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n
d
a
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l
p
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k
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t
s
c
o
m
p
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d
t
o
t
h
e
L
E
A
CH
p
ro
t
o
c
o
l
w
h
i
c
h
e
xp
e
ri
e
n
c
e
s
a
g
r
a
d
u
a
l
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
.
T
hi
s
i
s
b
e
c
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
nu
m
b
e
r
of
no
d
e
s
i
s
t
oo
d
e
ns
e
,
c
a
u
s
i
n
g
a
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
i
n
P
D
R
a
nd
p
a
c
k
e
t
l
o
s
s
,
t
h
e
l
a
r
g
e
r
t
h
e
n
od
e
i
n
a
r
a
n
g
e
,
t
h
e
s
l
ow
e
r
t
h
e
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
l
l
b
e
[2
9]
.
M
o
r
e
o
v
e
r
,
p
a
c
k
e
t
l
o
s
s
m
a
y
o
c
c
u
r
i
f
a
n
o
d
e
d
e
p
l
e
t
e
s
i
t
s
e
ne
r
gy
d
ur
i
ng
t
h
e
c
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
pr
o
c
e
s
s
,
r
e
s
u
l
t
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
pa
c
k
e
t
f
a
i
l
i
ng
t
o
r
e
a
c
h
t
he
b
a
s
e
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
r
e
c
t
l
y
.
In
t
h
i
s
c
a
s
e
,
t
h
e
h
yb
ri
d
L
E
A
CH
-
D
E
C
A
R
p
ro
t
oc
o
l
c
o
ns
i
d
e
rs
e
n
e
r
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
t
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
m
or
e
i
n
c
o
nt
i
nu
o
us
p
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
l
i
v
e
ry
,
t
h
e
r
e
by
r
e
du
c
i
n
g
t
he
l
os
s
of
p
a
c
k
e
t
s
s
e
n
t
d
ur
i
ng
t
h
e
d
e
l
i
v
e
r
y
p
ro
c
e
s
s
[
30
]
.
T
a
b
l
e
2
.
P
e
rfor
m
a
n
c
e
of
t
hr
oughpu
t
a
nd
p
a
c
k
e
t
de
l
i
ve
ry
r
a
t
io
N
o
d
e
s
T
h
ro
u
g
h
p
u
t
(K
b
p
s
)
P
a
c
k
e
t
d
e
l
i
v
e
ry
ra
t
i
o
(%
)
L
E
A
CH
H
Y
BRID
L
E
A
CH
H
Y
BRID
100
78
.
62
9
.
83
99
.
7
8
7
4
100
150
122
.
19
21
.
35
97
.
7
2
7
9
8
100
200
164
.
14
36
.
84
96
.
4
7
1
6
4
100
250
205
.
88
55
.
34
93
.
8
6
8
7
6
100
300
247
.
15
78
.
22
92
.
1
8
3
9
8
100
T
a
b
l
e
3
s
how
s
t
h
e
c
om
pa
r
i
s
on
of
e
n
e
rgy
c
ons
u
m
pt
i
on
be
t
w
e
e
n
L
E
A
CH
a
n
d
hyb
ri
d
r
out
i
ng
prot
o
c
ol
s
on
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
nu
m
b
e
rs
of
nod
e
s
i
n
o
pe
r
a
t
i
on
for
300
rounds
.
F
rom
t
h
e
da
t
a
o
bt
a
i
n
e
d,
i
t
c
a
n
be
obs
e
rve
d
t
h
a
t
t
he
L
E
A
CH
rou
t
i
ng
prot
oc
o
l
e
x
hi
b
i
t
s
a
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
i
n
g
t
r
e
nd
i
n
e
ne
rg
y
c
ons
u
m
p
t
i
on
duri
ng
e
a
c
h
c
yc
l
e
a
s
t
h
e
qu
a
nt
i
t
y
of
nod
e
s
i
nc
re
a
s
e
s
,
s
t
a
r
t
i
ng
from
0.
1579
j
ou
l
e
s
a
t
1
00
nod
e
s
t
o
0
.
49
64
j
o
ul
e
s
a
t
300
nod
e
s
.
In
c
on
t
ra
s
t
,
t
he
hybri
d
rou
t
i
ng
prot
oc
o
l
a
l
s
o
s
h
ow
s
a
n
i
n
c
re
a
s
i
n
g
t
r
e
nd
,
but
w
i
t
h
a
m
uc
h
l
ow
e
r
va
l
u
e
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
fr
o
m
0.
0
194
j
ou
l
e
s
t
o
0.
1527
j
ou
l
e
s
.
T
h
e
a
ve
r
a
ge
e
n
e
rgy
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
f
or
L
E
A
CH
i
s
a
l
s
o
q
ui
t
e
s
i
gni
f
i
c
a
nt
,
w
i
t
h
a
va
l
ue
re
a
c
h
i
ng
99.
27%
a
t
3
00
nod
e
s
,
i
nd
i
c
a
t
i
ng
hi
gh
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
i
n
e
n
e
rgy
m
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
.
O
n
t
he
ot
h
e
r
h
a
nd
,
hy
bri
d
s
how
s
a
l
ow
e
r
a
ve
r
a
g
e
e
ne
rg
y
c
ons
u
m
pt
i
on
,
n
a
m
e
l
y
30
.
55%
a
t
300
nod
e
s
,
i
ndi
c
a
t
i
ng
t
ha
t
t
he
pro
t
oc
ol
i
s
m
or
e
e
ne
rgy
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
,
t
h
e
ove
ra
l
l
pe
rf
orm
a
nc
e
i
s
s
t
i
l
l
i
nfe
r
i
or
t
o
L
E
A
CH
i
n
t
e
rm
s
of
e
ffi
c
i
e
nc
y
.
T
h
i
s
s
ugg
e
s
t
s
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(%
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55
T
a
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4
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c
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c
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]
.
T
hu
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T
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Co
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271
4.
C
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hi
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hroug
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w
hi
c
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i
s
247.
15
K
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s
f
or
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H
a
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8.
22
K
bps
f
or
hy
bri
d.
T
he
e
ne
r
gy
c
on
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um
pt
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o
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h
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rout
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n
g
pr
ot
oc
ol
i
s
re
l
a
t
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l
y
m
ore
e
ffi
c
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e
nt
,
w
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t
h
a
n
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ve
ra
ge
e
ne
rg
y
c
on
s
um
pt
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on
of
30.
5
5%
c
om
pa
re
d
t
o
t
he
L
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prot
oc
ol
w
hi
c
h
re
a
c
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s
99.
27%,
w
hi
c
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s
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us
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da
t
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t
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T
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t
e
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t
re
s
ul
t
s
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ho
w
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n
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nve
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l
a
t
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ns
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p
be
t
w
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e
n
pe
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m
prove
m
e
nt
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nd
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ne
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on
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um
pt
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on
.
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L
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prot
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xc
e
l
s
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t
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l
e
t
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hyb
ri
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ol
i
s
s
upe
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or
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n
s
t
a
bi
l
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z
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t
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a
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ke
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t
ra
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l
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e
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ve
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e
ne
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c
on
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um
pt
i
on
t
ha
n
t
he
L
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CH
p
rot
oc
ol
.
R
out
i
ng
pr
ot
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ol
s
w
e
re
de
ve
l
ope
d
s
us
t
a
i
na
bl
y
b
y
e
xpl
ori
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ot
he
r
p
rot
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ol
a
l
go
ri
t
hm
s
.
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he
H
ybri
d
L
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C
H
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CA
R
t
e
c
h
ni
que
i
n
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
pe
rform
e
d
w
e
l
l
i
n
re
gul
a
t
i
ng
t
he
l
e
ve
l
of
e
ne
rgy
e
ffi
c
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e
nc
y.
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o
w
e
ve
r,
t
hi
s
di
d
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ove
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t
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e
ffe
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t
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ow
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ve
l
i
n
t
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ne
t
w
or
k.
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hi
s
c
oul
d
be
ove
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om
e
t
hroug
h
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de
n
s
i
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a
pproa
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h
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nt
e
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l
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nt
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t
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a
ggre
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t
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o
ba
l
a
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pe
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nc
e
re
s
ul
t
s
a
nd
ne
t
w
ork
e
n
e
rgy
e
ffi
c
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e
nc
y,
or
t
h
rou
gh
ot
he
r
m
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t
ho
ds
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C
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EN
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gr
a
t
i
t
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e
t
o
a
l
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r
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i
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s
i
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ve
d
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for
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om
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re
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d
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s
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c
om
p
l
e
t
i
on
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hi
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e
s
e
a
rc
h
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ourn
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pe
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i
a
l
t
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r
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e
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ons
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us
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ons
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n
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m
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vi
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t
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qu
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l
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t
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t
h
i
s
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s
e
a
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h.
F
U
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I
N
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e
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d
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i
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v
e
f
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ou
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e
s
fro
m
ot
h
e
r
pa
rt
i
e
s
.
A
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TH
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TR
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TI
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Cont
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Rol
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s
T
a
xono
m
y
(C
Re
di
T
)
t
o
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e
c
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gni
z
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i
ndi
v
i
du
a
l
a
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t
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c
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t
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,
r
e
du
c
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h
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p
di
s
pu
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s
,
a
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fa
c
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c
o
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a
bora
t
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on
.
N
ame
of
A
u
th
o
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
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Vi
Su
P
Fu
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uha
m
m
a
d
A
b
ya
n
N
i
z
a
r
M
un
t
a
s
h
i
r
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
V
e
ra
N
ovi
a
n
a
S
ul
i
s
t
y
a
w
a
n
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
N
oor
H
ud
a
l
l
a
h
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
ft
w
a
re
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
rm
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
s
o
u
rc
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
Cu
ra
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
ri
t
i
n
g
-
O
ri
g
i
n
a
l
D
ra
ft
E
:
W
ri
t
i
n
g
-
Re
v
i
e
w
&
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d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
s
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
rv
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
ro
j
e
c
t
a
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
ra
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
s
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t
i
o
n
C
O
N
F
LI
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
ER
ES
T
S
TA
T
EM
EN
T
A
ut
hor
s
t
a
t
e
no
c
o
nfl
i
c
t
of
i
nt
e
re
s
t
.
D
A
TA
A
V
A
I
LA
BI
LI
TY
T
he
a
ut
hors
c
o
nfi
r
m
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
da
t
a
s
up
port
i
ng
t
he
f
i
nd
i
ngs
of
t
hi
s
s
t
udy
a
re
a
va
i
l
a
bl
e
w
i
t
hi
n
t
h
e
a
rt
i
c
l
e
[a
nd
/
or
i
t
s
s
upp
l
e
m
e
nt
a
ry
m
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.