I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
4
9
9
3
~
5
0
0
2
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijece.
v
15
i
5
.
pp
4
9
9
3
-
5
0
0
2
4993
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
Field
-
p
ro
g
ra
mm
a
ble ga
te
a
rray
-
ba
sed v
o
ltag
e
-
feedb
a
ck
-
driv
en
ba
tt
ery cha
rg
ing
with
DC
-
DC bu
c
k conv
erte
r
Af
a
rulra
zi
Abu B
a
k
a
r
1
,
Su
h
a
im
i Sa
im
a
n
1
,
T
ha
rnis
ha
Sitha
na
ntha
n
1
,
M
u
ha
m
m
a
d Na
f
is
I
s
m
a
il
1
,
Sa
idi
na
H
a
m
za
h Che
H
a
ru
n
2
1
D
e
p
a
r
t
me
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
i
Tu
n
H
u
sse
i
n
O
n
n
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
,
Jo
h
o
r
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
2
M
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
P
o
w
e
r
S
d
n
B
h
d
.
,
S
e
l
a
n
g
o
r
,
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Sep
8
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
Ma
y
2
8
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
u
n
3
0
,
2
0
2
5
Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
t
h
e
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
re
fe
re
n
c
e
-
d
ri
v
e
n
f
ield
-
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
a
b
le
g
a
te
a
rra
y
(F
P
G
A)
-
b
a
s
e
d
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
a
b
le
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
sy
ste
m
fe
a
tu
rin
g
a
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter.
Th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
trac
k
s
a
n
d
a
d
ju
sts
t
h
e
sy
ste
m
'
s
d
u
ty
c
y
c
le
b
a
se
d
o
n
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
fe
e
d
b
a
c
k
.
Th
e
p
rima
ry
g
o
a
l
wa
s
to
i
n
tro
d
u
c
e
a
d
ig
it
a
l
p
u
lse
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
g
e
n
e
ra
t
o
r
p
r
o
g
ra
m
u
sin
g
a
h
a
rd
wa
re
d
e
sc
rip
ti
o
n
lan
g
u
a
g
e
with
in
a
fe
e
d
b
a
c
k
l
o
o
p
.
T
o
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
th
e
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rter'
s
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
,
th
e
sy
ste
m
'
s
sw
it
c
h
in
g
fre
q
u
e
n
c
y
wa
s
se
t
t
o
2
0
k
Hz
with
a
n
8
-
b
it
c
o
u
n
ter,
a
c
h
iev
i
n
g
a
re
so
lu
ti
o
n
o
f
0
.
3
9
0
6
2
5
%
p
e
r
c
l
o
c
k
c
y
c
le.
An
8
-
b
it
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
a
lo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
it
a
l
c
o
n
v
e
rter
p
ro
v
id
e
d
fe
e
d
b
a
c
k
b
y
m
e
a
su
rin
g
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
r
in
g
it
with
th
e
re
fe
re
n
c
e
se
tp
o
in
t
.
T
h
e
sim
u
latio
n
m
o
d
e
l
wa
s
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
d
u
sin
g
M
AT
LAB/S
imu
li
n
k
,
wh
il
e
th
e
Qu
a
rtu
s
II
s
o
ftwa
re
wa
s
e
m
p
lo
y
e
d
fo
r
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
p
ro
g
ra
m
m
in
g
.
Th
e
re
su
lt
a
n
t
d
a
ta
wa
s
m
e
ti
c
u
lo
u
sly
a
n
a
ly
z
e
d
to
a
ss
e
ss
th
e
c
ircu
it
'
s
p
e
rfo
rm
a
n
c
e
a
c
ro
ss
v
a
rio
u
s
v
o
lt
a
g
e
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
.
To
v
a
li
d
a
te
t
h
e
p
ro
p
o
se
d
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r'
s
e
ffe
c
ti
v
e
n
e
ss
,
a
4
0
0
W
sy
st
e
m
p
ro
to
t
y
p
e
c
o
m
p
risin
g
a
ste
p
-
d
o
w
n
tran
sfo
rm
e
r,
re
c
ti
fier,
a
n
d
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rter
wa
s
c
o
n
stru
c
ted
a
n
d
t
e
ste
d
fo
r
v
o
lt
a
g
e
ra
n
g
i
n
g
f
ro
m
2
4
t
o
7
2
V.
Th
ro
u
g
h
F
P
G
A
-
b
a
se
d
d
ig
it
a
l
c
o
n
tro
l
,
th
is
sy
ste
m
d
e
m
o
n
stra
ted
a
v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
g
u
lati
o
n
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
o
f
±0
.
3
9
p
e
r
c
l
o
c
k
c
y
c
le
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
to
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
ly
trac
k
a
n
d
re
g
u
late
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
c
le
with
e
a
c
h
c
lo
c
k
tri
g
g
e
r,
e
n
s
u
rin
g
p
re
c
ise
c
o
n
tro
l
o
v
e
r
th
e
c
h
a
r
g
in
g
p
ro
c
e
ss
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
B
u
ck
co
n
v
e
r
ter
DC
ch
ar
g
er
Field
-
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
g
ate
ar
r
a
y
Pu
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
Vo
ltag
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Su
h
aim
i Saim
an
Facu
lty
o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ic
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Un
iv
e
r
s
iti T
u
n
Hu
s
s
ein
On
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
J
o
h
o
r
,
Ma
lay
s
ia
E
m
ail:
s
u
h
aim
is
@
u
th
m
.
ed
u
.
m
y
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
T
h
e
d
iv
er
s
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
ten
s
iv
ely
s
tu
d
ied
an
d
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
in
s
ev
er
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
er
s
[
1
]
,
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
[
2
]
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
[
3
]
,
p
o
r
tab
le
d
ev
ices
[
4
]
,
a
n
d
lig
h
ti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
s
[
5
]
.
I
t
is
also
d
r
iv
en
b
y
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
an
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
in
itiativ
es
th
at
r
ai
s
e
awa
r
en
es
s
ab
o
u
t
m
ain
tain
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
u
s
tain
ab
ilit
y
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
f
ascin
atin
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
e
r
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
p
o
wer
h
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
n
ew
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices,
s
u
c
h
as
g
alliu
m
n
itrid
e
(
GaN
)
,
wh
ich
ar
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
m
o
r
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
v
e
r
s
ilico
n
-
b
ased
d
ev
ices
[
7
]
,
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
d
am
e
n
tal
g
o
al
o
f
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
ad
eq
u
ate
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
to
a
lo
ad
with
in
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
o
p
er
atio
n
al
r
an
g
e
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
r
en
d
s
,
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
,
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lia
n
ce
ar
e
s
h
ap
in
g
th
e
f
u
tu
r
e
o
f
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
d
r
i
v
in
g
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
th
at
r
esu
lt
in
lo
wer
co
s
t,
h
ig
h
er
ef
f
icien
cy
,
h
ig
h
er
p
o
wer
d
en
s
ity
,
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
ac
t size,
an
d
m
o
r
e
v
er
s
atile
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
r
v
a
r
io
u
s
in
d
u
s
tr
ies an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
1
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
9
9
3
-
5
0
0
2
4994
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
is
in
d
ee
d
alig
n
ed
with
ad
v
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
n
ew
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ics
s
witch
in
g
d
ev
ices,
en
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
th
e
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
th
e
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
is
r
ea
lized
in
p
r
a
ctica
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
Pu
ls
e
-
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
PW
M)
s
witch
in
g
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
co
n
tr
o
l
tech
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
PW
M
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
ef
f
icie
n
cy
[
1
2
]
.
PW
M
s
witch
in
g
is
co
m
m
o
n
ly
im
p
lem
e
n
ted
u
s
i
n
g
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
[
1
3
]
,
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
al
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
s
(
DSPs
)
[
1
3
]
,
f
ield
-
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ab
le
g
ate
ar
r
ay
s
(
FP
GAs)
[
1
4
]
,
ap
p
licatio
n
-
s
p
ec
if
ic
in
teg
r
ated
cir
cu
its
[
1
5
]
,
a
n
d
a
n
alo
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
s
elec
tio
n
v
ar
ies
b
ased
o
n
co
m
p
lex
ity
,
r
eq
u
ir
ed
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
an
d
a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
.
DSPs
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
o
lv
in
g
co
m
p
lex
m
ath
em
atica
l
o
p
er
atio
n
s
an
d
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
n
u
m
er
ical
p
r
o
c
ess
in
g
[
1
6
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
e
r
h
an
d
,
FP
GAs
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
s
with
h
ig
h
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
a
n
d
h
av
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
h
an
d
le
m
u
ltip
le
o
p
er
atio
n
s
s
im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
h
e
s
witch
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
r
r
ec
tly
ch
o
s
en
to
m
atch
th
e
p
o
wer
elec
tr
o
n
ic
d
ev
ices u
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
e
d
esire
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
No
wad
ay
s
,
m
o
s
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
ar
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
b
ased
o
n
a
DSP
an
d
an
F
PGA
to
lev
er
ag
e
b
o
th
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies'
s
tr
en
g
th
s
.
FP
G
As
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
e
n
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
h
ig
h
-
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
tem
an
d
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
in
cu
s
to
m
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
wh
ich
c
an
b
e
ea
s
ily
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
[
1
7
]
.
R
ec
en
t
ef
f
o
r
ts
in
FP
GA
-
b
a
s
ed
co
n
v
e
r
ter
s
h
av
e
s
h
o
wn
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
n
ts
in
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t
f
o
r
elec
tr
ic
m
o
b
ilit
y
an
d
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Stu
d
ies,
s
u
ch
as
s
tu
d
y
[
2
0
]
em
p
h
asized
ad
ap
tiv
e
d
ig
ita
l
PW
M
s
tr
ateg
ies,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
ilit
y
in
lo
w
-
v
o
ltag
e,
h
ig
h
-
e
f
f
icien
cy
s
y
s
tem
s
.
FP
GA
s
h
av
e
also
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
witch
in
g
in
v
a
r
io
u
s
k
in
d
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
ter
s
,
s
u
ch
as
r
ec
tifie
r
s
(
AC
-
DC
)
[
2
1
]
,
DC
ch
o
p
p
e
r
s
(
DC
-
DC
)
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
cy
clo
-
co
n
v
er
ter
s
(
AC
-
AC
)
[
2
4
]
,
an
d
in
v
er
ter
s
(
DC
-
AC
)
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
B
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
in
g
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
t
o
r
eg
u
late
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
[
2
6
]
.
T
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
,
it
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
t
ellig
en
t,
s
en
s
itiv
e
to
th
e
b
atter
y
'
s
h
ea
lth
,
an
d
s
atis
f
y
a
v
ar
iety
o
f
d
e
m
an
d
s
,
esp
ec
ially
wh
en
it
co
m
es
to
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
i
p
p
les
in
th
e
b
atter
y
m
o
d
e
o
f
f
lo
at
ch
ar
g
in
g
,
f
o
r
ef
f
i
cien
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
an
d
p
o
wer
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
[
2
7
]
.
E
n
g
in
ee
r
s
ar
e
r
esear
ch
in
g
n
ew
m
eth
o
d
s
a
n
d
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
b
o
o
s
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
ates
with
o
u
t h
ar
m
in
g
th
e
c
o
n
d
itio
n
o
f
b
atter
ies
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
d
i
g
ital
PW
M
b
ased
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
wh
ic
h
is
im
p
le
m
en
ted
in
a
DC
-
DC
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
f
e
d
f
r
o
m
a
r
ec
tifie
r
cir
cu
it.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ig
ital
PW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
i
n
o
th
er
PW
M
DC
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
b
y
ad
ap
tin
g
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t,
o
u
t
p
u
t,
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
cy
,
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
an
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e.
T
h
e
k
ey
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
s
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
a
r
e
f
e
r
en
ce
-
d
r
i
v
en
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
ller
u
s
in
g
an
8
-
b
it
AD
C
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
,
in
t
eg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
d
ig
ital
co
n
tr
o
l
l
o
o
p
in
t
o
an
FP
GA
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
f
in
e
v
o
ltag
e
ad
j
u
s
tm
en
t,
an
d
co
m
p
r
e
h
en
s
iv
e
v
alid
atio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
an
aly
s
is
o
f
b
o
th
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
f
in
d
in
g
s
to
em
p
h
asize
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
’
s
s
u
itab
i
lity
f
o
r
p
r
ec
is
io
n
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
.
T
h
e
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
ad
j
u
s
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
iv
en
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
o
r
s
et
p
o
in
t,
an
d
au
to
m
atica
lly
m
atch
th
e
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
ed
PW
M,
wh
ich
i
s
f
ac
ilit
ated
b
y
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
ass
ig
n
e
d
.
T
h
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
’
s
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
p
r
o
g
r
am
m
ed
u
s
in
g
a
h
ar
d
war
e
d
escr
ip
tio
n
lan
g
u
ag
e
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
u
lti
m
ately
allo
w
f
o
r
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
h
ar
d
war
e
d
esig
n
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
lev
els o
f
a
b
s
tr
ac
tio
n
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
m
an
u
s
cr
ip
t
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
s
ec
tio
n
2
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
3
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
d
etailed
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
th
e
r
esear
ch
ar
e
d
o
cu
m
e
n
ted
.
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
,
th
e
o
v
er
all
m
an
u
s
cr
i
p
t is co
n
clu
d
ed
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
e
p
ar
am
ete
r
s
o
f
th
e
cr
itical
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
th
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
wer
e
ca
l
cu
lated
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
r
o
p
e
r
f
u
n
ctio
n
ality
an
d
th
e
d
esire
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
e
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
s
o
f
twar
e
was u
s
ed
f
o
r
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
ellin
g
an
d
v
er
if
icatio
n
.
T
h
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
was
v
er
if
ied
,
p
o
t
en
tial
er
r
o
r
s
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
,
an
d
n
ec
ess
ar
y
a
d
j
u
s
tm
en
ts
wer
e
m
ad
e
to
ac
h
i
ev
e
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
t
p
u
t.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
h
ar
d
war
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
th
e
cr
iti
ca
l
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
in
th
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
wer
e
ch
o
s
en
to
b
e
m
u
ch
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
th
e
ca
lcu
lated
v
alu
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
co
n
v
er
te
r
o
p
er
ated
i
n
a
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e,
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
ch
an
g
ed
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
h
ar
d
war
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
test
in
g
was c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
cir
cu
it
m
et
th
e
r
eq
u
i
r
em
en
ts
an
d
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
e
f
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
2
.
1
.
P
r
o
po
s
ed
circ
uit
blo
ck
dia
g
ra
m
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
etu
p
,
th
e
AC
p
o
wer
s
o
u
r
ce
was
f
ir
s
t
co
n
n
e
cted
to
a
3
k
VA
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
wh
ich
r
ed
u
ce
d
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
e
f
o
r
e
it
was
f
e
d
in
to
th
e
b
r
id
g
e
r
ec
tifie
r
cir
c
u
it,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
r
ec
tifie
r
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
f
o
u
r
d
io
d
es
ar
r
an
g
ed
i
n
a
b
r
id
g
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
e
n
ab
lin
g
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
o
f
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
to
p
u
ls
ed
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t
(
DC
)
.
T
h
ese
d
io
d
es
en
s
u
r
ed
th
at
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
wed
in
o
n
ly
o
n
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
o
s
itiv
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
d
io
d
e
also
p
lay
ed
a
k
e
y
r
o
le
i
n
m
ai
n
tain
in
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
a
n
d
p
r
e
v
en
tin
g
p
o
ten
tial d
a
m
ag
e
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
r
ev
er
s
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
A
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
was
in
te
g
r
a
ted
in
to
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
to
f
u
r
th
e
r
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
r
e
d
u
c
e
it
to
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
lev
el
r
e
q
u
ir
e
d
f
o
r
b
atter
y
c
h
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
e
r
ter
p
lay
e
d
a
k
e
y
r
o
le
in
e
n
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
t
h
e
p
o
wer
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
F
ield
-
p
r
o
g
r
a
mma
b
le
g
a
te
a
r
r
a
y
-
b
a
s
ed
v
o
lta
g
e
-
feed
b
a
ck
-
d
r
iven
b
a
tter
y
…
(
A
fa
r
u
lr
a
z
i A
b
u
B
a
ka
r
)
4995
s
u
p
p
lied
to
t
h
e
b
atter
y
was
ef
f
icien
t
an
d
with
in
s
af
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
lim
its
.
An
FP
GA
was
u
s
ed
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it,
p
r
ec
is
ely
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
to
m
ain
tain
o
p
tim
al
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
o
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
,
an
8
-
b
it p
ar
allel
an
alo
g
-
to
-
d
ig
ital c
o
n
v
er
ter
(
ADC)
an
d
a
cu
r
r
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
in
r
ea
l
-
tim
e.
T
h
is
co
o
r
d
in
ated
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
aim
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
o
wer
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
cy
,
s
u
p
p
o
r
t l
o
n
g
er
b
att
er
y
life
,
an
d
im
p
r
o
v
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Pro
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
’
s
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
2
.
2
.
Circ
uit
s
im
ula
t
io
n us
ing
M
AT
L
AB
/
Sim
uli
nk
s
o
f
t
wa
re
T
h
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
ci
r
c
u
it
s
ho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
2
i
n
iti
ates
with
a
s
upp
ly
vo
lta
g
e
o
f
2
40
V
AC
at
a
f
r
e
qu
e
n
cy
o
f
50
Hz.
T
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
ied
v
o
l
tag
e
wa
s
th
en
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
t
o
1
0
0
V
AC
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
a
i
d
o
f
a
s
te
p
-
do
wn
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
1
0
0
V
AC
was
t
h
en
p
as
s
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
br
i
d
g
e
r
e
c
tif
i
er
to
c
onv
e
r
t
th
e
A
C
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
to
a
pu
l
s
ati
n
g
DC
vo
lta
g
e.
A
c
ap
a
c
it
o
r
was
th
en
c
onn
e
c
ted
to
f
il
ter
o
u
t
A
C
r
i
pp
les
a
n
d
ob
tain
an
unr
e
gu
lated
f
ilter
ed
DC
s
i
gn
al.
T
h
e
bu
ck
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
was
c
onn
e
c
ted
a
f
ter
t
h
e
r
e
c
tifie
r
t
o
p
r
o
d
u
ce
an
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lta
g
e
l
o
w
er
t
h
an
t
h
e
i
npu
t
vo
lta
g
e
b
y
c
o
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
s
wit
c
h
i
n
g
o
f
its
c
ompo
n
e
n
t
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Diag
r
a
m
o
f
cir
cu
it si
m
u
lated
u
s
in
g
MA
T
L
AB
/Si
m
u
lin
k
s
o
f
twar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
9
9
3
-
5
0
0
2
4996
2
.
3
.
Co
ntr
o
l a
lg
o
rit
hm
s
T
h
e
f
lo
wc
h
ar
t
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
a
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
th
at
o
p
e
r
ates
b
ased
o
n
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
-
d
r
iv
en
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
in
itializatio
n
s
tag
e,
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
r
ea
d
s
th
e
s
etp
o
in
t
v
alu
e
“A”
.
I
t
g
en
er
ates
an
in
itial
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
“X”
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
i
th
m
.
T
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ADC
lab
elled
“B”
i
s
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
u
p
d
ated
with
ea
ch
clo
c
k
tr
ig
g
er
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
co
m
p
ar
es
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
i
g
n
al
to
th
e
s
etp
o
in
t
v
alu
e
“A”
.
I
f
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
ig
n
al
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
th
e
s
etp
o
in
t
v
alu
e,
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
is
ad
ju
s
ted
b
y
-
1
,
a
n
d
if
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
ig
n
al
is
less
th
a
n
th
e
s
etp
o
i
n
t
v
alu
e,
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
is
ad
ju
s
ted
b
y
+1
.
A
n
ew
PW
M
s
ig
n
al,
“X”
,
is
g
en
er
ated
af
ter
th
e
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t.
T
h
is
iter
ativ
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
th
e
P
W
M
s
ig
n
al
is
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ad
ju
s
ted
to
m
atch
th
e
d
esire
d
s
etp
o
in
t
v
alu
e
b
y
c
o
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
ig
n
al
a
n
d
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
n
ec
ess
ar
y
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
ws th
e
d
ig
ital r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
ato
r
b
ased
o
n
th
e
f
l
o
wch
ar
t.
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
b
l
o
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
f
ile
(
*
.
b
d
f
)
f
o
r
r
ef
er
en
ce
-
d
r
iv
e
n
PW
M
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
clo
ck
,
s
o
u
r
ce
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
FP
GA
b
o
ar
d
'
s
5
0
MH
z
in
ter
n
al
clo
ck
,
was
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
25
MH
z
an
d
5
.
1
2
MH
z
f
r
eq
u
en
cies
u
s
in
g
a
p
h
ase
-
lo
ck
ed
l
o
o
p
.
T
h
e
2
5
MH
z
o
u
tp
u
t
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
clk_
d
iv
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
clo
ck
s
f
o
r
ADC
an
d
tr
i
g
g
er
in
g
cir
cu
its
,
wh
ile
th
e
5
.
1
2
MH
z
o
u
tp
u
t
was
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
lp
m_
c
o
u
n
ter
f
u
n
ctio
n
t
o
g
en
e
r
ate
a
2
0
k
Hz
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
f
o
r
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
lp
m_
co
u
n
ter
wo
u
ld
co
u
n
t
u
p
to
2
5
6
,
with
ea
ch
clo
ck
cy
cle
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
a
0
.
3
9
0
6
2
5
%
d
u
ty
cy
cl
e.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
at
o
r
co
m
p
ar
ed
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
ig
n
al
with
th
e
ADC
in
p
u
t
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
s
ig
n
als.
A
p
ar
all
el
f
lash
8
-
b
it
ADC
(
ADC0
8
0
4
L
C
N)
was
u
s
ed
to
r
ea
d
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
co
n
v
er
t
it
i
n
to
a
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
al,
with
ea
c
h
b
it
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
0
.
0
1
9
5
3
1
2
5
V
(
5
/2
5
6
)
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
r
ef
e
r
en
c
es
an
d
ADC
v
alu
es
wer
e
d
ec
o
d
ed
to
th
eir
ac
tu
al
v
alu
es,
en
s
u
r
in
g
th
at
th
er
e
wa
s
n
o
o
f
f
s
et.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
'
s
o
u
tp
u
t
was
co
m
p
a
r
ed
with
th
e
d
ig
ital
s
a
wto
o
th
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
lp
m_
co
u
n
ter
to
g
en
er
ate
t
h
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
is
s
ig
n
al
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
was
ad
ju
s
ted
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
(
ADC)
d
u
r
in
g
ea
ch
cl
o
ck
c
y
cle
ass
ig
n
ed
to
th
e
co
m
p
a
r
at
o
r
.
T
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
tim
e
o
f
th
e
ADC
(
wr
ite)
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
ca
n
b
e
ad
ju
s
ted
wi
th
in
th
e
clo
ck
ass
ig
n
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Flo
wch
ar
t
o
f
c
o
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
F
ield
-
p
r
o
g
r
a
mma
b
le
g
a
te
a
r
r
a
y
-
b
a
s
ed
v
o
lta
g
e
-
feed
b
a
ck
-
d
r
iven
b
a
tter
y
…
(
A
fa
r
u
lr
a
z
i A
b
u
B
a
ka
r
)
4997
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Dig
ital r
e
p
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
d
ig
ital
-
PW
M
-
b
ased
r
ef
er
en
ce
-
d
r
iv
e
n
s
y
s
tem
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
am
f
ile
(
*
.
b
d
f
)
f
o
r
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
2
.
4
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l set
up
Fig
ur
e
6
d
e
p
icts
t
h
e
c
o
mp
le
t
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
o
f
c
om
p
on
e
n
ts
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
F
P
GA
e
n
a
b
led
p
r
e
c
i
s
e
m
o
d
u
l
ati
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
bu
ck
c
onv
e
r
te
r
'
s
ou
t
pu
t
vo
lta
g
e.
A
3
k
VA
2
3
0
/1
1
0
V
alu
m
in
u
m
-
win
d
in
g
d
r
y
-
ty
p
e
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
t
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
co
m
p
lete
with
an
I
P2
1
en
clo
s
u
r
e,
was
u
s
ed
to
s
tep
d
o
wn
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
Sm
oo
t
h
i
n
g
c
ap
a
c
it
o
r
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
t
o
f
ilter
DC
vo
lta
g
e,
h
e
n
c
e
r
e
mov
i
n
g
r
i
p
p
l
e
s
a
n
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
a
mor
e
c
on
s
i
s
te
n
t
po
wer
s
upp
l
y
.
I
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
w
e
r
e
u
s
e
d
t
o
c
on
tr
o
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
l
u
c
t
u
a
ti
on
s
a
n
d
op
t
im
ize
t
h
e
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
p
ro
c
e
ss
.
T
h
e
MO
SF
E
T
s
a
cted
as
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
e
e
d
s
witc
h
es
in
t
h
e
bu
ck
c
o
n
v
e
r
te
r
,
e
ff
icie
n
tly
c
o
nv
e
r
ti
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
r
e
gu
lati
n
g
ou
t
pu
t.
G
a
t
e
d
r
i
v
e
r
s
co
n
tr
o
l
l
ed
th
e
M
O
SF
E
T
s
'
s
w
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
,
a
ll
o
wi
n
g
f
o
r
pr
e
c
i
s
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
t
h
e
o
n
a
n
d
o
f
f
s
tate
s
.
T
h
ese
c
om
p
on
e
n
ts
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
r
f
un
ct
i
on
s
a
i
m
ed
t
o
c
on
tr
i
bu
te
to
an
e
ff
icie
n
t
a
n
d
r
elia
b
le
b
atter
y
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ci
r
c
u
it wa
s
tes
t
ed
to
v
e
r
i
f
y
i
f
t
h
e
e
xp
e
c
ted
r
es
u
lts
we
r
e
a
c
h
ie
v
e
d
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
9
9
3
-
5
0
0
2
4998
Fig
ur
e
6
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
A
c
o
mp
a
r
i
s
o
n
a
n
d
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
mu
lati
o
n
a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
en
ta
l
f
i
nd
i
ng
s
we
r
e
c
on
d
u
cted
t
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
.
3
.
1
.
So
f
t
wa
re
s
im
ula
t
io
n
T
h
e
cir
cu
it'
s
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
a
n
d
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
wer
e
an
aly
ze
d
u
n
d
er
v
ar
io
u
s
co
n
d
itio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
s
o
f
twar
e
s
im
u
latio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
MA
T
L
AB
/S
im
u
lin
k
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
,
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
a
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
8
s
h
o
w
th
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
v
ar
iatio
n
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
a
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
wav
ef
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
p
ea
k
in
g
at
3
4
0
V
pk
-
pk
,
wh
ich
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
u
n
d
er
wen
t
a
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
o
1
0
0
V
v
ia
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
ed
o
u
tp
u
t
w
av
ef
o
r
m
,
d
is
p
lay
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
(
c)
,
ex
h
ib
its
m
in
o
r
r
ip
p
les
attr
ib
u
ted
to
r
esid
u
al
AC
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
p
o
s
t
-
r
ec
tific
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
im
u
latio
n
o
u
tp
u
t
v
iv
id
ly
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
AC
v
o
ltag
e
t
o
p
u
ls
atin
g
DC
v
o
ltag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
tep
-
d
o
wn
a
n
d
r
ec
tific
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es.
O
n
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
h
a
n
d
,
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
s
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s
m
e
as
u
r
e
d
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
’
s
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
A
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
w
as
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
d
t
o
m
i
t
i
g
a
t
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
p
u
l
s
at
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
s
m
o
o
t
h
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
(
a
)
d
e
p
i
c
ts
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
,
c
o
n
t
r
o
ll
e
d
b
y
P
W
M
t
o
ac
h
i
e
v
e
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
r
ed
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
l
e
v
el
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
(
b
)
i
l
l
u
s
t
r
a
t
es
t
h
e
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
ch
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
i
s
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
es
a
c
o
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
d
e
o
f
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
s
8
(
c
)
a
n
d
8
(
d
)
s
h
o
w
c
a
s
e
t
h
e
DC
o
u
t
p
u
t
(
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
)
a
n
d
i
n
p
u
t
(
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
)
,
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
el
y
.
T
h
es
e
f
i
n
d
i
n
g
s
v
al
i
d
a
t
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
ic
i
e
n
t
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
i
n
f
il
t
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
DC
v
o
lt
a
g
e
,
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
,
m
ain
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
a
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
r
ec
tifie
r
s
id
e:
(
a)
AC
s
u
p
p
ly
,
(
b
)
AC
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
(
c)
o
u
tp
u
t v
o
ltag
e
f
r
o
m
r
ec
tifie
r
F
i
g
u
r
e
8
.
S
i
m
u
la
t
i
o
n
r
es
u
l
ts
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
f
r
o
m
D
C
-
D
C
s
i
d
e
:
(
a
)
d
u
t
y
c
y
cl
e
,
(
b
)
i
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
,
(
c
)
D
C
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
,
a
n
d
(
d
)
D
C
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
f
r
o
m
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
F
ield
-
p
r
o
g
r
a
mma
b
le
g
a
te
a
r
r
a
y
-
b
a
s
ed
v
o
lta
g
e
-
feed
b
a
ck
-
d
r
iven
b
a
tter
y
…
(
A
fa
r
u
lr
a
z
i A
b
u
B
a
ka
r
)
4999
3
.
2
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l
a
na
ly
s
is
T
h
e
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
an
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
at,
b
y
ad
ju
s
tin
g
th
e
d
u
t
y
cy
cle
o
f
th
e
PW
M
s
ig
n
al,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
r
eg
u
lated
.
I
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cl
e
r
aised
th
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e;
wh
ile
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
it
lo
wer
ed
th
e
v
o
ltag
e.
Simu
l
atio
n
r
esu
lts
in
d
icate
d
th
at
h
ig
h
er
d
u
ty
cy
cles
en
h
an
ce
d
ef
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
p
o
wer
d
eliv
er
y
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
Fig
u
r
es
9
a
n
d
1
0
p
r
esen
t
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
a
T
DS 3
0
2
4
B
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e.
Fig
u
r
e
9
s
h
o
ws
th
e
wav
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
th
e
s
u
p
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e,
wh
ic
h
was
2
4
0
V
AC
at
a
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
o
f
5
0
Hz,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
s
tep
p
ed
-
d
o
wn
an
d
s
m
o
o
th
e
d
DC
v
o
ltag
e
m
e
asu
r
ed
at
th
e
r
ec
tifie
r
’
s
o
u
tp
u
t.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
ws
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
wav
ef
o
r
m
s
at
th
e
b
u
ck
co
n
v
er
ter
with
a
4
0
%
d
u
ty
c
y
cle.
T
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
ex
h
ib
ited
a
ty
p
ical
s
awto
o
th
p
atter
n
c
o
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
th
e
PW
M
s
witch
in
g
d
u
ty
cy
cle,
wh
ich
was
cr
itical
in
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
an
d
r
e
g
u
latin
g
en
er
g
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
r
esu
ltin
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
was
a
r
eg
u
lated
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
e
PW
M
s
witch
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ad
ju
s
t
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
al
b
y
m
o
d
u
latin
g
it
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
in
p
u
t.
A
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
en
tal
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
ls
a
m
i
n
o
r
d
is
cr
ep
a
n
cy
in
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
v
alu
es.
T
h
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
cy
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
lo
s
s
es
in
h
ar
d
war
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
c
o
n
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
s
witch
in
g
lo
s
s
es
ass
o
ciate
d
with
th
e
s
witch
in
g
d
e
v
ices,
as
well
as
th
e
co
r
e
m
ater
ials
o
f
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
te
r
m
ed
c
o
r
e
lo
s
s
es/i
r
o
n
lo
s
s
es.
Desp
ite
th
ese
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
alu
es
r
e
m
ain
ed
r
elativ
ely
co
n
s
is
ten
t
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
d
u
ty
c
y
cles.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
p
ar
am
eter
s
p
r
o
v
e
d
to
b
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
f
o
r
th
e
cir
cu
it'
s
in
ten
d
ed
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
as e
v
id
en
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
s
im
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
.
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
I
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
a
n
d
r
ec
tifie
r
o
u
tp
u
t
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Switch
in
g
s
ig
n
al,
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e,
an
d
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
I
n
c
on
cl
u
s
i
on
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
lly
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
a
v
o
ltag
e
-
d
r
iv
e
n
b
u
ck
c
o
n
v
e
r
ter
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ig
ital
PW
M
g
en
er
ato
r
o
n
a
n
FP
GA.
T
h
e
s
tr
en
g
th
o
f
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
lies
in
its
ab
ilit
y
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
to
with
in
a
±
0
.
3
9
%
er
r
o
r
m
ar
g
in
,
a
n
d
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
o
v
ed
its
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
b
o
t
h
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
r
ea
l
h
a
r
d
war
e
test
s
.
T
h
e
er
r
o
r
m
ar
g
in
ca
n
b
e
f
u
r
th
e
r
r
ed
u
ce
d
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
u
n
ter
s
in
lin
e
with
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
ADC
an
d
clo
s
ely
r
elate
d
to
th
e
clo
ck
g
en
er
ato
r
ass
ig
n
ed
b
y
m
ain
ta
in
in
g
th
e
s
am
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ig
i
tal
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
ac
h
iev
em
en
ts
s
u
g
g
est
s
tr
o
n
g
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
in
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
th
at
r
e
q
u
ir
e
f
ast,
ac
cu
r
ate,
lo
w
-
r
i
p
p
le,
a
n
d
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
ab
le
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l,
esp
ec
ially
in
b
atter
y
m
an
ag
em
en
t sy
s
tem
s
an
d
r
en
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
F
UNDING
I
NF
O
R
M
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
Un
iv
er
s
iti
T
u
n
Hu
s
s
ein
On
n
Ma
lay
s
ia
(
UT
HM
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
T
I
E
R
1
(
Vo
t Q
5
4
4
)
an
d
GPPS
(
Vo
t Q
3
2
5
)
.
AUTHO
R
CO
NT
RI
B
UT
I
O
NS ST
A
T
E
M
E
N
T
T
h
is
jo
u
r
n
al
u
s
es
th
e
C
o
n
tr
ib
u
to
r
R
o
les
T
ax
o
n
o
m
y
(
C
R
ed
iT)
to
r
ec
o
g
n
ize
in
d
iv
id
u
al
au
th
o
r
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
,
r
ed
u
ce
au
th
o
r
s
h
ip
d
is
p
u
tes,
an
d
f
ac
ilit
ate
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
9
9
3
-
5
0
0
2
5000
Na
m
e
o
f
Aut
ho
r
C
M
So
Va
Fo
I
R
D
O
E
Vi
Su
P
Fu
Af
ar
u
lr
az
i A
b
u
B
ak
ar
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Su
h
aim
i Saim
an
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
T
h
ar
n
is
h
a
Sit
h
an
an
th
a
n
✓
✓
✓
✓
✓
Mu
h
am
m
ad
Naf
is
I
s
m
ail
✓
✓
✓
Said
in
a
Ham
za
h
C
h
e
Har
u
n
✓
✓
✓
C
:
C
o
n
c
e
p
t
u
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
M
:
M
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
So
:
So
f
t
w
a
r
e
Va
:
Va
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Fo
:
Fo
r
mal
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
I
:
I
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
i
o
n
R
:
R
e
so
u
r
c
e
s
D
:
D
a
t
a
C
u
r
a
t
i
o
n
O
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
O
r
i
g
i
n
a
l
D
r
a
f
t
E
:
W
r
i
t
i
n
g
-
R
e
v
i
e
w
&
E
d
i
t
i
n
g
Vi
:
Vi
su
a
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
Su
:
Su
p
e
r
v
i
s
i
o
n
P
:
P
r
o
j
e
c
t
a
d
mi
n
i
st
r
a
t
i
o
n
Fu
:
Fu
n
d
i
n
g
a
c
q
u
i
si
t
i
o
n
CO
NF
L
I
C
T
O
F
I
N
T
E
R
E
S
T
ST
A
T
E
M
E
NT
Au
th
o
r
s
s
tate
n
o
co
n
f
lict o
f
in
t
er
est.
DATA AV
AI
L
AB
I
L
I
T
Y
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
co
n
f
ir
m
th
at
th
e
d
ata
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
ar
e
a
v
ailab
le
with
in
th
e
ar
ticle
an
d
its
f
ig
u
r
es.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
d
etails ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
i
n
g
au
t
h
o
r
u
p
o
n
r
eq
u
est
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
M
.
D
e
e
p
a
k
,
G
.
Ja
n
a
k
i
,
a
n
d
C
.
B
h
a
r
a
t
i
r
a
j
a
,
“
S
i
n
g
l
e
p
h
a
se
s
h
i
f
t
d
u
a
l
a
c
t
i
v
e
b
r
i
d
g
e
h
i
g
h
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
6
.
6
k
W
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
5
t
h
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
,
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
,
I
C
EC
C
T
2
0
2
3
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
E
C
C
T
5
6
6
5
0
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
1
7
9
6
2
1
.
[
2
]
N
.
R
a
h
m
a
n
,
U
.
A
i
ma
n
,
M
.
S
.
A
l
a
m,
M
.
R
.
K
h
a
l
i
d
,
A
.
S
a
r
w
a
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
J
.
A
sg
h
a
r
,
“
A
n
o
n
-
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
D
C
-
D
C
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
w
i
t
h
h
i
g
h
g
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
f
o
r
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
so
u
r
c
e
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,
”
i
n
2
0
2
0
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
D
e
c
i
si
o
n
Ai
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
Ap
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
D
AS
A
2
0
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
3
7
–
1
4
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
D
A
S
A
5
1
4
0
3
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
3
1
7
2
2
5
.
[
3
]
S
.
Y
a
h
y
a
z
a
d
e
h
,
M
.
K
h
a
l
e
g
h
i
,
S
.
F
a
r
z
a
m
k
i
a
,
a
n
d
A
.
K
h
o
s
h
k
b
a
r
-
S
a
d
i
g
h
,
“
A
n
e
w
st
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
o
f
b
i
d
i
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
l
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s,”
i
n
2
0
2
0
1
1
t
h
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s,
D
r
i
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s,
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
PED
S
T
C
2
0
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
P
ED
S
TC
4
9
1
5
9
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
0
8
8
4
1
4
.
[
4
]
K
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
A
c
o
mp
a
c
t
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
-
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
s
o
f
t
-
s
t
a
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
o
f
D
C
-
D
C
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
f
o
r
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
s,
”
i
n
2
0
2
2
I
EEE
4
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
i
r
c
u
i
t
s
a
n
d
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
I
C
C
S
2
0
2
2
,
2
0
2
2
,
p
p
.
8
6
–
9
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
C
S
5
6
6
6
6
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
9
3
6
2
6
4
.
[
5
]
G
.
J.
C
h
e
n
a
n
d
W
.
H
.
C
h
u
n
g
,
“
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
me
t
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
i
e
s,
”
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
(
S
w
i
t
z
e
rl
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
1
2
1
9
4
0
9
5
.
[
6
]
K
.
K
.
J
a
i
sw
a
l
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
su
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
c
l
e
a
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
a
n
d
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
n
so
c
i
a
l
,
e
c
o
n
o
mi
c
,
a
n
d
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
h
e
a
l
t
h
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
N
e
x
u
s
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
S
e
p
.
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
n
e
x
u
s.
2
0
2
2
.
1
0
0
1
1
8
.
[
7
]
S
.
M
u
s
u
me
c
i
a
n
d
V
.
B
a
r
b
a
,
“
G
a
l
l
i
u
m
n
i
t
r
i
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
:
s
t
a
t
e
o
f
a
r
t
a
n
d
p
e
r
sp
e
c
t
i
v
e
s,
”
En
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
6
,
n
o
.
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
6
0
9
3
8
9
4
.
[
8
]
A
.
Le
t
e
l
l
i
e
r
,
M
.
R
.
D
u
b
o
i
s
,
J.
P
.
T
r
o
v
a
o
,
a
n
d
H
.
M
a
h
e
r
,
“
G
a
l
l
i
u
m
n
i
t
r
i
d
e
sem
i
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
o
r
s
i
n
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s:
a
d
v
a
n
t
a
g
e
s
a
n
d
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
5
I
EE
E
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
P
o
w
e
r a
n
d
Pr
o
p
u
l
si
o
n
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
V
PP
C
2
0
1
5
-
P
ro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
V
P
P
C
.
2
0
1
5
.
7
3
5
2
9
5
5
.
[
9
]
L.
A
s
h
o
k
K
u
mar,
S
.
A
l
b
e
r
t
A
l
e
x
a
n
d
e
r
,
a
n
d
M
.
R
a
j
e
n
d
r
a
n
,
Em
e
r
g
i
n
g
D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
t
o
p
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
.
2
0
2
0
.
[
1
0
]
A
.
A
.
B
a
k
a
r
,
T.
S
i
t
h
a
n
a
n
t
h
a
n
,
S
.
S
a
i
man
,
a
n
d
A
.
F
.
H
.
A
.
G
a
n
i
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
l
o
sses
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
o
f
m
u
l
t
i
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
D
C
-
D
C
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
O
r
C
A
D
P
S
p
i
c
e
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
4
I
E
EE
4
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
i
n
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s:
Po
w
e
ri
n
g
t
h
e
F
u
t
u
re:
I
n
n
o
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
,
I
C
PEA
2
0
2
4
,
2
0
2
4
,
n
o
.
M
a
r
c
h
,
p
p
.
1
1
2
–
1
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
P
EA
6
0
6
1
7
.
2
0
2
4
.
1
0
4
9
9
1
1
6
.
[
1
1
]
S
.
M
.
S
.
H
.
R
a
f
i
n
,
R
.
A
h
me
d
,
M
.
A
.
H
a
q
u
e
,
M
.
K
.
H
o
ssa
i
n
,
M
.
A
.
H
a
q
u
e
,
a
n
d
O
.
A
.
M
o
h
a
mm
e
d
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
r
e
v
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
i
z
e
d
:
a
c
o
mp
r
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
e
m
e
r
g
i
n
g
w
i
d
e
a
n
d
u
l
t
r
a
w
i
d
e
b
a
n
d
g
a
p
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
,
”
M
i
c
r
o
m
a
c
h
i
n
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
mi
1
4
1
1
2
0
4
5
.
[
1
2
]
A
.
A
l
-
S
a
f
i
,
A
.
A
l
-
K
h
a
y
y
a
t
,
A
.
M
.
M
a
n
a
t
i
,
a
n
d
L.
A
l
h
a
f
a
d
h
i
,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
i
n
F
P
G
A
b
a
s
e
d
P
W
M
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s:
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
i
n
1
1
t
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
I
EE
E
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
M
o
b
i
l
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
,
I
E
MC
O
N
2
0
2
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
2
5
2
–
2
5
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
EM
C
O
N
5
1
3
8
3
.
2
0
2
0
.
9
2
8
4
8
2
1
.
[
1
3
]
K
.
M
a
n
a
sw
i
,
N
.
J
o
s
e
,
S
.
B
h
a
k
t
h
a
,
B
.
V
e
n
k
a
t
e
sa
p
e
r
u
ma
l
,
a
n
d
K
.
V
.
G
a
n
g
a
d
h
a
r
a
n
,
“
I
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
P
W
M
s
p
e
e
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
S
R
M
d
r
i
v
e
u
s
i
n
g
T
M
S
3
2
0
F
2
8
0
6
9
mi
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
”
i
n
Pr
o
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
0
2
3
1
st
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
y
b
e
r
Ph
y
si
c
a
l
S
y
s
t
e
m
s,
P
o
w
e
r E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
Ve
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
I
C
PEE
V
2
0
2
3
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
C
P
EEV
5
8
6
5
0
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
3
9
1
8
9
5
.
[
1
4
]
T.
S
i
t
h
a
n
a
n
t
h
a
n
,
A
.
A
.
B
a
k
a
r
,
B
.
S
a
n
n
a
s
y
,
W
.
M
.
U
t
o
m
o
,
a
n
d
Ta
u
f
i
k
,
“
F
a
st
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
g
r
i
d
-
t
i
e
d
si
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
se
sq
u
a
r
e
w
a
v
e
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
F
P
G
A
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
ri
v
e
S
y
s
t
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
0
5
–
1
1
1
6
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
e
d
s.
v
1
5
.
i
2
.
p
p
1
1
0
5
-
1
1
1
6
.
[
1
5
]
P
.
M
i
s
h
r
a
,
A
.
B
a
n
e
r
j
e
e
,
M
.
G
h
o
s
h
,
S
.
G
o
g
o
i
,
a
n
d
P
.
K
.
M
e
h
e
r
,
“
I
mp
l
e
me
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
q
u
a
d
r
a
l
-
d
u
t
y
d
i
g
i
t
a
l
P
W
M
t
o
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
a
c
o
s
t
-
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
e
d
A
S
I
C
f
o
r
B
LD
C
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
i
v
e
,
”
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
Pr
a
c
t
i
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
9
,
n
o
.
S
e
p
t
e
mb
e
r
2
0
2
0
,
p
.
1
0
4
7
5
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
c
o
n
e
n
g
p
r
a
c
.
2
0
2
1
.
1
0
4
7
5
2
.
[
1
6
]
A
.
A
.
B
a
k
a
r
,
W
.
M
.
U
t
o
m
o
,
T.
T
a
u
f
i
k
,
a
n
d
A
.
P
o
n
n
i
r
a
n
,
“
M
o
d
e
l
i
n
g
o
f
F
P
G
A
-
a
n
d
D
S
P
-
b
a
s
e
d
p
u
l
s
e
w
i
d
t
h
m
o
d
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
mu
l
t
i
-
i
n
p
u
t
i
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
D
C
/
D
C
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Re
v
i
e
w
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(
I
.
R.
E.
E
.
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
p
p
.
7
9
–
8
5
,
2
0
1
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
F
ield
-
p
r
o
g
r
a
mma
b
le
g
a
te
a
r
r
a
y
-
b
a
s
ed
v
o
lta
g
e
-
feed
b
a
ck
-
d
r
iven
b
a
tter
y
…
(
A
fa
r
u
lr
a
z
i A
b
u
B
a
ka
r
)
5001
[
1
7
]
M
.
L
a
k
k
a
,
E.
K
o
u
t
r
o
u
l
i
s
,
a
n
d
A
.
D
o
l
l
a
s,
“
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
o
f
a
n
F
P
G
A
-
b
a
s
e
d
S
P
W
M
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
f
o
r
h
i
g
h
sw
i
t
c
h
i
n
g
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
D
C
/
A
C
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
s,”
I
EEE
T
ra
n
s
a
c
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
Po
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
2
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
5
6
–
3
6
5
,
2
0
1
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
TPEL
.
2
0
1
3
.
2
2
5
3
2
1
6
.
[
1
8
]
R
.
R
a
m
y
a
,
T.
P
a
s
u
p
a
t
h
i
,
a
n
d
T
.
S
h
a
n
t
h
i
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
i
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
F
P
G
A
b
a
se
d
r
e
a
l
t
i
me
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
h
i
g
h
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
c
h
a
r
g
e
r
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
sy
st
e
m,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
R
e
se
a
rc
h
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
I
J
ERT)
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
0
2
,
2
0
2
4
.
[
1
9
]
V
.
S
a
w
a
n
t
a
n
d
P
.
Za
m
b
a
r
e
,
“
D
C
f
a
st
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
s
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
:
a
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
i
o
n
a
n
d
E
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
4
–
7
1
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
e
n
c
2
.
1
2
1
1
1
.
[
2
0
]
A
.
S
a
d
a
y
,
İ
.
A
.
O
z
k
a
n
,
a
n
d
I
.
S
a
r
i
t
a
s
,
“
F
P
G
A
-
b
a
se
d
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
ma
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
s
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
me
m
o
n
i
t
o
r
i
n
g
a
n
d
i
n
st
a
n
t
a
n
e
o
u
s
S
O
C
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
,
”
I
n
t
e
rn
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
M
a
t
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
s
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
5
–
6
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
8
1
0
0
/
i
j
a
me
c
.
1
2
3
3
4
5
1
.
[
2
1
]
G
.
Li
u
,
L.
P
a
n
,
a
n
d
Q
.
S
u
n
,
“
D
e
si
g
n
o
n
o
n
e
-
c
y
c
l
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
V
I
EN
N
A
r
e
c
t
i
f
i
e
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
F
P
G
A
,
”
i
n
I
EE
E
6
t
h
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Me
c
h
a
t
ro
n
i
c
s
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
2
2
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
2
–
1
9
7
5
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
I
TO
EC
5
3
1
1
5
.
2
0
2
2
.
9
7
3
4
3
3
3
.
[
2
2
]
A
.
A
.
B
a
k
a
r
,
W
.
M
.
U
t
o
m
o
,
S
.
A
.
Z
u
l
k
i
f
l
i
,
E
.
S
u
l
a
i
m
a
n
,
M
.
Z.
A
h
m
a
d
,
a
n
d
M
.
Je
n
a
l
,
“
D
C
-
D
C
i
n
t
e
r
l
e
a
v
e
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
F
P
G
A
,
”
C
EAT
2
0
1
3
-
2
0
1
3
I
EE
E
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
C
l
e
a
n
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
n
o
.
N
o
v
e
m
b
e
r
,
p
p
.
9
8
–
1
0
1
,
2
0
1
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
C
EA
T
.
2
0
1
3
.
6
7
7
5
6
0
7
.
[
2
3
]
Z.
D
o
n
g
a
n
d
W
.
Li
,
“
F
P
G
A
-
b
a
se
d
mo
d
u
l
a
r
D
C
c
h
o
p
p
e
r
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
r
e
a
l
-
t
i
m
e
s
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
&
H
I
L
t
e
st
s
,
”
i
n
2
0
2
3
I
EE
E
2
4
t
h
Wo
r
k
sh
o
p
o
n
C
o
n
t
ro
l
a
n
d
Mo
d
e
l
i
n
g
f
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
E
l
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s,
C
O
MP
EL
2
0
2
3
,
2
0
2
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
C
O
M
P
EL
5
2
8
9
6
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
0
2
2
1
1
5
9
.
[
2
4
]
Z.
I
d
r
i
s,
M
.
K
.
H
a
m
z
a
h
,
A
.
S
a
p
a
r
o
n
,
N
.
R
.
H
a
m
z
a
h
,
a
n
d
N
.
Y
.
D
a
h
l
a
n
,
“
F
P
G
A
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
si
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
se
m
a
t
r
i
x
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
a
s c
y
c
l
o
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
,
”
i
n
PED
S
2
0
0
7
,
2
0
0
7
,
p
p
.
3
0
1
–
3
0
7
.
[
2
5
]
A
.
A
.
B
a
k
a
r
,
B
.
S
a
n
n
a
s
y
,
H
.
M
.
P
o
a
d
,
T.
S
i
t
h
a
n
a
n
t
h
a
n
,
W
.
M
.
U
t
o
m
o
,
a
n
d
N
.
F
.
D
.
R
o
sl
i
,
“
D
i
g
i
t
a
l
l
y
f
a
s
t
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
si
n
g
l
e
-
p
h
a
s
e
g
r
i
d
-
t
i
e
d
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
i
n
g
F
P
G
A
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
ro
n
i
c
s
a
n
d
D
ri
v
e
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
4
5
2
–
2
4
6
1
,
2
0
2
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
p
e
d
s
.
v
1
5
.
i
4
.
p
p
2
4
5
2
-
2
4
6
1
.
[
2
6
]
L.
K
o
msi
y
sk
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
C
r
i
t
i
c
a
l
r
e
v
i
e
w
o
f
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
s
y
st
e
ms:
c
h
a
l
l
e
n
g
e
s,
i
mp
l
e
m
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
p
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s,”
E
n
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
8
,
p
p
.
1
–
8
2
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
e
n
1
4
1
8
5
9
8
9
.
[
2
7
]
T.
P
a
n
g
a
r
i
b
o
w
o
,
W
.
M
.
U
t
o
m
o
,
A
.
A
.
B
a
k
a
r
,
a
n
d
D
.
S
.
K
h
a
e
r
u
d
i
n
i
,
“
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
d
i
sc
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
e
n
e
r
g
y
sy
st
e
m
u
s
i
n
g
m
i
c
r
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
,
”
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
n
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
1
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
7
5
–
5
8
2
,
2
0
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
e
c
s.
v
1
7
.
i
2
.
p
p
5
7
5
-
5
8
2
.
[
2
8
]
N
.
G
h
a
e
mi
n
e
z
h
a
d
a
n
d
M
.
M
o
n
f
a
r
e
d
,
“
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
st
r
a
t
e
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
l
i
t
h
i
u
m
-
i
o
n
b
a
t
t
e
r
y
p
a
c
k
s
:
R
e
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
r
e
c
e
n
t
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
me
n
t
s,”
I
ET P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
3
4
9
–
3
6
7
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
4
9
/
p
e
l
2
.
1
2
2
1
9
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Afa
r
u
lra
z
i
Abu
Ba
k
a
r
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
M
a
y
1
9
8
0
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
ra
(UiTM
)
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
2
0
0
4
a
n
d
M
.
E
n
g
.
a
n
d
P
h
.
D
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tu
n
Hu
ss
e
in
O
n
n
M
a
lay
sia
(UTHM
)
in
2
0
1
9
a
n
d
2
0
0
7
,
re
s
p
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
wo
rk
in
g
a
s
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
UTHM,
sin
c
e
2
0
0
7
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
g
ri
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
s
y
ste
m
s,
DC
-
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
m
u
lt
i
p
le
-
in
p
u
t
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
m
u
l
ti
p
h
a
se
,
re
so
n
a
n
t
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
a
n
d
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
d
e
sig
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
a
fa
ru
l@u
th
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
S
u
h
a
im
i
S
a
i
m
a
n
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
IEE
E.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsity
Lee
d
s M
e
tro
p
o
li
ta
n
in
1
9
9
7
a
n
d
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
M
a
lay
a
(
UTHM)
in
2
0
0
7
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
He
h
a
s
wo
r
k
e
d
a
s
a
se
n
i
o
r
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
UTHM
,
si
n
c
e
2
0
0
8
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
l
u
d
e
b
a
tt
e
ry
c
h
a
rg
i
n
g
,
DC
-
DC co
n
v
e
rters
,
a
n
d
i
n
v
e
rters
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
su
h
a
imis
@u
th
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
Th
a
r
n
ish
a
S
ith
a
n
a
n
th
a
n
wa
s
b
o
rn
in
P
e
ra
k
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
i
n
M
a
y
1
9
9
7
.
S
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
B
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
fr
o
m
U
n
iv
e
rsiti
Tu
n
Hu
ss
e
in
O
n
n
M
a
lay
sia
(UTHM
),
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
2
0
2
3
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
p
u
rsu
i
n
g
a
n
M
.
En
g
.
a
t
UTHM
sin
c
e
2
0
2
3
.
He
r
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
.
S
h
e
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
t
h
a
rn
is
h
a
9
7
@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
9
9
3
-
5
0
0
2
5002
Mu
h
a
m
m
a
d
Na
fis
Is
m
a
il
wa
s
b
o
rn
i
n
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
,
i
n
1
9
8
2
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
.
De
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(UTM
)
in
2
0
0
5
.
He
wo
rk
e
d
a
s
a
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
Tes
ti
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
issio
n
in
g
En
g
in
e
e
r
fro
m
2
0
0
5
to
2
0
0
7
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
Vo
c
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Trai
n
in
g
Offic
e
r
a
t
t
h
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
UTHM,
si
n
c
e
2
0
0
7
.
His
a
re
a
s
o
f
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
sw
it
c
h
g
e
a
r,
a
n
d
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
n
a
fis@u
th
m
.
e
d
u
.
m
y
.
S
a
id
i
n
a
H
a
m
z
a
h
Che
H
a
r
u
n
wa
s
b
o
rn
i
n
Ku
a
la
P
il
a
h
,
Ne
g
e
ri
S
e
m
b
il
a
n
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
i
n
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
1
9
8
2
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
d
e
g
re
e
i
n
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
p
o
we
r
a
n
d
h
ig
h
v
o
lt
a
g
e
)
in
2
0
0
5
fro
m
Un
i
v
e
rsiti
Tek
n
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
th
e
M
a
n
a
g
in
g
Dire
c
to
r
o
f
M
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
P
o
we
r
S
d
n
Bh
d
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
t
h
a
t
c
o
n
d
u
c
ts
M
&
E
b
u
sin
e
ss
a
n
d
HT
Tran
sfo
rm
e
r
se
rv
ice
(
u
p
to
5
0
0
k
V)
is
b
a
se
d
in
Ka
jan
g
,
S
e
lan
g
o
r.
He
a
lso
re
p
re
se
n
ts
th
e
Lo
c
a
l
Tec
h
n
ica
l
Ad
v
iso
r
(T
A)
fo
r
tran
sf
o
rm
e
r
m
a
n
u
fa
c
tu
re
rs
su
c
h
a
s
As
to
r
Tra
n
sfo
rm
e
r,
Tu
rk
e
y
,
a
n
d
F
o
rt
u
n
e
El
e
c
tri
c
Tran
sfo
rm
e
r,
Taiwa
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
m
a
g
n
it
u
d
e
p
o
we
r@g
m
a
il
.
c
o
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.