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P
V
p
lan
t b
ec
o
m
e
s
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
a
n
d
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t o
p
ti
o
n
.
O
w
in
g
to
t
h
e
f
ac
t th
a
t F
AC
T
S
d
ev
ices a
n
d
HVD
C
li
n
k
s
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
lo
ca
ted
in
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
ar
ea
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
s
a
y
as
b
u
l
k
g
e
n
er
atio
n
ce
n
ter
s
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
co
r
r
id
o
r
ter
m
i
n
al
s
,
lo
ca
l si
g
n
als
s
h
o
w
ad
eq
u
ate
co
n
ten
t
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f
t
h
is
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
is
ass
u
m
p
tio
n
is
h
o
w
ev
er
,
n
o
t
tr
u
e
r
eg
ar
d
i
n
g
P
V
f
ar
m
s
w
h
ich
ar
e
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
i
n
s
talled
f
ar
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
ce
n
tr
al
ar
ea
s
th
u
s
t
h
e
n
ec
es
s
it
y
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
W
A
M
S tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
i
n
d
esig
n
i
n
g
d
a
m
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
f
o
r
P
V
f
ar
m
s
i
s
clea
r
.
W
id
e
-
ar
ea
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
(
W
A
M
S)
en
ab
led
b
y
d
is
p
er
s
ed
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
o
f
p
h
aso
r
m
e
asu
r
e
m
en
t
u
n
i
ts
(
P
MU
s
)
,
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
c
ap
tu
r
in
g
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
v
o
lta
g
e,
cu
r
r
en
t
,
an
g
le,
a
n
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
w
it
h
a
h
ig
h
r
eso
l
u
tio
n
a
n
d
in
a
n
ea
r
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
m
a
n
n
er
.
W
A
MS
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
u
n
p
r
ec
ed
en
ted
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
i
n
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
an
d
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ac
h
iev
e
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
m
o
s
tl
y
d
u
e
to
ti
m
e
-
s
ta
m
p
ed
s
y
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
ap
p
licab
le
to
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
in
ts
o
f
a
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
l
y
s
p
r
ea
d
elec
tr
ic
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
1
3
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
i
s
s
u
e
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
d
ela
y
i
n
t
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
w
h
ich
is
d
em
a
n
d
ed
to
co
m
m
u
n
icate
P
MU
d
ata
in
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
r
r
eg
io
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
ce
n
ter
p
lu
s
th
at
o
f
tr
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
co
m
m
an
d
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
d
ev
ices
is
to
tall
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
d
ela
y
o
r
l
aten
c
y
.
T
h
is
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
lo
ad
in
g
an
d
,
i
n
t
h
e
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
,
d
i
m
in
is
h
es
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
n
es
s
o
f
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
m
a
y
e
v
e
n
r
esu
lt
in
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
in
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
4
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
laten
c
y
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
an
e
s
s
e
n
tial
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t.
I
n
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e,
a
f
e
w
p
ap
er
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
g
o
v
er
n
th
e
l
aten
c
y
i
m
p
ac
ts
o
n
P
V
b
ased
w
id
e
ar
ea
d
a
m
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
[
1
5
-
1
6
]
.
I
n
[
1
5
]
a
m
i
n
i
m
a
x
li
n
ea
r
q
u
ad
r
atic
Gau
s
s
ian
-
b
ased
p
o
w
er
o
s
cillatio
n
d
a
m
p
er
(
P
OD)
f
o
r
a
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
le
P
V
p
lan
t
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
in
ter
ar
ea
o
s
cillatio
n
d
a
m
p
in
g
.
O
n
l
y
o
n
e
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
is
d
esig
n
ed
,
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ap
p
ly
in
g
au
x
il
iar
y
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
co
n
s
tan
t
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
s
ar
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
W
A
DC
d
e
s
ig
n
.
I
n
[
1
6
]
a
n
o
r
m
b
o
u
n
d
ed
lin
ea
r
q
u
ad
r
atic
Gau
s
s
ia
n
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
y
n
t
h
esi
s
m
e
th
o
d
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
d
esi
g
n
a
W
A
M
S
-
b
ased
p
o
w
er
o
s
cil
latio
n
d
am
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
at
P
V
p
la
n
t
s
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
li
k
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
o
n
e,
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
co
n
t
r
o
ller
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
,
an
d
r
ea
cti
v
e
co
n
tr
o
l
l
o
o
p
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
a
u
x
iliar
y
d
am
p
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
A
s
er
io
u
s
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
i
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
w
id
e
-
ar
ea
d
am
p
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
W
A
D
C
s
)
w
h
ile
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ati
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
i
g
n
al
late
n
c
y
i
s
t
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tai
n
t
y
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
ith
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
d
ela
y
s
.
T
h
e
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
o
f
ti
m
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
e
ce
iv
ed
d
ata
,
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
lo
ca
tio
n
r
en
d
er
s
th
e
p
r
ec
is
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
ti
m
e
d
el
a
y
s
a
f
ea
s
ib
le
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
it
y
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
co
m
p
e
n
s
ati
o
n
o
f
ti
m
e
-
v
ar
y
i
n
g
laten
c
y
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
h
ar
d
to
ac
h
iev
e
s
i
n
ce
1
)
a
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
e
-
d
esig
n
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
u
s
e
f
o
r
s
w
itc
h
in
g
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
to
an
o
th
er
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
ac
tu
a
l
laten
c
y
,
o
r
2
)
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
in
h
er
e
n
tl
y
r
o
b
u
s
t a
g
ain
s
t t
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
ti
m
e
laten
c
ies.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ati
n
g
th
e
ap
p
licab
ilit
y
o
f
P
V
f
ar
m
s
i
n
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
e
o
s
cillato
r
y
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
a
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
w
h
en
w
id
e
-
ar
ea
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
is
a
v
ai
lab
le.
I
n
all
p
ap
er
s
th
at
p
u
b
li
s
h
ed
i
n
th
e
liter
at
u
r
e
ab
o
u
t
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
P
V
p
lan
t
o
n
in
ter
ar
ea
o
s
ci
lla
tio
n
d
a
m
p
in
g
[
1
5
-
1
6
]
,
j
u
s
t
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
o
f
P
V
p
lan
t
i
s
u
s
ed
.
B
u
t
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
b
o
th
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
o
f
P
V
p
lan
t
is
co
n
s
i
d
er
ed
to
ap
p
ly
i
n
g
au
x
iliar
y
d
am
p
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
an
d
als
o
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
i
v
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
lat
io
n
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
.
R
e
g
ar
d
in
g
w
i
d
e
-
ar
ea
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
th
e
ad
v
er
s
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
s
i
g
n
al
laten
c
y
is
a
b
o
ttlen
ec
k
a
n
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tr
u
l
y
ac
co
m
m
o
d
at
ed
in
t
h
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
.
Oth
er
w
i
s
e,
t
h
e
o
u
tco
m
es
m
i
g
h
t
b
e
t
h
eo
r
etica
ll
y
o
u
t
s
tan
d
in
g
b
u
t
lack
in
g
p
r
ac
tical
m
e
r
its
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
A
D
C
is
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
d
a
m
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
t
u
n
ed
b
y
t
h
e
Qu
an
tu
m
P
ar
ticle
S
w
ar
m
O
p
ti
m
izatio
n
(
QP
SO)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
in
ter
-
ar
ea
o
s
cilla
tio
n
s
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
an
d
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
co
m
p
e
n
s
at
io
n
o
f
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
ig
n
al
late
n
cies.
I
n
all
p
ap
er
s
th
at
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
i
n
t
h
e
li
ter
atu
r
e
ab
o
u
t
d
esi
g
n
o
f
W
ADCs
,
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
w
id
e
ar
ea
s
ig
n
als.
B
u
t
in
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
ti
m
e
v
ar
y
i
n
g
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
o
n
W
A
MS
s
ig
n
al
s
ca
u
s
e
s
in
s
tab
ilit
y
o
n
d
am
p
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
So
in
th
i
s
p
ap
er
a
tim
e
v
ar
y
in
g
late
n
c
y
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
e
W
A
DC
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
e
P
V
f
ar
m
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
i
n
ter
ar
ea
o
s
cillatio
n
m
iti
g
atio
n
is
i
n
ter
r
o
g
ated
in
v
ar
io
u
s
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
ies,
n
a
m
el
y
w
it
h
th
e
W
A
D
C
o
n
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
an
d
w
ith
W
ADC
o
n
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
co
o
r
d
in
at
ed
tu
n
in
g
o
f
th
e
W
A
MS
b
ased
ac
ti
v
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
o
s
cillato
r
y
m
o
d
es
u
s
i
n
g
QP
SO te
ch
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
ese
n
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
7
:
6
8
1
–
691
683
2.
P
V
M
O
DE
L
Nu
m
er
o
u
s
P
V
g
e
n
er
ato
r
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
in
liter
at
u
r
es.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
a
P
V
m
o
d
e
l
b
ased
o
n
a
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
-
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
f
ield
o
r
f
ac
to
r
y
tes
ts
as
a
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
f
o
r
s
tab
ilit
y
an
a
l
y
s
is
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
h
u
s
in
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
g
en
er
ic
(
s
tan
d
ar
d
ized
)
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
P
V
p
lan
t
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
it
h
a
s
b
ee
n
v
alid
ated
an
d
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
tab
ilit
y
an
al
y
s
is
[
1
7
]
.
Fo
r
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
tu
d
ies
t
h
e
s
o
lar
f
ar
m
i
s
m
o
d
e
led
as
a
s
i
n
g
le
-
g
en
er
ato
r
eq
u
i
v
alen
t.
A
co
m
p
lete
m
o
d
el
o
f
s
o
lar
f
ar
m
w
it
h
a
lar
g
e
-
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
P
Vs
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
al
b
u
r
d
en
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
is
a
s
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
i
s
r
ea
s
o
n
ab
le
w
h
e
n
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
u
n
d
er
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
i
s
lar
g
e
,
an
d
t
h
e
m
ai
n
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
is
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
p
e
n
etr
ati
o
n
o
n
th
e
ex
ter
n
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
ath
er
t
h
an
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
lar
g
e
-
s
ca
l
e
P
V
p
lan
t.
B
u
t
i
n
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
co
n
tr
o
ller
tu
n
i
n
g
,
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
P
V
p
lan
t
in
clu
d
es
t
h
e
P
V
ar
r
ay
,
co
n
v
er
ter
d
y
n
a
m
ics,
an
d
a
s
s
o
ciate
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
y
n
a
m
ics
[
1
5
]
.
As
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
,
th
er
e
ar
e
t
w
o
m
ai
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tin
g
i
n
t
o
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
P
V:
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fig
ur
e
1
(
b
)
d
ep
icted
th
e
b
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
t
h
e
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f
a
P
V
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
NE
R
C
’
s
s
p
ec
ia
l
r
ep
o
r
t
o
n
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
v
ar
iab
le
g
e
n
er
atio
n
[
1
8
]
,
a
P
V
m
o
d
el
ca
n
b
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
t
y
p
e
-
4
w
i
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e
g
e
n
er
ato
r
(
W
T
G)
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
a
t
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
ated
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
e
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
te
r
w
h
ic
h
s
er
v
es
a
s
a
b
u
f
f
er
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
an
d
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ls
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
p
o
in
t
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
co
u
p
lin
g
(
P
C
C
)
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
f
o
r
co
n
v
er
ter
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
cti
o
n
s
;
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
t
w
o
m
o
d
els
ar
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ly
th
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
o
n
es
[
1
9
]
:
1
)
th
e
f
i
r
s
t
-
o
r
d
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
i
th
u
n
i
t
y
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
g
a
in
;
an
d
2
)
th
e
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
b
o
th
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
er
y
s
i
m
ilar
r
e
s
u
lt
s
an
d
h
e
n
ce
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
is
ad
o
p
ted
in
t
h
i
s
p
a
p
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
d
ictates
th
at
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
to
b
e
d
eliv
er
ed
to
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
o
lar
p
o
w
er
p
r
o
f
ile
,
w
h
er
ea
s
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
ig
n
al
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
t
r
o
ller
o
f
P
V.
T
h
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
ca
n
b
e
s
w
itc
h
ed
t
o
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
co
n
tr
o
l
o
r
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
e.
Dep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
co
n
tr
o
l
tas
k
,
ea
ch
o
f
t
h
ese
co
n
tr
o
l
u
n
it
s
ca
n
b
e
ac
ti
v
ated
b
y
a
p
r
o
p
er
f
lag
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
a
P
V
p
lan
t
h
as
b
ee
n
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
d
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
o
ltag
e
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
co
n
tr
o
l
b
ec
o
m
es
a
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
co
n
tr
o
l
in
p
u
t
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
l
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
d
etails
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
ese
n
ted
h
er
e
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
2
0
]
.
C
ontr
ol
C
onv
e
rt
e
r
C
o
n
verter
a
rray
PV
N
etwo
r
k
I
r
r
ad
i
an
c
e
So
l
ar
PV
P
ref
V
V
G
G
Q
P
,
(
a)
V
re
f
V
ref
P
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
i
m
i
t
P
I
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
r
STp
1
1
STq
1
1
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
C
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
W
A
D
C
f
o
r
Q
l
o
o
p
1
U
W
A
D
C
f
o
r
P
l
o
o
p
2
U
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
s
t
e
m
P
M
U
P
M
U
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
D
e
l
a
y
W
A
M
S
d
a
t
a
c
e
n
t
e
r
a
n
d
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
c
e
n
t
e
r
(
C
e
n
t
r
a
l
i
z
e
d
P
O
D
)
C
o
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
D
e
l
a
y
C
o
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
i
m
e
D
e
l
a
y
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
P
V
w
ith
a
t
y
p
e
-
4
W
T
G
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
co
n
v
er
ter
; (
b
)
B
lo
ck
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
g
r
id
-
s
id
e
co
n
v
er
ter
an
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
o
w
er
p
lan
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Wid
e
A
r
ea
Oscill
a
tio
n
Da
mp
in
g
u
s
in
g
Utilit
y
-
S
ca
le
P
V
P
o
w
er P
la
n
ts
C
a
p
a
b
ilit
ies
(
P
o
u
r
ia
Ma
g
h
o
u
li
)
684
3.
WAM
S
-
B
ASE
D
DAM
P
I
NG
CO
NT
RO
L
L
E
R
DE
SI
G
N
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
P
h
aso
r
Me
asu
r
e
m
en
t
Un
its
(
P
MU
s
)
is
g
r
o
w
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
o
r
ld
d
u
e
to
its
la
r
g
e
ex
te
n
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
if
ican
t
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
P
MU
s
is
t
h
e
m
atter
o
f
ti
m
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izati
o
n
av
aili
n
g
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
p
o
s
itio
n
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
ab
ilit
y
m
ak
e
s
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
ac
cu
r
ate
e
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o
u
g
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to
ac
h
iev
e
p
h
ase
a
n
g
le
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
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en
tia
l
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
i
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
s
tu
d
ies.
A
W
id
e
A
r
ea
Mo
n
ito
r
in
g
S
y
s
te
m
(
W
A
MS)
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
g
ath
er
P
MU
s
’
d
ata
w
h
ic
h
is
s
en
t
f
r
o
m
s
elec
ted
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
in
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
s
to
r
ed
in
a
d
ata
co
n
ce
n
tr
ato
r
ev
er
y
1
0
0
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illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
O
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ac
tical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
W
A
M
S
is
o
s
cillatio
n
d
am
p
i
n
g
,
w
h
ich
is
h
i
g
h
l
y
d
e
p
en
d
ed
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
a
n
d
l
o
ca
tio
n
o
f
P
MU
s
p
lace
d
i
n
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
P
MU
p
lace
m
en
t
p
r
o
b
le
m
i
s
a
w
ell
in
v
e
s
ti
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ated
s
u
b
j
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t
ar
ea
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d
m
a
n
y
asp
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ts
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f
th
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s
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s
u
e
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av
e
b
ee
n
s
o
f
ar
ass
es
s
ed
in
d
ep
th
[
2
1
-
2
3
]
.
Fo
r
o
s
cillatio
n
d
a
m
p
i
n
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it
s
ee
m
s
th
at
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d
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ite
n
u
m
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MU
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f
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MU
S
ar
e
ch
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en
p
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p
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y
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
s
t
u
d
ies
p
r
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n
t
ed
in
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h
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f
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tio
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u
p
p
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th
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n
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u
s
io
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h
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th
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s
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te
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th
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t
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in
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ch
is
av
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p
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y
[
2
4
]
.
A
lo
ca
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d
a
m
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i
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g
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o
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ter
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ar
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m
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m
p
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n
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l
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co
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h
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h
er
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i
s
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o
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c
h
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co
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r
n
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h
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n
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O
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d
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co
n
tr
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ct
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asicall
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i
f
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t
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ls
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m
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t
m
u
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e
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l
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ct
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atio
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s
.
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h
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icate
d
b
y
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ti
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d
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n
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o
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ler
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w
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ea
ch
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th
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m
e
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d
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t
h
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n
m
o
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B
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t
t
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l
d
am
p
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g
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n
tr
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ller
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a
s
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y
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e
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d
to
d
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m
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o
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m
o
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e.
So
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o
r
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m
u
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y
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te
m
w
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t
h
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e
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if
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er
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o
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m
o
d
e
s
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m
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lti
b
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n
d
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C
s
h
o
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ld
b
e
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
F
ig
u
r
e
2
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a)
.
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h
e
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D
C
o
u
tp
u
t
t
h
at
is
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n
d
icate
d
b
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E
q
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atio
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(
1
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s
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tili
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to
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o
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u
late
P
V
p
lan
t
ac
ti
v
e
o
r
r
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ctiv
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p
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er
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d
co
n
s
eq
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en
t
l
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ad
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u
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ts
to
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ield
a
p
r
o
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er
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m
p
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g
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f
i
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ter
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ar
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o
s
cil
latio
n
s
.
E
ac
h
W
A
D
C
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to
W
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D
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n
i
s
a
co
n
v
en
t
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l
d
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p
i
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g
co
n
tr
o
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th
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t
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s
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i
n
Fig
u
r
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2
(
b
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.
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ac
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th
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d
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n
tr
o
ller
s
is
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en
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ted
b
y
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1
to
W
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n
a
n
d
th
e
w
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le
u
n
it i
s
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ec
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ized
b
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n
n
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t
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.....
2
2
1
1
(
1
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w
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o
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ith
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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685
A
p
p
ar
en
tl
y
,
it
is
es
s
en
tia
l
to
h
av
e
n
(
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
o
s
cillatin
g
m
o
d
es)
s
u
itab
le
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
tar
y
s
ig
n
al
s
co
n
tain
in
g
all
m
o
d
es
o
f
o
s
ci
llatio
n
s
to
d
am
p
o
u
t
m
u
lti
-
m
o
d
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
.
On
e
o
f
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
en
ta
l
is
s
u
es
in
d
e
s
ig
n
i
n
g
a
s
u
itab
le
W
A
D
C
is
t
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
w
i
d
e
ar
ea
in
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
f
o
r
th
e
W
A
D
C
s
.
An
y
k
i
n
d
o
f
in
p
u
t
s
i
g
n
a
l
t
h
at
h
as
a
g
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o
d
m
o
d
al
o
b
s
er
v
ab
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y
o
f
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ter
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ar
e
a
o
s
cillatio
n
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
s
u
c
h
as
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p
o
w
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tie
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ti
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g
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s
,
t
h
e
f
r
eq
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e
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y
d
if
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er
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ce
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et
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ar
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s
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h
e
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d
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f
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er
en
ce
o
f
t
w
o
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u
s
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t
w
o
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d
etc.
An
o
th
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f
u
n
d
a
m
e
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tal
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s
s
u
e
i
n
d
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g
a
d
a
m
p
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n
tr
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ler
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r
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V
p
lan
t
is
th
e
ch
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f
p
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p
e
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p
o
in
t
f
o
r
ap
p
ly
in
g
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
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u
tp
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t
s
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g
n
al
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cillatio
n
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
.
A
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
,
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
P
V
p
lan
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
w
o
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
;
n
a
m
e
l
y
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
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e
p
o
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er
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n
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o
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s
e
o
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in
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t
w
o
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ep
ar
at
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n
tr
o
ller
s
i
n
t
h
e
P
V
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
ad
d
it
io
n
al
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
ti
n
g
t
h
e
au
x
iliar
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
latio
n
s
w
ill
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
i
f
t
h
e
au
x
iliar
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
is
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
o
r
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
A
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
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o
d
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latio
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f
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s
cillatio
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s
tab
ilit
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en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
lied
in
H
VDC
an
d
DFI
G
[
4
]
w
h
ile
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
latio
n
f
o
r
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tio
n
s
tab
ilit
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h
as
b
ee
n
ap
p
l
ied
in
Static
Var
C
o
m
p
en
s
ato
r
(
SV
C
)
a
n
d
ag
a
i
n
D
FIG
[
3
]
a
n
d
[
5
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
b
o
th
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
latio
n
i
s
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
.
T
h
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
e
r
m
o
d
u
la
tio
n
w
ill
m
o
d
u
late
t
h
e
ac
tiv
e
p
o
w
er
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
e
w
h
ile
th
e
r
ea
cti
v
e
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
latio
n
w
ill
m
o
d
u
l
ate
th
e
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
alu
e.
T
im
e
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
ized
d
ata
g
at
h
er
in
g
a
n
d
s
e
n
d
i
n
g
b
y
P
MU
s
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
ti
m
e
s
ta
m
p
m
a
k
es
t
h
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co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
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ten
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y
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m
p
u
tab
le
if
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
ti
m
e
o
f
co
n
tr
o
ller
lo
ca
tio
n
is
av
a
ilab
le
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
ed
icate
d
GP
S
d
ev
ice.
T
h
e
to
tal
laten
c
y
o
f
tr
an
s
f
er
r
ed
d
ata
is
ca
lcu
lat
ed
b
y
s
u
b
tr
ac
tin
g
t
h
e
lo
ca
l
tim
e
at
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
t
h
e
in
s
ta
n
t o
f
o
r
ig
in
at
t
h
e
P
MU
lo
ca
tio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
I
t is n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
n
o
te
t
h
at
i
f
th
e
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t u
n
d
er
co
n
tr
o
l
is
f
ar
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
lo
ca
tio
n
,
th
e
tr
an
s
m
it
tin
g
ti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
an
d
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
w
e
ll.
Du
e
to
t
h
e
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
o
f
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
th
e
laten
c
y
d
o
es n
o
t g
e
t f
i
x
ed
co
m
p
letel
y
.
Her
e
w
e
ten
d
to
d
esig
n
a
d
elay
-
co
m
p
en
s
ated
W
A
DC
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
en
s
ate
t
h
e
d
estru
c
ti
v
e
e
f
f
ec
ts
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
s
.
T
o
m
ee
t
t
h
is
e
n
d
an
a
d
d
itio
n
a
l
in
p
u
t
s
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g
n
al
in
d
icati
n
g
t
h
e
l
aten
c
y
o
f
f
ee
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b
ac
k
s
ig
n
al
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
f
ee
d
th
e
P
V
f
ar
m
lo
ca
tio
n
to
th
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
o
f
th
e
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
etu
p
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
th
e
n
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
o
p
tim
ized
b
y
t
h
e
QP
SO
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
lead
-
la
g
co
m
p
e
n
s
ato
r
s
ar
e
a
d
j
u
s
ted
s
o
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
h
ase
s
h
i
f
t
b
et
w
ee
n
s
p
ee
d
d
ev
iatio
n
an
d
r
e
s
u
lt
in
g
elec
tr
ical
d
a
m
p
in
g
to
r
q
u
e
is
co
m
p
e
n
s
ated
f
o
r
,
an
d
t
h
e
ad
v
er
s
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
late
n
c
y
i
s
m
i
n
i
m
ized
also
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
o
f
t
h
e
P
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
a
s
co
n
v
i
n
ce
d
th
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
is
o
p
tim
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
is
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
ca
n
b
e
m
en
t
io
n
ed
as:
it
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
g
lo
b
al
co
n
v
er
g
en
t.
I
n
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
SO
tech
n
iq
u
e,
t
h
e
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticle
is
d
ete
r
m
i
n
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
it
s
p
o
s
it
io
n
v
ec
to
r
i
X
an
d
v
elo
cit
y
v
ec
to
r
i
V
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
is
th
at
t
h
e
ex
ac
t
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
th
e
i
X
an
d
i
V
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticle
is
d
if
f
er
en
t f
r
o
m
t
h
at
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
SO.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
y
p
r
in
cip
le,
th
e
i
X
an
d
i
V
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ticle
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
s
p
ec
if
ie
d
s
i
m
u
lta
n
eo
u
s
l
y
.
So
th
e
ter
m
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
d
o
esn
’
t
h
a
v
e
a
n
y
d
ef
in
i
tio
n
s
i
n
q
u
an
t
u
m
w
o
r
ld
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt,
if
a
p
ar
ticle
in
a
P
SO
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
q
u
an
t
u
m
b
e
h
av
io
r
,
th
e
P
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
ill
b
e
b
o
u
n
d
to
w
o
r
k
i
n
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
an
n
er
.
I
n
a
q
u
an
t
u
m
b
ased
P
SO,
ter
m
s
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
v
elo
cit
y
ar
e
e
li
m
in
a
ted
an
d
t
h
e
s
t
ate
o
f
a
p
ar
ticle
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
b
y
w
av
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
)
,
(
t
x
.
B
y
u
s
in
g
th
e
Mo
n
te
C
ar
lo
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
p
ar
ticles
w
i
ll
m
o
v
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
ese
E
q
u
at
io
n
s
[
2
6
]
:
)
1
l
n
(
.
)
(
.
)
1
(
u
t
X
M
b
e
s
t
p
t
X
i
i
id
if
K≤
0
.
5
)
1
l
n
(
.
)
(
.
)
1
(
u
t
X
M
b
e
s
t
p
t
X
i
i
id
if
K>
0
.
5
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
u
a
n
d
K
ar
e
v
al
u
es
wh
ich
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
a
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
i
n
r
an
g
e,
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
β
i
s
co
n
tr
ac
tio
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o
r
ex
p
an
s
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co
ef
f
ici
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t
w
h
ich
i
f
b
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tu
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ed
w
ill
b
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ab
le
to
c
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n
tr
o
l
th
e
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
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I
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to
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t
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p
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ticl
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th
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β
s
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o
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b
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s
elec
ted
in
r
an
g
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o
f
β<1
.
7
8
2
[
2
6
]
.
So
th
e
E
q
u
atio
n
2
is
th
e
b
asic
E
q
u
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
ar
ticle’
s
p
o
s
itio
n
in
QP
SO
m
et
h
o
d
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e
t
h
e
QP
S
O
n
ee
d
s
n
o
v
elo
cit
y
v
ec
to
r
an
d
also
h
a
s
f
e
w
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
t
h
an
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
ec
au
s
e
o
n
l
y
β
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
.
So
th
is
f
e
w
er
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
th
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
ea
s
ier
.
I
t
is
r
e
v
ea
le
d
b
y
t
h
e
m
a
n
u
s
cr
ip
ts
t
h
at
t
h
e
QP
SO
ac
ts
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t
t
h
an
th
e
cla
s
s
ic
P
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
E
q
u
atio
n
ab
o
v
e,
Mb
est
is
th
e
m
ea
n
b
est
p
o
s
itio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
m
e
an
o
f
th
e
P
b
est
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Wid
e
A
r
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Oscill
a
tio
n
Da
mp
in
g
u
s
in
g
Utilit
y
-
S
ca
le
P
V
P
o
w
er P
la
n
ts
C
a
p
a
b
ilit
ies
(
P
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r
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Ma
g
h
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li
)
686
all
p
ar
ticle
s:
N
d
id
t
P
N
Mb
e
s
t
1
)
(
1
(
3
)
I
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ticle
co
n
v
er
g
es
to
its
lo
ca
l
attr
ac
to
r
,
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
o
f
t
h
e
QP
SO
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
ill
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
:
)
(
)
(
2
1
2
1
c
c
P
c
P
c
P
gd
id
(
4
)
I
n
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
a
b
r
ief
e
x
p
la
n
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
f
o
r
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
QP
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
:
1.
A
r
an
d
o
m
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
p
o
s
it
io
n
s
w
ill b
e
i
n
itialized
i
n
n
-
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
a
l sp
ac
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
ar
ti
cle.
2.
T
h
e
f
itn
e
s
s
v
a
lu
e
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
ti
cle
is
ev
al
u
ated
.
3.
T
h
e
f
itn
es
s
v
al
u
e
w
h
ic
h
is
o
b
tain
ed
in
th
e
la
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
w
i
ll
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
P
b
est.
I
f
th
e
f
itn
es
s
v
al
u
e
i
s
b
etter
th
an
th
e
P
b
est,
th
e
P
b
est
is
s
et
to
cu
r
r
en
t
f
it
n
e
s
s
v
al
u
e
an
d
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
P
b
est
is
s
et
to
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
.
4.
T
h
e
f
itn
e
s
s
w
i
ll
b
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
b
e
s
t
o
f
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
f
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
alu
e
is
b
etter
th
an
g
b
est,
t
h
en
t
h
e
g
b
est is
s
e
t to
cu
r
r
en
t p
ar
ticle’
s
ar
r
ay
i
n
d
ex
an
d
v
al
u
e.
5.
C
alcu
late
th
e
Mb
es
t th
r
o
u
g
h
E
q
u
atio
n
3
6.
T
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
p
ar
ticle
w
ill
b
e
ch
a
n
g
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
E
q
u
atio
n
2
a
n
d
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
w
il
l
b
e
p
r
o
ce
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
I
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
n
o
ted
t
h
at,
1
c
an
d
2
c
ar
e
t
w
o
r
an
d
o
m
n
u
m
b
er
s
b
et
w
ee
n
0
an
d
1
.
I
f
th
e
co
n
v
i
n
ci
b
le
cr
iter
io
n
is
n
o
t
ac
h
ie
v
ed
,
t
h
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
ar
y
c
y
cle
w
i
ll
b
e
r
ep
ea
ted
.
T
h
e
ter
m
in
at
io
n
cr
it
er
io
n
is
u
s
u
a
ll
y
a
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t f
i
tn
e
s
s
,
o
r
a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
i
ter
atio
n
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
a
m
elio
r
ate
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
y
s
te
m
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
tab
il
it
y
a
n
d
ac
h
ie
v
e
t
h
e
b
es
t
d
a
m
p
in
g
o
f
o
s
cillatio
n
s
,
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
A
DC
s
s
h
o
w
n
o
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
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5
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w
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1
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h
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r
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2
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W
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co
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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8708
I
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2
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4.
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Nati
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1
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t
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1
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d
3
[
5
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.
As
a
r
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s
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lt
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d
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to
m
iti
g
ate
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n
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t
w
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QP
S
O
-
b
ased
W
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C
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s
d
esig
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e
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ai
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co
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.
1
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3
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2
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12
14
5
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13
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15
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MW
5
.
202
16
P
V
F
a
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m
PM
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PM
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m
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t
w
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k
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
r
ee
-
ar
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s
ix
-
m
ac
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p
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m
a
g
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r
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g
ated
w
it
h
a
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ar
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s
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h
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g
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4
,
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Fig
u
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4.
R
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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C
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I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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8708
Wid
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5
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Fig
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6
.
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ased
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8
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ab
le
2
.
P
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
L
ate
n
c
y
-
C
o
m
p
e
n
s
ated
QP
SO
-
B
ased
W
A
D
C
s
f
o
r
Q
lo
o
p
Ty
p
e
K
T
W
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
mi
n
&
max
W
A
D
C
1
40
2
0
.
1
5
4
0
.
0
0
1
2
0
.
0
0
1
±
0
.
1
5
W
A
D
C
2
40
2
1
.
5
4
8
0
.
0
4
8
1
.
6
5
0
.
0
0
8
±
0
.
1
5
T
o
s
i
m
u
la
te
a
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
o
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
s
elf
-
clea
r
ed
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
f
a
u
lt
w
it
h
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
0
.
3
s
ec
o
n
d
is
ap
p
lied
at
t
=
5
s
n
ea
r
b
u
s
8
to
c
o
n
f
ir
m
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
P
V
f
ar
m
b
ased
W
A
D
C
.
T
o
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
A
DC
,
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
a
r
e
r
ep
ea
ted
in
f
o
u
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
th
er
e
is
n
o
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
o
n
th
e
P
V
p
lan
t
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
,
in
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
ca
s
e
t
h
e
W
AD
C
is
ad
d
ed
to
ac
tiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
o
f
P
V
p
lan
t.
I
n
th
e
t
h
ir
d
ca
s
e,
th
e
W
A
D
C
is
a
p
p
lied
to
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
o
f
P
V
p
lan
t
an
d
f
i
n
all
y
b
o
th
ac
ti
v
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
s
ar
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
w
ith
W
A
D
C
s
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
d
is
p
la
y
s
th
e
dy
n
a
m
ic
r
ea
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
is
t
u
r
b
an
ce
.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
t
h
at
i
n
t
h
e
ca
s
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
W
A
D
C
th
er
e
ar
e
u
n
s
tab
le
in
ter
-
ar
ea
an
d
lo
ca
l
o
s
cillatio
n
s
b
et
w
ee
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
ar
ea
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
l
y
d
is
p
la
y
ed
b
y
t
h
e
r
o
to
r
s
p
ee
d
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
f
G1
an
d
G3
an
d
G
3
a
n
d
G
4
(
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
5a
-
b
)
.
I
n
co
n
tr
as
t
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
W
A
D
C
s
i
s
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
m
a
in
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
o
f
P
V
f
ar
m
,
all
s
o
r
ts
o
f
o
s
cil
latio
n
s
ar
e
w
ell
d
am
p
ed
a
n
d
th
e
P
V
f
ar
m
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
i
th
W
ADC
c
an
ea
s
i
l
y
m
i
tig
a
te
th
e
in
ter
-
ar
ea
o
s
cillatio
n
s
w
it
h
s
to
ch
a
s
tic
lat
en
c
y
o
n
r
e
m
o
te
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
i
g
n
a
ls
(
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
5a
-
b
).
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
f
r
o
m
th
ese
f
i
g
u
r
es
it
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
m
o
d
u
latio
n
ca
n
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
e
n
h
an
ce
t
h
e
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
o
s
cillatio
n
s
b
u
t
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
W
A
D
C
o
n
ac
ti
v
e
0
5
10
15
20
-
0
.
0
1
0
0
.
0
1
T
i
m
e
(s
)
W
1
-W
3
(p
.
u
)
0
5
10
15
20
-2
0
2
x
1
0
-3
T
i
m
e
(s
e
c
)
W
3
-W
4
(p
.
u
)
W
i
t
ho
ut
W
A
D
C
P
-M
od
ul
a
t
i
on
Q
-M
od
ul
a
t
i
on
(a
)
(b
)
0
5
10
15
20
150
200
t
i
m
e
(s
ec)
P
- P
V
(M
va
r)
W
i
t
hout
W
A
D
C
W
i
t
h W
A
D
C on
P
-M
odul
a
t
i
on
W
i
t
h W
A
D
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Q
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a
t
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on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
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8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
7
:
6
8
1
–
691
689
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
p
r
ep
ar
es
v
er
y
litt
le
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
o
f
W
A
D
C
o
n
re
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
co
n
tr
o
l
lo
o
p
.
T
h
ese
f
ig
u
r
es
ap
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
d
esi
g
n
ed
W
A
D
C
s
d
is
p
la
y
a
g
o
o
d
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
ag
ai
n
s
t
th
e
ti
m
e
d
elay
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
an
d
t
h
is
f
ea
tu
r
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
A
DC
c
o
u
ld
b
e
o
f
in
ter
est
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
I
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
,
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
p
lan
t
is
s
h
o
w
n
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
o
n
F
ig
u
r
e
6
th
at
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
P
V
p
lan
t
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
it
h
W
ADC
ca
n
s
tab
il
ize
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
e
v
en
w
it
h
3
0
0
±
r
an
d
(
1
0
0
)
m
s
late
n
c
y
o
n
r
e
m
o
te
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
i
g
n
als
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
W
ADC
ca
n
ea
s
il
y
d
a
m
p
s
y
s
te
m
o
s
cil
latio
n
s
.
A
l
s
o
w
i
th
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
3
0
0
±
r
an
d
(
1
0
0
)
m
s
late
n
c
y
o
n
f
ee
d
b
ac
k
s
i
g
n
als,
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
W
A
DC
d
is
p
la
y
s
a
g
o
o
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
ess
a
g
ai
n
s
t
t
h
e
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
a
n
d
t
h
is
f
ea
t
u
r
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
A
D
C
co
u
ld
b
e
o
f
i
n
ter
est
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
w
o
r
ld
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
5.
RO
B
UST
NE
SS
V
AL
I
DA
T
I
O
N
I
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
it
w
as
s
h
o
w
n
t
h
at
th
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
QP
SO
b
ased
W
A
D
C
d
i
s
p
la
y
s
a
g
o
o
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
n
ess
a
g
ai
n
s
t
th
e
ti
m
e
d
ela
y
u
n
p
r
ed
ictab
ilit
y
.
B
u
t
o
t
h
er
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
s
u
b
j
ec
t
in
d
esig
n
i
n
g
w
id
e
ar
ea
d
a
m
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
i
s
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
ag
ain
s
t
ch
a
n
g
es
o
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
atio
n
p
o
in
t.
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
th
is
f
ea
t
u
r
e
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
A
D
C
w
o
u
ld
b
e
in
v
es
tig
a
ted
.
R
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
W
A
D
C
is
v
a
lid
ated
f
o
r
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
o
p
er
atin
g
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
i.
e.
P
V
f
ar
m
g
e
n
er
ated
p
o
w
er
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
d
u
e
to
s
p
ac
e
r
estric
tio
n
,
o
n
l
y
a
f
e
w
r
ep
r
esen
tati
v
e
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
ies
ar
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
h
er
e.
T
h
e
r
o
b
u
s
tn
e
s
s
an
al
y
s
is
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
f
in
d
o
u
t
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
to
l
er
atin
g
th
e
u
n
f
av
o
r
ab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
as
w
e
ll
a
s
t
h
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
o
f
it
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
I
t
w
o
u
ld
b
e
b
en
e
f
icial
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
k
ee
p
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
alan
ce
d
ev
en
i
n
h
ar
s
h
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
w
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
ca
s
es
ar
e
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
d
esi
g
n
e
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
o
s
cillatio
n
m
iti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ca
s
es c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
h
er
e
ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
a.
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
ag
a
in
s
t in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
f
a
u
lt c
lear
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
r
ec
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
b.
r
o
b
u
s
tn
es
s
ag
a
in
s
t c
h
a
n
g
in
g
P
V
f
ar
m
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
er
I
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
itu
atio
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
all
y
an
d
a
co
m
p
lete
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
is
p
r
esen
t
ed
.
5
.
1
.
Ro
bu
s
t
nes
s
a
g
a
ins
t
I
ncr
ea
s
ing
F
a
ult
Clea
ring
T
i
m
e
a
nd
P
o
w
er
Sy
s
t
em
Rec
o
nfig
ura
t
io
n
T
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
s
u
cc
es
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
u
p
p
le
m
e
n
t
al
co
n
tr
o
l
in
m
iti
g
ati
n
g
o
s
cillatio
n
s
i
s
i
n
v
e
s
tig
a
ted
at
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
t
io
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ch
an
g
e
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
,
th
e
f
a
u
l
t
d
u
r
atio
n
i
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
to
0
.
4
s
ec
n
ea
r
b
u
s
8
.
I
t
is
also
as
s
u
m
ed
th
a
t
t
h
is
f
a
u
lt
w
il
l b
e
clea
r
ed
b
y
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
d
is
tan
ce
r
ela
y
s
.
As a
r
es
u
l
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ased
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[1
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Ku
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,
1
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[2
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S
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ter
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6
.
[3
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Ku
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).
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[4
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Eri
k
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