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I
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Vo
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15
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No
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5
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Octo
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r
20
25
:
4
3
4
1
-
4
3
5
4
4342
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t
to
f
in
d
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
b
alan
ce
a
n
d
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
ca
p
ac
ity
to
en
s
u
r
e
b
o
th
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
an
d
lo
n
g
-
ter
m
r
el
iab
ilit
y
[
4
]
.
Op
tim
izin
g
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
aim
s
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
at
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
in
teg
r
at
es
m
u
ltip
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
ac
h
iev
in
g
a
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
m
in
im
izin
g
co
s
ts
an
d
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
r
eliab
le
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
[
5
]
.
k
e
y
p
ar
am
eter
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
in
ter
m
s
o
f
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
an
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
cr
i
ter
ia.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
am
o
n
g
t
h
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
cr
iter
ia,
th
e
an
n
u
al
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t
(
ASC
)
an
d
th
e
lev
elize
d
co
s
t
o
f
elec
tr
icity
(
L
C
OE
)
ar
e
h
ig
h
lig
h
ted
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
tili
ze
d
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
M
o
r
o
cc
o
o
n
HR
E
Ss
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
PV/
win
d
HR
E
Ss
,
h
av
e
m
ad
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
t
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
an
d
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
in
v
ar
i
o
u
s
co
n
tex
ts
.
A
r
ec
en
t
s
tu
d
y
co
n
d
u
cte
d
b
y
B
o
u
a
f
ia
et
a
l
.
[
6
]
s
p
ec
if
ically
aim
ed
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
s
izin
g
o
f
a
PV/
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
HR
E
S
in
1
2
lo
ca
tio
n
s
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
T
h
e
P
SO
alg
o
r
ith
m
was
u
s
ed
t
o
m
in
im
ize
th
e
L
C
OE
wh
ile
ac
h
iev
in
g
th
e
d
esire
d
an
n
u
al
o
u
tp
u
t.
An
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
b
y
E
l
B
o
u
jd
ian
i
et
a
l
.
[
7
]
o
p
tim
ized
a
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
PV/win
d
/b
atter
y
/d
iesel
h
y
b
r
id
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
u
s
in
g
th
e
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
c
o
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
l
y
f
o
r
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
in
two
cities
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
B
ey
o
u
d
an
d
B
o
u
h
ao
u
s
s
[
8
]
in
v
esti
g
ated
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
g
en
er
ato
r
-
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
-
win
d
f
ar
m
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
a
to
u
r
is
t
l
o
d
g
e
in
Gu
er
g
ar
at,
s
o
u
th
west
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
T
h
eir
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
ed
lo
a
d
p
r
o
f
ile
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
v
al
u
ab
le
in
s
ig
h
ts
f
o
r
d
esig
n
in
g
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
i
n
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
Kh
ar
r
ich
et
a
l
.
[
9
]
p
r
esen
t
a
n
o
v
el
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
eq
u
ilib
r
i
u
m
o
p
ti
m
izer
f
o
r
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
e
s
ig
n
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
PV/
win
d
/d
iesel/b
atter
y
m
icr
o
g
r
id
in
Dak
h
la,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
T
h
ey
aim
ed
to
m
in
im
ize
co
s
ts
,
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
y
s
tem
s
tab
ilit
y
,
an
d
en
h
an
ce
r
e
n
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
.
I
n
a
n
o
th
er
s
tu
d
y
,
E
l
-
Ho
u
ar
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
0
]
ass
ess
ed
th
e
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
elec
tr
icity
in
th
e
r
em
o
te
v
illag
e
o
f
T
az
o
u
ta
in
th
e
Fe
s
Me
k
n
es
r
eg
io
n
o
f
Mo
r
o
cc
o
,
u
s
in
g
HOM
E
R
s
o
f
twar
e.
An
o
u
n
e
et
a
l
.
[
1
1
]
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
th
e
s
izin
g
o
p
t
im
izatio
n
o
f
a
PV/
win
d
/b
a
tter
y
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
wit
h
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ical
s
to
r
ag
e.
T
h
e
y
aim
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
lo
a
d
d
e
m
an
d
o
f
a
n
in
d
u
s
tr
ial
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
an
d
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
a
h
eu
r
is
tic
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
ased
o
n
a
g
en
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
MA
T
L
AB
wa
s
u
s
ed
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
s
izin
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
Mo
u
a
ch
i
et
a
l
.
[
1
2
]
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
n
ee
d
f
o
r
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
to
m
ee
t
elec
tr
icity
d
em
an
d
wh
il
e
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
s
ts
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
im
p
ac
t.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
at
u
r
e
-
in
s
p
ir
e
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
lled
MD
PS
O
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
s
izin
g
o
f
an
a
d
v
an
ce
d
h
y
b
r
id
m
icr
o
g
r
id
(
A
-
HM
G)
in
a
f
is
h
in
g
v
illag
e
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
f
ir
s
t
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
m
ar
t
en
er
g
y
m
an
ag
em
e
n
t
s
ch
em
e
(
SEM
S)
to
co
o
r
d
in
ate
th
e
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
am
o
n
g
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
th
e
A
-
HM
G.
T
h
ey
th
en
in
te
g
r
ated
th
e
MD
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
with
t
h
e
SEM
S
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
izin
g
f
o
r
an
A
-
HM
G
in
a
f
is
h
in
g
v
illag
e
lo
ca
ted
in
E
s
s
ao
u
ir
a,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
e
A
-
HM
G
ar
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
a
n
els
(
PV)
,
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es
(
W
T
s
)
,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
s
,
an
d
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
s
(
DGs).
L
astl
y
,
E
l
Hain
i
an
d
Sak
a
[
1
3
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
a
PV/
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e/b
atter
y
h
y
b
r
id
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
in
g
a
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
lo
ad
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
Usi
n
g
HO
ME
R
s
o
f
twar
e,
th
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
clu
d
ed
th
at
t
h
e
PV/B
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
is
th
e
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
f
e
asib
le
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
in
th
e
s
elec
ted
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ical
lo
ca
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
tio
n
o
f
HR
E
Ss
is
s
t
ill
g
ain
in
g
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
atten
tio
n
in
Mo
r
o
cc
o
f
o
r
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
s
ea
wate
r
d
esalin
atio
n
an
d
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
,
with
th
e
latter
p
r
esen
tin
g
a
v
e
r
itab
le
is
s
u
e
wh
er
e
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
r
eliab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
elec
tr
icity
to
is
o
lated
co
m
m
u
n
ities
in
r
eg
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
Dak
h
la,
M
o
r
o
cc
o
.
T
o
a
d
d
r
ess
th
is
is
s
u
e,
th
is
s
tu
d
y
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
s
im
u
latio
n
an
d
o
p
tim
izatio
n
o
f
an
HR
E
S
th
at
co
m
b
in
es
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
PV)
,
win
d
p
o
wer
,
an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
to
m
ee
t
th
e
en
e
r
g
y
n
ee
d
s
o
f
r
em
o
te
co
m
m
u
n
ities
.
A
k
ey
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
th
e
em
p
h
asis
o
n
d
esig
n
in
g
HR
E
Ss
th
at
n
o
t
o
n
ly
m
in
im
ize
co
s
ts
b
u
t
also
en
s
u
r
e
a
co
n
s
is
ten
t
an
d
r
eliab
le
en
er
g
y
s
u
p
p
ly
.
W
h
ile
a
s
y
s
tem
m
ay
ap
p
ea
r
ec
o
n
o
m
ically
attr
ac
tiv
e
d
u
e
to
a
lo
w
L
C
OE
,
its
p
r
ac
tical
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
lies
in
its
ab
ilit
y
to
m
e
et
d
em
an
d
at
all
tim
es.
T
h
e
r
ef
o
r
e,
in
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
m
etr
ics
s
u
ch
as
th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
(
L
PS
P)
in
to
th
e
o
p
tim
iz
atio
n
f
r
am
ewo
r
k
is
ess
en
tial.
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
ev
alu
ates
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
m
ee
t
en
er
g
y
d
em
a
n
d
s
u
n
d
e
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Prio
r
itizin
g
co
s
t
s
av
in
g
s
with
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
co
u
ld
r
esu
lt
in
p
o
wer
s
h
o
r
t
ag
es,
wh
ich
wo
u
ld
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
th
e
g
o
als o
f
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
an
d
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
en
er
g
y
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
is
wo
r
k
is
to
cr
ea
te
a
m
ath
em
atica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
an
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
h
y
b
r
i
d
PV/win
d
/
b
atter
y
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
f
o
r
g
en
e
r
atin
g
elec
tr
icity
in
an
is
o
lated
ar
ea
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
izes
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
u
s
ed
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
y
s
tem
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
lo
w
est
L
C
OE
.
W
h
ile
en
s
u
r
in
g
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
lev
el
o
f
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
'
s
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
th
e
an
n
u
al
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
tima
l siz
in
g
a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f
h
yb
r
id
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
-
w
in
d
-
b
a
tter
y
…
(
Yo
u
s
s
ef
E
l B
a
q
q
a
l
)
4343
(
ASC
)
.
T
h
e
GW
O
an
d
PSO
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
u
tili
ze
d
to
f
in
d
th
e
b
est
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HR
E
S.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wer
e
s
elec
ted
d
u
e
to
t
h
eir
ab
ilit
y
to
d
eliv
er
p
r
ec
is
e
an
d
d
ep
en
d
ab
le
o
u
t
co
m
es
u
s
in
g
f
ewe
r
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
to
o
t
h
er
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
c
h
o
ice
o
f
th
ese
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
is
d
r
iv
en
b
y
th
eir
p
o
ten
tial
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ac
cu
r
ate
an
d
r
eliab
le
r
esu
lts
with
a
r
elativ
ely
s
m
aller
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
n
tr
o
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
o
th
er
ev
o
lu
tio
n
a
r
y
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
o
ass
es
s
th
e
ef
f
icac
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
,
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
a
g
ain
s
t
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
A
b
r
ief
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
is
m
ad
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
L
C
OE
.
T
h
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
with
th
e
lo
west
L
C
OE
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
id
ea
l.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
co
m
po
nents m
o
dellin
g
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
ws
th
e
s
ch
em
atic
d
iag
r
am
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
PV/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
s
tu
d
ied
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
tem
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
ev
er
al
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
:
PV
p
an
els,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
th
e
B
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
a
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
an
is
o
lated
co
m
m
u
n
ity
.
T
o
estab
lis
h
th
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
th
e
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
en
t (
DC
)
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
,
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
PV
p
an
els,
an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iately
lin
k
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
in
v
er
ter
s
o
r
co
n
v
er
ter
s
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
lo
ad
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
alter
n
atin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
(
AC
)
b
u
s
s
y
s
tem
.
W
h
en
r
en
ewa
b
le
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
c
es,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es,
an
d
PV
ar
r
a
y
s
g
en
er
ate
s
u
f
f
icien
t
p
o
wer
t
o
m
ee
t
th
e
d
em
an
d
,
all
th
e
elec
tr
icity
is
d
ir
ec
tly
s
u
p
p
lied
to
th
e
lo
ad
.
E
x
ce
s
s
p
o
wer
is
th
en
s
to
r
ed
in
th
e
b
atter
y
b
an
k
.
I
n
in
s
tan
ce
s
wh
er
e
th
e
g
e
n
er
ated
p
o
wer
f
alls
s
h
o
r
t
o
f
m
ee
tin
g
th
e
d
em
a
n
d
,
th
e
s
to
r
e
d
p
o
wer
in
t
h
e
b
atter
ies
is
u
tili
ze
d
to
co
m
p
e
n
s
ate
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ef
icit.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ov
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
PV/W
T
/
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
2
.
1
.
1
.
Sim
ple
ef
f
iciency
P
V
m
o
du
le
m
o
del
T
h
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
is
ca
lcu
lated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
[
1
4
]
:
(
)
=
(
)
(
)
(
1
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV
u
n
it
(
Kw)
,
μ
is
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
,
is
a
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
d
er
atin
g
f
ac
to
r
,
in
clu
d
in
g
s
ev
er
al
lo
s
s
es
s
u
ch
as
s
o
ilin
g
an
d
s
h
ad
in
g
.
W
h
ile,
(
)
,
im
p
lies
th
e
ac
tu
al
o
v
er
all
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
(
)
s
y
m
b
o
lizes th
e
to
tal
r
ad
ia
tio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
u
les at
tim
e
.
T
h
e
p
r
ec
is
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
s
o
la
r
r
ad
iatio
n
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
lar
f
ield
h
o
l
d
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
as
it
s
er
v
es
as
a
f
u
n
d
am
en
tal
f
ac
t
o
r
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
t
h
e
elec
tr
icity
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
PV
p
lan
ts
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
av
ailab
le
d
ata
m
ay
n
o
t
alwa
y
s
b
e
e
x
ac
tly
w
h
at
we
u
s
e
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latio
n
.
F
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
Glo
b
al
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ar
e
ty
p
ically
tak
en
o
n
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tal
p
lan
es,
wh
er
ea
s
s
o
lar
P
V
m
o
d
u
les
ar
e
n
o
t
in
s
talled
h
o
r
izo
n
tally
b
u
t
at
a
ce
r
tain
an
g
le
o
r
with
a
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
tem
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
3
4
1
-
4
3
5
4
4344
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
d
ata,
it
is
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
co
n
v
er
t
th
e
av
ailab
le
d
ata
in
to
u
s
ef
u
l
d
ata.
T
o
d
o
s
o
,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
s
o
lar
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
,
as we
ll a
s
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
ch
as th
e
tilt
an
g
le
an
d
o
r
ien
tatio
n
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t
i
s
n
o
t
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
,
b
u
t
it
i
s
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t in
t
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
p
r
o
c
ess
.
T
h
e
ac
tu
al
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV m
o
d
u
le
at
tim
e
t is ca
lcu
lated
as
(
2
)
:
(
)
=
_
(
1
+
(
(
)
−
_
)
)
(
2
)
wh
er
e
_
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
o
m
in
al
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le,
is
th
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
f
ac
to
r
(
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tally
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
b
y
th
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
o
r
)
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
is
th
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
u
n
d
er
STC.
T
h
e
ac
tu
al
o
p
er
atin
g
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
at
wh
ich
,
is
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
th
eir
r
ate
d
o
p
er
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
[
1
4
]
.
2
.
1
.
2
.
Wind
m
o
del
I
n
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
els
ar
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
t
o
esti
m
ate
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
win
d
tu
r
b
in
es.
T
h
ese
m
o
d
els
t
y
p
ic
ally
co
n
s
id
er
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
win
d
s
p
ee
d
r
an
g
es
an
d
em
p
l
o
y
d
is
tin
ct
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
ev
alu
ate
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e.
T
h
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e
p
o
wer
g
en
er
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
(
3
)
[
1
5
]
:
{
(
)
=
0
(
)
=
.
(
)
3
−
.
(
)
=
|
(
)
<
(
)
>
≤
(
)
<
(
)
≥
}
(
3
)
wh
er
e
,
{
=
(
3
−
3
)
⁄
=
3
(
3
−
3
)
⁄
=
0
,
5
.
.
.
.
.
3
(
4
)
in
th
is
co
n
text
,
r
ef
e
r
s
to
th
e
r
ated
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
wh
ich
r
e
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
wer
it
ca
n
g
en
e
r
ate
u
n
d
er
o
p
tim
al
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ig
n
i
f
ies
th
e
r
o
t
o
r
ar
ea
,
th
e
ter
m
s
tan
d
s
f
o
r
th
e
cu
t
-
in
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
an
d
,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
r
ated
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
L
astl
y
,
V
o
ut
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
cu
t
-
o
f
f
win
d
s
p
ee
d
.
Acc
o
r
d
i
n
g
to
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
in
r
ef
e
r
en
ce
[
1
6
]
,
we
h
av
e
a
d
o
p
te
d
a
n
air
d
en
s
ity
(
)
v
alu
e
o
f
1
.
2
2
5
k
g
/m
³
f
o
r
o
u
r
c
alcu
latio
n
s
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
we
h
av
e
u
tili
ze
d
a
p
o
wer
co
e
f
f
ici
en
t (
)
o
f
0
.
4
4
.
2
.
2
.
M
a
na
g
e
m
ent
s
t
ra
t
e
g
ies
o
f
H
RE
Ss
W
h
en
s
izin
g
a
h
y
b
r
id
PV/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
,
ca
r
ef
u
lly
ev
alu
atin
g
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t'
s
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
an
d
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
r
e
q
u
ir
ed
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
p
ac
ity
a
r
e
cr
itical
s
tep
s
.
T
h
ese
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
ad
ap
te
d
to
th
e
s
ite
wea
th
er
d
ata
,
th
e
tec
h
n
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
ce
p
tio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
s
y
s
tem
,
an
d
th
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
th
e
lo
ad
b
ein
g
s
u
p
p
lied
.
T
o
s
elec
t
th
e
b
est
d
esig
n
f
o
r
a
h
y
b
r
id
PV/
win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
,
a
n
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
.
T
h
is
alg
o
r
ith
m
aim
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
s
p
ec
if
ic
cr
iter
ia,
s
u
ch
as r
eliab
ilit
y
an
d
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
ess
.
I
n
th
is
co
n
tex
t,
th
e
HR
E
S
wit
h
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
alan
ce
b
etwe
en
PV
an
d
win
d
is
d
e
s
ig
n
ed
to
r
ep
ly
to
th
e
d
esire
d
lo
ad
,
t
h
e
to
tal
p
r
o
d
u
cti
o
n
co
u
l
d
b
e
wr
itten
as
(
5
)
:
(
)
=
.
(
)
+
.
(
)
(
5
)
wh
er
e
(
)
,
(
)
ar
e
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
b
y
PV
an
d
win
d
t
u
r
b
in
e
at
t
im
e
t
,
wh
ich
c
o
u
ld
b
e
ca
lcu
l
ated
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
4
)
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
ile,
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
PV
s
y
s
tem
u
n
it
(
K
W
)
an
d
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
win
d
s
y
s
tem
u
n
it (
KW
)
.
Fo
r
ea
ch
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
(
,
)
,
a
to
tal
g
en
er
ate
d
p
o
wer
co
u
ld
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
;
t
h
is
latter
,
in
a
ce
r
tain
tim
e
t
,
co
u
ld
b
e
eq
u
al,
g
r
ea
ter
,
o
r
less
th
an
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
l
o
ad
at
th
is
tim
e.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
a
b
atter
y
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
tem
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
tal
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
ca
n
b
e
d
eter
m
in
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
d
etailed
s
izin
g
p
r
o
c
ess
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
tima
l siz
in
g
a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f
h
yb
r
id
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
-
w
in
d
-
b
a
tter
y
…
(
Yo
u
s
s
ef
E
l B
a
q
q
a
l
)
4345
2
.
3
.
B
a
t
t
er
y
s
izing
Fo
r
ea
ch
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
PV
an
d
win
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
,
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
b
atter
y
ca
p
ac
ity
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
in
s
talled
to
m
ee
t
th
e
d
esire
d
l
o
ad
.
T
h
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
th
is
ca
p
ac
ity
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
s
izin
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
t
is
cr
u
cial
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
(
SOC
)
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
b
an
k
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t.
T
wo
k
ey
m
o
d
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
in
th
is
co
n
tex
t
.
2
.
3
.
1
.
Cha
rg
ing
mo
de
I
n
th
e
ch
a
r
g
in
g
m
o
d
e,
th
er
e
a
r
e
also
two
s
u
b
-
m
o
d
es:
a.
W
h
en
win
d
p
o
wer
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ex
ce
ed
s
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
lo
a
d
,
th
e
s
u
r
p
lu
s
en
er
g
y
is
s
to
r
ed
af
te
r
s
u
p
p
ly
in
g
th
e
lo
ad
d
ir
ec
tly
.
I
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
th
e
ch
ar
g
in
g
p
o
wer
is
ca
lcu
lated
with
th
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
(
6
)
:
ℎ
(
)
=
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
.
+
(
)
(
6
)
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
ch
a
r
g
ed
at
tim
e
t
,
ℎ
(
)
,
is
ca
lcu
lated
as:
ℎ
(
)
=
ℎ
(
)
.
1ℎ
(
7
)
I
n
ca
s
es
wh
er
e
th
e
win
d
p
o
we
r
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
s
atis
f
y
th
e
d
em
an
d
.
T
h
e
a
v
ailab
le
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
win
d
en
er
g
y
is
in
jecte
d
an
d
th
e
s
o
la
r
en
er
g
y
is
u
s
ed
to
b
r
id
g
e
th
e
g
ap
.
T
h
e
ch
a
r
g
er
p
o
wer
is
ca
lcu
lated
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
(
8
)
:
ℎ
(
)
=
(
)
−
(
(
)
−
(
)
)
/
)
(
8
)
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e,
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
ca
lc
u
lated
u
s
in
g
(
9
)
as
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
in
p
r
ev
io
u
s
tim
e
(
−
1
):
(
)
=
(
−
1
)
+
ℎ
(
9
)
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
at
tim
e
t n
o
ted
(
)
is
co
n
d
io
n
n
ed
b
y
th
e
n
ex
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
:
ℎ
(
)
≤
(
+
(
−
1
)
)
(
1
0
)
wh
er
e
is
th
e
m
ax
im
al
SOC
a
n
d
E
b
(
t
−
1
)
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
SOC
in
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
tim
e
(
−
1
)
,
th
is
co
n
d
itio
n
im
p
lies
th
at
(
)
in
all
tim
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
less
th
an
th
e
SOC
m
ax
im
al.
I
f
th
er
e
is
an
ex
ce
s
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
wh
en
th
e
b
atter
y
r
ea
ch
es
its
m
ax
im
u
m
SOC
,
a
s
i
tu
atio
n
o
f
wasted
en
er
g
y
m
ay
o
cc
u
r
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
ex
ce
s
s
iv
e
g
en
er
atio
n
,
th
e
ex
ce
s
s
is
d
u
m
p
e
d
u
s
in
g
a
d
u
m
p
e
d
lo
ad
[
7
]
.
2
.
3
.
2
.
Dis
cha
rg
ing
m
o
de
I
n
th
is
s
ce
n
ar
io
,
(
1
1
)
is
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
o
wer
.
ℎ
(
)
=
(
(
)
/
ƞ
)
−
(
)
−
(
)
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
at
tim
e
,
E
s
i
t
ch
(
t
)
,
is
ca
lcu
lated
as:
ℎ
(
)
=
ℎ
(
)
.
1ℎ
(
1
2
)
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
in
g
m
o
d
e,
th
e
s
tate
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
13
)
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
in
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
tim
e
(
−
1
):
(
)
=
(
−
1
)
−
ℎ
(
)
(
1
3
)
Ho
wev
er
,
th
is
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
at
tim
e
n
o
ted
(
)
is
co
n
d
io
n
n
ed
b
y
th
e
n
e
x
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
:
ℎ
(
)
=
ℎ
(
)
.
1ℎ
(
1
4
)
wh
er
e,
,
is
th
e
m
in
im
u
m
s
tate
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
ill
u
s
tr
ates
a
b
asic
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
o
u
tlin
in
g
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HR
E
S,
wh
ich
also
co
v
e
r
s
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
em
en
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
3
4
1
-
4
3
5
4
4346
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ov
e
r
v
iew
o
f
th
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
HR
E
S
2.
4
.
O
pti
m
iza
t
io
n
pro
blem
f
o
rm
ula
t
io
n
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
)
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
PV/W
T
/
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
an
n
u
alize
d
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t
(
ASC
)
wh
ile
s
atis
f
y
in
g
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
th
at
t
h
e
p
o
wer
s
y
s
tem
'
s
r
eliab
ilit
y
r
em
ain
s
with
in
a
p
r
ed
ef
in
ed
l
im
it
(
L
PS
P
<
L
PS
P*
)
.
Sp
ec
if
ically
,
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
is
to
d
et
er
m
in
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
v
alu
es
f
o
r
,
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
PV,
win
d
tu
r
b
i
n
es,
an
d
b
atter
y
u
n
its
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
th
at
s
atis
f
y
th
is
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
c
tio
n
.
T
h
e
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
with
t
h
e
least
ASC
i
s
d
ee
m
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
to
lo
wer
th
e
lev
elize
d
co
s
t o
f
e
n
er
g
y
(
L
C
OE
)
.
I
n
th
is
ca
s
e,
th
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
is
f
r
am
e
d
to
m
in
im
iz
e
th
e
ASC
,
s
u
b
ject
to
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
th
at
will
b
e
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
later
.
T
h
is
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
a
v
ec
to
r
X,
wh
ich
i
n
clu
d
es
t
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
b
e
o
p
tim
ized
.
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
X,
wh
er
e
X
d
en
o
tes
a
v
ec
to
r
co
n
tain
in
g
p
a
r
am
et
er
in
d
iceser
s
(
,
,
,
)
th
at
m
u
s
t b
e
o
p
tim
ally
d
eter
m
in
ed
,
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
r
ess
ed
as
[
1
7
]
:
=
A
SC
=
F
[
N
+
+
+
]
(
1
5
)
wh
er
e
,
,
an
d
ar
e
th
e
c
o
s
t
o
f
PV,
win
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
b
atter
y
a
n
d
in
v
er
ter
u
n
its
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
h
ile,
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
r
atin
g
p
o
wer
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
.
T
h
e
ASC
in
co
r
p
o
r
ates
v
ar
io
u
s
ex
p
en
s
es
r
elate
d
to
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ese
co
s
ts
in
clu
d
e
th
e
c
ap
ital
co
s
t,
to
tal
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
m
ain
ten
an
ce
co
s
t,
an
d
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
r
e
p
lac
em
en
t.
E
ac
h
o
f
th
ese
c
o
s
ts
is
ca
lcu
lated
f
o
r
ev
e
r
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t o
f
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
,
,
an
d
co
u
ld
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
(
16
)
to
(
19
)
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
S
tar
t
R
e
a
d
İ
nput
Da
ta
(
)
∗
+
(
)
≥
(
)
Yes
No
ℎ
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(
(
)
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−
(
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−
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.
1ℎ
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1
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)
Yes
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(
−
1
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−
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(
)
ℎ
.
Yes
No
ℎ
(
)
=
(
(
)
−
(
)
)*
+
(
)
ℎ
(
)
=
ℎ
(
)
.
1ℎ
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=
(
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(
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+
(
−
1
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(
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=
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−
1
)
+
ℎ
ℎ
.
Ret
u
rn
Yes
No
Fo
r lo
o
p
8
7
6
0
tim
es
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
tima
l siz
in
g
a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
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r
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p
h
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lta
ic
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w
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d
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b
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tter
y
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(
Yo
u
s
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E
l B
a
q
q
a
l
)
4347
=
+
+
(
16
)
=
+
+
(
17
)
=
+
+
(
18
)
=
+
+
(
19
)
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
0
)
is
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
l
ate
L
C
OE
b
ased
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n
ASC
,
as d
etailed
in
[
1
7
]
:
L
=
A
∑
E
g
(
)
t
=
8760
t
=
1
.
C
R
F
(
d
,
)
(
2
0
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
o
r
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
ca
p
ital r
ec
o
v
er
y
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ac
to
r
(
C
R
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is
o
u
tlin
ed
in
[
1
8
]
.
(
,
)
=
.
(
1
+
)
(
1
+
)
−
1
(
2
1
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I
n
th
is
co
n
te
x
t,
r
e
f
er
s
to
th
e
r
ate
o
f
in
ter
est,
wh
ich
in
clu
d
es
th
e
im
p
ac
t
o
f
in
f
latio
n
,
wh
i
le
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
lete
life
s
p
an
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
p
o
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r
eliab
i
lity
is
cr
u
cial
in
th
e
d
esig
n
p
h
ase
o
f
s
u
ch
s
y
s
tem
s
,
s
er
v
in
g
as
a
v
ital
p
ar
am
eter
f
o
r
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alu
atin
g
s
y
s
tem
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
b
ased
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n
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
p
o
wer
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
ex
p
r
ess
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
p
o
wer
s
u
p
p
ly
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(
L
PS
P),
wh
ich
r
an
g
es
b
etwe
en
0
an
d
1
.
An
L
PS
P
v
alu
e
o
f
0
in
d
icate
s
h
ig
h
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eliab
ilit
y
,
wh
er
e
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
will
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y
s
b
e
s
atis
f
ied
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
ely
,
an
L
PS
P
v
alu
e
o
f
1
s
ig
n
if
ies
th
at
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
ca
n
n
ev
er
b
e
m
et.
T
h
e
L
PS
P
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
f
o
r
a
y
ea
r
(
T
=
8
7
6
0
h
o
u
r
s
)
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
r
e
s
en
ted
as
(
2
2
)
:
=
∑
(
)
8760
1
∑
(
)
8760
1
=
∑
(
(
)
8760
1
−
(
)
)
∑
(
)
8760
1
(
2
2
)
wh
er
e,
(
)
,
(
)
,
(
)
p
r
esen
t
th
e
en
er
g
y
d
ef
icit,
th
e
to
tal
co
n
s
u
m
er
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
ate
d
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
2.
5
.
O
pti
m
iza
t
io
n t
e
chniq
ue
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
u
s
es
PSO
an
d
G
W
O
f
o
r
th
eir
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
in
f
in
d
in
g
g
lo
b
al
o
p
tim
a.
PS
O
is
a
p
o
p
u
latio
n
-
b
ased
m
eth
o
d
in
s
p
ir
e
d
b
y
n
at
u
r
al
s
war
m
b
eh
av
io
r
,
wh
er
e
p
ar
ticles
ad
ju
s
t
th
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
s
an
d
v
elo
cities
b
ased
o
n
b
o
th
th
eir
o
wn
an
d
t
h
e
g
lo
b
al
b
est
f
itn
ess
v
alu
es
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
GW
O
is
a
m
etah
eu
r
is
tic
in
s
p
ir
ed
b
y
th
e
s
o
cial
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
an
d
h
u
n
tin
g
s
tr
ateg
ies
o
f
g
r
ey
wo
lf
p
ac
k
s
[
2
1
]
.
Ad
d
itio
n
al
d
etails
o
n
th
e
PS
O
an
d
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
2
0
]
an
d
[
2
2
]
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
a
r
izes
th
e
p
a
r
a
m
eter
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
th
e
m
ain
s
t
ep
s
o
f
t
h
e
PS
O
an
d
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
ed
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Par
am
eter
s
ettin
g
s
an
d
th
e
m
ain
s
tep
s
o
f
th
e
PS
O
an
d
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
A
sp
e
c
t
PSO
G
W
O
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
:
D
i
me
n
si
o
n
D
=
3
D
=
3
A
g
e
n
t
s
P
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s
=
4
4
,
A
g
e
n
t
s =
6
0
A
g
e
n
t
s
=
6
0
I
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
max
I
t
e
r
=
1
0
0
max
I
t
e
r
=
1
0
0
I
n
e
r
t
i
a
w
e
i
g
h
t
s
w
M
a
x
=
0
.
9
,
w
M
i
n
=
0
.
2
—
C
o
n
st
a
n
t
s
c
1
=
2
,
c
2
=
2
—
M
a
i
n
st
e
p
s
:
I
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
z
e
R
a
n
d
o
m
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
i
e
s,
s
e
t
P
_
b
e
st
& G
_
b
e
st
R
a
n
d
o
m
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
s,
s
e
t
α,
β
,
δ
Ev
a
l
u
a
t
e
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
f
i
t
n
e
ss,
u
p
d
a
t
e
P
_
b
e
st
& G
_
b
e
s
t
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
f
i
t
n
e
ss,
u
p
d
a
t
e
α,
β,
δ
U
p
d
a
t
e
V
ᵢ
=
w
V
ᵢ
+
c
₁r
₁(
P
_
b
e
st
–
X
ᵢ
)
+
c
₂r
₂(
G
_
b
e
st
–
X
ᵢ
)
X
ᵢ
= X
ᵢ
+ V
ᵢ
X
(
t
+
1
)
=
(
X
₁ +
X
₂ +
X
₃)
/
3
U
si
n
g
α,
β,
δ
p
o
si
t
i
o
n
s
Te
r
mi
n
a
t
e
U
n
t
i
l
m
a
x
I
t
e
r
o
r
c
o
n
v
e
r
g
e
n
c
e
U
n
t
i
l
m
a
x
I
t
e
r
T
h
e
o
b
jectiv
e
o
f
th
is
w
o
r
k
is
t
o
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
wh
ile
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
ce
r
tain
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ea
ch
u
n
it
is
li
m
ited
b
y
a
m
ax
im
u
m
v
al
u
e,
as
well
as
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
n
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
u
s
in
g
a
v
alu
e
o
f
L
PS
P
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
PSO
an
d
G
W
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
a
r
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
th
e
o
p
tim
al
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
es
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
tak
e
in
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
3
4
1
-
4
3
5
4
4348
0
≤
≤
(
2
3
)
0
≤
≤
(
2
4
)
0
≤
≤
(
2
5
)
0
≤
≤
∗
(
2
6
)
2.
6
.
Ca
s
e
s
t
ud
y
des
cr
iptio
n
R
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
is
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tly
co
n
s
tr
ain
ed
b
y
a
lim
ited
s
u
p
p
ly
o
f
elec
tr
icity
,
wh
ic
h
at
ce
r
tain
tim
es
is
o
n
ly
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
a
f
e
w
h
o
u
r
s
ea
ch
d
a
y
,
e
v
en
wh
en
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
r
en
ewa
b
le
r
eso
u
r
c
es
s
u
ch
as
s
o
lar
o
r
win
d
.
T
h
ese
ar
e
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
in
ter
m
itten
t
n
atu
r
e
o
f
r
e
n
ewa
b
l
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
a
m
ajo
r
ch
allen
g
e
is
to
d
esig
n
an
o
p
tim
al
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
t
em
th
at
ca
n
m
ee
t
th
e
ar
ea
'
s
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
ly
,
with
a
m
in
im
al
v
alu
e
o
f
L
PS
P
in
Vo
is
in
o
f
ze
r
o
,
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
an
n
u
alize
d
s
y
s
tem
co
s
t
(
AC
S).
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
g
o
al
o
f
th
is
s
tu
d
y
is
to
co
n
d
u
ct
a
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
aly
s
is
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
PV/W
in
d
/B
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
to
m
ee
t
th
e
elec
tr
i
city
d
em
an
d
o
f
a
co
m
m
u
n
ity
in
an
is
o
lated
ar
ea
with
in
th
e
p
r
o
v
in
ce
o
f
D
ak
h
la
(
ea
s
t
lo
n
g
itu
d
e:
2
3
,
4
1
an
d
n
o
r
th
latitu
d
e
-
1
5
,
5
8
)
,
s
itu
ated
in
s
o
u
th
er
n
Mo
r
o
cc
o
,
as
d
e
p
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
wea
th
er
d
ata
wer
e
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
Natio
n
al
So
lar
R
ad
iatio
n
Dat
ab
ase
u
s
in
g
th
e
Sy
s
tem
Ad
v
is
o
r
Mo
d
el
s
o
f
twar
e.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
a
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
h
ig
h
est
av
er
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
is
6
,
0
5
m
/s
an
d
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
ad
ia
n
ce
is
ab
o
u
t
3
0
8
.
9
3
W
/m
².
T
h
e
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
tw
o
ty
p
ical
d
ay
s
,
o
n
e
in
win
te
r
a
n
d
o
n
e
in
s
u
m
m
er
,
is
illu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
m
ax
im
u
m
elec
tr
icity
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
is
1
5
0
k
W
h
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
HR
E
S lo
ca
tio
n
in
Dak
h
la
p
r
o
v
in
ce
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Av
e
r
ag
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
an
d
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
in
Dak
h
la
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Op
tima
l siz
in
g
a
n
d
p
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
ev
a
lu
a
tio
n
o
f
h
yb
r
id
p
h
o
to
vo
lta
ic
-
w
in
d
-
b
a
tter
y
…
(
Yo
u
s
s
ef
E
l B
a
q
q
a
l
)
4349
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
h
o
u
r
ly
elec
tr
ical
en
er
g
y
lo
ad
d
em
an
d
3.
SI
M
UL
A
T
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
p
a
p
er
,
a
s
tan
d
alo
n
e
HR
E
S
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
th
r
ee
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
(
PV,
W
T
,
an
d
b
atter
y
)
i
s
o
p
tim
ally
ass
es
s
ed
to
m
ee
t
th
e
elec
tr
ical
d
em
an
d
o
f
a
r
em
o
te
co
m
m
u
n
ity
i
n
Dak
h
la,
Mo
r
o
cc
o
.
T
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
PV/W
T
/
b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
r
esear
ch
was
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
ly
an
al
y
ze
d
to
ass
ess
th
e
ef
f
ec
tiv
en
ess
o
f
th
e
s
u
g
g
ested
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
s
p
ec
if
ic
ally
th
e
GW
O
an
d
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
is
s
u
e
o
f
id
e
n
tify
in
g
th
e
o
p
tim
al
s
izin
g
f
o
r
an
is
o
lated
HR
E
S
an
d
in
t
eg
r
atin
g
PV,
win
d
,
a
n
d
b
atter
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
was
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
an
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
s
u
g
g
ested
d
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
jecte
d
s
y
s
tem
was e
s
tab
li
s
h
ed
at
2
5
y
ea
r
s
,
ass
u
m
in
g
a
6
% in
ter
est
r
ate.
MA
T
L
AB
was
u
tili
ze
d
to
ap
p
ly
th
e
s
elec
ted
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
1
0
0
iter
at
io
n
s
,
ea
ch
ex
ec
u
ted
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
,
with
th
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
d
e
ter
m
in
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
lo
west
f
itn
ess
v
alu
e.
B
o
th
GW
O
an
d
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wer
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
with
a
m
ax
im
u
m
o
f
1
0
0
iter
atio
n
s
an
d
6
0
s
ea
r
ch
ag
e
n
ts
.
3
.
1
.
P
er
f
o
r
m
a
nce
o
f
o
ptim
iz
a
t
io
n a
lg
o
ri
t
hm
s
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
1
0
0
r
u
n
s
o
f
th
e
GW
O
an
d
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
ASC
ar
e
id
e
n
tifie
d
,
an
d
th
e
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
b
eh
av
i
o
r
o
f
GW
O
an
d
PS
O
is
i
llu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
t
is
r
em
ar
k
a
b
le
th
at
th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
v
alu
es
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
b
o
th
tech
n
iq
u
es
v
ar
y
an
d
f
lu
ctu
ate
s
lig
h
tly
b
u
t
m
ain
tain
a
r
el
ativ
ely
s
tab
le
lev
el.
W
ith
in
8
iter
atio
n
s
,
th
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
h
as
ac
h
iev
ed
q
u
ick
co
n
v
e
r
g
en
ce
,
with
a
s
tab
le
f
itn
ess
v
alu
e
o
f
8
3
1
1
1
.
3
3
7
2
3
USD.
T
h
is
r
ap
i
d
s
tab
ilizatio
n
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
its
ab
ilit
y
to
id
en
tify
a
n
ea
r
-
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
in
a
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e.
I
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
,
t
h
e
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
ex
h
ib
ited
a
s
lo
wer
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
r
ate,
g
r
a
d
u
ally
r
ed
u
cin
g
its
f
itn
ess
v
alu
e
f
o
r
1
0
0
iter
atio
n
s
.
B
y
th
e
f
in
al
iter
atio
n
,
PS
O
r
ea
ch
ed
a
s
lig
h
tly
h
i
g
h
er
c
o
s
t o
f
8
5
9
3
4
.
2
3
4
7
USD.
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
C
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
cu
r
v
es o
f
o
b
jectiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
u
s
in
g
PS
O
an
d
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
T
h
e
s
tatis
tical
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
ASC
v
al
u
es,
in
c
lu
d
in
g
th
e
m
ea
n
,
m
ax
im
u
m
,
m
in
im
u
m
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
,
wer
e
ca
lcu
lated
alo
n
g
s
id
e
th
e
f
in
al
L
C
OE
an
d
L
PS
P.
T
ab
le
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
3
4
1
-
4
3
5
4
4350
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
e
tr
ics
o
f
t
h
e
PS
O
an
d
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
GW
O
alg
o
r
i
th
m
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
lo
wer
m
in
im
u
m
ASC
(
8
2
9
4
3
.
6
9
5
5
USD/y
r
)
a
n
d
m
ea
n
ASC
(
8
4
8
9
0
.
9
5
5
9
USD/y
r
)
co
m
p
a
r
ed
to
PS
O,
wh
ich
h
as
h
ig
h
er
v
alu
es
o
f
8
5
9
3
4
.
2
3
4
7
USD/y
r
an
d
1
1
8
2
3
3
.
6
8
4
9
USD/y
r
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
GW
O
ex
h
ib
its
g
r
ea
ter
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
with
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
m
aller
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
1
4
4
7
0
.
1
0
7
)
th
a
n
PS
O
(
1
4
2
1
8
3
.
3
3
7
6
)
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
L
C
OE
,
GW
O
ac
h
iev
es
a
lo
wer
v
alu
e
(
0
.
0
9
5
4
USD/k
W
h
)
th
an
PS
O
(
0
.
1
0
2
1
USD/k
W
h
)
,
m
ak
in
g
it
m
o
r
e
co
s
t
-
ef
f
ec
tiv
e.
Ho
wev
er
,
PS
O
s
h
o
ws
a
s
lig
h
t
ad
v
an
tag
e
in
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
with
a
lo
wer
L
PS
P o
f
0
.
0
0
9
8
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
GW
O's 0
.
0
0
9
9
.
T
h
ese
r
esu
lts
h
ig
h
lig
h
t
th
e
tr
a
d
e
-
o
f
f
s
b
etwe
en
c
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
c
y
,
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
s
p
ee
d
,
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
wh
en
s
elec
tin
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
H
R
E
Ss
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
s
t,
GW
O
ac
h
iev
es
a
m
o
r
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
r
esu
lt
c
o
m
p
ar
e
d
t
o
PS
O.
Ho
wev
er
,
wh
e
n
co
n
s
i
d
er
in
g
r
eliab
ilit
y
,
th
e
L
PS
P
o
f
PS
O
(
0
.
0
0
9
8
)
is
s
lig
h
tly
b
etter
th
an
th
at
o
f
GW
O
(
0
.
0
0
9
9
)
.
I
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
,
GW
O
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
f
aster
s
tab
ilizatio
n
at
an
o
p
tim
al
s
o
lu
tio
n
,
r
ea
c
h
in
g
b
etter
r
esu
lts
in
f
ewe
r
iter
atio
n
s
,
wh
ile
PS
O
r
eq
u
ir
es
m
o
r
e
iter
atio
n
s
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
its
o
p
t
im
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
T
h
ese
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
s
h
i
g
h
lig
h
t
th
at
G
W
O
m
ay
b
e
m
o
r
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
u
s
f
o
r
s
ce
n
a
r
io
s
p
r
io
r
itizin
g
q
u
ick
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
an
d
co
s
t
ef
f
icien
cy
,
wh
er
ea
s
PS
O
co
u
ld
b
e
p
r
ef
e
r
r
e
d
in
s
itu
atio
n
s
wh
er
e
en
s
u
r
in
g
s
y
s
tem
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
cr
itical
.
Ultim
ately
,
th
e
ch
o
ice
b
et
wee
n
th
e
ex
is
tin
g
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
d
ep
e
n
d
s
o
n
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ic
p
r
io
r
ities
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
o
f
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
HR
E
S.
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
ativ
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
ASC
,
L
C
OE
,
an
d
L
PS
P
r
esu
lts
f
r
o
m
PS
O
an
d
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
M
e
t
r
i
c
s
G
W
O
PSO
A
S
C
V
a
l
u
e
(
U
S
D
/
y
r
)
M
i
n
8
2
9
4
3
.
6
9
5
5
8
5
9
3
4
.
2
3
4
7
M
e
a
n
8
4
8
9
0
.
9
5
5
9
1
1
8
2
3
3
.
6
8
4
9
M
a
x
2
2
7
4
9
6
.
8
7
6
9
2
4
6
6
2
.
8
5
7
2
S
TD
.
1
4
4
7
0
.
1
0
7
1
4
2
1
8
3
.
3
3
7
6
Le
v
e
l
i
z
e
d
c
o
st
o
f
e
n
e
r
g
y
(
L
C
O
E)
(
U
S
D
/
k
W
h
)
0
.
1
0
6
5
0
.
1
1
0
4
Lo
ss
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
LP
S
P
)
0
.
0
0
9
9
0
.
0
0
9
8
3
.
2
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
s
izing
a
nd
o
ptim
iza
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
C
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
icien
cy
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
tem
an
d
th
e
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
est
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
HR
E
S
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
s
tu
d
y
,
PS
O
a
n
d
GW
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wer
e
em
p
lo
y
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
b
est
ar
r
an
g
em
e
n
t
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
PV/win
d
/b
atter
y
s
y
s
tem
.
T
h
ese
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
wer
e
u
s
ed
to
ass
ess
an
d
id
en
tif
y
th
e
b
est
d
esig
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
tem
.
T
ab
le
3
o
f
f
e
r
s
a
d
etailed
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
ac
h
ie
v
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
ese
o
p
tim
izatio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
PS
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
esen
ted
in
th
is
tab
le,
th
e
m
o
s
t
ef
f
icien
t
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
ac
h
iev
es a
n
L
PS
P o
f
0
.
0
0
9
8
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atter
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h
is
co
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ig
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r
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US
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h
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O
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atter
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ig
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ed
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y
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PV/win
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/b
atter
y
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'
s
m
an
ag
em
en
t
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ateg
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ev
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ated
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er
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g
t
h
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f
ir
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t
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k
o
f
J
an
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ar
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Fig
u
r
e
7
d
ep
icts
th
e
s
y
s
tem
's
en
er
g
y
e
x
ch
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t
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r
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g
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ar
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m
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ed
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th
e
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em
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t
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ateg
y
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a
b
atte
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y
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s
ed
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em
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f
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icien
t
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ee
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Fig
u
r
e
7
r
ev
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o
r
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al
o
p
er
atio
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d
u
r
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g
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itial
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.
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o
th
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ate
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ee
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r
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atter
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er
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al
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o
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r
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1
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esu
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s
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f
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icien
t
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e
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er
atio
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.
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en
s
u
r
e
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d
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tr
icity
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p
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ly
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b
atter
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s
to
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to
m
atica
lly
ac
tiv
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d
eliv
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n
ec
ess
ar
y
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n
er
g
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r
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d
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ap
.
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h
e
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al
y
s
is
h
ig
h
lig
h
ts
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e
ad
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an
tag
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o
f
HR
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Ss
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co
n
tr
ast
to
s
in
g
le
-
s
o
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r
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o
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.
T
h
r
o
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g
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in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
d
if
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er
en
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o
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etter
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ce
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t
-
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ess
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eliab
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y
,
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d
o
p
e
r
atio
n
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icien
c
y
,
d
em
o
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s
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atin
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p
ab
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t
o
m
ee
t d
iv
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s
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en
er
g
y
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
ts
wh
ile
m
in
im
izin
g
co
s
ts
.
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