I
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rna
t
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na
l J
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urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
pu
t
er
E
ng
ineering
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
4
6
7
1
~
4
6
8
1
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
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9
1
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v
15
i
5
.
pp
4
6
7
1
-
4
6
8
1
4671
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Applica
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o
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a
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rtain
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ter
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m
a
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re
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ies
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e
n
ti
a
l
fo
r
so
c
ieta
l
su
st
a
in
a
b
il
it
y
.
S
a
telli
te
p
re
c
ip
i
tatio
n
p
ro
d
u
c
ts
(
S
P
P
s)
h
a
v
e
e
m
e
rg
e
d
a
s
a
v
it
a
l
a
lt
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a
ti
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e
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n
d
c
o
m
p
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e
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t
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trad
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n
a
l
m
e
teo
ro
lo
g
ica
l
sta
ti
o
n
d
a
ta
fo
r
h
y
d
ro
l
o
g
ica
l
a
n
d
c
li
m
a
te
re
se
a
r
c
h
.
Th
is
re
v
i
e
w
e
x
a
m
in
e
s
s
c
ien
ti
fic
li
tera
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n
S
P
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a
p
p
li
c
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ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
d
a
il
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,
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
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a
n
d
a
n
n
u
a
l
ra
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fa
ll
e
stim
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n
s
g
lo
b
a
ll
y
.
El
e
v
e
n
wi
d
e
ly
u
se
d
S
P
P
s
we
re
id
e
n
t
ifi
e
d
,
with
t
h
e
tr
o
p
ica
l
ra
in
fa
ll
m
e
a
su
rin
g
m
issio
n
(
TRM
M
)
a
n
d
c
li
m
a
te
h
a
z
a
rd
s
g
ro
u
p
i
n
fra
re
d
p
re
c
ip
it
a
ti
o
n
with
sta
ti
o
n
d
a
ta
(C
HIRPS
)
sta
n
d
in
g
o
u
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
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fre
q
u
e
n
t
u
sa
g
e
,
h
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re
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lu
ti
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n
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n
d
e
x
t
e
n
siv
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d
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s.
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g
ro
win
g
tren
d
in
re
se
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S
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s
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y
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n
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tes
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e
stim
a
tes
b
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n
tras
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telli
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a
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d
sta
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e
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ti
n
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o
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s
a
n
d
c
a
teg
o
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ica
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sta
ti
stics
.
TRM
M
a
n
d
CHIRPS
,
i
n
p
a
rti
c
u
lar,
sh
o
w
p
re
c
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p
it
a
ti
o
n
a
c
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ra
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ies
c
lo
se
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to
sta
ti
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d
a
ta,
i
n
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to
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m
a
to
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F
u
rth
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,
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d
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ta,
c
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m
b
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n
e
d
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h
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o
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ra
p
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in
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
(G
IS
),
p
ro
v
e
s
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se
fu
l
f
o
r
i
d
e
n
ti
f
y
in
g
p
o
ten
ti
a
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in
wa
ter
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a
rv
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stin
g
sites
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ffe
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n
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ti
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in
fo
rm
a
ti
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so
u
rc
e
to
a
d
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re
ss
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ter av
a
il
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rise
s in
d
ro
u
g
h
t
-
p
r
o
n
e
a
re
a
s.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Pre
cip
itatio
n
R
ain
wate
r
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
R
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
Satellite p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts
Su
s
tain
ab
le
cities
Ur
b
an
p
lan
n
in
g
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Yeiso
n
Alb
er
to
Gar
cé
s
-
Gó
m
e
z
Facu
lty
o
f
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
an
d
Ar
ch
itectu
r
e,
Un
iv
er
s
id
ad
C
ató
lica
d
e
Ma
n
izale
s
C
r
a
2
3
No
6
0
-
6
3
,
Ma
n
izale
s
,
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
E
m
ail:
y
g
ar
ce
s
@
u
cm
.
ed
u
.
c
o
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Hy
d
r
o
lo
g
ical
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
s
tu
d
y
h
as
b
ee
n
a
n
im
p
o
r
tan
t
asp
e
ct
in
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
civ
ilizatio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
th
eir
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
d
u
e
to
asp
ec
ts
r
elate
d
to
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
e,
b
asic
s
an
itatio
n
,
an
d
u
r
b
an
ex
p
a
n
s
io
n
.
W
ater
p
r
o
v
is
io
n
is
d
ir
ec
tly
co
r
r
elate
d
to
n
atu
r
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
th
at
v
ar
ies
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
clim
atic
an
d
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
i
n
an
ar
ea
,
wate
r
s
h
ed
,
o
r
ec
o
s
y
s
tem
.
Am
o
n
g
n
at
u
r
al
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
,
ev
ap
o
tr
an
s
p
ir
atio
n
,
r
u
n
o
f
f
,
a
n
d
in
f
iltra
tio
n
a
r
e
f
o
u
n
d
as
th
e
m
o
s
t
d
eter
m
in
in
g
f
ac
to
r
s
in
th
e
av
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
wate
r
in
a
r
eg
io
n
[
1
]
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
an
o
b
ject
o
f
s
tu
d
y
f
o
r
s
ev
er
al
d
ec
ad
es
d
u
e
to
th
e
em
er
g
i
n
g
clim
atic
ch
an
g
e
cr
is
is
,
lo
w
liq
u
id
av
ailab
ili
ty
an
d
u
n
eq
u
al
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
p
r
esen
tin
g
at
y
p
ical
r
ain
f
all
an
d
d
r
o
u
g
h
ts
ev
en
ts
in
d
if
f
er
en
t p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
.
Pre
cip
itatio
n
also
k
n
o
wn
as r
ain
wate
r
o
r
r
ain
f
all
is
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
d
icato
r
o
f
clim
ate
d
y
n
am
ics,
f
o
r
t
h
is
r
ea
s
o
n
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
an
ess
en
tial
v
ar
ia
b
le
in
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
ical
s
tu
d
ies,
esp
ec
ially
in
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
s
an
aly
s
is
,
f
lo
w
r
ates
an
d
r
e
g
io
n
al
wate
r
b
alan
ce
s
esti
m
atio
n
s
[
2
]
.
I
n
th
e
last
d
ec
ad
es,
th
is
v
ar
iab
le
h
as
b
ee
n
esti
m
ated
u
s
in
g
d
ata
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
m
ete
o
r
o
lo
g
ical
s
tatio
n
s
,
n
ev
er
th
eless
th
is
s
tatio
n
s
also
ca
lled
as
“
g
au
g
e
-
b
ased
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
”
o
r
“
g
r
o
u
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
”
h
av
e
lim
itatio
n
s
r
elate
d
to
d
en
s
ity
(
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tatio
n
s
p
er
u
n
it a
r
e
a)
,
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
an
d
in
f
r
astru
ctu
r
e
[
3
]
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
o
s
e
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
lim
itatio
n
s
,
s
atellite
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
em
o
t
e
s
en
s
in
g
h
av
e
em
er
g
ed
as
a
m
ajo
r
to
o
l
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
wate
r
cy
cle
in
cr
itical
clim
ate
lo
ca
tio
n
s
,
th
is
in
v
iew
o
f
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
15
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
20
25
:
4
6
7
1
-
4
6
8
1
4672
co
u
ld
b
e
a
p
r
ac
tical
alter
n
ativ
e
to
d
etec
t
an
d
o
f
f
er
r
ai
n
f
all
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
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e
r
e
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n
o
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ata,
o
r
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ata
is
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
s
ca
r
ce
[
4
]
.
I
n
asm
u
ch
as
r
em
o
t
e
s
en
s
in
g
h
as
p
r
esen
ted
q
u
ic
k
ad
v
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ce
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in
th
e
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
esti
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ield
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o
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ay
s
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ea
s
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g
ly
u
s
ed
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a
co
m
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lem
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n
tar
y
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o
u
r
c
e
o
f
in
f
o
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m
atio
n
to
m
eteo
r
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lo
g
ical
s
tatio
n
s
an
d
n
etwo
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k
s
,
s
in
ce
in
s
o
m
e
ar
ea
s
it
is
th
e
o
n
ly
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
in
f
o
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m
atio
n
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
ce
s
s
ed
an
d
allo
w
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
in
d
ir
ec
t
clim
atic
v
ar
iab
les
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
am
e
way
,
its
u
tili
ty
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ec
o
g
n
ized
in
to
p
ics
o
f
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
s
u
ch
as
th
e
g
lo
b
al
war
m
in
g
in
w
ater
s
tr
ess
s
tu
d
ies,
ex
tr
em
e
d
r
o
u
g
h
t
ev
en
ts
,
r
ain
f
all
an
d
in
ter
an
n
u
al
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
;
lik
ewise,
is
v
alu
ab
le
in
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ch
allen
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th
at
f
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r
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ce
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m
an
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b
l
e
ar
ea
with
o
n
-
s
ite
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
d
ef
icit
[
1
]
.
C
lim
a
te
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t
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an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
i
s
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
was
u
n
d
e
r
t
ak
e
n
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
wa
te
r
a
v
a
ila
b
i
lit
y
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
ac
ti
v
i
ties
wo
u
l
d
b
e
r
el
at
ed
t
o
t
h
e
a
d
m
i
n
is
t
r
a
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
es
o
u
r
ce
i
n
u
r
b
a
n
a
n
d
r
u
r
al
a
r
ea
s
.
T
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
a
n
n
u
al
g
l
o
b
a
l
p
r
e
ci
p
it
ati
o
n
is
esti
m
at
ed
i
n
8
0
0
m
m
,
h
o
we
v
e
r
s
e
v
e
r
al
c
o
u
n
t
r
ies
h
a
v
e
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
s
w
it
h
l
o
w
p
r
ec
i
p
i
tat
io
n
s
in
a
r
i
d
r
e
g
i
o
n
s
o
r
in
te
n
s
e
p
r
ec
ip
itat
io
n
e
v
e
n
ts
in
tr
o
p
ic
al
r
eg
io
n
s
,
p
r
ese
n
ti
n
g
i
n
b
o
t
h
ca
s
es
p
r
o
b
le
m
a
tic
r
el
ati
v
e
t
o
w
ate
r
a
v
ai
la
b
il
it
y
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
,
f
o
r
t
h
is
r
e
aso
n
s
a
tel
lit
e
r
em
o
t
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
h
as
b
e
en
ta
k
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
t
a
n
c
e
i
n
h
y
d
r
o
l
o
g
i
ca
l
s
t
u
d
i
es
t
o
all
o
w
c
h
a
r
ac
t
er
ize
cli
m
at
o
l
o
g
ic
al
v
ar
ia
b
les
[
7
]
.
Pro
s
p
ec
ts
o
f
a
cli
m
a
te
wit
h
less
p
r
e
d
ic
ta
b
le
p
at
te
r
n
h
as
i
n
c
r
e
ase
d
w
a
r
n
in
g
s
r
e
g
a
r
d
i
n
g
wat
er
s
er
v
i
ce
p
r
o
v
is
i
o
n
s
,
h
e
n
ce
al
te
r
n
at
iv
e
h
y
d
r
ic
s
o
u
r
ce
s
t
o
t
r
a
d
it
io
n
a
l
c
atc
h
m
e
n
ts
s
u
c
h
as
g
r
o
u
n
d
wat
er
(
a
q
u
if
er
s
)
,
a
tm
o
s
p
h
e
r
ic
wa
te
r
(
m
is
t
an
d
m
o
is
t
u
r
e)
a
n
d
p
r
ec
i
p
i
tat
io
n
(
r
ai
n
w
at
er
)
h
as
b
ec
o
m
e
to
b
e
o
b
je
cts
o
f
s
t
u
d
y
u
s
i
n
g
r
em
o
t
e
s
en
s
i
n
g
d
at
a
a
n
d
g
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
GI
S
)
t
o
o
ls
,
b
ei
n
g
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
as
r
es
ea
r
c
h
m
e
a
n
s
t
h
at
ai
m
to
r
es
p
o
n
d
t
o
u
r
b
an
w
ate
r
d
e
f
ici
ts
th
r
o
u
g
h
w
at
er
c
o
l
lec
ti
o
n
i
n
f
r
ast
r
u
ct
u
r
es
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
is
s
tu
d
y
h
as th
e
o
b
jectiv
e
to
r
esear
ch
cu
r
r
e
n
t r
em
o
te
s
en
s
i
n
g
ap
p
licatio
n
s
in
r
ain
wate
r
esti
m
atio
n
s
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
s
atellite
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
s
o
v
er
tim
e
as
a
n
in
p
u
t
i
n
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
r
ai
n
f
all
r
e
g
im
es,
a
n
d
its
p
o
ten
tial
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
ac
tiv
ities
u
s
e.
T
o
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
a
s
y
s
tem
atic
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
was
co
n
d
u
cted
,
in
wh
i
ch
p
u
b
licatio
n
s
c
o
v
er
in
g
o
n
e
o
r
b
o
th
m
ain
to
p
ics
o
f
in
ter
est
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
i)
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
esti
m
ates
an
d
ii)
alter
n
ativ
e
r
ain
wate
r
u
s
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
wer
e
ex
am
in
ed
in
d
e
p
en
d
e
n
tly
an
d
in
g
r
o
u
p
s
to
id
en
tify
d
if
f
er
en
t
ap
p
licatio
n
s
an
d
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
es,
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
,
two
s
ea
r
ch
eq
u
atio
n
s
wer
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
in
f
o
r
m
ati
o
n
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
en
t
en
titi
es,
p
an
els
an
d
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
was
also
u
s
ed
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
an
d
c
o
r
r
o
b
o
r
ate
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
in
ter
est
f
o
r
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
a
n
aly
s
is
.
Am
o
n
g
th
e
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
ies
an
d
t
o
o
ls
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
an
d
r
e
v
iewin
g
liter
atu
r
e
a
r
e
well
k
n
o
wn
d
atab
ases
s
u
ch
as R
esear
ch
Gate
,
Go
o
g
le
Sch
o
lar
,
Scien
ce
Dir
ec
t,
Sco
p
u
s
an
d
Pro
Qu
est.
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
c
o
llect
io
n
I
n
th
e
s
ea
r
ch
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
k
ey
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
an
d
wo
r
d
s
wer
e
g
en
er
ated
,
d
u
e
to
a
m
ajo
r
av
a
ilab
ilit
y
o
f
s
cien
tific
m
ater
ials
an
d
d
o
cu
m
en
ts
a
g
r
ea
t
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
r
es
ea
r
ch
was
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t
in
E
n
g
lis
h
,
an
d
to
a
less
er
ex
ten
t
in
Sp
an
is
h
an
d
Po
r
tu
g
u
ese.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
k
ey
wo
r
d
s
r
elate
d
to
r
ain
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
“r
ai
n
wate
r
”,
“r
ain
f
all”,
“sto
r
m
wate
r
”,
an
d
“p
r
ec
ip
itat
io
n
”,
th
ese
wer
e
u
s
ed
in
c
o
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
“r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
”.
Oth
er
ex
p
r
ess
io
n
s
wer
e
also
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
ar
ticl
es
th
at
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
b
o
th
r
esear
c
h
to
p
ics
as
“u
s
e
o
f
p
r
ec
ip
itati
o
n
f
o
r
wate
r
s
u
p
p
ly
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
u
s
in
g
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
”.
Fo
r
lar
g
e
d
atab
ases
s
u
ch
as
Sco
p
u
s
,
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
“
Satellite
”
AND
“
E
s
tim
ate
”
AND
“
r
ain
f
all
”
OR
“
Pre
cip
itatio
n
”
was
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
a
g
e
n
er
al
s
ea
r
ch
,
an
d
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
(
“
u
s
e
”
OR
“
u
tili
za
tio
n
”
)
AND
(
“
r
ai
n
wate
r
”
OR
“
s
to
r
m
wate
r
”
OR
“
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
”
)
AND
“
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
”
AND
(
“
tr
m
m
”
OR
“
ch
ir
p
s
”
)
was p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
a
s
ea
r
ch
with
a
h
ig
h
er
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
s
p
ec
if
icity
.
T
h
ese
eq
u
atio
n
s
allo
wed
u
s
t
o
o
b
tain
a
lar
g
e
n
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
r
esear
ch
ar
ticles,
r
ev
iew
ar
ticl
es,
r
ep
o
r
ts
,
an
d
b
o
o
k
ch
a
p
ter
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
o
s
e
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
u
s
e
s
atellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
o
b
tai
n
r
ain
f
all
o
r
u
s
ed
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
in
o
th
er
ar
ea
s
s
u
ch
as
lan
d
co
v
er
ag
es
id
e
n
tific
atio
n
,
class
if
icatio
n
o
r
in
in
ter
f
er
o
m
etr
y
wer
e
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Als
o
,
th
o
s
e
th
at
d
id
n
o
t
s
p
ec
if
y
s
atellite
m
is
s
io
n
,
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
was
d
is
ca
r
d
ed
.
R
ec
en
t
s
cien
tific
liter
atu
r
e
is
p
r
io
r
itized
,
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
s
tu
d
ie
s
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
etwe
en
2
0
0
7
a
n
d
2
0
2
4
,
s
p
an
n
i
n
g
a
to
tal
o
f
1
7
y
ea
r
s
.
T
h
e
last
f
iv
e
y
ea
r
s
ar
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
p
ar
ticu
la
r
ly
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
id
en
tif
y
in
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
s
atellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
esti
m
atin
g
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
.
2
.
2
.
Ana
ly
s
is
o
f
lite
ra
t
ure
co
m
po
nents
T
h
is
r
ev
iew
p
r
esen
ts
two
m
ain
an
aly
s
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
d
atab
ases
.
T
h
e
f
i
r
s
t
an
aly
s
i
s
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
th
e
o
b
ject
o
f
in
ter
est
m
en
tio
n
e
d
p
r
ev
io
u
s
ly
,
wh
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
f
o
cu
s
es
o
n
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
liter
atu
r
e
.
T
h
e
in
itial
an
aly
s
is
is
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
o
v
er
v
iew
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
r
elate
d
to
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
an
d
s
atellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
t
ex
am
in
es
k
ey
in
d
icato
r
s
s
u
ch
as th
e
tr
en
d
in
th
e
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
s
tu
d
ies,
r
elev
an
t
f
ield
o
f
ex
p
e
r
tis
e
an
d
th
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
r
esear
ch
ef
f
o
r
ts
ac
r
o
s
s
v
ar
io
u
s
co
u
n
tr
ies
g
lo
b
ally
.
T
h
is
ex
am
in
atio
n
aim
s
to
el
u
c
id
ate
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t state
o
f
r
esea
r
ch
in
th
is
f
ield
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
o
f sa
tellite in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
fo
r
r
a
in
w
a
ter esti
ma
ti
o
n
a
n
d
u
s
a
g
e
…
(
La
u
r
a
V
a
leri
a
A
ve
n
d
a
ñ
o
-
Ga
r
cía
)
4673
I
n
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
an
aly
s
is
,
a
d
etai
led
ex
am
in
atio
n
o
f
th
e
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
em
p
lo
y
ed
,
th
e
s
atellite
p
r
o
d
u
cts
u
tili
ze
d
,
an
d
th
e
s
tatis
tical
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
es
ap
p
lied
t
o
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
an
al
y
s
is
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
r
esear
ch
lo
c
atio
n
s
an
d
th
e
f
in
d
in
g
s
p
r
es
en
t
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
ar
e
also
in
v
esti
g
ated
.
T
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
allo
ws
u
s
to
ass
e
s
s
th
e
u
s
ef
u
ln
ess
,
k
ey
v
ar
iab
les,
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
,
an
d
ap
p
lic
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
atellit
e
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ef
f
ec
tiv
ely
.
3.
L
I
T
E
R
AT
U
RE
R
E
VI
E
W
R
E
G
ARDI
NG
SAT
E
L
L
I
T
E
P
RO
DUCT W
I
T
H
H
I
G
H
R
E
SO
L
U
T
I
O
N
F
O
R
G
L
O
B
AL
R
AINFA
L
L
E
ST
I
M
AT
I
O
N
Am
o
n
g
th
e
alter
n
ativ
e
h
y
d
r
o
l
o
g
ical
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
r
ain
wate
r
is
th
e
p
u
r
est
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
wate
r
th
at
p
o
p
u
latio
n
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
in
m
an
y
ar
ea
s
,
f
o
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
its
ca
tch
m
en
t
an
d
co
llectio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
ec
o
n
o
m
ical
an
d
p
r
ac
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
th
at
co
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
to
u
r
b
an
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
as
th
e
m
ain
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
wate
r
,
o
r
co
m
p
lem
e
n
tar
y
af
ter
a
p
r
o
p
er
tr
ea
tm
en
t
[
1
0
]
.
R
ain
wate
r
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
(
R
W
H)
s
y
s
tem
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
ib
u
t
e
wate
r
d
em
an
d
f
o
r
d
o
m
esti
c
u
s
e
an
d
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
e
[
9
]
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
R
W
H
s
y
s
tem
s
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
th
r
ee
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
,
th
o
s
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
a
ca
tch
m
en
t,
co
n
v
er
g
en
ce
,
a
n
d
s
to
r
ag
e
ar
ea
s
[
1
1
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
im
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
s
y
s
tem
s
r
eq
u
ir
es
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
s
u
ch
as
r
ain
f
all
in
ten
s
ity
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
t
io
n
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
its
co
m
m
o
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
m
ete
o
r
o
lo
g
ical
s
tatio
n
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
1
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
w
o
r
ld
w
h
er
e
th
e
R
W
H
co
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
lied
lack
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
d
ata
d
u
e
to
lo
w
d
en
s
ities
o
f
s
tatio
n
s
n
etwo
r
k
s
.
I
n
th
e
last
y
ea
r
s
,
r
e
m
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
h
as
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
an
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
ity
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
ical
s
tu
d
ies
in
ar
ea
s
with
lo
w
d
en
s
ity
o
f
s
tatio
n
s
,
wh
er
e
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
u
s
e
o
f
r
ain
f
all
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
ac
tiv
ities
o
r
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
Statio
n
d
en
s
ity
an
d
its
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
as
a
n
etwo
r
k
is
u
s
u
ally
s
ca
r
ce
alo
n
g
th
e
tim
e
o
r
non
-
e
x
is
ten
t in
d
if
f
er
en
t p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
,
p
r
i
m
ar
ily
in
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies an
d
r
em
o
te
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
s
tatio
n
s
co
v
er
ag
e
is
lim
ited
,
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
d
ate
ar
e
in
s
u
f
f
icien
t to
ca
p
tu
r
e
asp
ec
t
s
u
ch
as
th
e
s
p
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
v
ar
iab
ilit
y
o
f
m
eteo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
v
ar
iab
les
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
W
o
r
ld
Me
teo
r
o
l
o
g
ical
Or
g
an
izatio
n
(
W
MO
)
it
i
s
id
ea
l
to
h
av
e
a
s
t
atio
n
lo
ca
ted
ev
er
y
5
7
5
k
m
2
,
f
o
r
tem
p
er
ate
an
d
f
lat
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
th
e
r
an
g
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
ed
b
etwe
en
th
e
6
0
0
t
o
9
0
0
k
m
2
,
h
o
wev
e
r
,
wo
r
ld
wid
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
tiv
e
s
t
atio
n
s
h
as
d
ec
r
ea
s
e,
co
n
s
eq
u
en
tly
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
an
d
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
av
ailab
ilit
y
h
as
b
ee
n
af
f
ec
ted
as
well
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
]
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
s
tatio
n
n
etwo
r
k
s
allo
w
o
b
tain
in
g
clim
ato
lo
g
ica
l
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
th
o
s
e
s
till
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
u
n
ctu
al
an
d
d
ef
ec
tiv
e
r
ec
o
r
d
s
d
u
e
to
th
eir
ir
r
eg
u
lar
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
,
s
h
o
r
t
-
ter
m
s
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
in
teg
r
ity
,
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
an
d
av
ailab
ilit
y
f
o
r
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
h
en
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
with
r
ain
g
au
g
es
h
av
e
lim
itatio
n
s
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
tr
o
p
ical
r
eg
io
n
s
f
o
r
e
x
am
p
le,
h
ig
h
v
a
r
iab
ilit
y
m
ak
es th
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t e
s
tim
atio
n
o
f
p
r
ec
i
p
itatio
n
d
if
f
icu
lt
[
3
]
.
I
n
v
iew
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
lim
itatio
n
an
d
ch
allen
g
es
i
d
en
tifie
d
p
r
ev
i
o
u
s
ly
,
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
h
as
o
f
f
er
ed
an
alter
n
ativ
e
th
at
h
as
ev
o
lv
ed
in
o
b
tain
in
g
ac
cu
r
at
e
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ata
s
tar
tin
g
in
th
e
1
9
8
0
s
with
th
e
lau
n
ch
o
f
th
e
tr
o
p
ical
r
ai
n
f
all
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
m
is
s
io
n
(
T
R
MM
)
.
Satellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
h
as
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
a
p
o
ten
tial
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
r
ain
f
all
r
ec
o
r
d
s
,
p
r
in
cip
ally
in
r
eg
io
n
wit
h
lo
w
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
s
tatio
n
s
d
en
s
ity
an
d
s
ca
r
ce
d
ata,
allo
win
g
f
o
r
ex
am
p
le,
to
ef
f
icien
tly
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
ical
m
o
d
els,
wate
r
b
alan
ce
s
o
f
b
asin
s
,
esti
m
ates
o
f
f
o
r
ec
asts
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
ical
v
ar
iab
les
[
1
7
]
.
Stu
d
ies
u
s
in
g
s
atellite
-
d
er
iv
ed
p
r
o
d
u
cts
as
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
in
p
u
ts
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
c
o
m
m
o
n
a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
wo
r
ld
,
s
p
e
cif
ically
in
tr
o
p
ical
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
ch
as
B
r
az
il
an
d
ar
id
r
eg
io
n
s
lik
e
E
th
io
p
ia
in
Af
r
ica
[
1
5
]
.
I
n
th
e
s
am
e
way
,
r
ip
ar
ian
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
ch
as
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
co
u
ld
b
e
b
en
ef
ited
u
s
in
g
th
o
s
e
s
atellite
p
r
o
d
u
cts
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
clim
ate
d
y
n
am
ics
an
d
an
aly
ze
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
p
ictu
r
e
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
y
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
im
p
o
r
ta
n
t
b
asin
s
[
1
7
]
.
Pre
cip
itatio
n
d
u
e
to
its
im
p
o
r
tan
ce
in
t
h
e
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
in
g
o
f
wate
r
cy
cle,
in
ten
s
ity
,
d
u
r
atio
n
,
an
d
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
v
a
r
iab
les
th
at
co
u
ld
b
e
b
e
n
ef
ited
b
y
s
atellite
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
[
1
]
.
B
ec
au
s
e
o
f
its
p
o
ten
tial,
h
ig
h
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
alm
o
s
t
g
lo
b
al
co
v
er
ag
e,
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
h
av
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
s
tu
d
ies
to
ev
alu
ate
an
d
v
al
id
ate
s
atellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
s
atellite
-
b
ased
p
r
e
cip
itatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts
(
SP
Ps
)
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
SP
Ps
d
ata
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tly
in
cr
e
asin
g
ly
av
ailab
le
with
f
r
ee
l
y
ac
ce
s
s
,
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
p
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
r
eso
lu
ti
o
n
s
th
at
allo
w
to
co
n
d
u
ct
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
clim
atic
s
tu
d
ies
[
1
9
]
.
Am
o
n
g
o
u
ts
tan
d
in
g
d
atasets
m
is
s
io
n
s
s
u
ch
as
T
R
MM
,
Pre
cip
itatio
n
E
s
tim
atio
n
f
r
o
m
r
em
o
tely
s
en
s
ed
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
u
s
in
g
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
PERS
I
ANN)
,
th
e
in
teg
r
at
ed
m
u
lti
-
s
atellite
r
etr
iev
als
f
o
r
GPM
(
I
ME
R
G)
,
clim
ate
p
r
ed
ictio
n
ce
n
ter
m
o
r
p
h
in
g
m
eth
o
d
(
C
MO
R
PH)
a
n
d
clim
ate
h
az
ar
d
s
g
r
o
u
p
in
f
r
ar
ed
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
with
s
tatio
n
d
ata
(
C
HI
R
PS
)
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
t
h
eir
r
ain
f
all
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
ac
cu
r
ac
y
[
1
6
]
.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
an
d
ch
ar
ac
te
r
is
tics
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t u
s
ed
s
atellite
p
r
o
d
u
ct
id
e
n
tifie
d
in
t
h
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew.
R
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
SP
P
s
p
o
s
s
es
s
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
v
e
r
th
e
tr
ad
itio
n
al
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
,
th
ese
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
s
p
atial
v
ar
ia
b
ilit
y
r
ed
u
ctio
n
as
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
r
ain
g
a
u
g
es
to
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
cts,
o
v
er
co
m
e
o
f
lim
itatio
n
s
ass
o
ciate
d
to
lo
w
d
en
s
ity
in
r
ain
g
au
g
es
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
r
eliab
le
d
ata
g
u
ar
an
teed
th
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lo
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[
3
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[
2
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Ad
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r
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
n
t J E
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,
Vo
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15
,
No
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5
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Octo
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20
25
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4
6
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4674
an
d
m
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ten
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ce
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at
s
o
m
e
c
o
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n
tr
ies
co
u
ld
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t
af
f
o
r
d
,
f
o
r
th
ese
r
ea
s
o
n
s
SP
Ps
ar
e
al
s
o
an
af
f
o
r
d
a
b
le
an
d
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
alter
n
ativ
e
th
at
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes to
th
e
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
m
e
asu
r
e
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
[
3
]
.
Nev
er
th
eless
,
esti
m
ates
d
er
iv
ed
f
r
o
m
s
atellite
p
r
o
d
u
cts
m
a
y
b
e
in
f
l
u
en
ce
d
b
y
clo
u
d
m
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cr
o
p
h
y
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ics
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d
th
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lan
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
ch
a
r
ac
te
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is
tics
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s
p
ec
if
ically
h
ig
h
-
lev
el
clo
u
d
s
with
lo
wer
tem
p
er
at
u
r
es
co
u
ld
g
en
er
ate
in
ac
cu
r
ac
ies
r
elate
d
to
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
ev
en
ts
o
cc
u
r
r
e
n
ce
s
[
2
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
o
s
e
i
n
a
cc
u
r
ac
ies,
s
atellite
p
r
o
d
u
cts
h
av
e
u
s
e
b
an
d
s
co
m
b
in
atio
n
s
to
im
p
r
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v
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th
e
ac
c
u
r
ac
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f
m
ea
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u
r
em
e
n
ts
,
to
ar
c
h
iv
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th
at
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
(
i)
g
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o
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tatio
n
ar
y
in
f
r
ar
ed
s
en
s
o
r
s
(
I
R
)
ch
ar
ac
ter
ized
b
y
a
h
ig
h
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ev
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it
tim
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d
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ii)
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p
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it
p
ass
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icr
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av
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(
PMW
,
)
in
lo
w
ea
r
th
o
r
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it
(
L
E
O)
s
atellites,
wh
ich
p
r
e
s
en
t
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lo
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r
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it
tim
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th
an
I
R
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tain
m
o
r
e
p
r
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is
e
p
r
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ip
itatio
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esti
m
ates
[
2
0
]
.
B
y
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clu
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PMW
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en
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r
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ticles
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d
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g
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ice
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ticles
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in
th
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clo
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d
s
th
at
I
R
co
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ld
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o
t
d
if
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er
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n
tiate
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d
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im
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ated
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d
b
o
t
h
er
r
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r
s
d
er
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f
r
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m
clo
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s
ce
n
es
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d
th
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en
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tr
a
n
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er
m
o
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el
a
r
e
co
r
r
ec
ted
[
1
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
So
m
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
th
at
h
av
e
u
s
e
th
at
b
an
d
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m
b
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f
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m
b
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th
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en
s
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r
s
ar
e
t
h
e
tr
o
p
ical
r
ain
f
all
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
m
is
s
io
n
m
u
lti
-
s
atellite
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
an
aly
s
is
(
T
MPA)
,
PER
SIA
N
N
an
d
C
MO
R
P
H
as
a
tr
ial
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
r
ain
f
all
d
ata
co
n
s
is
ten
cy
,
p
r
ec
is
io
n
,
co
v
er
ag
e,
an
d
p
u
n
ct
u
ality
[
1
3
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
Ou
ts
tan
d
in
g
s
atellite
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
p
r
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d
u
cts ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tics
P
r
o
d
u
c
t
V
e
r
si
o
n
C
o
v
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r
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a
r
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S
p
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a
l
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mp
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n
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2
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5
°
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m)
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h
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6
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6
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1
°
(
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m)
1
h
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5
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5
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6
2
5
°
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5
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x
6
5
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m)
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h
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1
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l
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M
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4
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5
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TM
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7
5
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5
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0
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2
5
°
(
2
5
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p
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t
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b
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c
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r
o
b
o
r
a
t
e
d
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
h
e
s
et
o
f
s
ea
r
ch
es
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
a
lo
n
g
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
ap
p
licatio
n
tr
ajec
to
r
y
an
d
a
g
r
o
wi
n
g
in
ter
est
in
clim
atic
an
d
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
ical
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
in
g
s
atellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
wh
ich
h
a
v
e
s
tar
ted
to
i
n
v
esti
g
ate
s
in
ce
th
e
late
6
0
s
an
d
ea
r
ly
7
0
s
,
r
eg
is
ter
in
g
s
in
ce
th
e
2
0
1
0
d
ec
ad
e
to
th
e
p
r
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t
an
e
x
p
o
n
en
tial
g
r
o
wth
in
s
tu
d
ies
ap
p
ly
in
g
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
SP
Ps
p
r
o
d
u
cts.
As
r
ef
er
en
ce
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ates
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
d
is
tr
ib
u
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v
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th
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f
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r
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ata
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ase,
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ly
5
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tu
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ies
p
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ed
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ch
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d
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e
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n
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r
p
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ated
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atellite
in
f
o
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p
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Am
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d
m
ath
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atics
ar
e
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o
u
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d
;
Fig
u
r
e
2
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
s
tu
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ies
d
is
tr
ib
u
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ize
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ts
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f
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ch
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ee
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ile
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th
e
s
p
ec
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ic
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ch
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eg
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atin
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d
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ig
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f
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tal
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e
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y
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h
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ies
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ican
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ies;
Fig
u
r
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3
s
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m
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ar
ize
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ies
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4676
Sev
er
al
s
atellite
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
r
ec
en
t
y
ea
r
s
to
s
tu
d
y
r
ain
f
all
r
eg
im
es
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
,
p
a
r
ticu
lar
ly
m
a
n
y
o
f
th
ese
s
tu
d
ie
s
h
av
e
in
te
g
r
ated
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
SP
Ps
in
th
eir
r
esear
ch
as
th
o
s
e
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
b
y
[
1
3
]
–
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
i
n
wh
ich
a
co
m
p
a
r
atio
n
o
f
th
e
b
est
p
r
o
d
u
cts
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
was
ev
alu
ated
i
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
s
.
Pre
c
ip
itatio
n
esti
m
ates
f
r
o
m
p
r
o
d
u
cts
wer
e
u
s
u
ally
co
n
tr
asted
with
h
is
to
r
ical
r
ec
o
r
d
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
s
tatio
n
s
,
r
ain
f
all
n
etwo
r
k
s
o
r
cl
o
s
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
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r
o
ce
s
s
,
T
ab
le
1
id
en
tifie
s
SP
Ps
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s
ed
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ain
ly
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ter
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o
ciate
d
with
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e
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d
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cts,
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ile
Fig
u
r
e
4
r
elate
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th
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eq
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en
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s
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th
e
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ig
h
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as
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lt
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HI
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PS
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d
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R
M
M
ar
e
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e
m
o
s
t
u
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s
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Su
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ld
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elate
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ee
p
r
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n
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ec
ts
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ch
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i
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o
u
n
t
o
f
h
is
to
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ical
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ata
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ailab
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ii)
s
m
o
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th
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ce
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s
to
in
f
o
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m
a
tio
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,
an
d
iii)
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ig
h
s
p
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
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eso
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tio
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s
.
Oth
e
r
p
r
o
d
u
cts
s
u
ch
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s
PERS
I
AN
N,
C
MO
R
PH
an
d
T
MPA
ar
e
also
wid
ely
u
s
ed
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o
r
th
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ts
tan
d
in
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o
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m
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n
ce
s
,
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g
T
MPA
a
r
esu
lt o
f
T
R
MM
m
is
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io
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an
d
i
ts
co
n
tin
u
atio
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in
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h
e
GPM
m
is
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io
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.
I
n
th
e
s
am
e
way
,
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ev
e
r
al
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
in
g
SP
Ps
d
ata
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
v
alid
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
esti
m
ates
o
b
tain
ed
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
o
s
e
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
b
y
m
ete
o
r
o
lo
g
ical
o
r
p
lu
v
i
o
m
etr
ic
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
id
en
tifie
d
.
E
n
tire
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
u
s
ed
a
v
ali
d
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
o
lo
g
y
ap
p
lied
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
an
d
/o
r
c
ateg
o
r
ical
s
tatis
tical
m
etr
ics,
wh
ich
allo
wed
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
s
im
ilar
ity
th
at
th
e
s
atellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
p
r
esen
ted
i
n
r
elatio
n
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
ts
,
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
u
s
ed
th
e
s
e
s
tati
s
tics
ar
e
th
o
s
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
[
2
]
,
[
4
]
,
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
,
[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
wid
el
y
u
s
ed
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
tatis
tics
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
t
h
e
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
a
r
e
er
r
o
r
(
R
MSE
)
,
b
ias
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
(
PB
I
AS)
,
n
ash
-
s
u
tclif
f
e
ef
f
i
cien
cy
(
NSE)
,
c
o
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
(
R
2
)
an
d
Pear
s
o
n
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
i
cien
t
(
u
s
u
ally
r
ef
er
r
ed
as
r
,
cc
,
o
r
PC
C
)
.
Oth
er
s
tatis
tic
s
s
u
c
h
as
m
ea
n
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
(
MA
E
)
,
m
ea
n
er
r
o
r
(
M
E
)
,
co
n
co
r
d
an
ce
in
d
e
x
(
d
)
a
n
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
(
SD)
wer
e
also
f
r
eq
u
en
t,
alth
o
u
g
h
to
a
less
er
ex
ten
t.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
ca
teg
o
r
ical
s
tatis
tics
,
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
o
f
d
etec
tio
n
(
PO
D)
an
d
f
alse
alar
m
r
atio
(
FAR
)
wer
e
th
o
s
e
th
at
w
er
e
u
s
ed
th
e
m
o
s
t,
wh
ile
o
th
er
s
s
u
ch
as
cr
itica
l
s
u
cc
es
s
in
d
ex
(
C
SI)
,
B
I
AS
an
d
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
b
ias
in
d
e
x
(
FB
I
)
,
w
er
e
u
s
ed
b
y
a
s
m
aller
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
in
v
esti
g
atio
n
s
.
I
t
is
n
o
tewo
r
th
y
th
at
m
ajo
r
p
a
r
t
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
r
ev
iewe
d
as
th
o
s
e
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
b
y
[
3
]
,
[
6
]
,
[
1
4
]
,
[
2
3
]
–
[
2
6
]
d
id
n
o
t
em
p
lo
y
ca
teg
o
r
ical
s
tatis
tics
,
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
em
p
h
asis
o
n
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
s
tatis
ti
cs
with
in
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
SP
Ss
.
T
ab
le
2
(
in
Ap
p
en
d
ix
)
s
p
ec
if
ies
th
e
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
an
d
ca
teg
o
r
ical
i
n
d
ice
s
u
s
ed
b
y
s
o
m
e
o
f
th
e
r
e
v
ie
wed
s
tu
d
ies
in
th
e
m
eth
o
d
s
s
ec
tio
n
co
lu
m
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Satellite p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts o
f
ten
u
s
ed
in
s
tu
d
ie
s
d
u
r
in
g
liter
atu
r
e
r
ev
iew
p
r
o
c
ess
I
n
c
o
n
tr
ast,
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
tr
u
ctu
r
es
th
at
wer
e
u
s
u
ally
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
to
r
a
g
e
a
n
d
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
u
s
e
o
f
r
ain
wate
r
s
u
ch
as
d
am
s
,
p
er
c
o
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n
tan
k
s
an
d
ter
r
ac
es
wer
e
id
en
tifie
d
in
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
u
s
ed
b
o
th
o
f
f
er
ed
a
n
d
v
alid
ated
esti
m
ates
f
r
o
m
SP
P
s
an
d
in
th
o
s
e
th
at
m
ad
e
ex
cl
u
s
iv
e
u
s
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
;
o
th
er
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y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
aq
u
if
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s
,
cist
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s
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n
to
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r
r
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e
im
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ten
t,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
f
o
r
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
p
u
r
p
o
s
es
r
ath
er
th
an
f
o
r
h
u
m
an
ac
tiv
ities
[
1
1
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
Sev
er
al
r
es
ea
r
ch
er
s
an
d
R
W
H
s
tu
d
ies
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
GI
S
to
o
ls
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
v
ar
io
u
s
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
wo
r
ld
a
n
d
h
av
e
co
n
clu
d
e
d
ab
o
u
t
b
e
n
ef
its
o
f
f
er
e
d
b
y
th
ese
s
y
s
tem
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
ass
e
s
s
m
en
t
o
f
r
ain
f
all
p
o
ten
tial
v
o
lu
m
es
f
o
r
u
tili
za
tio
n
,
as
in
p
u
ts
in
th
e
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
ca
tc
h
m
en
t
o
r
c
o
llectio
n
s
ites
,
ev
alu
atio
n
o
f
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
ef
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
ad
m
in
is
tr
ativ
e
asp
ec
ts
ass
o
ciat
ed
with
wate
r
r
eso
u
r
ce
m
an
ag
em
en
t
[
2
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
o
f sa
tellite in
fo
r
ma
tio
n
fo
r
r
a
in
w
a
ter esti
ma
ti
o
n
a
n
d
u
s
a
g
e
…
(
La
u
r
a
V
a
leri
a
A
ve
n
d
a
ñ
o
-
Ga
r
cía
)
4677
T
h
e
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
d
ata
p
r
o
v
i
d
ed
b
y
g
r
o
u
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
an
d
r
em
o
te
s
en
s
in
g
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
ly
u
s
ed
to
ac
h
iev
e
g
r
ea
ter
d
e
p
th
,
esp
ec
ially
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
m
et
eo
r
o
lo
g
ical
s
tu
d
ies
u
s
e
th
ese
two
ty
p
es
o
f
d
ata,
allo
win
g
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
izatio
n
o
f
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
ev
e
n
ts
an
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
er
r
o
r
s
r
elate
d
to
s
am
p
lin
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
in
tim
e
an
d
s
p
ac
e
[
1
]
.
R
ad
ar
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
h
as
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
tly
im
p
r
o
v
ed
t
h
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
o
v
er
tim
e,
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
o
s
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
in
[
2
8
]
,
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
SP
Ps
f
o
r
th
e
r
ain
f
all
ev
en
ts
m
ap
p
in
g
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
o
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
esti
m
atio
n
s
f
r
o
m
SP
Ps
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
tili
ze
d
in
r
is
k
m
an
ag
em
en
t,
s
u
ch
is
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
[
2
9
]
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
,
wh
er
e
s
atellite
d
ata
was
u
s
ef
u
l
in
s
tu
d
y
in
g
lan
d
s
lid
e
s
;
th
is
r
esear
ch
also
in
d
icate
d
th
at
in
s
o
m
e
r
eg
io
n
s
SP
Ps
co
u
ld
b
e
ev
en
m
o
r
e
ac
c
u
r
ate
th
an
o
n
-
s
ite
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
,
h
ig
h
lig
h
tin
g
th
e
wid
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
s
th
a
t p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts co
u
ld
o
f
f
er
.
5.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
an
aly
s
is
in
d
icate
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
atellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
,
p
ar
ticu
lar
ly
o
v
er
th
e
p
ast
d
ec
ad
e
,
d
u
r
in
g
wh
ich
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
ea
ch
y
ea
r
h
as
s
u
r
p
ass
ed
2
0
0
;
ex
ce
p
tio
n
ally
,
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
s
cien
ce
alo
n
g
with
ea
r
th
an
d
p
lan
etar
y
s
cien
ce
s
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
as
th
e
m
ajo
r
f
ield
s
d
ed
icate
d
to
t
h
e
ex
p
l
o
r
atio
n
o
f
in
n
o
v
ativ
e
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
in
s
atellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
A
d
d
itio
n
ally
,
r
esear
ch
in
d
icate
s
th
at
s
tu
d
ies
co
n
d
u
cted
in
E
n
g
lis
h
ten
d
to
ex
h
ib
it
a
b
r
o
ad
er
s
co
p
e,
ev
e
n
in
r
e
g
io
n
s
wh
er
e
o
th
er
lan
g
u
ag
es su
ch
as Sp
an
is
h
,
ar
e
p
r
ev
alen
t.
W
h
ile
L
atin
Am
er
ican
co
u
n
tr
ies h
av
e
n
o
t p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
as m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
f
ir
s
t
-
wo
r
l
d
n
atio
n
s
lik
e
th
e
Un
ited
States
o
r
C
h
in
a,
th
er
e
is
a
g
r
o
win
g
r
ec
o
g
n
it
io
n
o
f
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
s
atellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
t
is
n
o
ted
th
at
th
is
to
p
ic
is
g
r
ad
u
ally
g
ain
in
g
tr
ac
tio
n
an
d
is
b
ein
g
ex
p
l
o
r
ed
b
y
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
c
o
u
n
tr
ies,
alt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
p
ac
e
o
f
th
is
p
r
o
g
r
ess
r
em
ain
s
co
m
p
a
r
ativ
ely
s
lo
w.
Gr
ea
ter
g
r
o
wth
is
an
ticip
ated
as satellit
e
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts en
h
a
n
ce
th
eir
e
s
tim
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies.
F
u
r
t
h
e
r
m
o
r
e
,
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
h
a
s
r
e
v
e
al
e
d
t
w
o
s
i
g
n
i
f
i
c
a
n
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
r
e
l
at
e
d
to
l
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
.
F
i
r
s
tl
y
,
i
t
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
t
e
d
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
a
n
d
c
a
te
g
o
r
i
c
a
l
s
t
a
ti
c
s
u
s
e
d
as
p
r
e
c
is
i
o
n
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
,
es
p
e
ci
a
l
ly
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
s
ta
t
i
cs
we
r
e
w
i
d
ely
a
p
p
l
i
e
d
.
S
e
c
o
n
d
l
y
,
it
e
m
p
h
as
i
z
e
d
t
h
e
v
a
l
i
d
a
ti
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
i
s
e
s
s
e
n
ti
a
l
f
o
r
d
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e
n
ess
o
f
t
h
e
S
P
Ps
u
n
d
e
r
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
e
n
v
i
r
o
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
.
T
h
is
in
s
i
g
h
t
i
s
p
a
r
ti
c
u
l
a
r
l
y
v
a
l
u
a
b
l
e
f
o
r
c
o
u
n
t
r
i
e
s
s
e
e
k
i
n
g
to
a
s
s
ess
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
e
c
ti
v
e
SP
Ps
a
s
r
el
i
a
b
le
s
o
u
r
c
es
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
.
Ad
d
itio
n
ally
,
s
atellite
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts
p
er
f
o
r
m
d
if
f
er
en
tly
b
ased
o
n
clim
atic
an
d
to
p
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
;
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
s
p
e
cif
ic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ea
ch
p
r
o
d
u
ct,
s
u
ch
as
tem
p
o
r
al
an
d
s
p
atial
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
,
alo
n
g
with
th
e
v
alid
atio
n
p
h
a
s
es,
ar
e
cr
u
cial
f
o
r
s
elec
tin
g
th
e
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
SP
P.
T
h
ese
in
n
o
v
atio
n
s
o
f
f
er
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
ten
tial
f
o
r
c
o
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
tu
d
ies
in
r
eg
i
o
n
s
wh
er
e
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
s
tatio
n
s
ar
e
lim
ited
,
th
eir
u
tili
ty
is
n
o
tab
l
y
p
r
o
n
o
u
n
ce
d
i
n
p
o
o
r
er
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies,
wh
ich
o
f
ten
f
ac
e
b
u
d
g
et
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
th
at
lim
it
th
e
im
p
lem
en
tatio
n
o
f
n
ew
d
etec
tio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
o
r
th
e
e
x
p
an
s
io
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
c
o
v
er
a
g
e.
Sat
ellite
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ca
n
b
e
v
iewe
d
as
a
v
iab
le
alter
n
a
tiv
e
to
tr
a
d
itio
n
al
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
em
e
n
ts
;
h
o
wev
er
,
m
an
y
s
tu
d
ies
s
u
g
g
est
th
at
th
e
b
est
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
t
o
co
m
b
in
e
s
atellite
d
ata
with
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
f
r
o
m
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
tatio
n
s
,
th
is
co
m
b
in
atio
n
en
h
a
n
ce
s
th
e
ca
p
a
b
ilit
ies
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
n
etwo
r
k
s
,
s
er
v
in
g
as a
v
alu
ab
l
e
co
m
p
lem
en
tar
y
to
o
l
f
o
r
ac
cu
r
ate
wea
th
er
ass
ess
m
en
t.
R
eg
ar
d
in
g
r
ain
wate
r
c
o
llectio
n
an
d
u
s
e,
th
e
r
ev
iew
allo
wed
to
id
e
n
tify
th
at
Af
r
ica
n
co
u
n
t
r
ies,
s
u
ch
as
E
th
io
p
ia,
E
g
y
p
t,
an
d
Ke
n
y
a,
wh
ich
h
av
e
a
r
id
,
s
em
i
-
ar
id
,
an
d
d
eser
t
r
eg
i
o
n
s
,
ar
e
m
o
r
e
in
clin
e
d
to
im
p
lem
en
t
R
W
H
s
y
s
tem
s
,
as
a
r
esu
lt,
th
ese
co
u
n
tr
ies
ac
c
o
u
n
t
f
o
r
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
tu
d
ies
th
at
ex
p
lo
r
e
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
co
n
ju
n
ctio
n
with
G
I
S.
I
n
t
h
e
s
am
e
way
,
h
ig
h
l
y
p
o
p
u
lated
c
o
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
ch
as
I
n
d
o
n
esia
ar
e
ex
p
lo
r
in
g
r
ain
wate
r
h
ar
v
esti
n
g
as
an
alter
n
ativ
e
m
eth
o
d
to
m
ee
t
u
r
b
an
wate
r
d
em
an
d
s
.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
w
ester
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
u
ch
as
th
e
Un
ited
States
(
US
A)
,
B
r
az
il
an
d
C
o
lo
m
b
ia
with
h
ig
h
er
r
ain
f
all,
ar
e
u
tili
zin
g
s
atellite
d
ata
to
an
a
ly
ze
r
ain
y
p
e
r
io
d
s
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[
2
2
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C
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[
1
3
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A
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a
[
2
1
]
M
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(
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[
4
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[
2
7
]
S
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C
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(
I
n
d
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