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er
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y
th
e
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r
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t
co
n
tr
o
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t
h
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p
o
w
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ex
ch
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n
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w
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g
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n
d
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2
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t
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m
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te
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tr
al
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t.
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ter
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o
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(
ie.
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y
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te
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).
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lo
w
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o
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g
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[
9
]
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p
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t
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u
r
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th
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t
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r
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o
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it
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e
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,
1
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h
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n
n
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ctio
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u
p
led
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e
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f
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4
[
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.
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ter
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4.
CO
NT
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i
s
s
h
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w
n
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Fi
g
u
r
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9
.
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e
th
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e
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tr
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r
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t
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s
co
m
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s
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g
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.
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f
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d
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to
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m
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ates
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h
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ar
m
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ic
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r
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ts
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u
n
b
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n
ce
d
an
d
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e
u
tr
al
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r
r
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ts
.
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2
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g
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[
3
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ai
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d
c
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k
v
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w
h
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ar
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er
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v
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e
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is
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ase
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,
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SS
N
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Vo
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2
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726
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ar
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al
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id
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th
t
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
g
r
id
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e
n
ts
(
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ie.
,
T
h
e
E
r
r
o
r
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
ac
tu
al
v
alu
e
an
d
t
h
e
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ce
v
al
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cu
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ts
o
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ter
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iv
es
th
e
s
w
itc
h
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eq
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w
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h
o
f
th
e
leg
o
f
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h
e
in
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ter
as f
o
llo
w
s
a.
If
(
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s
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itch
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ase
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v
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ter
.
b.
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(
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u
p
p
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i
tch
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ill
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e
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(
=0
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d
lo
w
er
s
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ill
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e
OFF
(
=0
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in
th
e
p
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ase
“
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ter
.
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id
th
o
f
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
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d
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
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n
g
p
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ls
e
s
f
o
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th
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er
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em
a
in
i
n
g
th
r
ee
le
g
s
c
an
b
e
d
er
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ed
.
5.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
a
h
ig
h
s
tep
u
p
d
c
-
dc
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
a
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
co
n
tr
o
l
te
ch
n
iq
u
e
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
th
e
b
elo
w
Fi
g
u
r
e
10.
T
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
b
ei
n
g
s
tep
p
ed
u
p
to
n
ea
r
l
y
1
3
ti
m
e
s
a
s
m
u
c
h
a
s
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
b
ein
g
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
P
V
p
an
el.
O
n
l
y
o
n
e
s
w
itc
h
i
s
u
s
e
d
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
b
tain
h
i
g
h
d
c
v
o
ltag
e.
So
th
a
t,
th
e
s
w
itc
h
in
g
lo
s
s
es a
r
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
T
h
is
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
h
ig
h
v
o
ltag
e
g
ain
,
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
i
s
m
o
r
e
f
o
r
th
is
co
n
v
er
ter
as
th
e
d
u
t
y
r
atio
s
ar
e
v
er
y
les
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
w
itc
h
.
T
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
is
h
i
g
h
f
o
r
th
is
D
C
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
s
tep
p
ed
u
p
is
m
u
c
h
h
ig
h
er
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
i
n
p
u
t t
h
at
is
b
ei
n
g
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
th
e
p
an
e
l.
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Ou
tp
u
t v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
h
ig
h
s
tep
u
p
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
w
it
h
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
C
lo
s
ed
L
o
o
p
C
o
n
tr
o
l)
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
.
So
u
r
ce
cu
r
r
en
t,
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
t,
in
v
er
ter
cu
r
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t,
an
d
s
o
u
r
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v
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ltag
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w
a
v
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o
r
m
s
o
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h
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ase
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te
m
Fig
u
r
e
12
.
C
u
r
r
en
t W
av
e
f
o
r
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
Si
n
g
le
p
h
a
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
o
w
er Qu
a
lity E
n
h
a
n
ce
men
t i
n
Gri
d
C
o
n
n
ec
ted
P
V
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ystems
u
s
in
g
Hig
h
S
tep
Up
…
(
V
S
P
r
a
s
a
d
a
r
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o
K
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727
T
h
e
ab
o
v
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
1
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
b
o
th
s
i
n
g
le
p
h
ase
an
d
3
-
p
h
ase
s
o
u
r
ce
s
w
h
e
n
co
n
n
ec
te
d
to
b
o
th
li
n
ea
r
an
d
n
o
n
-
li
n
ea
r
lo
ad
s
.
Up
to
th
e
tr
a
n
s
i
tio
n
ti
m
e
0
.
1
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
in
n
o
n
s
tab
ilized
co
n
d
itio
n
.
Af
ter
th
e
tr
a
n
s
itio
n
ti
m
e
T
=0
.
1
i
e.
,
th
e
in
v
er
ter
is
b
ei
n
g
co
n
n
e
cted
to
th
e
g
r
id
,
th
e
g
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
is
b
ei
n
g
s
tab
ilize
d
b
y
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
g
r
id
as
p
er
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
s
d
o
n
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
er
r
o
r
v
alu
es
g
iv
e
n
t
h
e
h
y
s
ter
s
i
s
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
b
o
th
th
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
v
a
lu
e
s
an
d
th
e
s
a
m
p
led
v
al
u
es
(
ie.
,
b
o
th
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
c
u
r
r
en
t
v
a
lu
e
s
)
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
id
.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt
t
h
e
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
p
u
ls
es
t
h
at
ar
e
b
ein
g
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
lo
ad
v
ar
iatio
n
s
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
cu
r
r
en
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
tech
n
iq
u
e.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
th
r
ee
p
h
ase
f
o
u
r
-
w
ir
e
in
v
er
ter
f
o
r
g
r
id
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
o
f
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
g
ir
d
.
T
h
e
lo
w
v
o
lta
g
e
o
b
tai
n
e
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
s
tep
u
p
d
c
-
d
c
co
n
v
er
ter
w
i
th
les
s
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
a
n
d
i
t
is
al
s
o
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
in
clo
s
ed
lo
o
p
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
to
g
et
r
eq
u
ir
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
Su
itab
le
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
f
r
o
m
a
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
o
p
er
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
Kp
an
d
Ki
v
alu
es
.
H
y
s
ter
e
s
is
co
n
tr
o
ller
g
e
n
er
at
es
th
e
p
u
ls
e
s
f
o
r
th
r
ee
p
h
a
s
e
f
o
u
r
-
w
ir
e
i
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ic
h
h
elp
s
in
ac
h
ie
v
i
n
g
a
s
tab
ilized
n
e
u
tr
al
cu
r
r
e
n
t,
co
m
p
en
s
ated
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
w
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
an
d
b
alan
ce
d
lo
ad
cu
r
r
en
ts
.
T
h
is
co
n
ce
p
t
r
eq
u
ir
es
f
e
w
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ex
is
ti
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
li
k
e
A
P
F,
h
e
n
ce
its
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
i
s
ea
s
y
an
d
also
lo
w
co
s
t.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
M
u
k
h
ti
a
r
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in
g
h
,
Vin
o
d
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h
a
d
k
ik
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r
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rish
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n
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ra
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n
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v
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,
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rid
In
terc
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Re
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w
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b
le
En
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Distrib
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r
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Qu
a
li
t
y
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m
p
r
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v
e
m
e
n
t
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e
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tu
re
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,
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E
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ra
n
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p
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ry
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p
p
.
3
0
7
-
3
1
5
.
[2
]
Ezh
il
a
ra
sa
n
S
,
P
a
lan
iv
e
l
P
,
S
a
m
b
a
th
S
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
En
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
D
G
S
o
u
rc
e
A
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
in
a
M
icro
G
rid
w
it
h
En
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
S
y
ste
m
”
.
In
d
ia
n
jo
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
2
0
1
5
Ju
l.
,
1
3
(
8
).
[3
]
Kh
a
d
k
ik
a
r
V
,
Ch
a
n
d
ra
A
,
Ba
rr
y
A
O,
N
g
u
y
e
n
T
D,
“
Ap
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
o
f
UPQC
to
p
r
o
tec
t
a
se
n
siti
v
e
lo
a
d
o
n
a
p
o
l
lu
te
d
d
istrib
u
t
io
n
n
e
two
rk
”
,
i
n
P
ro
c
.
A
n
n
u
.
Co
n
f
.
IEE
E
P
o
w
e
r
En
g
.
S
o
c
.
Ge
n
.
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
M
o
n
tre
a
l.
Qu
e
.
2
0
0
6
,
p
p
.
8
6
7
-
8
7
2
.
[4
]
Blaa
b
jerg
F
,
Teo
d
o
re
sc
u
R,
L
ise
r
re
M
,
T
i
m
b
u
s
A
V
,
“
Ov
e
r
v
ie
w
o
f
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
g
rid
sy
n
c
h
ro
n
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
r
d
istri
b
u
te
d
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
d
.
E
lec
tro
n
.
,
2
0
0
5
Oc
t.
,
5
3
(
5
),
p
p
.
1
3
9
8
-
1
4
0
.
[5
]
Ka
ru
p
p
a
n
a
n
P
,
M
a
h
a
p
a
trab
K
K,
“
P
L
L
S
y
n
c
h
ro
n
iza
ti
o
n
w
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h
P
ID
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n
tr
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ll
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r
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se
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o
n
S
h
u
n
t
A
c
ti
v
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P
o
w
e
r
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in
e
Co
n
d
it
io
n
e
r
”
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ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
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m
p
u
ter
a
n
d
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e
c
trica
l
E
n
g
in
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e
rin
g
,
2
0
1
1
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e
b
.
,
3
(
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).
[6
]
Jin
tak
o
so
n
w
it
P
,
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u
ji
ta
F
,
A
k
a
g
i
H,
Og
a
sa
wa
ra
S
,
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I
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
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e
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
sh
u
n
t
a
c
ti
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e
f
il
ters
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o
r
h
a
r
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o
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ic
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a
m
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in
g
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ro
u
g
h
o
u
t
a
p
o
w
e
r
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
sy
st
e
m
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
d
.
Ap
p
l
.
,
2
0
0
3
A
p
r.
,
3
9
(
2
),
p
p
.
5
5
6
-
5
6
4
[7
]
G
re
e
n
T
C,
M
a
rk
s
JH
,
“
Co
n
tro
l
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
we
r
fi
lt
e
rs
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,
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E
p
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
p
o
w
e
r
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
2
0
0
5
M
a
r,
1
5
2
,
p
p
.
3
6
9
-
3
8
1
.
[8
]
Bra
h
im
B
e
rb
a
o
u
i,
S
a
m
ira
Dib
,
Ra
c
h
id
De
h
in
i
,
“
G
rid
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
p
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
li
t
y
im
p
ro
v
e
m
e
n
ts
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
f
il
ter
”
,
IJ
ECE
,
2
0
1
1
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
1
,
p
p
4
3
-
4
8
.
[9
]
Q.
Zh
a
o
a
n
d
F
.
C.
L
e
e
,
“
Hig
h
-
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
,
h
ig
h
ste
p
-
u
p
d
c
–
d
c
c
o
n
v
e
rters
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
,
v
o
l.
1
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
5
–
7
3
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
0
3
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
V
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r
a
s
a
d
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r
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o
K
Re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
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ECH
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in
El
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tri
c
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l
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n
d
El
e
c
tro
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ics
f
ro
m
Lak
ired
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y
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li
re
d
d
y
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
e
n
g
in
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rin
g
,
M
y
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