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v
al
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
all
n
eig
h
b
o
u
r
s
h
av
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
it.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
it
is
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
p
o
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
W
SN.
W
h
e
n
a
l
o
w
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
cle
r
ate
is
u
s
ed
,
h
i
g
h
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
m
i
g
h
t
h
ap
p
en
at
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
in
co
m
i
n
g
p
ac
k
ets,
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
W
SN
i
n
ter
m
o
f
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
b
u
t
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
w
ill
r
e
m
ai
n
lo
w
.
Ot
h
er
w
is
e,
w
h
e
n
a
h
ig
h
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
cle
r
ate
is
u
s
ed
,
th
e
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
ati
o
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
u
t
w
it
h
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
is
,
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
s
h
o
u
ld
d
y
n
a
m
icall
y
c
h
a
n
g
es
it
s
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
cle
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Se
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
ed
h
ig
h
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
cle
w
h
en
i
n
co
m
i
n
g
p
ac
k
e
ts
d
etec
te
d
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
b
etter
p
ac
k
et
d
eli
v
er
y
r
at
io
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
e
lo
w
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
cle
w
h
e
n
n
o
p
ac
k
et
d
etec
ted
to
r
ed
u
ce
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
h
is
cr
ea
t
e
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
r
ates a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
th
i
s
,
it
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
cle
r
ates
o
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
W
SN.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
h
a
s
b
ee
n
in
te
n
s
i
v
el
y
e
v
al
u
ated
an
d
tak
en
b
y
m
an
y
r
esear
ch
er
s
i
n
th
e
W
SN
co
m
m
u
n
i
t
y
as
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
eir
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
c
le
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
V.
Mic
h
o
p
o
u
lo
s
et
al.
[
7
]
ev
alu
ated
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
i
n
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
e
v
a
lu
atio
n
,
t
h
e
y
ca
m
e
o
u
t
w
ith
a
n
e
w
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
-
a
war
e
co
n
g
esti
o
n
co
n
tr
o
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
ca
lled
DC
C
6
th
at
ac
h
ie
v
es
a
h
i
g
h
er
g
o
o
d
p
u
t
an
d
a
lo
w
er
p
ac
k
et
lo
s
s
th
a
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
w
o
r
k
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
DC
C
C
6
m
ain
tain
s
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
,
av
er
ag
e
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
a
n
d
a
h
i
g
h
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
f
air
n
e
s
s
.
M.
Mic
h
el
e
t
al.
[
8
]
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
d
etail
s
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
o
n
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
its
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
th
a
t
r
elies
o
n
s
en
d
in
g
f
u
ll
d
ata
f
r
a
m
es.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
in
cl
u
d
es
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
C
o
n
tik
i
MA
C
,
X
-
M
AC
an
d
en
h
an
ce
d
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
X
-
M
AC
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
r
ev
ea
ls
t
h
at
th
e
b
etter
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
ca
n
b
e
attr
ib
u
ted
to
t
w
o
s
p
ec
if
ic
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
:
t
h
e
f
a
s
t
s
leep
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
th
at
s
h
o
r
ten
s
t
h
e
w
a
k
e
-
u
p
p
er
io
d
an
d
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
h
elp
s
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
a
b
etter
p
ac
k
et
d
eliv
er
y
r
atio
t
h
a
n
X
-
M
AC
to
g
e
th
er
w
it
h
a
r
ed
u
ce
d
laten
c
y
a
n
d
a
d
r
asti
ca
ll
y
lo
w
er
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
J
G
Ko
et
al.
[
9
]
ex
p
lo
r
ed
th
e
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
ilit
y
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
an
d
T
in
y
O
S
L
P
L
,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
th
e
d
ef
au
lt
lo
w
-
p
o
w
er
M
AC
p
r
o
to
co
ls
in
C
o
n
ti
k
i
an
d
T
in
y
OS
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
am
eter
s
at
th
e
t
w
o
lo
w
-
p
o
w
er
M
A
C
p
r
o
to
co
l
im
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
s
o
th
at
th
e
y
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
e
ll.
O
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
w
h
e
n
p
o
o
r
ly
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ed
,
th
e
i
n
ter
o
p
er
atin
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
ca
n
s
ev
er
el
y
s
u
f
f
er
.
A
Kin
g
et
al.
[
1
0
]
esti
m
ated
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
l
if
et
i
m
e
o
f
C
o
n
t
ik
i
MA
C
i
n
a
v
er
y
b
u
s
y
r
ad
io
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
ey
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
at
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
c
an
b
e
u
p
to
1
1
ti
m
e
s
s
h
o
r
ter
th
an
i
n
a
q
u
ie
t
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
R
ad
io
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
tr
ig
g
er
s
t
h
e
r
ec
eiv
e
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
ca
u
s
in
g
a
n
u
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
w
a
k
e
-
u
p
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
a
n
o
d
e’
s
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
MF
Yo
u
s
s
e
f
et
al.
[
1
1
]
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
ct
o
f
s
p
atial
C
C
R
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
o
n
o
n
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
.
Sen
s
o
r
n
o
d
es i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
r
e
ass
ig
n
ed
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
en
t
C
C
R
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ir
d
is
tan
ce
f
r
o
th
e
s
i
n
k
.
Sen
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
lo
ca
ted
n
ea
r
to
th
e
s
in
k
i
s
s
et
w
i
th
a
h
i
g
h
er
C
C
R
v
al
u
e
.
Oth
er
w
i
s
e,
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
lo
ca
ted
f
u
r
t
h
er
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
in
k
is
s
et
w
it
h
lo
w
er
C
C
R
v
al
u
e,
w
h
ic
h
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
n
o
d
es
ac
ti
v
it
y
.
T
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
atter
n
s
o
f
C
C
R
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
:
d
iag
o
n
al
an
d
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
.
I
n
th
e
d
iag
o
n
al
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
i
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
d
ia
g
o
n
al
lo
ca
tio
n
h
av
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
C
C
R
v
a
lu
e
.
I
n
th
e
r
ec
tan
g
u
lar
s
etu
p
,
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
lo
ca
ted
to
th
e
f
u
r
th
e
s
t
s
q
u
ar
e
s
id
es
ag
ai
n
s
t
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
ar
e
ass
i
g
n
ed
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
C
C
R
v
al
u
e
s
.
Fo
r
o
th
er
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
th
e
C
C
R
v
alu
e
s
ar
e
to
b
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
till
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
MF
Yo
u
s
s
ef
et
al.
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n
th
e
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
C
C
R
ass
i
g
n
m
en
t
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
c
o
n
s
id
er
p
r
e
-
d
eter
m
in
ed
g
r
id
to
p
o
lo
g
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
t
h
eir
w
o
r
k
s
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
w
e
e
v
al
u
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
u
s
i
n
g
n
o
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
C
C
R
v
al
u
e
s
w
ith
a
r
an
d
o
m
p
atter
n
o
f
C
C
R
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
ati
o
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
co
u
ld
h
elp
s
o
th
er
i
n
d
esig
n
i
n
g
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
c
le
m
ec
h
an
is
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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7
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2
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1
7
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42
–
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49
944
3.
CO
NT
I
K
I
M
AC
P
RO
T
O
CO
L
ARCH
I
T
E
CT
U
RE
C
o
n
ti
k
iM
AC
[
6
]
is
a
s
en
d
e
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er
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m
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ce
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o
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ti
k
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
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o
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ti
k
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AC
ti
m
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g
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eq
u
ir
e
m
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4.
SI
M
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t
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y
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la
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n
to
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o
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a
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a
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i
m
u
lato
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o
r
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ti
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O
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h
r
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s
ar
e
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:
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lo
w
u
n
i
f
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r
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(
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R
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,
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h
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u
n
i
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m
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(
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g
h
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an
d
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n
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m
C
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(
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f
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r
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-
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.
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n
t
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e
L
o
w
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C
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,
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en
s
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d
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et
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lo
w
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al
u
e
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h
at
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r
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g
h
-
C
C
R
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,
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h
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s
e
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ich
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-
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n
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f
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m
-
C
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s
ce
n
ar
io
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et
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v
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o
n
-
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n
i
f
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r
m
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e
s
o
f
C
C
R
:
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6
Hz
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d
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h
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s
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r
ed
p
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f
o
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m
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ics
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P
ac
k
et
Deliv
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P
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o
w
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a
n
d
p
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n
tag
e
o
f
d
u
t
y
-
c
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cle.
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r
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d
o
m
to
p
o
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n
et
w
o
r
k
is
estab
li
s
h
ed
in
th
e
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
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h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
2
5
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
in
ab
o
u
t
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k
m
2
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ea
.
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e
1
is
ch
o
s
en
as
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
n
o
d
e.
Sk
y
m
o
te
[
1
2
]
is
s
elec
ted
a
s
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
m
o
te
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
a
n
g
e
is
s
et
to
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
,
w
h
ic
h
is
1
2
5
m
a
s
i
n
t
h
e
d
atash
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t.
U
n
it
Dis
c
Gr
ap
h
M
ed
iu
m
(
UDG
M)
[
1
3
]
is
s
elec
ted
as
th
e
r
ad
io
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
s
i
m
u
lated
in
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
ac
k
et
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ate
s
:
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,
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/5
,
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d
5
p
ac
k
ets/
s
.
S
u
m
m
ar
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
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n
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8
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p
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7
:
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–
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49
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Fig
u
r
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4
.
R
an
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Net
w
o
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T
o
p
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lo
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ab
le
1
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Sim
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latio
n
C
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i
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r
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o
.
P
a
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me
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r
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z
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z
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se
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h
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z
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c
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r
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m (U
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r
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smissi
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m
7
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r
e
a
1km
2
5.
RE
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S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
P
DR
o
v
er
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
p
ac
k
e
t
r
ates
f
o
r
all
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
l
ts
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
P
DR
is
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
p
ac
k
et
r
ates
f
o
r
all
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e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
L
o
w
-
C
C
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s
ce
n
ar
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g
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e
s
th
e
lo
w
es
t
P
DR
p
er
f
o
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m
an
ce
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
th
r
ee
s
ce
n
ar
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s
.
T
h
i
s
is
b
ec
au
s
e
L
o
w
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C
R
s
ce
n
ar
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s
e
s
t
h
e
lo
w
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t
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
C
C
R
v
a
lu
e,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
th
e
lar
g
est
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n
ter
v
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b
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w
ee
n
t
w
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A’
s
w
h
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m
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ar
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with
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t
h
er
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ce
n
ar
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s
.
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h
e
s
en
d
er
r
eq
u
ir
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a
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ig
n
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f
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ca
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to
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e
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ec
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at
ca
n
lead
to
co
n
g
es
tio
n
.
O
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th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
th
e
Hig
h
-
C
C
R
s
ce
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ar
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u
s
es
th
e
h
ig
h
est
u
n
if
o
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m
C
C
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v
alu
e
ac
h
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v
es
t
h
e
h
ig
h
e
s
t P
DR
.
T
h
e
No
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
-
C
C
R
p
r
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v
id
es P
DR
i
n
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et
wee
n
o
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o
w
-
C
C
R
a
n
d
Hig
h
-
C
C
R
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Av
er
ag
e
P
DR
o
v
er
p
ac
k
et
r
ates
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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C
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I
SS
N:
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Fig
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s
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ased
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p
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co
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s
u
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p
t
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n
w
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en
co
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p
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to
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th
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.
B
y
h
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lo
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t
C
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v
al
u
e,
th
e
n
o
d
es
as
s
es
s
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
at
th
e
least
f
r
eq
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e
n
t
w
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en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
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e
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s
ce
n
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s
.
O
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th
e
o
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h
er
h
a
n
d
,
Hig
h
-
C
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s
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n
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id
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h
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h
est
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s
e
n
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m
o
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t
f
r
eq
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e
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ass
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
c
h
an
n
el.
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h
e
No
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
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m
-
C
C
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s
ce
n
ar
io
p
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v
id
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a
p
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f
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m
an
ce
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n
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et
w
ee
n
L
o
w
-
C
C
R
a
n
d
Hig
h
-
C
C
R
s
ce
n
ar
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s
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Av
er
ag
e
p
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w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
o
v
er
p
ac
k
et
r
ates
Fig
u
r
e
7
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
cle
r
ate
p
ac
k
et
r
ates
f
o
r
all
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
T
h
e
g
r
ap
h
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
L
o
w
-
C
C
R
ac
h
ie
v
es
th
e
lo
w
es
t
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
d
u
t
y
-
c
y
cle.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ass
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ch
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n
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el
at
t
h
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le
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eq
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en
t
t
h
at
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ce
s
t
h
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tag
e
o
f
d
u
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y
-
c
y
cle
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
o
t
h
er
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Ot
h
er
w
is
e,
th
e
H
ig
h
-
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C
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p
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o
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h
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g
h
e
s
t
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n
tag
e
o
f
d
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y
-
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h
e
No
n
-
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
-
C
C
R
p
r
o
v
id
es a
v
er
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ta
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o
f
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n
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w
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n
o
f
L
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w
-
C
C
R
an
d
Hi
g
h
-
C
C
R
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
Av
er
ag
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
o
f
d
u
t
y
c
y
cle
o
v
er
p
ac
k
et
r
ates
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
7
:
9
42
–
9
49
948
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
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h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
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tab
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h
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m
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ir
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t.
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C
R
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s
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n
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f
o
r
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-
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R
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.
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th
e
co
m
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ar
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t
w
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ce
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s
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:
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f
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m
C
C
R
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(
L
o
w
-
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)
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d
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ased
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m
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ce
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ter
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DR
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p
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s
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d
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T
h
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f
in
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s
w
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ll
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s
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m
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n
g
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y
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c
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cle
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ased
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th
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n
et
w
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n
d
it
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s
.
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NO
WL
E
D
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M
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NT
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T
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th
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ld
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u
n
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s
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ein
On
n
Ma
la
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s
ia
f
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p
p
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t
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th
e
tech
n
ical
s
u
p
p
o
r
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
J.
Zh
e
n
g
a
n
d
A
.
Ja
m
a
li
p
o
u
r,
“
W
ir
e
les
s S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s:
A
Ne
t
w
o
r
k
in
g
P
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
]
J.
P
o
las
tre,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
V
e
rsa
ti
le
L
o
w
P
o
w
e
r
M
e
d
ia
Ac
c
e
ss
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s,”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
2
n
d
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
Ne
two
rk
e
d
S
e
n
so
r
S
y
ste
ms
.
ACM
,
p
p
.
95
–
1
0
7
,
2
0
0
4
.
[3
]
M
.
Bu
e
tt
n
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
X
-
M
A
C:
A
S
h
o
rt
P
re
a
m
b
le
M
A
C
p
ro
to
c
o
l
f
o
r
d
u
ty
-
c
y
c
led
w
irele
s
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
4
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Em
b
e
d
d
e
d
Ne
t
wo
rk
e
d
S
e
n
so
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
p
p
.
3
0
7
–
320
,
2
0
0
6
.
[4
]
D.
M
o
ss
a
n
d
P
.
L
e
v
is,
“
Bo
X
-
M
ACs
:
Ex
p
lo
it
in
g
P
h
y
si
c
a
l
a
n
d
L
in
k
La
y
e
r
Bo
u
n
d
a
ries
in
L
o
w
-
P
o
w
e
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
in
g
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
S
y
ste
ms
L
a
b
o
ra
t
o
ry
S
t
a
n
f
o
rd
U
n
ive
rs
it
y
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
–
1
1
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
[5
]
A
.
E
.
Ho
iy
d
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
W
ise
M
AC,
A
n
Ultra
L
o
w
P
o
w
e
r
M
A
C
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
f
o
r
T
h
e
W
ise
NE
T
Wi
re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
Ne
two
rk
e
d
S
e
n
s
o
r S
y
ste
ms
,
p
p
.
3
0
2
–
3
0
3
,
2
0
0
3
.
[6
]
A
.
Du
n
k
e
ls,
“
T
h
e
Co
n
ti
k
ima
c
Ra
d
io
D
u
ty
C
y
c
li
n
g
P
ro
t
o
c
o
l,
”
2
0
1
1
.
[7
]
V
.
M
ich
o
p
o
u
l
o
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
DCCC
6
:
Du
ty
C
y
c
le
-
Aw
a
re
Co
n
g
e
stio
n
Co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
6
L
o
W
P
A
N
Ne
t
wo
rk
s,”
in
IE
EE
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Per
v
a
siv
e
Co
mp
u
ti
n
g
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s
,
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
2
7
8
–
283
,
2
0
1
2
.
[8
]
F
.
De
sp
a
u
x
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
s
P
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
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ir
e
les
s
S
e
n
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r
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tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
P
r
o
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e
ss
M
in
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,” in
I
EE
E
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
o
n
C
o
mp
u
ter
s a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
(
IS
CC).
IE
EE
,
p
p
.
1
–
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
J.
Ko
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
ra
g
m
a
ti
c
lo
w
-
p
o
w
e
r
in
tero
p
e
ra
b
il
it
y
:
Co
n
ti
k
i
M
A
C
v
s
T
in
y
OS
L
P
L
,
”
in
9
t
h
An
n
u
a
l
I
EE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s S
o
c
iety
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
e
n
so
r,
M
e
sh
a
n
d
A
d
-
h
o
c
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
s (S
ECON).
IEE
E
,
p
p
.
9
4
–
96
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
0
]
A
.
Kin
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
n
g
No
d
e
L
ifeti
m
e
in
In
terf
e
re
n
c
e
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
ts,
”
in
IEE
E
4
0
th
L
o
c
a
l
Co
m
p
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s (
L
CN W
o
rk
sh
o
p
s).
IE
EE
,
p
p
.
7
9
6
–
8
0
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
1
]
M
.
F
.
Yo
u
ss
e
f
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
ra
d
io
d
u
ty
c
y
c
li
n
g
in
Co
n
ti
k
iM
A
C:
P
ro
p
o
sa
l
a
n
d
A
n
a
ly
sis,”
in
IEE
E
W
o
rld
F
o
ru
m
o
n
I
n
ter
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s (
W
F
-
Io
T
).
I
EE
E
,
p
p
.
4
9
1
–
4
9
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
2
]
M
o
teiv
Co
r
p
o
ra
ti
o
n
,
“
Tm
o
te
S
k
y
”
,
2
0
1
6
.
h
t
tp
:/
/www
.
e
e
c
s.h
a
rv
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rd
.
e
d
u
/~
k
o
n
ra
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/
p
ro
jec
ts/sh
im
m
e
r/re
f
e
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n
c
e
s/t
m
o
te
-
sk
y
-
d
a
tas
h
e
e
t.
p
d
f
.
[1
3
]
B.
N.
Clark
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Un
i
t
d
isk
g
ra
p
h
s
,”
i
n
Disc
re
te M
a
th
e
ma
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l/
issu
e
:
86
(
1
-
3
),
p
p
.
1
6
5
-
1
7
7
,
1
9
9
0
.
B
I
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ss
S
e
n
so
r
a
n
d
Io
T
.
Dr
.
Lu
k
m
a
n
H
a
n
if
B
in
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
Aud
a
h
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
i
s b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
sia
in
2
0
0
5
.
He
p
e
rsu
e
d
h
is
M
S
c
in
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
a
n
d
S
o
f
twa
re
in
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
S
u
rre
y
,
UK
in
2
0
0
7
.
He
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
d
h
is
stu
d
y
in
P
h
D
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
i
n
t
h
e
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsity
.
He
is
a
se
n
io
r
re
se
a
rc
h
e
r
in
th
e
W
irele
s
s an
d
Ra
d
io
sc
ien
c
e
Re
se
a
r
c
h
Ce
n
ter (
WARA
S
).
His
in
tere
ste
d
re
se
a
rc
h
to
p
ics
a
re
I
P
Qu
a
li
ty
o
f
S
e
rv
ice
(Qo
S
),
In
ter
n
e
t
traf
f
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
,
f
u
tu
re
I
n
tern
e
t
,
n
e
tw
o
rk
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t,
d
a
ta
se
c
u
rit
y
&
p
riv
a
c
y
,
w
irele
ss
&
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
sa
telli
te
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
A
s
so
c
iate
Pro
f.
Dr
.
J
i
w
a
Abd
u
l
la
h
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
B.
En
g
d
e
g
re
e
in
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
L
iv
e
rp
o
o
l
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Un
it
e
d
Kin
g
d
o
m
in
1
9
8
3
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
M
a
ste
r
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
d
e
g
re
e
in
Dig
it
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
f
ro
m
L
o
u
g
h
b
o
ro
u
g
h
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
1
9
9
0
.
He
c
o
n
ti
n
u
e
d
h
is
P
h
D
stu
d
y
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
th
e
sa
m
e
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
n
a
s
so
c
iate
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
Un
iv
e
rsity
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
,
U
T
HM.
He
h
a
s
p
u
b
l
ish
e
d
m
o
re
th
a
n
6
0
p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
jo
u
rn
a
ls,
c
o
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
b
o
o
k
c
h
a
p
ters
.
He
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
Bo
a
rd
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
M
a
lay
si
a
.
His
in
tere
ste
d
re
se
a
r
c
h
a
re
a
s
a
re
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
u
n
d
e
rw
a
ter
W
S
N,
m
o
b
il
e
a
d
h
o
c
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
w
ir
e
les
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
,
n
e
t
w
o
rk
in
g
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
i
n
telli
g
e
n
c
e
,
in
ter
g
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
W
S
N
a
n
d
Io
T
a
n
d
in
th
e
a
re
a
o
f
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
e
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Dr
.
Ro
z
la
n
Alia
s
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
in
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
lay
sia
.
Be
f
o
re
jo
in
in
g
UT
HM,
h
e
w
o
rk
e
d
a
s
a
se
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
in
Un
iKL
,
BM
I
f
o
r
1
6
y
e
a
rs.
H
e
h
a
s
a
n
in
d
u
strial
e
x
p
e
rien
c
e
a
s
su
p
e
rv
iso
r
in
F
u
ji
t
su
M
a
lay
sia
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
B
E
n
g
.
In
E
lec
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
la
y
a
in
1
9
9
1
.
He
c
o
n
t
in
u
e
d
h
is
stu
d
y
in
M
En
g
in
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
is
a
P
h
D
h
o
ld
e
r
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
f
r
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
L
o
u
g
h
b
o
r
o
u
g
h
i
n
1
9
9
8
.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
P
h
D
in
e
lec
tro
n
ic
tele
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
o
f
Bra
d
f
o
rd
in
2
0
0
6
.
He
is
a
lso
a
ss
o
sic
a
te
re
s
e
a
rc
h
e
r
in
EM
C
re
se
a
rc
h
c
e
n
ter i
n
UT
HM.
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