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te
m
s
ar
e
lis
ted
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
in
[
2
]
.
T
h
ey
in
cl
u
d
e
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
E
M
F
p
r
o
j
ec
t
[
3
]
,
lo
w
E
MF
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
L
E
X
NE
T
)
,
en
er
g
y
a
w
ar
e
r
ad
io
an
d
also
n
eT
w
o
r
k
tec
Hn
o
lo
g
ie
s
(
E
AR
T
H)
an
d
g
r
e
en
to
u
c
h
[
4
]
.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
ar
tn
er
s
,
n
et
w
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r
k
o
p
er
ato
r
s
,
r
esear
ch
ce
n
ter
s
an
d
u
n
i
v
er
s
iti
es.
So
m
e
o
f
th
eir
ai
m
s
in
co
r
p
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r
ate
r
ed
u
ctio
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M
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ex
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r
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m
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m
p
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m
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t
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y
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f
f
ic
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d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
in
ter
n
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al
ac
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p
tab
le
s
tan
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ar
d
s
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o
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eq
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en
t
l
y
,
g
u
id
eli
n
e
s
o
n
th
e
li
m
i
ts
o
f
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ex
p
o
s
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e
f
r
o
m
m
o
b
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p
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B
S
s
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an
d
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th
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ce
o
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x
p
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s
u
r
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h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
T
h
ese
g
u
id
eli
n
e
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
b
ased
o
n
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
an
d
ep
id
e
m
io
l
o
g
ical
s
tu
d
ie
s
s
p
ec
i
f
y
t
h
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m
ax
i
m
u
m
ad
m
i
s
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ib
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ex
p
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r
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f
p
eo
p
le
to
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M
w
a
v
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o
f
u
p
to
3
0
0
GHz
.
T
h
e
g
u
id
elin
e
s
ar
e
ap
p
licab
le
to
b
o
t
h
o
cc
u
p
ati
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al
a
n
d
p
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b
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ex
p
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s
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r
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.
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h
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p
u
b
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ex
p
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s
u
r
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r
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er
s
to
m
e
m
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s
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f
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p
u
b
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w
h
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f
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a
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d
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n
a
w
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c
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ex
p
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h
u
s
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t
h
e
y
t
ak
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tio
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ize
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a
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u
p
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p
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lts
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h
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t
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l
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ain
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d
a
w
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h
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h
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li
m
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cc
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p
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ied
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f
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t
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tan
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b
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ch
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B
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(
NR
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s
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m
m
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in
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ab
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v
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eq
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m
m
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b
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mark
s
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C
N
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R
P
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R
≤
1
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H
z
0
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0
8
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g
0
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4
W
/
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h
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l
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0
g
,
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≤
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2
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d
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d
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k
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≤
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1
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4
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if
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t
m
et
h
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d
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a
v
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p
r
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p
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ed
to
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u
ce
th
e
E
M
r
ad
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o
n
o
f
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
ese
m
et
h
o
d
s
w
h
ic
h
h
av
e
b
ee
n
id
en
t
if
ied
i
n
t
h
e
lite
r
atu
r
e
in
cl
u
d
e
S
AR
s
h
ield
i
n
g
,
p
o
w
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co
n
tr
o
l,
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
a
n
d
m
as
s
iv
e
MI
M
O.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
m
p
lian
ce
ass
es
s
m
en
t
test
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
t
h
e
telec
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts
e
m
i
tti
n
g
R
F
E
M
Fs
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
l
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
elev
a
n
t
r
eg
u
lato
r
y
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
li
m
it
s
.
C
o
m
p
lia
n
ce
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
5
G
r
ad
io
B
S
is
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
a
n
ac
ti
v
e
r
esear
ch
ar
ea
.
Hen
ce
,
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
w
e
p
r
o
v
id
e
an
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
t
h
e
E
M
e
m
is
s
io
n
,
r
ed
u
ctio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
te
s
t
f
o
r
th
e
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
W
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
t
h
e
o
p
en
is
s
u
e
s
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
E
MF
ass
ess
m
e
n
t
an
d
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
test
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
l
lo
w
s
.
I
n
Sectio
n
2
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
f
o
r
E
M
r
ad
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io
n
m
etr
ics
ar
e
p
r
ese
n
ted
.
Me
th
o
d
s
to
r
ed
u
ce
d
E
M
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ad
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n
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
f
o
r
5
G
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
E
M
F
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
a
s
s
e
m
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
s
.
Sectio
n
3
ta
k
es
a
lo
o
k
at
t
h
e
o
p
en
is
s
u
es a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
S
e
ctio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
AND
E
M
RADIAT
I
O
N
M
E
T
R
I
CS
2
.
1
.
E
M
Ra
dia
t
io
n
M
et
rics
P
h
y
s
ical
q
u
an
t
ities
l
ik
e
t
h
e
S
AR
,
elec
tr
ic
f
ie
ld
s
tr
en
g
t
h
,
m
ag
n
et
ic
f
ie
l
d
s
tr
en
g
t
h
an
d
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
it
y
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
p
ec
if
y
E
M
r
ad
ia
tio
n
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e.
I
n
liter
atu
r
e,
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
lar
m
etr
ic
s
u
s
ed
ar
e
th
e
S
A
R
a
n
d
p
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w
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d
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s
it
y
f
o
r
t
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n
ea
r
-
f
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an
d
f
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f
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,
r
esp
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tiv
el
y
.
T
h
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n
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r
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f
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ld
an
d
f
ar
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f
ield
ar
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t
w
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d
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f
f
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en
t
r
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io
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s
th
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d
ef
in
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t
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elec
tr
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m
ag
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f
ield
s
b
ased
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ta
n
ce
f
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m
th
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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I
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Vo
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2
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1
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9
12
–
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1
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914
Th
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f
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in
s
f
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it
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in
to
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ar
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h
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in
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/k
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m
a
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p
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es
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A
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t
m
t
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(
1
)
w
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2
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Co
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u
latio
n
s
u
c
h
a
s
th
e
f
in
i
te
-
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
-
ti
m
e
-
d
o
m
ai
n
m
et
h
o
d
(
FDT
D)
[
2
1
-
2
3
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
C
E
NE
L
E
C
E
N
5
0
3
8
3
[
2
4
]
h
as
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
a
g
u
id
elin
e
o
n
h
o
w
to
co
m
b
in
e
ex
p
o
s
u
r
es
o
n
m
u
ltip
le
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
tic
(
E
M)
s
o
u
r
ce
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
S
AR
an
d
p
o
w
er
d
en
s
it
y
a
n
ten
n
a
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
f
o
r
co
m
b
in
ed
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
ar
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
in
to
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
a
n
d
n
u
m
er
ical/
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
tec
h
n
iq
u
es.
N
u
m
er
ica
l
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
to
co
n
d
u
ct
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
o
f
a
B
S
an
te
n
n
a
u
s
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
tic
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
(
ex
a
m
p
le
FEKO
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
B
S
an
ten
n
a
is
cr
ea
ted
an
d
m
es
h
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
n
u
m
er
ica
l
alg
o
r
it
h
m
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
co
n
d
u
c
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
n
u
m
er
ical
m
et
h
o
d
s
o
r
s
o
lv
er
s
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
(
m
eth
o
d
o
f
m
o
m
e
n
ts
)
Mo
M,
m
u
lti
-
le
v
el
f
a
s
t
m
u
lt
ip
o
le
m
e
th
o
d
(
ML
FMM
)
,
f
in
i
te
ele
m
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
(
FEM
)
,
f
i
n
ite
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
t
i
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
(
FDT
D)
,
p
h
y
s
ical
o
p
tics
(
P
O)
,
an
d
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
th
eo
r
y
o
f
d
i
f
f
r
ac
tio
n
(
UT
D)
.
T
h
e
ch
o
ice
o
f
s
o
l
v
er
s
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ac
cu
r
ac
y
in
t
er
m
s
o
f
r
ed
u
ct
io
n
o
f
s
i
d
e
lo
b
es,
d
ir
ec
tiv
it
y
g
ai
n
s
an
d
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
u
s
ed
d
u
r
in
g
s
i
m
u
latio
n
(
s
u
c
h
as
s
i
m
u
latio
n
t
i
m
e,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
m
e
m
o
r
y
an
d
d
is
c
s
to
r
ag
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
)
.
Me
t
icu
lo
u
s
s
elec
tio
n
i
n
n
u
m
er
ical
m
eth
o
d
s
i
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
ten
n
a
t
y
p
es
an
d
s
izes.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
lar
g
e
ar
r
ay
B
S
an
t
en
n
a
s
an
d
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
m
illi
m
etr
e
w
a
v
e
b
an
d
f
o
r
5
G
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
p
o
s
e
n
e
w
ch
al
len
g
e
i
n
R
F
E
MF
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
s
.
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
ch
alle
n
g
es
is
t
h
e
m
u
tu
al
co
u
p
lin
g
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
a
y
s
a
n
d
d
eter
m
i
n
at
io
n
o
f
th
e
f
ie
ld
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
.
I
n
R
F
E
MF
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
s
f
o
r
lar
g
e
ar
r
a
y
m
u
ltip
o
r
t
an
ten
n
a
s
,
th
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
f
r
o
m
all
p
o
r
ts
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Hen
ce
,
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ass
es
s
m
en
t
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
an
te
n
n
a
ar
r
a
y
in
te
n
d
ed
f
o
r
b
ea
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
in
v
e
s
tig
a
ted
in
[
2
5
-
29]
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
in
[
2
5
]
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
ef
f
icien
t
E
MF
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
ass
ess
m
en
t
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
d
u
c
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
ele
m
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
I
n
t
h
e
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
elem
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
ea
ch
ar
r
ay
ele
m
en
t
is
e
x
cited
s
eq
u
en
tiall
y
w
h
ile
o
th
er
ele
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
ter
m
i
n
ated
in
m
a
tch
ed
lo
ad
s
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
s
m
all
ar
r
a
y
an
te
n
n
as
li
k
e
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
4
G
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
MI
MO
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
ich
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
f
ei
g
h
t
an
ten
n
as.
I
n
[
2
7
]
,
n
u
m
er
ical
E
MF
ex
p
o
s
u
r
e
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
co
n
s
er
v
ati
v
e
f
ield
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
an
d
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
ele
m
en
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
in
E
M
F
as
s
es
s
m
e
n
t.T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
i
n
a
g
r
ee
m
en
t
w
it
h
r
e
f
er
en
c
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
W
h
ile
t
h
is
p
ar
ticu
lar
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
MI
MO
ar
r
ay
s
,
it
is
r
at
h
er
co
s
tl
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ass
es
s
m
en
t
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
v
er
y
lar
g
e
ar
r
a
y
an
ten
n
as.
Deg
ir
m
en
c
i
et
a
l.
[
2
9
]
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
E
MF
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
ass
es
s
m
en
ts
o
f
lar
g
e
ar
r
ay
a
n
ten
n
as.
T
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
m
et
h
o
d
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
f
r
o
n
t
co
m
p
lian
ce
d
is
tan
ce
i
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
as
th
e
r
elativ
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
m
eth
o
d
r
esu
lts
a
n
d
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
[
2
9
]
:
(
,
)
1
0
0
r
e
f
r
e
f
r
e
f
C
D
C
D
R
D
C
D
C
D
CD
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il
20
1
7
:
9
12
–
9
1
8
916
w
h
er
e
C
D
i
s
th
e
co
m
p
l
ian
ce
i
s
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
,
CD
ref
is
th
e
co
m
p
lian
ce
d
i
s
tan
ce
of
th
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
m
e
th
o
d
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
m
eth
o
d
i
s
m
o
tiv
a
ted
b
y
t
h
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
f
ield
s
o
f
all
ar
r
a
y
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
i
n
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
s
h
o
w
s
th
at
th
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
m
eth
o
d
h
as
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
ti
m
e
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
elem
e
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
ith
a
co
n
s
er
v
ati
v
e
f
ield
co
m
b
i
n
in
g
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
.
3.
O
P
E
N
I
SS
UE
S
AND
F
UT
U
RE
DIR
E
C
T
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
t
io
n
,
w
e
d
is
c
u
s
s
th
e
o
p
en
is
s
u
e
s
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
E
M
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
a
s
s
es
s
m
en
t
f
o
r
5
G
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
S
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
en
i
s
s
u
es
d
is
c
u
s
s
ed
ar
e
co
m
p
lia
n
ce
ass
es
s
m
en
t,
p
r
o
li
f
er
atio
n
o
f
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ice
s
a
n
d
s
m
all
ce
l
l
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
ts
an
d
m
i
l
li
m
etr
e
w
a
v
e.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
u
tu
r
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
is
al
s
o
p
r
esen
t
ed
.
3
.
1
.
Co
m
p
lia
nce
As
s
es
s
m
ent
A
cc
u
r
ate
d
eter
m
in
at
io
n
o
f
co
m
p
lian
ce
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
m
a
y
b
e
q
u
ite
co
m
p
lex
f
o
r
lar
g
e
ar
r
a
y
o
f
R
B
S.T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
m
a
s
s
i
v
e
MI
M
O
tr
an
s
m
i
ttin
g
at
m
illi
m
etr
e
wav
e
b
an
d
s
w
ill
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
i
f
f
e
r
en
t
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
an
d
ar
r
a
y
s
izes
o
f
B
S.
Di
f
f
er
e
n
t a
r
r
a
y
s
h
ap
es
an
d
s
izes
s
u
c
h
as c
y
li
n
d
r
ical,
s
p
h
er
ical,
cir
cu
l
ar
,
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
a
n
d
lin
ea
r
,
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ass
iv
e
MI
MO
B
Ss
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
p
lif
ied
a
n
d
ac
c
u
r
ate
m
et
h
o
d
to
d
eter
m
in
e
co
m
p
li
an
ce
b
o
u
n
d
ar
y
th
a
t
is
ap
p
licab
le
to
all
lar
g
e
an
ten
n
a
ar
r
ay
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
s
i
m
p
lif
ied
m
et
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
E
MF
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
is
lar
g
e
ar
r
a
y
s
an
te
n
n
a
s
al
s
o
n
ee
d
to
b
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
in
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R
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UT
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RE
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NC
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S
[1
]
R.
Ba
a
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Ca
rc
in
o
g
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n
icit
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u
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ti
c
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ield
s,‖
WHO
In
t.
Ag
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n
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s.
Ca
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M
o
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r.
W
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r.
,
2
0
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1
.
[2
]
R.
Y.
A
.
S
a
m
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,
―
A
S
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m
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Ra
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M
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Co
m
m
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S
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s,‖
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Co
mm
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S
u
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u
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2
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2
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1
5
.
[3
]
―
T
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in
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p
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‖
[
On
li
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e
]
.
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v
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.
[4
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―
L
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.
[5
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ICNIRP
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―
ICNIR
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p
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.
[6
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P
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),
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2
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a
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t
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―
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tri
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De
p
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‖
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ra
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s.
Bi
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v
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1
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[8
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V
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―
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p
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if
ic ab
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A
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[9
]
C.
Zh
u
,
e
t
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l.
,
―
T
h
e
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ff
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c
ts
o
f
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a
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ters
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in
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In
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En
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BM
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,
2
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p
p
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0
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M
.
R.
Iq
b
a
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-
F
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ru
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,
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fe
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ts
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ra
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J
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Ap
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Res
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T
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1
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S
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A
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5
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6
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M
.
T
.
Isla
m
,
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l.
,
―
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c
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(S
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tam
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7
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L
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h
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ti
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8
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J.
N.
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Ch
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―
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d
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[1
9
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M
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―
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T
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D
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L
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3
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A
.
Ta
f
lo
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M
.
E
.
Bro
d
w
in
,
―
Nu
m
e
rica
l
S
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lu
ti
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n
o
f
S
tea
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y
S
tate
El
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4
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CENEL
EC,
―
EN
5
0
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Ba
sic
sta
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),
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5
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D.
F
.
Ke
ll
e
y
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―
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m
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d
d
e
d
e
lem
e
n
t
p
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tri
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in
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v
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m
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[2
6
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Q.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
―
S
A
R
in
v
e
stig
a
ti
o
n
o
f
a
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a
n
ten
n
a
s f
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a
n
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CE
T
ra
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s
.
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u
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v
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0
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p
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1
3
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[2
7
]
B.
T
h
o
rs,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
Ra
d
i
o
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
e
lec
tro
m
a
g
n
e
ti
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f
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o
m
p
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M
IM
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q
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a
se
sta
ti
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s,‖
Bi
o
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n
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t
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,
v
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3
5
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o
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4
,
p
p
.
2
9
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–
3
0
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2
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[2
8
]
E.
De
g
irme
n
c
i,
―
A
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
Co
m
p
li
a
n
c
e
W
it
h
RF
EM
F
Ex
p
o
su
re
L
im
it
s :
A
p
p
ro
x
im
a
te
M
e
t
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
Ra
d
i
o
Ba
se
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tatio
n
P
r
o
d
u
c
ts
Util
izi
n
g
A
rr
a
y
A
n
ten
n
a
s
W
it
h
B
e
a
m
-
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rm
in
g
Ca
p
a
b
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ies
,
‖
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ra
n
s
o
n
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c
tro
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ti
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y
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v
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4
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p
p
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1
1
1
0
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1
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9
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E.
De
g
ir
m
e
n
c
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
―
A
p
p
ro
x
i
m
a
te
m
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d
s
f
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F
c
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a
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m
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n
ts
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larg
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Pro
c
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2
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t.
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o
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f.
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[3
0
]
T
.
W
u
,
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t
a
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,
―
T
h
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u
m
a
n
b
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il
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ter
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c
o
m
m
u
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s:
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ter
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B
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e
a
lso
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
M
a
ste
r
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
s
a
m
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
2
0
1
5
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
sh
e
is
a
P
h
D
stu
d
e
n
t
in
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Ce
n
ter,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
UT
M
a
n
d
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
re
se
a
rc
h
o
n
EM
F
ra
d
iatio
n
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
li
a
n
c
e
a
ss
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
ra
d
io
b
a
se
sta
ti
o
n
f
o
r
5
G
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s.
He
r
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
c
o
d
i
n
g
in
M
a
tl
a
b
a
n
d
OFDM
m
o
d
u
lati
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
,
th
e
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
In
ter
Ca
rrier
In
terf
e
re
n
c
e
(ICI)
b
y
u
sin
g
p
u
lse
sh
a
p
in
g
in
OFDM
s
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
ra
d
io
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
e
x
p
o
su
re
.
Pro
f.
Dr
.
Th
a
r
e
k
A
b
d
R
a
h
m
a
n
is
a
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
a
t
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(U
T
M
).
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
BS
c
.
I
n
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
&
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
trath
c
ly
d
e
UK
in
1
9
7
9
,
M
S
c
i
n
C
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
UMIS
T
M
a
n
c
h
e
ste
r
UK
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
M
o
b
il
e
Ra
d
io
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Bristo
l,
UK
i
n
1
9
8
8
.
He
is
th
e
Dir
e
c
to
r
o
f
W
irele
ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Ce
n
tre (W
CC),
UT
M
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
ra
d
io
p
ro
p
a
g
a
ti
o
n
,
a
n
ten
n
a
a
n
d
RF
d
e
si
g
n
a
n
d
i
n
d
o
o
rs
a
n
d
o
u
t
d
o
o
rs
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
He
h
a
s
a
lso
c
o
n
d
u
c
te
d
v
a
rio
u
s
sh
o
rt
c
o
u
rse
s
re
late
d
to
m
o
b
il
e
a
n
d
sa
telli
te
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
to
t
h
e
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
In
d
u
stry
a
n
d
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
b
o
d
y
sin
c
e
1
9
9
0
.
He
h
a
s
a
tea
c
h
in
g
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
in
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
m
o
b
il
e
ra
d
io
,
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
a
nd
sa
telli
te
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
2
5
0
p
a
p
e
rs
re
late
d
t
o
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l/
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
l
a
n
d
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
.
O
la
k
u
n
le
Eli
ja
h
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
F
e
d
e
ra
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
M
in
n
a
,
M
in
n
a
,
Nig
e
ria,
th
e
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
in
m
icro
-
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
f
ro
m
Bo
u
rn
e
m
o
u
th
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
P
o
o
le,
U.K.
,
a
n
d
th
e
p
o
stg
ra
d
u
a
te
c
e
rti
f
ica
te
in
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
icro
e
lec
tro
n
ics
f
ro
m
Bo
lt
o
n
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Bo
lt
o
n
,
U.K.
,
in
2
0
0
3
,
2
0
0
8
,
a
n
d
2
0
1
0
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
He
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
p
u
rsu
in
g
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
a
t
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
,
Jo
h
o
r
Ba
h
r
u
,
M
a
lay
sia
,
a
n
d
is
c
o
n
d
u
c
ti
n
g
re
se
a
rc
h
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
.
He
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
F
ield
En
g
in
e
e
r
f
o
r
Ku
y
e
t
Nig
e
ria
L
td
.
,
L
a
g
o
s,
Nig
e
ria,
in
2
0
0
6
.
F
ro
m
2
0
1
1
t
o
2
0
1
3
,
h
e
w
a
s
th
e
M
D/CEO
a
t
M
icr
o
sc
a
le
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
L
i
m
it
e
d
,
A
b
u
ja,
Nig
e
ria.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
s
y
ste
m
s,
w
irele
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
m
a
ss
iv
e
M
IM
O,
ra
d
io
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
e
x
p
o
su
re
f
o
r
5
G
,
a
n
d
in
terf
e
re
n
c
e
m
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
.
He
is
th
e
re
c
e
ip
e
n
t
o
f
IEE
E
M
a
l
a
y
sia
Co
m
S
o
c
a
n
d
V
T
S
so
c
iety
jo
in
t
c
h
a
p
ter
b
e
st
p
a
p
e
r
a
w
a
rd
2
0
1
6
.
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