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I
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Vo
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15
,
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.
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,
Octo
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
4
4
6
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~
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7
6
I
SS
N:
2088
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8
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DOI
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.
1
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v
15
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.
pp
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4
6
5
-
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6
4465
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5
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3
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4
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I
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Gr
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ig
n
if
ican
tly
im
p
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g
th
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cli
m
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s
y
s
tem
[
1
]
–
[
3
]
.
Ke
y
co
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tr
ib
u
to
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s
in
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5
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6
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7
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8
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[
9
]
.
A
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[
1
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1
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
6
5
-
4
4
7
6
4466
T
h
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
a
s
em
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s
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as
d
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g
s
u
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ab
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ev
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[
1
2
]
–
[
1
4
]
.
T
r
an
s
p
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tatio
n
ac
co
u
n
ts
f
o
r
o
v
er
2
5
%
o
f
g
lo
b
al
ca
r
b
o
n
d
io
x
id
e
(
C
O
2
)
em
is
s
io
n
s
f
r
o
m
in
ter
n
al
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
e
n
g
in
e
v
eh
icles
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
As
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
ad
v
an
ce
m
en
ts
,
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
i
cle
(
E
V)
ad
o
p
tio
n
co
n
tin
u
es
to
r
is
e.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
is
s
h
if
t,
g
lo
b
al
r
esear
ch
e
f
f
o
r
ts
ar
e
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
a
d
v
an
ci
n
g
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icles,
b
atter
y
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies,
an
d
r
e
n
e
wab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e.
T
o
ac
ce
le
r
ate
th
is
tr
an
s
itio
n
,
wo
r
ld
wid
e
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
ef
f
o
r
ts
m
u
s
t
r
ep
lace
th
e
e
n
tire
f
lee
t
o
f
i
n
ter
n
al
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
en
g
in
e
v
eh
icles
(
I
C
E
Vs)
with
elec
tr
ic
alter
n
ativ
es.
Giv
en
th
eir
lo
wer
em
is
s
io
n
s
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
p
lay
a
k
ey
r
o
le
in
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
ca
r
b
o
n
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
"
I
n
J
u
n
e,
C
o
lo
m
b
ia'
s
Sin
g
le
N
atio
n
al
T
r
af
f
ic
R
eg
is
tr
y
(
R
UNT
)
r
ep
o
r
ted
8
,
2
9
9
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles,
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
1
,
8
9
1
u
n
its
in
ju
s
t
s
ix
m
o
n
th
s
.
T
h
is
tr
en
d
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
g
r
o
win
g
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
E
V
tech
n
o
l
o
g
y
[
1
9
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ately
3
0
%
o
f
E
V
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
ar
e
au
t
o
m
o
b
iles
,
m
a
k
in
g
th
e
p
r
in
cip
al
cu
s
to
m
er
s
f
o
r
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
tat
io
n
.
Data
f
r
o
m
th
e
Min
is
tr
y
o
f
T
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
h
o
ws
th
at
9
5
%
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
'
s
elec
t
r
ic
v
eh
icles
ar
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
ated
i
n
f
iv
e
r
eg
io
n
s
,
with
B
o
g
o
tá
DC
alo
n
e
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
4
7
%,
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
lass
if
icatio
n
o
f
ele
ctr
ic
v
eh
icles b
y
ty
p
e
in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
[
1
9
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Geo
g
r
ap
h
ic
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles in
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
[
1
9
]
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
d
o
es
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
en
o
u
g
h
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
to
co
v
er
cu
r
r
en
t
o
r
f
u
tu
r
e
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
h
as o
n
ly
1
7
3
s
tatio
n
s
,
with
3
8
in
B
o
g
o
tá
DC
an
d
2
3
in
Me
d
e
llín
[
2
0
]
.
Ma
n
y
cities an
d
m
u
n
icip
alities
lack
an
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e,
m
a
k
i
n
g
E
V
ad
o
p
tio
n
d
if
f
ic
u
lt.
T
o
s
o
lv
e
th
is
,
n
ew
f
ast
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
icien
t
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
m
u
s
t b
e
b
u
ilt.
L
aw
1
9
6
4
o
f
2
0
1
9
r
e
q
u
ir
es m
u
n
icip
al
ities
,
ex
ce
p
t Bu
en
av
en
tu
r
a
an
d
T
u
m
ac
o
,
to
in
s
tall
at
least
f
iv
e
f
a
s
t
-
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
with
in
th
r
ee
y
ea
r
s
o
f
th
e
law’
s
en
ac
tm
en
t.
I
t
also
a
ll
o
ws
p
u
b
lic
-
p
r
iv
ate
p
ar
tn
er
s
h
ip
s
to
f
u
n
d
an
d
b
u
ild
th
is
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
2
1
]
.
E
x
p
a
n
d
in
g
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
s
tatio
n
s
is
n
o
t
ju
s
t
n
ec
ess
ar
y
,
it
is
leg
ally
r
eq
u
ir
e
d
.
Villav
icen
cio
was
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
is
s
tu
d
y
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
an
i
n
ter
m
ed
iate
city
,
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
,
with
o
n
ly
o
n
e
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
.
T
o
co
m
p
ly
with
L
aw
1
9
6
4
,
th
e
city
m
u
s
t
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
f
r
o
m
2
0
to
5
0
E
Vs,
m
ea
n
in
g
m
u
ltip
le
n
ew
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
n
ee
d
ed
.
W
ith
E
V
n
u
m
b
er
s
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
is
e
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
g
lo
b
al
en
e
r
g
y
tr
an
s
itio
n
,
th
e
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
s
will
o
n
ly
g
r
o
w.
T
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
in
Vil
l
av
icen
cio
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
co
n
t
r
ac
ted
lo
ad
,
n
o
t
u
s
ag
e
h
o
u
r
s
o
r
s
u
p
p
ly
v
o
ltag
e
[
2
2
]
.
A
s
o
lar
-
p
o
wer
ed
c
h
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
ca
n
lo
wer
c
o
s
ts
b
y
r
ed
u
cin
g
g
r
id
d
ep
e
n
d
en
c
y
.
Me
ta
E
lectr
if
icatio
n
C
o
m
p
a
n
y
(
E
MSA)
,
th
e
r
eg
i
o
n
al
e
n
e
r
g
y
p
r
o
v
id
er
,
s
ets
p
r
icin
g
f
o
r
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
s
tu
d
ies,
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
,
an
d
o
th
e
r
n
ec
ess
ar
y
eq
u
i
p
m
en
t,
all
o
f
w
h
ich
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
wh
en
d
esig
n
in
g
th
e
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
ar
ticle
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
in
f
o
u
r
s
ec
tio
n
s
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
tio
n
(
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
)
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
ar
t.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
a
n
d
m
ater
ials
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
th
i
r
d
s
ec
tio
n
an
aly
s
es
th
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
f
in
ally
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
s
ec
tio
n
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
n
clu
s
io
n
s
r
ea
ch
ed
.
T
h
is
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
p
r
o
jects
r
elev
an
t
t
o
f
u
tu
r
e
r
esear
ch
in
ea
ch
ar
e
in
v
o
lv
ed
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
o
f a
s
o
la
r
-
p
o
w
ered
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
ta
tio
n
(
E
mers
o
n
C
a
b
a
n
z
o
Mo
s
q
u
era
)
4467
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
o
d
esig
n
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
5
]
,
th
e
f
i
v
e
m
o
s
t
wid
ely
s
o
ld
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
in
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
wer
e
s
elec
ted
,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
tab
le
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
k
ey
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
d
r
iv
in
g
r
an
g
e,
a
n
d
c
h
ar
g
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
.
Fo
r
th
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
,
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles
to
wh
ich
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
er
v
ice
will
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
d
esig
n
will
b
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
l
y
m
en
tio
n
ed
v
e
h
icles
[
2
6
]
,
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
is
in
clu
d
es
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
,
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
els,
i
n
v
er
ter
,
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
tr
ac
k
in
g
(
MPPT)
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
,
ca
b
les,
an
d
o
th
e
r
ess
en
tial
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
t
atio
n
'
s
ca
p
ac
ity
an
d
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
ese
v
eh
icle
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
E
lectr
ic
v
eh
icle
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
V
e
h
i
c
l
e
B
a
t
t
e
r
y
A
u
t
o
n
o
m
y
(
K
m)
Ty
p
e
o
f
l
o
a
d
P
o
w
e
r
C
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
t
i
m
e
(
h
o
u
r
s)
R
EN
A
U
LT
TWI
ZY
60
V
8
k
W
h
80
1
1
0
V
A
C
---
6
R
EN
A
U
LT
ZO
E
E
-
T
EC
H
4
0
0
V
52
k
W
h
3
7
7
DC
50
kW
1
.
0
5
1
1
0
V
A
C
22
kW
2
.
1
5
1
1
0
V
A
C
11
kW
4
.
3
1
1
0
V
A
C
3
.
7
kW
1
4
.
5
8
A
U
TEC
O
D
O
N
G
F
EN
G
R
I
C
H
6
EV
3
8
5
V
6
7
k
W
h
4
0
0
(
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
v
e
b
r
a
k
i
n
g
)
2
0
0
V
A
C
6
.
6
kW
8
t
o
1
0
B
Y
D
i
D
O
LPH
I
N
4
4
.
9
k
W
h
4
0
0
DC
50
kW
1
AC
5
.
6
kW
8
B
Y
D
TA
N
G
EV
6
4
0
V
8
6
.
4
k
W
h
5
0
0
AC
5
.
6
kW
1
5
.
3
DC
1
1
0
kW
1
.
2
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
in
th
e
d
esig
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ch
a
r
g
in
g
p
o
in
ts
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
er
v
e
m
u
ltip
le
v
eh
icles
s
im
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
[
3
0
]
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
s
tatio
n
will
in
clu
d
e
s
ix
f
ast
-
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
in
ts
(
DC
v
o
ltag
e)
an
d
two
s
lo
w
-
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
in
ts
(
AC
v
o
ltag
e)
[
3
1
]
,
[
3
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
is
d
ef
in
in
g
th
e
p
o
wer
ca
p
ac
ity
f
o
r
ea
c
h
ch
a
r
g
er
.
Sin
ce
R
en
au
lt
T
wizy
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
y
its
ch
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g
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o
wer
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th
e
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atash
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n
esti
m
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was
m
ad
e
b
ased
o
n
s
im
ilar
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icles.
Usi
n
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wer
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tim
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ter
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o
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wizy
'
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ch
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o
wer
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ca
lcu
lated
a
t 6
.
9
3
k
W
.
T
h
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
r
eq
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i
r
em
en
t
o
f
th
e
ch
ar
g
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g
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tatio
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th
en
estab
lis
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Ass
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p
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em
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o
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p
er
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icle
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u
s
t
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p
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f
6
6
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W
wh
en
all
ch
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g
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ar
e
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u
s
e.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
a
p
o
wer
f
ailu
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e,
th
e
d
esig
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en
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u
r
es
th
at
h
alf
o
f
th
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p
ea
k
p
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3
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k
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)
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p
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atter
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o
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m
m
o
d
ate
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YD
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an
g
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ich
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e
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u
ir
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1
1
0
k
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,
t
h
e
v
e
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icle'
s
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6
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k
W
h
b
atter
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ca
p
ac
ity
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m
u
ltip
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b
y
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ix
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eter
m
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to
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p
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eq
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ir
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t
wh
en
all
v
eh
icles
ar
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
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im
u
ltan
eo
u
s
ly
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
5
1
8
.
4
k
W
h
.
B
ased
o
n
th
is
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
,
th
e
UU
1
2
-
2
0
0
b
atter
y
was
s
elec
ted
,
as
d
etailed
in
T
ab
le
2
.
T
h
e
t
o
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
atter
ies
n
ee
d
ed
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
d
i
v
id
in
g
h
alf
o
f
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
b
y
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ity
o
f
ea
c
h
s
elec
ted
b
atte
r
y
(
2
,
5
6
k
W
h
)
,
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
)
.
=
101
.
25
≈
100
(
1
)
T
ab
le
2
.
B
atter
y
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
V
a
l
u
e
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t
a
n
d
a
r
d
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
2
0
0
A
h
/
1
2
.
8
V
S
o
l
a
r
p
a
n
e
l
c
h
a
r
g
i
n
g
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
22
V
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
1
0
0
A
S
t
o
r
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g
e
c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
2
.
5
6
k
W
h
B
ased
o
n
eq
u
atio
n
(
1
)
,
1
0
0
b
a
tter
ies
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r
eq
u
ir
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d
to
s
u
p
p
ly
h
alf
o
f
th
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to
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c
h
ar
g
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n
g
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
s
ix
B
YD
T
an
g
v
eh
icles.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
atter
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in
s
er
ies
i
s
d
et
er
m
in
ed
b
y
d
i
v
id
in
g
th
e
v
e
h
icle's
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
b
y
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
elec
ted
b
atter
y
,
wh
ile
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
atter
ies
in
p
a
r
allel
is
ca
lcu
lat
ed
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
to
tal
r
eq
u
ir
ed
cu
r
r
en
t
b
y
th
e
r
ated
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
b
atter
y
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
(
2
)
an
d
(
3
)
,
th
e
f
in
al
b
atter
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
5
0
S2
P,
en
s
u
r
i
n
g
a
to
tal
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
6
4
0
V,
wh
ich
m
ee
ts
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
B
YD
T
an
g
.
=
50
(
2
)
=
2
(
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
6
5
-
4
4
7
6
4468
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
g
iv
e
n
an
esti
m
ated
ar
ea
o
f
1
,
2
0
0
m
²
f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
MO
NOC
R
YSTA
L
L
I
NE
J
MP
V
-
T
7
/6
6
(
7
0
5
–
7
1
5
W
)
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
th
at
ca
n
b
e
in
s
talled
to
ch
ar
g
e
th
e
b
atter
ies
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
ased
o
n
th
e
tech
n
ical
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
u
tlin
e
d
in
T
ab
le
3
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
els
th
at
ca
n
b
e
in
s
talled
in
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
,
t
h
e
ar
ea
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
a
s
in
g
le
p
a
n
el
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
its
d
im
en
s
io
n
s
(
L
en
g
th
×
W
id
th
)
.
T
h
e
p
a
n
el
'
s
ar
ea
is
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
(
4
)
.
=
3
.
106
2
(
4
)
T
ab
le
3
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
V
a
l
u
e
P
e
a
k
P
o
w
e
r
7
1
5
O
p
e
n
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
4
7
.
2
4
V
D
C
S
h
o
r
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
1
9
.
2
5
A
Ef
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
2
3
.
0
2
%
W
e
i
g
h
t
3
3
.
4
Kg
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
s
(
2
3
8
4
×
1
3
0
3
×
3
5
)
mm
Ph
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
els
will
b
e
in
s
talled
o
n
th
e
r
o
o
f
o
f
th
e
waitin
g
ar
ea
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
,
as
well
as
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
tectiv
e
r
o
o
f
i
n
g
o
f
ea
ch
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
ch
ar
g
in
g
s
tatio
n
,
co
v
er
i
n
g
an
esti
m
ated
a
r
ea
o
f
8
0
0
m
².
T
h
e
to
tal
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
a
n
els
th
at
c
an
b
e
i
n
s
talled
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
b
y
d
i
v
id
in
g
th
e
av
ailab
le
in
s
tallatio
n
ar
ea
b
y
th
e
ar
ea
o
cc
u
p
ied
b
y
a
s
in
g
le
p
an
el,
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
5
)
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
in
s
talled
p
an
els,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t f
o
r
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
6
)
,
g
ettin
g
184
.
47
.
=
257
.
5
≈
258
(
5
)
=
∗
Pa
n
e
l
pe
a
k
pow
e
r
(
6
)
T
ak
in
g
in
to
ac
c
o
u
n
t
th
e
d
ata
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
elec
ted
b
a
tter
y
,
th
e
MPPT
SR
-
M
C
4
8
1
0
0
N2
5
will
b
e
u
s
ed
wh
ic
h
h
as
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
h
o
wn
i
n
T
ab
le
4
.
T
o
m
a
x
im
ize
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
ch
ar
g
in
g
th
e
b
a
tter
ies
wh
ile
s
tay
in
g
with
in
th
e
MPPT
lim
its
,
th
e
p
an
el
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
d
esig
n
e
d
.
E
q
u
atio
n
(
7
)
is
u
s
ed
to
d
ete
r
m
in
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
an
els co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies.
T
ab
le
4
.
T
ec
h
n
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
b
atter
y
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
V
a
l
u
e
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
a
n
e
l
s
2
5
0
V
C
h
a
r
g
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
1
0
0
A
S
y
st
e
m
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
1
2
V
/
2
4
V
/
3
6
V
/
4
8
V
=
m
ax
i
m
um
i
n
p
ut
v
o
l
t
ag
e
p
an
el
′
s
o
p
en
cir
cu
i
t
v
o
l
t
ag
e
=
5
.
29
(
7
)
W
ith
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
e
d
in
(
6
)
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
en
er
ated
with
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
p
a
n
els
in
s
er
ies
will
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
as sh
o
wn
in
(
8
)
.
Vo
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
p
an
els co
n
n
ec
t
ed
in
s
er
ies wi
ll n
o
t e
x
ce
ed
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
v
o
ltag
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
MPPT.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
a
n
els
in
p
ar
allel
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
(
9
)
an
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
ar
allel
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
is
9
6
.
2
5
A.
=
236
.
2
(
8
)
=
m
ax
i
m
um
l
o
ad
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
ho
r
t
cir
cu
i
t
cu
r
r
en
t
of
t
he
p
an
el
=
5
.
1
(
9
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
ca
lcu
lated
c
u
r
r
e
n
t,
th
e
am
p
er
ag
e
o
f
th
e
p
an
els
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
p
a
r
allel
r
em
ain
s
with
in
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
en
t
lim
it
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
MPPT.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
MPPT
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els,
o
n
e
MP
PT
will
b
e
in
s
talled
f
o
r
ea
c
h
5
S5
P
ar
r
ay
,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
a
to
ta
l
o
f
1
0
MPPTs
to
co
n
n
ec
t
2
5
0
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
els.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
an
ex
tr
a
M
PP
T
is
n
ee
d
ed
f
o
r
a
5
S2
P
ar
r
an
g
em
en
t
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
g
en
er
ate
d
b
y
th
e
s
er
ies
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
p
an
el
s
r
em
ain
s
co
n
s
is
ten
t
wi
th
o
th
er
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
s
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Desig
n
o
f a
s
o
la
r
-
p
o
w
ered
elec
tr
ic
ve
h
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
s
ta
tio
n
(
E
mers
o
n
C
a
b
a
n
z
o
Mo
s
q
u
era
)
4469
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
cir
cu
latin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
two
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
o
lar
p
an
els
will
b
e
in
s
talled
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
to
tal
to
2
6
0
p
an
els.
T
h
is
ad
ju
s
tm
en
t
r
eq
u
ir
es a
r
ec
alc
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
in
s
tallatio
n
ar
ea
,
as sh
o
wn
in
(
1
0
)
.
=
807
.
56
2
(
1
0
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C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els'
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
,
th
e
p
r
o
t
ec
tio
n
d
i
o
d
e
ag
ain
s
t
cir
c
u
latin
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
an
d
th
e
ca
b
le
g
au
g
e
f
o
r
co
n
n
e
ctin
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
t
o
th
e
MPPT
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
r
ef
u
lly
s
elec
ted
to
e
n
s
u
r
e
s
y
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tem
ef
f
icien
cy
an
d
s
af
ety
.
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o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
p
h
o
to
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o
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p
an
el
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
,
th
e
V
S
-
SD4
0
3
C
0
8
S1
0
C
d
io
d
e
is
ch
o
s
en
f
o
r
p
r
o
tectio
n
ag
ain
s
t
cir
cu
latin
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
T
h
is
d
io
d
e
h
as
a
r
ev
er
s
e
v
o
ltag
e
(
R
V)
o
f
8
0
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V
an
d
a
f
o
r
war
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t (
I
F)
o
f
4
3
0
A,
m
ak
i
n
g
it su
itab
le
f
o
r
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
ca
b
le
u
s
ed
to
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
with
t
h
e
MPPT
an
d
t
h
e
5
0
S2
P
b
atter
y
ar
r
ay
m
u
s
t b
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
h
an
d
lin
g
th
e
s
y
s
tem
’
s
m
ax
im
u
m
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
A
No
.
2
T
HHN/T
HW
N
9
0
°C
ca
b
le
is
s
elec
ted
,
wh
ich
ca
n
ca
r
r
y
u
p
to
1
3
0
A.
T
h
is
ca
b
le
s
elec
tio
n
in
clu
d
es
a
3
0
%
o
v
er
s
izin
g
m
ar
g
in
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
h
ea
t
d
is
s
ip
atio
n
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
ca
b
le'
s
d
iam
eter
an
d
weig
h
t
(
Kg
/k
m
)
ar
e
with
in
ac
ce
p
tab
le
lim
its
,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
at
th
e
t
o
tal
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
len
g
th
with
in
th
e
elec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
d
o
es n
o
t e
x
ce
ed
1
0
0
m
eter
s
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
s
elec
tio
n
is
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
b
y
th
e
to
tal
p
o
wer
d
em
a
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
,
as
th
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
ea
k
p
o
wer
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
ch
a
r
g
in
g
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles.
A
1
,
0
0
0
k
VA,
1
3
,
2
0
0
V
th
r
ee
-
p
h
ase
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
is
s
elec
ted
to
m
a
n
ag
e
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
ate
ly
8
0
0
k
W
,
p
r
o
v
id
i
n
g
a
2
0
%
p
o
wer
o
v
er
s
izin
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m
ar
g
in
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h
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ce
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
'
s
am
p
er
ag
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
to
d
ef
i
n
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
g
a
u
g
e,
as o
u
tlin
ed
i
n
(
1
1
)
.
=
1
,
000
∗
1
,
000
1
.
73
∗
13
,
2
0
0
=
43
.
79
(
1
1
)
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
t
o
(
1
0
)
it
is
d
ef
in
e
d
th
at
th
e
co
n
d
u
cto
r
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
4
4
A,
f
o
r
wh
ich
th
e
No
.
6
g
au
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
T
HHN/T
HW
N
9
0
°C
ca
b
le
is
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
,
ca
u
s
in
g
a
n
o
v
e
r
s
izin
g
o
f
6
0
%,
wh
ich
en
s
u
r
es
th
at
it
wil
l
n
o
t
d
is
s
ip
ate
ex
ce
s
s
h
ea
t,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
g
en
er
ate
lo
s
s
es.
Fo
r
th
e
r
ec
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
AC
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
is
g
en
er
ated
f
r
o
m
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
,
th
e
NT
E
6
0
3
0
d
io
d
e
will
b
e
u
s
ed
,
it
is
VR
R
M=
3
0
0
V,
R
V=
2
4
0
V
an
d
I
F=6
0
A.
T
h
e
B
UC
K
-
B
OO
ST
cir
cu
it
will
b
e
in
ch
a
r
g
e
o
f
r
eg
u
latin
g
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
5
0
S2
P
b
atter
y
ar
r
a
y
th
at
will
ch
ar
g
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icles;
th
e
cir
cu
it
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
a
n
in
d
u
cto
r
,
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
,
a
d
io
d
e,
an
d
two
I
GB
T
s
;
it
also
h
as
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
th
e
g
en
er
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
PW
M
to
war
d
s
th
e
I
GB
T
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
to
d
ef
in
e
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
t
h
e
d
u
ty
c
y
cle
o
f
th
e
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
m
u
s
t
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
,
wh
ich
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
d
iv
id
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
a
n
d
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lt
ag
e
b
y
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
th
at
will p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
b
atter
y
ar
r
ay
(
0
.
7
5
V
to
0
.
8
6
V)
,
s
in
ce
a
clo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l w
ill b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t,
th
e
Du
ty
C
y
cle
v
alu
e
will
v
ar
y
as
r
eq
u
i
r
ed
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
I
GB
T
is
th
e
I
XYK1
4
0
N9
0
C
3
h
as
Vec
s
=9
0
0
V
an
d
I
c=
1
4
0
A.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
v
eh
icle
th
at
will
b
e
c
h
ar
g
e
d
(
B
YD
T
ANG)
,
wh
o
s
e
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
v
a
lu
e
is
2
.
7
Ω
;
th
is
r
esis
tan
ce
v
a
lu
e
is
m
u
ltip
lied
b
y
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
o
f
1
a
n
d
t
h
e
D
u
ty
C
y
cle
an
d
th
e
n
d
i
v
id
ed
b
y
two
tim
es
th
e
wo
r
k
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
th
e
PW
M
(
1
0
,
0
0
0
Hz)
,
s
o
th
e
v
alu
e
th
at
th
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
m
u
s
t
h
av
e
b
ee
n
2
.
6
4
6
µF.
T
h
e
E
C
W
-
FG
8
0
2
7
5
J
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
0
.
2
7
µF
an
d
Vd
c=
8
0
0
V.
T
h
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
is
ca
lcu
lated
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
d
i
v
is
io
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
d
u
ty
cy
cl
e
an
d
th
e
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
th
e
v
eh
icle
b
y
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
an
d
th
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
to
l
er
an
ce
(
1
%),
s
o
th
e
v
alu
e
th
at
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
m
u
s
t h
av
e
b
ee
n
3
.
1
8
µH
.
I
n
d
u
cto
r
N
R
3
0
1
0
T
3
R
3
M
is
3
.
5
µH
a
n
d
I
d
c
m
ax
=9
4
0
A.
T
h
e
s
elec
ted
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
to
r
eg
u
late
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
th
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
r
ec
tific
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
is
th
e
M
W
1
0
0
0
-
DD1
5
-
P,
wh
ich
h
as th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
5
.
T
ab
le
5
.
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ch
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
C
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
V
a
l
u
e
V
i
n
60
–
145
VDC
V
o
u
t
1
2
0
–
2
4
0
VAC
F
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
50
–
60
Hz
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
ws
th
e
cir
c
u
it
d
iag
r
am
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
th
e
el
ec
tr
ic
s
tatio
n
,
wh
ich
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
el
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
ts
.
T
o
p
r
e
v
en
t
cir
c
u
latin
g
cu
r
r
en
ts
,
a
s
er
ies
d
io
d
e
is
p
lace
d
b
etwe
en
s
tr
in
g
s
in
p
ar
allel,
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Als
o
,
th
e
b
atter
y
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
a
DC
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
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I
n
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o
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g
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15
,
No
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5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
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4
6
5
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4
4
7
6
4470
wh
ich
r
eg
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lates
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e
DC
ch
a
r
g
in
g
v
o
ltag
es
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
v
eh
i
cles.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ter
elec
tr
ical
n
etwo
r
k
(
E
MSA)
u
n
d
er
g
o
es
r
ec
tific
atio
n
u
s
in
g
a
d
io
d
e
p
e
r
p
h
ase
.
Af
ter
r
ec
tific
atio
n
,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
is
f
e
d
in
to
a
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
th
at
r
e
g
u
lates
th
e
b
atter
y
ch
ar
g
in
g
v
o
ltag
e.
W
h
e
n
f
u
ll
p
o
wer
is
n
o
t
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
f
o
r
v
eh
icle
ch
a
r
g
in
g
,
th
e
5
0
S2
P
b
atter
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
r
es
ex
ce
s
s
en
er
g
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
a
s
ec
o
n
d
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
DC
/DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
lin
k
ed
to
an
in
v
er
ter
,
s
u
p
p
l
y
in
g
p
o
wer
to
th
e
two
AC
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
in
ts
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
lectr
ic
s
tatio
n
cir
c
u
it d
iag
r
am
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
5
S5
P sy
s
tem
o
f
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
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I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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g
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N:
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Desig
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I
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2088
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