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I
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4
2
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4
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9
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r
k
is
a
s
u
d
d
en
p
o
wer
o
u
ta
g
e
[
8
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
it is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
an
aly
ze
PD a
ctiv
ity
in
in
s
u
latin
g
m
ater
ials
.
Sev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
th
e
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
PD
d
u
r
in
g
ag
in
g
in
ca
b
le
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
tain
i
n
g
ca
v
ity
d
ef
ec
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
[
3
]
,
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
h
av
e
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
in
v
esti
g
atin
g
PD
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
Mo
r
r
is
a
n
d
Siew
[
1
5
]
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
s
tu
d
y
an
aly
zin
g
th
e
PD
c
h
ar
a
cter
is
tics
o
f
L
DPE
in
s
u
latio
n
s
am
p
les
with
ar
tific
ial
ca
v
ities
u
n
d
er
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
es
u
s
in
g
a
p
lan
e
-
p
lan
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wed
th
at
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
PDI
V)
u
n
d
er
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
was
n
ea
r
ly
th
r
ee
tim
es
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
u
n
d
er
AC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
PD m
ag
n
itu
d
e
was
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
t
h
at
u
n
d
e
r
AC
,
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
es wa
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
wer
,
wh
ile
th
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
w
as
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
h
ig
h
er
.
L
ee
et
a
l.
[
2
5
]
co
n
d
u
cted
r
esear
ch
to
co
m
p
a
r
e
PD
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
XL
PE
in
s
u
latio
n
s
am
p
les
u
n
d
er
AC
an
d
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
to
an
aly
ze
th
e
ch
an
g
es
in
PD
b
eh
av
io
r
b
ef
o
r
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
in
d
ef
ec
t
r
eg
io
n
s
u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
eir
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
d
t
h
at
th
e
PDI
V
u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
e
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
er
th
an
u
n
d
er
AC
f
o
r
m
o
s
t
ty
p
es
o
f
d
ef
ec
ts
.
Mo
r
eo
v
e
r
,
th
e
d
is
p
er
s
io
n
o
f
co
r
o
n
a
d
is
ch
ar
g
es u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
e
was m
u
ch
lo
wer
t
h
an
th
at
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
o
t
h
er
ty
p
es o
f
d
e
f
ec
ts
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
e,
b
o
t
h
th
e
d
i
s
ch
ar
g
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
an
d
th
e
P
D
wav
ef
o
r
m
wer
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
t
o
ch
an
g
e
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
wn
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
.
Un
f
o
r
tu
n
atel
y
,
d
etailed
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
ac
tiv
ity
o
f
PD
in
H
DPE
ca
b
le
in
s
u
latio
n
with
v
o
id
d
ef
ec
ts
u
n
d
er
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
es
is
s
till
lim
ited
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
th
e
m
ate
r
ial
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
th
e
test
s
am
p
les
u
s
ed
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies,
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
ick
n
ess
,
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
d
ef
ec
t
ty
p
es,
an
d
v
o
i
d
d
iam
eter
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
a
g
ap
th
at
n
ee
d
s
f
u
r
th
e
r
i
n
v
esti
g
atio
n
.
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
will
f
o
cu
s
o
n
PD
ac
tiv
ity
in
HDPE
in
s
u
latio
n
,
d
etec
te
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
a
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
PD
ch
ar
g
e
p
u
ls
es
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
I
GR
E
m
eth
o
d
I
I
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
is
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
PD
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
HDPE
in
s
u
latio
n
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
v
o
id
s
with
in
th
e
i
n
s
u
latio
n
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
aim
s
t
o
an
aly
ze
PD
ac
tiv
ity
in
HDPE
ca
b
le
in
s
u
latio
n
with
v
o
id
d
ef
ec
ts
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
es.
T
h
e
s
am
p
les
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
th
r
ee
lay
er
s
o
f
HDPE
s
h
ee
ts
,
ea
ch
1
m
m
t
h
ick
,
with
th
e
m
i
d
d
le
l
ay
er
co
n
tain
in
g
an
a
r
tific
ial
r
o
u
n
d
v
o
i
d
with
a
d
iam
eter
o
f
1
cm
.
T
h
is
s
am
p
le
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
allo
ws
f
o
r
th
e
a
n
aly
s
is
o
f
d
am
ag
e
an
d
d
eg
r
a
d
a
tio
n
in
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
lay
e
r
s
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
DC
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
,
it
is
h
ig
h
ly
lik
ely
th
at
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
lt
ag
e
(
V
in
)
u
n
d
er
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
will b
e
h
ig
h
er
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
AC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
co
n
s
is
ten
t w
ith
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
[
1
5
]
,
[
2
5
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
E
lect
ro
des
a
nd
s
a
m
ple
I
n
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t,
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
y
s
tem
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
C
I
GR
E
m
eth
o
d
I
I
(
C
o
n
f
e
r
en
ce
I
n
te
r
n
atio
n
ale
d
es
Gr
an
d
s
R
éseau
x
É
lectr
iq
u
es)
was
em
p
lo
y
ed
f
o
r
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
o
f
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
(
PD)
p
u
ls
es,
as
illu
s
tr
ated
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
C
I
GR
E
m
eth
o
d
I
I
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
an
im
p
r
o
v
e
d
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al
C
I
GR
E
m
eth
o
d
I
.
T
h
is
elec
tr
o
d
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
ev
a
lu
ate
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
en
d
u
r
a
n
ce
ag
ain
s
t PD
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
in
ter
n
al
v
o
i
d
s
in
in
s
u
latin
g
m
ater
ials
an
d
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
v
e
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
in
test
in
g
v
ar
io
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
in
s
u
latio
n
[
2
6
]
.
HDPE
s
h
ee
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
test
s
am
p
les
in
th
is
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
T
o
cr
ea
te
a
h
ig
h
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
at
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
o
in
ts
o
n
t
h
e
s
am
p
le'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
th
e
s
am
p
le
is
p
o
s
itio
n
ed
b
en
ea
th
a
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
s
p
h
er
ical
elec
tr
o
d
e,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
n
o
n
-
u
n
if
o
r
m
ele
ctr
ic
f
ield
with
in
th
e
ar
tific
ial
ca
v
ity
[
5
]
.
T
h
e
s
p
h
er
ical
elec
tr
o
d
e,
with
a
d
iam
eter
o
f
5
.
6
m
m
,
is
p
lace
d
ab
o
v
e
th
e
HDPE
s
am
p
le,
ap
p
ly
in
g
p
r
ess
u
r
e
o
n
it.
T
h
e
s
am
p
le
is
s
an
d
wich
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
s
p
h
e
r
ical
elec
tr
o
d
e
o
n
to
p
a
n
d
a
f
l
at
p
late
elec
tr
o
d
e
at
th
e
b
o
tto
m
.
T
h
e
test
s
etu
p
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
lay
er
s
o
f
HDP
E
s
am
p
les,
ea
ch
with
a
th
ick
n
ess
o
f
1
m
m
.
An
ar
tific
ial
ca
v
ity
with
a
d
iam
e
ter
o
f
1
cm
is
em
b
ed
d
ed
in
th
e
m
id
d
le
lay
er
.
T
h
e
f
lat
p
late
elec
tr
o
d
e
at
th
e
b
o
tto
m
is
m
ad
e
o
f
s
tain
less
s
t
ee
l.
A
clam
p
m
ec
h
an
is
m
is
u
s
ed
to
h
o
ld
th
e
s
am
p
le
f
ir
m
ly
i
n
p
lace
,
p
r
ev
e
n
tin
g
an
y
s
h
if
tin
g
o
r
d
is
lo
d
g
in
g
d
u
r
i
n
g
test
in
g
an
d
f
ac
ilit
atin
g
ea
s
y
s
am
p
le
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
to
p
clam
p
is
d
esig
n
e
d
to
b
e
d
etac
h
ab
le,
allo
win
g
it
to
b
e
r
em
o
v
ed
b
y
lo
o
s
en
in
g
s
cr
ews
o
r
f
asten
er
s
.
T
h
e
f
r
am
e
wo
r
k
o
f
th
e
test
in
g
ap
p
ar
atu
s
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
in
g
ac
r
y
lic
m
ater
ial
f
o
r
d
u
r
a
b
i
lity
an
d
ea
s
e
o
f
u
s
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
a)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
y
s
tem
d
esig
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
C
I
GR
E
m
eth
o
d
I
I
,
wh
ile
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
r
ea
lizatio
n
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
y
s
tem
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
o
f p
a
r
tia
l d
is
ch
a
r
g
e
o
n
h
ig
h
-
d
en
s
ity
p
o
lyeth
ylen
e
…
(
Yu
d
h
a
A
g
u
n
g
S
u
b
a
r
ka
h
)
4423
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
I
GR
E
Me
th
o
d
I
I
el
ec
tr
o
d
e
(
a)
d
esig
n
a
n
d
(
b
)
r
ea
l
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
2
.
2
.
E
x
perim
ent
a
l c
ircuit
T
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
s
etu
p
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Me
asu
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
h
i
g
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
AC
an
d
DC
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
with
a
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
o
f
5
0
Hz
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
C
I
GR
E
m
eth
o
d
I
I
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
W
h
en
th
e
HDPE
s
am
p
le
is
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
h
ig
h
AC
o
r
DC
v
o
ltag
e,
PD
is
g
en
er
ated
an
d
d
etec
te
d
b
y
an
R
C
d
etec
to
r
,
wh
ich
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
as
a
s
ig
n
al
in
teg
r
at
o
r
.
T
h
is
R
C
d
etec
to
r
is
also
eq
u
ip
p
ed
with
a
h
ig
h
-
p
ass
f
ilter
(
HPF),
allo
win
g
th
e
d
etec
ted
PD
p
u
ls
es
to
b
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
f
ilter
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
a
n
ar
r
ester
co
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
R
C
d
etec
to
r
to
th
e
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e
v
ia
ch
an
n
el
1
,
wh
ile
ch
an
n
el
2
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
th
e
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
wav
ef
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e
r
ec
o
r
d
s
th
e
PD
s
ig
n
als
an
d
tr
an
s
f
er
s
th
e
d
ata
to
a
la
p
to
p
o
r
co
m
p
u
ter
v
ia
a
USB
f
lash
d
r
i
v
e
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
PD m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t c
ir
cu
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
2
1
-
4
4
2
9
4424
T
h
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
is
d
eter
m
in
e
d
b
y
g
r
ad
u
ally
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
a
p
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
til
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
PD
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
On
ce
Vin
is
id
en
tifie
d
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
m
ain
tain
ed
at
a
co
n
s
tan
t
lev
el
b
elo
w
th
is
v
alu
e
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
o
n
s
et
o
f
PD,
r
ef
er
r
ed
to
as
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
tim
e
(
T
in
)
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
1
0
%
ab
o
v
e
V
in
,
k
ep
t
co
n
s
tan
t,
a
n
d
PD
d
ata
is
th
en
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
f
o
r
a
1
-
h
o
u
r
test
in
g
p
er
io
d
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
alen
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
PD
ac
tiv
ity
in
th
e
HD
PE
s
am
p
le
d
u
r
in
g
th
is
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t is sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
E
q
u
iv
alen
t c
ir
c
u
it o
f
PD a
ctiv
ity
in
HDPE
W
h
e
r
e
R
k
=
T
es
t
ci
r
c
u
i
t
r
es
is
t
a
n
c
e
,
C
a
=
S
a
m
p
l
e
ca
p
a
c
i
ta
n
c
e
,
R
d
=
D
e
t
e
ct
o
r
r
e
s
is
t
a
n
c
e
,
C
p
=
T
e
s
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
c
a
p
a
ci
t
a
n
c
e
,
C
d
=
D
e
t
e
ct
o
r
c
a
p
a
c
i
ta
n
c
e
,
V
d
=
O
u
t
p
u
t
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
.
T
o
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
V
d
,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
e
q
u
atio
n
is
u
s
ed
[
2
7
]
:
(
)
=
1
∫
(
)
0
(
1
)
(
)
=
e
xp
(
−
)
(
2
)
Fro
m
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
K
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
eq
u
atio
n
:
=
+
+
(
3
)
1
=
(
+
+
)
Ho
wev
er
,
s
in
ce
C
p
<< C
a
d
an
C
d
>> C
a
,
th
en
:
≈
(
4
)
1
=
T
h
u
s
,
(
3
)
b
ec
o
m
es:
(
)
=
e
xp
(
−
)
(
5
)
o
r
≈
.
(
6
)
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
.
P
D
incept
io
n
v
o
lt
a
g
e
(
V
in
)
T
h
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
is
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
g
r
ad
u
all
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
u
n
til
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
PD
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
.
T
h
is
PD
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
o
n
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
u
s
in
g
a
n
o
s
cillo
s
co
p
e.
I
n
t
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t,
th
r
ee
tr
ials
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cte
d
to
o
b
tain
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
Vin
,
with
a
n
ew
HDPE
s
a
m
p
le
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ea
c
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
o
f p
a
r
tia
l d
is
ch
a
r
g
e
o
n
h
ig
h
-
d
en
s
ity
p
o
lyeth
ylen
e
…
(
Yu
d
h
a
A
g
u
n
g
S
u
b
a
r
ka
h
)
4425
tr
ial.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
V
in
v
alu
es
f
o
r
HDPE
s
am
p
les
with
ar
tific
ial
v
o
id
s
ar
e
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
is
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
s
p
ec
if
ically
aim
s
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
ef
f
ec
ts
o
f
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
e
o
n
th
e
V
in
v
alu
es
in
H
DPE
m
ater
ial
with
ar
tific
ial
v
o
id
d
e
f
ec
ts
.
T
ab
le
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
PD
in
ce
p
ti
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
f
o
r
two
ty
p
es
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
AC
an
d
DC
.
T
h
e
tes
t
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
av
er
ag
e
V
in
v
alu
e
is
1
1
.
8
k
V
u
n
d
er
AC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
1
5
.
5
k
V
u
n
d
er
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
d
icate
th
at
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
i
s
h
ig
h
er
u
n
d
er
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
AC
,
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
th
at
t
h
e
ty
p
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
h
as
a
s
ig
n
if
i
ca
n
t
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
o
f
PD.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
is
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
s
ev
er
al
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
[
2
9
]
,
w
h
ich
s
tates
th
at
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
lta
g
e
u
n
d
er
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
ten
d
s
to
b
e
h
ig
h
er
th
an
u
n
d
e
r
A
C
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
attr
ib
u
te
d
to
th
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
two
t
y
p
es
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
in
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
is
s
tab
le
an
d
co
n
s
tan
t,
r
eq
u
ir
in
g
h
ig
h
e
r
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
PD
to
o
cc
u
r
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
i
n
AC
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
in
u
s
o
id
al,
allo
win
g
PD
to
o
cc
u
r
at
lo
wer
v
o
ltag
es
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
ex
p
er
im
en
t
c
o
n
f
ir
m
s
th
e
in
itial
h
y
p
o
t
h
esis
t
h
at
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
is
h
ig
h
er
u
n
d
e
r
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ee
p
e
r
in
s
ig
h
t
in
to
th
e
in
f
lu
en
ce
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
ty
p
e
o
n
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
in
t
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
f
o
r
h
ig
h
-
v
o
ltag
e
eq
u
ip
m
en
t.
T
ab
le
1
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
PD in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
u
n
d
er
AC
an
d
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
Ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
P
D
i
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
AC
DC
1
1
2
.
2
1
5
.
1
2
1
1
.
5
1
5
.
6
3
1
1
.
6
1
5
.
7
A
v
e
r
a
g
e
P
D
i
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
1
1
.
8
1
5
.
5
3
.
2
.
P
D
incept
io
n t
i
m
e
(
T
in
)
Af
ter
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
is
d
eter
m
in
ed
,
a
co
n
s
tan
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
ap
p
lied
with
a
v
alu
e
b
elo
w
th
e
in
itial
v
o
ltag
e
at
wh
ich
PD
o
cc
u
r
s
,
o
r
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
PD
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
o
n
ap
p
ea
r
s
.
T
h
is
is
d
o
n
e
t
o
p
r
ev
en
t
t
h
e
im
m
ed
iate
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
PD,
allo
win
g
th
e
tim
e
d
elay
u
n
til
PD
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
is
tim
e
d
el
ay
is
r
ef
e
r
r
ed
to
as
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
tim
e
(
T
in
)
.
T
h
is
ex
p
er
im
e
n
t
aim
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t o
f
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
n
PD
in
c
ep
tio
n
tim
e
an
d
t
o
an
al
y
ze
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
ce
in
PD
r
esp
o
n
s
e
b
etwe
en
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
with
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
e
in
ce
p
tio
n
tim
e.
Me
asu
r
em
en
t
s
wer
e
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
ap
p
l
y
in
g
th
r
ee
v
o
ltag
e
v
a
r
iatio
n
s
to
ea
ch
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
ty
p
e
(
AC
an
d
DC
)
with
a
0
.
3
k
V
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
wn
in
T
ab
le
2
in
d
icate
th
at
a
s
th
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
es,
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
tim
e
(
T
in
)
in
cr
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
i
eld
f
o
r
m
e
d
at
lo
w
v
o
ltag
e
is
n
o
t
s
tr
o
n
g
e
n
o
u
g
h
to
im
m
ed
iately
tr
ig
g
er
PD
ac
tiv
it
y
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
t
h
e
PD
in
ce
p
t
io
n
tim
e
u
n
d
e
r
DC
v
o
ltag
e
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
n
g
er
th
an
u
n
d
er
AC
,
as
m
o
r
e
tim
e
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
c
h
ar
g
e
ac
c
u
m
u
latio
n
an
d
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
im
p
o
r
tan
t
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
,
as
in
r
ea
l
-
wo
r
ld
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
,
th
e
ty
p
e
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
ed
(
AC
o
r
DC
)
will
in
f
lu
en
ce
th
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
PD o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
in
i
n
s
u
latin
g
m
ater
ials
s
u
ch
as HD
PE.
T
ab
le
2
.
Me
asu
r
em
e
n
t r
esu
lts
o
f
PD in
ce
p
tio
n
tim
e
(
T
in
)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
P
D
i
n
c
e
p
t
i
o
n
t
i
m
e
(
m
i
n
u
t
e
s)
AC
DC
AC
DC
1
1
.
5
1
5
.
2
1
:
0
0
1
:
4
6
1
1
.
2
1
4
.
9
5
:
2
1
7
:
0
0
1
0
.
9
1
4
.
6
1
3
:
4
1
2
0
:
0
0
3
.
3
.
P
D
c
ha
r
a
ct
er
is
t
ics
Af
ter
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
PD
in
c
ep
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
y
1
0
%
ab
o
v
e
th
is
v
alu
e
an
d
m
ain
tai
n
ed
c
o
n
s
tan
tly
.
M
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ar
e
c
o
n
d
u
cted
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
AC
an
d
DC
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
es.
PD
ac
tiv
ity
is
th
en
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
o
v
er
a
1
-
h
o
u
r
test
in
g
p
er
io
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
an
d
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
PD
ch
ar
g
e
in
HDPE
.
3
.
3
.
1
.
AC
r
esu
lt
s
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
u
n
d
er
AC
v
o
ltag
e
r
esu
lted
i
n
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
1
.
8
k
V.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
a
p
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
1
3
k
V
a
n
d
1
5
k
V.
PD
was
d
etec
ted
u
s
in
g
an
R
C
d
etec
to
r
,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
wh
ich
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
PD
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
p
atter
n
s
o
v
er
a
o
n
e
-
h
o
u
r
ag
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
HDPE
m
ater
ial
u
n
d
er
1
3
k
V
an
d
1
5
k
V
AC
s
tr
es
s
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
es
4
(
a)
an
d
4
(
b
)
,
PD
ev
en
ts
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
2
1
-
4
4
2
9
4426
p
r
ed
o
m
i
n
an
tly
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
b
o
th
s
id
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
cy
cle
(
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e)
,
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
ap
p
ea
r
in
g
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
in
itial
p
h
ase
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
wav
ef
o
r
m
n
ea
r
th
e
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
in
t.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
alig
n
s
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
[
3
0
]
,
wh
ich
in
d
icate
s
th
at
PD
in
s
o
lid
in
s
u
latio
n
ten
d
s
to
o
cc
u
r
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
ze
r
o
-
c
r
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
in
t
th
an
at
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
ea
k
.
T
h
is
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
th
e
r
ap
i
d
ch
a
n
g
e
in
th
e
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
at
th
e
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
is
m
o
r
e
lik
el
y
to
tr
ig
g
e
r
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
ac
tiv
ity
t
h
an
th
e
r
elativ
el
y
s
tab
le
f
ield
at
p
ea
k
v
o
ltag
e.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
a)
,
u
n
d
er
1
3
k
V,
PD
ten
d
s
to
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
at
p
h
ase
an
g
le
s
o
f
0
°,
1
5
0
°
–
1
9
0
°,
an
d
3
4
0
°
–
3
6
0
°,
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
±
5
3
.
2
p
C
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
,
as th
e
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
es
to
1
5
k
V,
th
e
PD
p
atter
n
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
d
is
p
er
s
e
d
an
d
o
cc
u
r
s
m
o
r
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
tly
,
co
v
er
in
g
a
wid
er
r
an
g
e
o
f
p
h
ase
an
g
les,
in
clu
d
in
g
0
°
–
3
0
°,
1
2
0
°
–
2
2
5
°,
an
d
2
9
5
°
–
3
6
0
°.
Alo
n
g
with
th
is
b
r
o
ad
er
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
also
in
cr
e
ases
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
±
5
4
p
C
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
PD m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t r
es
u
lts
at
(
a)
1
3
k
V
AC
an
d
(
b
)
1
5
k
V
AC
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
a
h
ig
h
er
a
p
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
r
esu
l
ts
in
a
s
tr
o
n
g
er
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
s
am
p
le,
th
er
eb
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
lik
elih
o
o
d
o
f
i
o
n
izatio
n
with
in
th
e
m
ater
ial’
s
ca
v
ities
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
t
h
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
ac
tiv
ity
b
ec
o
m
es
m
o
r
e
in
ten
s
e,
ac
co
m
p
a
n
ied
b
y
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
PD
m
ag
n
itu
d
e.
T
h
ese
f
in
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
n
s
is
ten
t
with
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ies
[
5
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
3
1
]
–
[
3
3
]
,
wh
i
ch
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
af
f
ec
ts
b
o
th
th
e
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
o
f
p
ar
tial
d
is
ch
ar
g
e.
Su
c
h
in
s
ig
h
ts
ca
n
s
er
v
e
as
a
v
alu
ab
le
r
e
f
er
en
ce
f
o
r
p
r
e
d
ictin
g
in
s
u
latio
n
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
p
atter
n
s
in
AC
-
b
ased
elec
tr
ica
l
s
y
s
tem
s
an
d
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
s
y
s
tem
s
th
at
ar
e
m
o
r
e
r
esis
tan
t to
PD p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a.
3
.
3
.
2
.
DC
re
s
ults
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
(
V
in
)
u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
e
y
ield
ed
a
v
alu
e
o
f
1
5
.
5
k
V.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
in
cr
ea
s
ed
to
1
7
k
V
an
d
1
9
k
V.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
r
esu
lts
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
P
D
ch
ar
g
e
ac
tiv
ity
d
u
r
in
g
a
o
n
e
-
h
o
u
r
ag
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
es
o
f
1
7
k
V
an
d
1
9
k
V.
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
th
e
PD
ac
tiv
ity
at
1
7
k
V
DC
,
wh
er
e
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
es
ap
p
ea
r
lim
ited
,
with
f
ew
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
co
n
ce
n
tr
ate
d
with
in
th
e
1
5
to
3
0
p
C
r
an
g
e,
an
d
n
o
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
s
p
ik
es
ex
ce
ed
in
g
4
0
p
C
.
I
n
ter
esti
n
g
ly
,
to
war
d
th
e
en
d
o
f
th
e
test
,
PD
ac
tiv
ity
was
alm
o
s
t
u
n
d
etec
tab
le,
with
o
n
ly
a
s
in
g
le
ev
en
t
r
ec
o
r
d
e
d
.
T
h
is
in
d
icate
s
lo
ca
l
ized
s
tab
ilizatio
n
with
in
th
e
test
s
am
p
le,
lik
ely
d
u
e
to
th
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
n
o
lo
n
g
er
b
ei
n
g
s
u
f
f
icien
t
to
s
u
s
tain
th
e
lo
ca
l
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
tr
ig
g
er
PD.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
PD
ac
tiv
ity
tem
p
o
r
ar
ily
d
is
ap
p
ea
r
ed
.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
g
g
ests
th
at
alth
o
u
g
h
PD
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
,
th
e
m
ater
ia
l
d
id
n
o
t
u
n
d
er
g
o
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
test
p
er
io
d
.
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
Fig
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
d
is
p
lay
s
PD
ac
tiv
ity
at
1
9
k
V
DC
,
wh
ich
is
m
o
r
e
wid
esp
r
ea
d
a
n
d
u
n
if
o
r
m
ly
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
1
7
k
V
DC
,
with
m
o
r
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
e
v
en
ts
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
C
h
a
r
a
cteris
tic
s
o
f p
a
r
tia
l d
is
ch
a
r
g
e
o
n
h
ig
h
-
d
en
s
ity
p
o
lyeth
ylen
e
…
(
Yu
d
h
a
A
g
u
n
g
S
u
b
a
r
ka
h
)
4427
ac
r
o
s
s
a
b
r
o
ad
er
ch
ar
g
e
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
is
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
alig
n
s
with
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
in
[
3
3
]
,
wh
ich
s
tate
th
at
b
o
t
h
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
o
f
PD u
n
d
er
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
in
cr
ea
s
e
with
th
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
p
atter
n
in
d
icate
s
th
at
th
e
in
s
u
latin
g
m
ater
ial
is
s
u
b
jecte
d
to
g
r
ea
ter
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
tr
ess
.
A
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
ap
p
lied
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
ca
n
tr
ig
g
er
PD
with
h
ig
h
er
ch
ar
g
e
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
d
u
e
to
s
p
ac
e
ch
ar
g
e
ac
cu
m
u
latio
n
,
in
c
r
e
ased
lo
ca
l
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
s
,
an
d
ca
v
ity
s
u
r
f
ac
e
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
r
esu
ltin
g
f
r
o
m
r
ep
ea
te
d
PD a
ctiv
ity
[
3
4
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
PD
test
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
two
t
y
p
es
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
PD
ch
ar
g
e
u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
e
ex
h
ib
ited
v
alu
es
co
m
p
a
r
ab
le
t
o
th
o
s
e
u
n
d
er
AC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ho
we
v
er
,
a
h
ig
h
er
v
o
ltag
e
was
r
eq
u
ir
ed
in
th
e
DC
ca
s
e,
as
th
e
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
ltag
e
n
ee
d
e
d
to
tr
ig
g
er
PD
was
also
g
r
ea
ter
.
T
h
is
f
in
d
in
g
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
th
e
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
r
es
p
o
n
s
es
o
f
in
s
u
latio
n
s
y
s
tem
s
t
o
PD
u
n
d
er
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
es,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
t
h
e
co
n
tex
t
o
f
in
s
u
latio
n
d
esig
n
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
ass
es
s
m
en
t
i
n
m
o
d
er
n
elec
tr
ical
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
i
n
m
ater
ial
r
esp
o
n
s
es
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
o
ltag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
s
s
u
g
g
e
s
ts
th
at
in
s
u
latio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
ca
n
n
o
t
r
ely
o
n
test
in
g
u
n
d
er
a
s
in
g
l
e
co
n
d
itio
n
alo
n
e.
PD
test
in
g
u
n
d
er
b
o
t
h
AC
an
d
DC
v
o
ltag
es
is
cr
u
cial
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
en
s
iv
e
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
o
f
th
e
in
s
u
latio
n
m
ater
i
al’
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
n
d
er
ac
tu
al
o
p
e
r
atin
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
N
ev
er
th
eless
,
PD
test
r
esu
lts
ca
n
also
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
o
th
er
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
ch
as
elec
tr
o
d
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
,
d
e
f
e
ct
ty
p
e,
ca
v
ity
s
ize,
m
ater
ia
l
ty
p
e,
m
ater
ial
th
ic
k
n
ess
,
a
n
d
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
co
n
d
itio
n
s
d
u
r
in
g
test
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
f
u
r
t
h
er
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
s
tu
d
ies
ar
e
n
ee
d
e
d
to
c
o
n
f
i
r
m
an
d
ex
p
a
n
d
th
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
i
n
g
o
f
th
is
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
PD m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
t r
es
u
lts
at
(
a)
1
7
k
V
DC
an
d
(
b
)
1
9
k
V
DC
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Me
asu
r
in
g
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
PD
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
in
HDPE
s
am
p
les
u
s
in
g
th
e
C
I
GR
E
m
eth
o
d
I
I
elec
tr
o
d
e
s
y
s
tem
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t,
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
in
d
ic
ate
th
at
HDPE
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
AC
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
is
is
ev
id
en
ce
d
b
y
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
av
er
ag
e
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
v
o
lta
g
e
(
V
in
)
u
n
d
er
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
wh
ich
r
ea
c
h
ed
1
5
.
5
k
V,
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
o
n
l
y
1
1
.
8
k
V
u
n
d
er
AC
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
th
e
PD in
ce
p
tio
n
tim
e
(
T
in
)
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
lo
n
g
er
u
n
d
er
DC
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
A
co
r
r
el
atio
n
b
etwe
en
t
h
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
a
n
d
PD
in
ce
p
tio
n
tim
e
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
,
with
T
in
ten
d
in
g
t
o
in
cr
ea
s
e
as
th
e
ap
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
m
ag
n
itu
d
e
o
f
th
e
a
p
p
lied
v
o
ltag
e
also
in
f
lu
e
n
ce
d
th
e
P
D
ch
ar
g
e
v
alu
es
an
d
ac
tiv
ity
i
n
ten
s
ity
.
Un
d
er
AC
v
o
ltag
e,
PD
p
atter
n
s
wer
e
c
o
n
ce
n
tr
ated
o
n
b
o
th
s
id
es
o
f
th
e
s
in
u
s
o
id
al
c
y
cle
(
p
o
s
itiv
e
an
d
n
eg
ativ
e)
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
t
h
e
ea
r
ly
p
h
ase
n
ea
r
th
e
ze
r
o
-
cr
o
s
s
in
g
p
o
in
t.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
PD
ac
tiv
ity
u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
e
was
n
o
t
in
f
lu
en
ce
d
b
y
v
o
ltag
e
c
y
cles,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
th
e
PD
ch
ar
g
e
m
a
g
n
itu
d
e
s
u
n
d
er
b
o
th
AC
an
d
DC
co
n
d
i
tio
n
s
wer
e
n
ea
r
ly
th
e
s
am
e,
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
t
o
in
itiate
PD
u
n
d
er
DC
was
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
h
ig
h
e
r
,
in
d
icatin
g
th
at
HDPE
ex
h
ib
its
b
etter
in
s
u
latio
n
r
esis
tan
ce
u
n
d
er
DC
v
o
ltag
e.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
e
x
p
r
e
s
s
g
r
a
ti
t
u
d
e
to
t
h
e
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
ca
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
,
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
o
f
D
ip
o
n
e
g
o
r
o
,
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
i
d
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
f
a
c
i
li
t
i
es
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
R
.
S
c
h
u
r
c
h
,
O
.
M
u
n
o
z
,
J.
A
r
d
i
l
a
-
R
e
y
,
P
.
D
o
n
o
s
o
,
a
n
d
V
.
P
e
e
sa
p
a
t
i
,
“
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
t
r
e
e
a
g
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
e
i
n
e
p
o
x
y
r
e
si
n
u
si
n
g
p
a
r
t
i
a
l
d
i
sc
h
a
r
g
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
ms
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
r
a
d
i
t
i
o
n
a
l
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s,”
P
o
l
y
m
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
.
2
4
6
1
,
M
a
y
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
p
o
l
y
m
1
5
1
1
2
4
6
1
.
[
2
]
P
.
W
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
I
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
o
f
r
e
p
e
t
i
t
i
v
e
s
q
u
a
r
e
v
o
l
t
a
g
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
l
e
o
n
t
h
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
t
r
e
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
e
p
o
x
y
r
e
si
n
,
”
P
o
l
y
m
e
rs
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
–
1
1
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
p
o
l
y
m1
2
1
0
2
2
1
5
.
0
10
20
30
40
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
3600
PD
Ch
ar
g
e
(
p
C)
Ti
m
e
(
s)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
600
1200
1800
2400
3000
3600
PD
Ch
ar
g
e
(
p
C)
Ti
m
e
(
s)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
4
2
1
-
4
4
2
9
4428
[
3
]
U
.
M
u
sa
,
A
.
A
.
M
a
t
i
,
A
.
A
.
M
a
s’
u
d
,
G
.
S
.
S
h
e
h
u
,
R
.
A
l
b
a
r
r
a
c
í
n
-
S
á
n
c
h
e
z
,
a
n
d
J.
M
.
R
o
d
r
í
g
u
e
z
-
S
e
r
n
a
,
“
A
n
i
mp
r
o
v
e
d
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
f
o
r
q
u
a
n
t
i
f
y
i
n
g
P
D
a
c
t
i
v
i
t
y
i
n
c
r
o
ss
-
l
i
n
k
e
d
p
o
l
y
e
t
h
y
l
e
n
e
(
X
LPE)
p
o
w
e
r
c
a
b
l
e
s
,
”
Me
a
s
u
rem
e
n
t
:
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
Me
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
t
C
o
n
f
e
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
2
1
1
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
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1
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6
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s
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r
e
m
e
n
t
.
2
0
2
3
.
1
1
2
6
3
3
.
[
4
]
S
.
K
.
M
.
H
a
q
u
e
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
s
u
i
t
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
p
o
l
y
mer
i
c
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
s
i
n
s
u
l
a
t
o
r
s i
n
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
q
u
i
p
me
n
t
,
”
En
e
r
g
i
e
s
,
v
o
l
.
1
4
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
2
0
2
1
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
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n
1
4
1
0
2
7
5
8
.
[
5
]
N
.
A
.
A
w
a
n
g
,
M
.
H
.
A
h
m
a
d
,
Y
.
Z.
A
r
i
e
f
,
I
.
H
.
Za
k
a
r
i
a
,
a
n
d
N
.
A
.
A
h
ma
d
,
“
T
h
e
e
f
f
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c
t
o
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p
l
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-
t
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a
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n
i
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p
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a
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c
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a
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t
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r
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st
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c
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f
LD
P
E,
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I
n
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e
r
n
a
t
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o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
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t
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r
En
g
i
n
e
e
ri
n
g
(
I
J
EC
E)
,
v
o
l
.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
5
6
8
–
5
7
5
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
e
c
e
.
v
7
i
2
.
p
p
5
6
8
-
5
7
5
.
[
6
]
M
.
S
.
J
e
r
f
e
r
i
,
N
.
A
.
M
.
J
a
ma
i
l
,
N
.
S
.
M
.
J
a
ma
i
l
,
a
n
d
Q
.
E
.
K
a
mar
u
d
i
n
,
“
A
n
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k
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rta,
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in
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2
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ig
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m
.
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ra
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g
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d
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a
d
jah
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a
d
a
in
1
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n
d
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,
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sp
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l
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h
a
s
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n
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n
As
so
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iate
P
ro
fe
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o
r
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v
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o
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ra
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g
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n
d
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sin
c
e
2
0
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u
rre
n
tl
y
t
h
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h
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h
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tag
e
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v
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ti
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d
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h
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-
VIT)
Re
se
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rc
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ra
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ry
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n
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m
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r
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n
t
il
n
o
w.
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re
se
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rc
h
in
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sts
in
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lu
d
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ig
h
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v
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lt
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g
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g
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n
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ra
ti
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ig
h
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v
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lt
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g
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s
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latio
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tri
c
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l
trac
k
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g
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n
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n
su
lat
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r
m
a
teria
ls,
p
a
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l
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rg
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,
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ig
h
tn
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n
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p
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o
m
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n
o
n
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a
n
d
i
ts
p
r
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tec
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
.
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c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
g
a
k
u
se
i2
0
0
3
@y
a
h
o
o
.
c
o
m
.
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n
S
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tia
w
a
n
is
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lec
tu
re
r
in
t
h
e
El
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c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Dip
o
n
e
g
o
r
o
,
S
e
m
a
ra
n
g
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
En
g
.
a
n
d
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
fro
m
th
e
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n
g
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n
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e
rin
g
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
G
a
d
jah
M
a
d
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
in
1
9
9
8
a
n
d
2
0
0
3
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
I
n
2
0
1
6
,
h
e
re
c
e
iv
e
d
a
d
o
c
t
o
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
fro
m
th
e
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e
c
tri
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
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n
stit
u
t
Tek
n
o
lo
g
i
S
e
p
u
lu
h
No
p
e
m
b
e
r,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
.
I
n
2
0
2
5
,
h
e
wa
s
a
wa
rd
e
d
th
e
ti
tl
e
o
f
P
ro
fe
ss
o
r
b
y
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Di
p
o
n
e
g
o
r
o
U
n
iv
e
rsity
,
S
e
m
a
ra
n
g
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
i
n
c
lu
d
e
p
o
we
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l
d
e
sig
n
fo
r
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
p
o
we
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
t
a
c
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
iwa
n
se
ti
a
wa
n
@liv
e
.
u
n
d
ip
.
a
c
.
i
d
.
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