I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Appl
ied P
o
wer
E
ng
i
neer
ing
(
I
J
AP
E
)
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
,
p
p
.
5
3
3
~
5
4
0
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
,
DOI
:
1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/ijap
e
.
v
14
.
i
3
.
pp
533
-
540
533
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//
ija
p
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m/
Potential a
s bio
g
a
s energ
y
and o
rg
a
nic f
er
tilize
r:
a
m
ix
tur
e of
rice husks
and co
w dung o
n
full
sc
a
le ana
erob
ic diges
tion
H
a
s
hfi
H
a
wa
li Abdu
l Ma
t
in
1
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Sy
a
f
rudin
2
,
Su
herm
a
n
3
,
B
u
diy
o
no
3
,
I
qb
a
l Sy
a
ichurro
zi
4
1
D
e
p
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o
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A
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g
Ti
r
t
a
y
a
sa
,
C
i
l
e
g
o
n
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
si
a
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
S
T
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
J
u
l 1
6
,
2
0
2
4
R
ev
is
ed
J
an
2
,
2
0
2
5
Acc
ep
ted
J
an
1
9
,
2
0
2
5
Rice
h
u
sk
is
a
b
io
m
a
ss
th
a
t
c
a
n
p
o
ten
ti
a
ll
y
b
e
c
o
n
v
e
rted
i
n
to
b
io
g
a
s
e
n
e
rg
y
.
In
th
is
re
se
a
rc
h
,
a
stu
d
y
wa
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
re
g
a
rd
i
n
g
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
a
lk
a
li
n
e
p
re
trea
tme
n
t
a
n
d
th
e
n
a
stu
d
y
re
late
d
to
th
e
p
o
te
n
ti
a
l
f
o
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
i
n
g
b
io
g
a
s
fro
m
rice
h
u
sk
s in
In
d
o
n
e
sia
a
n
d
a
stu
d
y
re
late
d
to
th
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
u
ti
li
z
a
ti
o
n
o
f
b
io
g
a
s
b
y
-
p
r
o
d
u
c
ts
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
rm
o
f
sl
u
rry
a
s
so
li
d
o
rg
a
n
ic
fe
rti
li
z
e
r.
S
o
,
t
h
e
m
a
in
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
is
t
o
d
e
term
in
e
t
h
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
a
lk
a
li
n
e
p
re
trea
tme
n
t
o
f
r
ice
h
u
sk
s
o
n
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
rice
h
u
sk
s
a
s
ra
w
m
a
teria
l
f
o
r
b
io
g
a
s
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
o
n
a
fu
ll
-
sc
a
le
a
n
a
e
ro
b
ic
d
ig
e
sti
o
n
(
AD
)
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
re
late
d
to
th
e
e
ffe
c
t
o
f
a
l
k
a
li
n
e
p
re
trea
tme
n
t
u
si
n
g
3
%
Na
OH
b
y
imm
e
rsio
n
in
t
h
e
su
b
stra
te
fo
r
2
4
h
o
u
rs
wa
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
o
n
a
lab
sc
a
le.
T
h
e
v
a
riab
l
e
TS
is
se
t
a
t
2
7
%
,
C/N
ra
ti
o
is
3
5
,
u
se
s
a
2
-
l
it
e
r
d
ig
e
ste
r,
a
n
d
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts
a
re
c
a
rried
o
u
t
e
v
e
ry
o
t
h
e
r
d
a
y
fo
r
6
0
d
a
y
s.
F
u
r
th
e
rm
o
re
,
th
e
u
p
-
sc
a
le
wa
s
c
a
rried
o
u
t
with
a
n
AD
fi
x
e
d
d
o
m
e
m
o
d
e
l
w
it
h
a
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
6
m
3
.
In
th
is
stu
d
y
,
it
wa
s
fo
u
n
d
th
a
t
p
re
-
trea
tme
n
t
with
3
%
Na
OH
in
c
re
a
se
d
b
i
o
g
a
s
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
b
y
1
.
6
ti
m
e
s
h
i
g
h
e
r.
Th
e
p
o
te
n
ti
a
l
fo
r
rice
h
u
sk
to
b
e
c
o
n
v
e
rted
in
to
b
io
g
a
s
e
n
e
rg
y
c
a
n
re
a
c
h
3
.
5
m
il
li
o
n
li
t
e
rs
o
f
b
i
o
g
a
s
b
y
2
0
2
2
.
T
h
e
b
y
-
p
ro
d
u
c
t
o
f
b
io
g
a
s
in
t
h
e
fo
rm
o
f
slu
rr
y
a
lso
h
a
s
th
e
p
o
ten
ti
a
l
to
b
e
u
se
d
a
s
so
l
id
o
r
g
a
n
i
c
fe
rti
li
z
e
r
d
irec
tl
y
.
P
a
ra
m
e
ter
tes
ts
th
a
t
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
a
rried
o
u
t
sh
o
w
th
a
t
th
e
slu
rry
in
b
i
o
g
a
s
fr
o
m
rice
h
u
sk
s
th
a
t
h
a
v
e
g
o
n
e
t
h
ro
u
g
h
a
6
0
-
d
a
y
AD
fe
rm
e
n
tatio
n
p
ro
c
e
ss
c
o
m
p
l
ies
w
it
h
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
S
ta
n
d
a
rd
(S
NI)
7
7
6
3
:
2
0
1
8
c
o
n
c
e
rn
i
n
g
s
o
li
d
o
r
g
a
n
ic fertil
ize
rs.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Alk
alin
e
p
r
etr
ea
tm
en
t
B
io
g
as
Fu
ll
-
s
ca
le
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
Or
g
an
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
R
ice
h
u
s
k
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Hash
f
i H
awa
li Ab
d
u
l M
atin
Dep
ar
tm
en
t o
f
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
Scien
ce
,
Facu
lty
o
f
Ma
th
em
ati
cs a
n
d
Natu
r
al
Scien
ce
Un
iv
er
s
itas
Seb
elas M
ar
et
I
r
.
Su
tam
i 3
6
Ken
tin
g
a
n
,
J
eb
r
e
s
,
Su
r
ak
ar
ta
5
7
1
2
6
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia
E
m
ail: h
awa
lih
ash
f
i@
s
taf
f
.
u
n
s
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
On
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
is
I
n
d
o
n
esia
wh
er
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
p
eo
p
le
wo
r
k
in
th
e
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
s
ec
to
r
.
B
ased
o
n
d
ata
co
m
p
iled
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
C
en
tr
al
B
u
r
ea
u
o
f
Statis
tics
(
B
P
S),
d
o
cu
m
en
t
wit
h
th
e
titl
e
Of
f
icial
Statis
tical
Ne
ws
No
.
7
4
/1
0
/Th
.
XXV
p
u
b
li
s
h
ed
o
n
Octo
b
er
1
7
,
2
0
2
2
,
th
e
h
ar
v
ested
a
r
ea
o
f
r
ice
p
lan
ts
r
ea
ch
ed
1
0
.
6
m
illi
o
n
h
ec
tar
es
with
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
i
n
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
d
r
y
m
illed
g
r
a
in
(
Ga
b
a
h
K
erin
g
Gilin
g
(
GKG
)
)
o
f
5
5
.
6
m
illi
o
n
to
n
n
es.
I
f
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
r
ice,
r
ice
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
is
esti
m
ated
to
r
ea
c
h
3
2
.
0
7
m
illi
o
n
to
n
n
es [
1
]
.
Of
co
u
r
s
e,
it is
g
o
o
d
n
ews th
at
I
n
d
o
n
esia h
as a
s
tap
le
f
o
o
d
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
ice.
So
,
it c
an
b
e
f
u
lf
illed
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
it
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
u
n
d
er
s
to
o
d
th
at
GKG
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
m
p
letely
tu
r
n
in
to
r
ea
d
y
-
to
-
co
o
k
r
ice.
R
ice
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
GKG
is
6
4
.
0
2
%.
T
h
e
r
est
is
wast
e
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
.
I
f
ca
lcu
lated
,
in
2
0
2
2
,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
5
3
3
-
540
534
th
er
e
will
b
e
an
esti
m
ated
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
waste
o
f
2
0
m
illi
o
n
to
n
s
.
B
ased
o
n
[
2
]
,
[
3
]
,
th
e
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
is
s
till
r
elativ
ely
lo
w,
u
s
u
ally
u
s
ed
as
a
p
lan
ti
n
g
m
ed
i
u
m
wh
e
r
e
s
o
m
e
ar
e
m
ad
e
in
to
c
h
ar
co
al
f
ir
s
t,
an
d
s
o
m
e
ar
e
lef
t
in
tact
in
th
eir
o
r
i
g
in
al
f
o
r
m
.
Oth
er
u
s
es
ar
e
as
f
u
el
f
o
r
m
ak
in
g
b
r
ick
s
,
co
o
k
i
n
g
f
u
el,
an
d
m
a
d
e
in
to
b
r
i
q
u
ettes,
b
u
t
th
e
am
o
u
n
t
is
v
er
y
s
m
all.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
a
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
s
ca
le
an
d
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
ca
led
u
p
an
d
f
u
r
th
er
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
[
4
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
h
an
d
lin
g
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
waste
is
b
y
b
u
r
n
in
g
it
[
5
]
.
Usu
ally
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
d
ir
ec
tly
b
y
f
ar
m
er
s
af
ter
th
e
m
ain
h
ar
v
est
p
er
io
d
.
Far
m
er
s
n
o
t
e
th
at
b
u
r
n
in
g
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
ca
n
m
ak
e
p
a
d
d
y
f
ield
s
f
er
tile
an
d
r
ea
d
y
f
o
r
r
ep
lan
tin
g
[
6
]
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
th
is
is
n
o
t
in
a
cc
o
r
d
an
ce
with
th
e
r
esear
ch
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
[
7
]
,
s
tatin
g
th
at
b
u
r
n
in
g
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
ca
n
r
ed
u
ce
n
u
tr
ien
ts
in
th
e
ar
ea
u
s
ed
to
b
u
r
n
th
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
.
B
esid
es
h
av
in
g
a
p
o
o
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
s
o
il,
b
u
r
n
in
g
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
also
ca
u
s
es
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
[
8
]
.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
th
e
c
o
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
will
r
elea
s
e
v
ar
io
u
s
p
o
llu
tan
ts
s
u
ch
as
SO
2
,
NO
2
,
C
O,
O
3
,
Pb
,
PM
10
,
an
d
PM
2.
5
,
wh
ich
ca
n
b
e
d
etr
im
en
tal
to
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
h
ea
lth
.
Air
p
o
llu
tio
n
af
f
ec
t
s
h
u
m
an
s
,
an
im
als,
in
clu
d
in
g
p
lan
ts
[
1
1
]
.
R
ice
h
u
s
k
waste
is
in
clu
d
ed
in
th
e
class
o
f
o
r
g
an
ic
waste
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
ac
tiv
ities
[
1
2
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tly
,
b
i
o
g
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
d
e
v
elo
p
m
en
t
u
s
es
ag
r
ic
u
ltu
r
al
waste
(
b
io
m
ass
)
as
r
aw
m
ater
ial,
wh
er
ea
s
in
itially
b
io
g
as
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
n
l
y
u
s
es
liv
esto
ck
was
te
[
1
3
]
-
[
1
5
]
.
Of
co
u
r
s
e,
th
is
tr
en
d
is
b
en
ef
icial
f
o
r
ag
r
ar
ian
co
u
n
tr
ies
lik
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
wh
e
r
e
th
e
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
o
r
g
an
ic
waste
f
r
o
m
ag
r
icu
ltu
r
al
ac
tiv
ities
is
v
er
y
h
ig
h
.
B
io
g
as
is
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
th
at
u
t
ilizes
m
icr
o
o
r
g
an
is
m
s
an
ae
r
o
b
ically
an
d
c
o
n
v
er
ts
o
r
g
an
ic
waste
in
to
m
eth
an
e
g
as
an
d
o
th
er
g
aseo
u
s
elem
en
ts
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
.
B
io
g
as
is
also
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
u
s
es
s
im
p
le
r
aw
m
ater
ials
an
d
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
lo
n
g
tim
e
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
c
o
n
d
u
cts
a
s
tu
d
y
o
n
th
e
p
o
ten
tial o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
to
b
e
c
o
n
v
er
ted
in
to
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
e
r
g
y
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
io
g
as o
n
a
f
u
ll scale
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
.
T
h
is
is
also
a
n
o
v
elty
a
n
d
t
h
e
latest
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
to
s
cie
n
tific
k
n
o
wled
g
e
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
b
i
o
g
as
en
er
g
y
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e
,
a
s
tu
d
y
was
als
o
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
b
io
g
as
s
lu
r
r
y
to
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
s
o
lid
o
r
g
an
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
.
2.
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
was c
ar
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
a
f
u
ll scale
an
d
d
ir
ec
tly
ap
p
lied
to
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
wh
er
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
waste
is
ab
u
n
d
an
t.
An
ae
r
o
b
ic
di
g
esti
o
n
(
AD)
f
o
r
b
io
g
as
was
b
u
ilt
in
Kalisi
d
i
Vil
lag
e,
W
est
Un
g
ar
an
Dis
tr
ict,
Sem
ar
an
g
R
eg
en
cy
,
as
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
is
AD
i
s
m
ad
e
with
a
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
6
m
3
,
with
a
f
ix
ed
d
o
m
e
m
o
d
el
m
a
d
e
o
f
c
o
n
cr
ete.
T
h
e
b
io
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
is
ch
an
n
el
ed
to
r
esid
en
ts
'
h
o
m
es
u
s
in
g
p
o
ly
v
in
y
l
c
h
lo
r
id
e
(
PVC
)
p
ip
es
b
u
r
ied
in
th
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
f
o
r
a
two
-
b
u
r
n
e
r
g
as
s
to
v
e.
Pre
v
io
u
s
ly
,
alk
alin
e
p
r
etr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
s
in
g
3
%
Na
OH.
So
ak
in
g
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
with
3
%
NaO
H
wa
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
Nex
t,
th
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
is
clea
n
ed
with
clea
n
wate
r
u
n
til
th
e
p
H
is
n
eu
tr
a
l.
T
h
is
co
n
d
itio
n
r
e
f
er
s
to
p
r
e
v
io
u
s
r
esear
ch
o
n
a
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
s
ca
le
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
th
e
au
th
o
r
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fu
ll
-
s
ca
le
AD
f
o
r
b
i
o
g
as f
r
o
m
a
m
ix
tu
r
e
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
an
d
co
w
d
u
n
g
in
Kalisi
d
i
v
illag
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
o
ten
tia
l a
s
b
io
g
a
s
en
erg
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
ic
fert
iliz
er:
A
mixtu
r
e
o
f
…
(
Ha
s
h
fi Ha
w
a
li A
b
d
u
l
Ma
tin
)
535
Scan
n
in
g
elec
tr
o
n
m
icr
o
s
co
p
y
(
SEM
)
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
s
ee
th
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
icr
o
s
co
p
ically
.
SEM
an
aly
s
i
s
was
co
n
d
u
cted
at
th
e
I
n
teg
r
ated
L
ab
o
r
at
o
r
y
o
f
Dip
o
n
eg
o
r
o
Un
iv
er
s
ity
with
a
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
o
f
5
0
0
×
an
d
1
5
0
0
×
o
n
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
3
%
NaO
H
p
r
etr
ea
tm
e
n
t
an
d
o
n
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
th
at
h
ad
u
n
d
er
g
o
n
e
AD
f
e
r
m
en
tatio
n
f
o
r
6
0
d
ay
s
in
a
b
io
g
as
d
ig
ester
.
Pre
lim
in
ar
y
s
tu
d
ies
o
n
a
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
s
ca
le
wer
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
o
b
tain
th
e
o
p
tim
u
m
co
n
d
itio
n
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
f
u
ll
-
s
ca
le
AD
o
p
er
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
T
S
is
s
et
at
2
7
%
an
d
th
e
C
/N
r
ati
o
is
3
5
.
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
-
s
ca
le
b
io
g
as
d
ig
ester
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
b
atch
es
an
d
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
s
tr
o
n
g
,
air
tig
h
t
p
last
ic
b
o
ttles
with
a
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
2
liter
s
.
T
h
e
d
ig
ester
is
s
ea
led
with
a
r
u
b
b
er
co
v
er
th
at
h
as
a
v
alv
e
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
b
io
g
as.
T
h
e
d
esig
n
o
f
th
e
b
io
g
as
d
ig
ester
an
d
th
e
m
eth
o
d
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
b
io
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
u
s
in
g
th
e
wate
r
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
m
eth
o
d
[
2
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
1
]
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
B
io
g
as
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
wer
e
c
o
n
d
u
cte
d
ev
er
y
two
d
ay
s
o
v
er
a
p
er
io
d
o
f
6
0
d
ay
s
.
T
h
e
f
e
r
m
en
t
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
a
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
s
ca
le
an
d
a
f
u
ll
s
c
ale
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
u
n
d
er
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
with
o
u
t
o
x
y
g
en
to
f
o
r
m
th
e
m
ain
g
as
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
C
H
4
[
21
]
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
co
n
d
u
ctin
g
s
tu
d
i
es
o
n
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
an
d
th
e
b
io
g
a
s
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
,
th
is
r
esear
ch
also
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
b
io
g
as
f
r
o
m
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
an
an
al
y
s
is
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
r
e
g
ar
d
in
g
th
e
q
u
a
lity
o
f
b
io
g
as
s
lu
r
r
y
,
wh
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
as
o
r
g
an
ic
f
e
r
tili
ze
r
.
An
aly
s
is
o
f
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
b
i
o
g
as
s
lu
r
r
y
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
I
n
d
o
n
esian
Natio
n
al
Stan
d
ar
d
(
SNI
)
7
7
6
3
:2
0
1
8
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
s
o
lid
o
r
g
an
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
lu
r
r
y
an
aly
s
is
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
at
th
e
So
il
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
Dep
a
r
tm
en
t
o
f
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
E
n
g
in
ee
r
in
g
,
Dip
o
n
eg
o
r
o
Un
i
v
er
s
ity
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ser
ies o
f
r
esear
ch
to
o
ls
in
th
e
lab
o
r
at
o
r
y
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
I
n
th
is
s
ec
tio
n
,
a
s
tu
d
y
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
alk
a
lin
e
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
u
s
in
g
3
%
NaO
H
an
d
im
m
er
s
io
n
in
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
b
i
o
g
as
f
r
o
m
r
ice
h
u
s
k
was
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
etwe
en
th
e
v
a
r
iab
les
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
3
%
NaO
H
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
d
ata
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
,
u
n
d
er
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
T
S
2
7
%
an
d
C
/N
r
atio
3
5
,
it
was
f
o
u
n
d
th
at
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
with
3
%
NaO
H
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
h
ad
1
.
6
t
im
es
h
ig
h
er
b
io
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
i
ty
.
T
h
e
v
ar
iab
le
with
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
t
m
en
t
was
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
at
2
2
6
8
.
5
m
L
an
d
th
e
v
a
r
iab
l
e
with
o
u
t
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
was
o
n
ly
1
4
3
3
.
5
m
L
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
b
io
g
as
v
o
lu
m
e
o
f
8
3
5
m
L
.
I
f
s
ee
n
p
er
T
S
u
n
it,
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
with
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
r
ea
ch
ed
1
7
4
.
5
m
L
g
-
1
T
S,
an
d
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
with
o
u
t
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
e
n
t o
n
ly
r
ea
c
h
ed
1
1
0
.
3
m
L
g
-
1
T
S.
B
io
g
as
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
n
th
e
v
a
r
iab
le
with
3
%
NaO
H
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
was
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
h
i
g
h
er
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
estro
y
in
g
th
e
lig
n
in
co
n
tain
e
d
in
th
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
b
y
th
e
NaO
H.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
k
n
o
wn
as
th
e
d
elig
n
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
ese
co
n
d
itio
n
s
m
ak
e
it
ea
s
y
f
o
r
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
b
a
cter
ia
to
f
er
m
en
t
an
d
co
n
v
er
t
in
to
b
io
g
as
[
19
]
.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
s
ee
n
u
s
in
g
SEM
with
5
0
0
×
an
d
1
5
0
0
×
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
an
d
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
a
f
ter
p
r
e
-
t
r
ea
tm
en
t
with
3
%
NaO
H
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fro
m
th
ese
two
f
ig
u
r
es,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
with
an
d
with
o
u
t
3
%
NaO
H
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t.
T
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
with
3
%
NaO
H
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
lo
o
k
s
d
am
ag
e
d
an
d
d
estro
y
ed
[
19
]
,
wh
e
r
e
th
ese
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
f
er
m
en
ta
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
y
a
n
ae
r
o
b
ic
b
ac
t
er
ia
,
wh
ich
h
as
an
im
p
ac
t
o
n
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
ity
o
f
b
i
o
g
as
[
19
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
b
ein
g
c
r
u
s
h
e
d
in
to
s
m
aller
s
izes
also
m
ak
es it e
asier
f
o
r
th
e
h
y
d
r
o
ly
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
h
i
g
h
er
b
i
o
g
as [
19
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
te
n
tial
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
wa
s
te
as
r
en
ewa
b
le
en
er
g
y
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
b
io
g
as
is
v
er
y
lar
g
e,
esp
ec
ially
in
an
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
co
u
n
tr
y
lik
e
I
n
d
o
n
esia
[
19
]
,
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
I
n
d
o
n
esia,
in
2
0
2
2
,
it
will
p
r
o
d
u
ce
5
5
.
6
m
illi
o
n
to
n
s
o
f
d
r
y
-
m
illed
g
r
ain
(
GKG)
[
1
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
GKG
d
ata,
6
4
.
0
2
%
g
o
es
in
to
th
e
r
ice,
an
d
th
e
r
es
t
is
r
ice
h
u
s
k
waste.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
5
3
3
-
540
536
So
,
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
is
3
5
.
9
8
% b
ec
o
m
e
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
an
d
its
em
e
r
g
en
ce
in
I
n
d
o
n
esia
in
2
0
2
2
w
ill
r
ea
ch
2
0
m
illi
o
n
to
n
s
.
I
t
is
a
b
i
g
p
r
o
b
lem
if
n
o
t
m
an
ag
e
d
p
r
o
p
er
ly
.
I
f
all
o
f
th
is
waste
is
b
u
r
n
ed
,
wh
at
will
h
ap
p
en
is
a
m
ass
iv
e
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
h
ea
lth
an
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
tal
q
u
ality
.
Ho
wev
e
r
,
i
f
it
is
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
r
e
n
ewa
b
l
e
en
er
g
y
as
b
io
g
as,
th
e
p
o
ten
tial
o
b
tain
e
d
is
3
.
5
m
illi
o
n
liter
s
o
f
b
io
g
as.
I
f
all
g
en
er
ated
r
ice
h
u
s
k
waste
an
d
co
w
d
u
n
g
ca
n
b
e
m
an
ag
ed
p
r
o
p
e
r
ly
,
it
ca
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
en
er
g
y
s
ec
u
r
ity
f
o
r
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
air
p
o
llu
tio
n
f
r
o
m
a
g
r
icu
ltu
r
al
ac
tiv
ities
,
esp
ec
ially
b
u
r
n
in
g
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
,
ca
n
b
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
b
io
g
as p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
with
an
d
with
o
u
t 3
% Na
OH
p
r
e
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
SEM
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
b
e
f
o
r
e
th
e
a
d
d
itio
n
o
f
3
% Na
OH
,
5
0
0
x
an
d
1
5
0
0
x
m
ag
n
if
icatio
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
SEM
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
af
t
er
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
3
% Na
OH,
5
0
0
x
an
d
1
5
0
0
x
m
a
g
n
if
icatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8
7
9
2
P
o
ten
tia
l a
s
b
io
g
a
s
en
erg
y
a
n
d
o
r
g
a
n
ic
fert
iliz
er:
A
mixtu
r
e
o
f
…
(
Ha
s
h
fi Ha
w
a
li A
b
d
u
l
Ma
tin
)
537
I
n
ass
ess
in
g
th
e
q
u
ality
p
o
ten
t
ial
o
f
o
r
g
a
n
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
,
s
o
m
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
s
tan
d
ar
d
izatio
n
in
d
eter
m
in
in
g
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
q
u
ality
o
f
s
o
lid
o
r
g
an
ic
f
e
r
tili
ze
r
p
r
o
d
u
cts
wh
er
e
th
ese
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
r
ef
er
to
SNI
7
7
6
3
:2
0
1
8
.
I
f
th
er
e
ar
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
th
at
ex
ce
ed
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
t
h
e
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
a
r
d
o
r
ev
e
n
less
th
an
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
et,
an
ef
f
o
r
t
o
r
tr
ea
tm
en
t
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
ac
co
r
d
in
g
t
o
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
s
co
n
d
u
cted
,
all
p
ar
am
eter
s
h
av
e
m
et
th
e
estab
lis
h
ed
q
u
ality
s
tan
d
ar
d
s
.
I
t'
s
ju
s
t
th
at
in
s
ev
er
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
ch
as
wate
r
co
n
ten
t
it
is
at
th
e
u
p
p
er
lim
i
t
o
f
2
4
.
5
7
%,
t
h
e
p
H
is
at
th
e
lo
wer
lim
it
o
f
p
H
4
.
8
,
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
ac
r
o
n
u
tr
ien
t
s
,
it is
at
th
e
lo
wer
lim
it o
f
2
.
3
4
4
%.
T
h
e
o
th
er
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
in
a
g
o
o
d
r
an
g
e
f
o
r
s
o
lid
o
r
g
an
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
.
I
n
d
etail,
d
ata
o
n
th
e
q
u
ality
o
f
th
e
s
o
lid
o
r
g
a
n
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
s
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
a
b
le
1
an
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
,
a
p
h
o
to
o
f
th
e
s
o
li
d
o
r
g
a
n
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
AD
f
er
m
e
n
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
r
o
m
r
ice
h
u
s
k
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
itio
n
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
a
f
ter
6
0
d
ay
s
o
f
t
h
e
AD
f
er
m
en
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
ec
am
e
b
r
ittl
e
an
d
d
e
s
tr
o
y
ed
d
u
e
to
m
ater
ial
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
b
y
an
ae
r
o
b
ic
b
ac
ter
ia
wh
ich
was
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
b
io
g
as
en
er
g
y
[
2
]
,
[
2
5
]
,
[
2
6
]
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
es
th
at
it
is
r
ea
d
y
to
b
e
u
s
ed
as
a
s
o
lid
o
r
g
an
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
as
well
as
a
s
o
il
en
h
an
ce
r
.
Vis
u
aliza
t
io
n
u
s
in
g
SEM
o
n
r
ice
h
u
s
k
af
ter
th
e
6
0
-
d
ay
AD
f
er
m
en
tatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
ab
le
1
.
B
io
g
as sl
u
r
r
y
s
am
p
le
q
u
ality
test
ag
ain
s
t SNI
7
7
6
3
:
2
0
1
8
c
o
n
ce
r
n
in
g
s
o
lid
o
r
g
a
n
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
U
n
i
t
Te
st
v
a
l
u
e
S
N
I
7
7
6
3
:
2
0
1
8
W
a
t
e
r
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
%
2
4
.
5
7
8
-
25
pH
-
4
.
8
4
-
9
C
-
O
r
g
a
n
i
c
%
2
1
.
4
4
M
i
n
1
5
M
a
c
r
o
n
u
t
r
i
e
n
t
s (N
+
P
2
O
5
+K
2
O)
%
2
.
3
4
4
M
i
n
.
2
M
i
c
r
o
n
u
t
r
i
e
n
t
s
-
Fe
mg
/
K
g
3
.
0
4
M
a
x
.
1
5
-
Zn
mg
/
K
g
<
0
.
0
5
M
a
x
.
5
0
0
0
Pb
mg
/
K
g
<
0
.
0
1
M
a
x
.
5
0
Cd
mg
/
K
g
<
0
.
0
1
M
a
x
.
2
Cr
mg
/
K
g
<
0
.
0
1
M
a
x
.
1
8
0
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
B
io
g
as sl
u
r
r
y
af
ter
6
0
d
ay
s
AD
f
er
m
e
n
tatio
n
as so
l
id
o
r
g
a
n
ic
f
er
tili
ze
r
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
SEM
o
f
r
ice
h
u
s
k
af
t
er
ad
d
itio
n
o
f
3
% Na
OH
an
d
6
0
d
ay
s
AD
f
er
m
e
n
tatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8
7
9
2
I
n
t J Ap
p
l Po
wer
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
14
,
No
.
3
,
Sep
tem
b
er
20
25
:
5
3
3
-
540
538
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
R
ice
h
u
s
k
is
p
r
o
v
en
to
b
e
co
n
v
er
ted
in
to
b
io
g
as e
n
er
g
y
th
r
o
u
g
h
AD
f
er
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
n
a
f
u
ll scale.
Pre
-
tr
ea
tm
en
t
o
f
3
%
NaO
H
o
n
r
ic
e
h
u
s
k
s
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
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4
]
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6
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B
.
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t
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:
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[
8
]
T.
I
.
B
u
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y
,
I
.
A
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,
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ma
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.
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)
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)
in
1
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c
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ro
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ima
l
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t
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p
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n
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g
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r
o
Un
i
v
e
rsity
.
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c
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h
is d
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d
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c
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m
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r
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firme
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p
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Un
i
v
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rsity
fr
o
m
th
e
h
a
n
d
s
o
f
Re
c
to
r
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r
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f.
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s
Jo
h
a
n
Uta
m
a
,
S
.
H.,
M
.
Hu
m
.
I
n
h
is
in
a
u
g
u
ra
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sp
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e
c
h
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th
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m
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n
,
wh
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d
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lera
ti
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re
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ti
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ti
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ro
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m
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ti
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h
n
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se
d
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b
i
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m
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ss
wa
ste
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
at
e
m
a
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:
b
u
d
iy
o
n
o
@liv
e
.
u
n
d
i
p
.
a
c
.
id
.
Iqb
a
l
S
y
a
ichu
r
r
o
z
i
is
a
lec
tu
re
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
C
h
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m
ica
l
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g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
,
S
u
lt
a
n
A
g
e
n
g
T
irt
a
y
a
sa
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
In
h
is
re
se
a
rc
h
,
h
e
is
in
v
o
lv
e
d
in
th
e
fiel
d
o
f
re
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
i
n
c
lu
d
in
g
b
io
f
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l
a
n
d
b
i
o
g
a
s.
S
e
v
e
ra
l
sc
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ti
fic
a
rt
icle
s
h
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v
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n
p
r
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d
u
c
e
d
a
n
d
p
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b
li
s
h
e
d
in
re
p
u
tab
le
i
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
j
o
u
r
n
a
ls,
m
a
in
ly
re
late
d
t
o
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d
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lo
p
m
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n
t
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b
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m
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-
b
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se
d
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n
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rg
y
.
He
c
a
n
b
e
c
o
n
tac
ted
a
t
e
m
a
il
:
iq
b
a
l
_
sy
a
ich
u
rr
o
z
i@u
n
ti
rta.ac
.
i
d
.
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